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Jewish School of Paris subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Jewish_School_of_Paris-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Israel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Israel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Israel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Israel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Artists_Quarter_of_Safed" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Artists_Quarter_of_Safed"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Artists Quarter of Safed</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Artists_Quarter_of_Safed-sublist" 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id="toc-New_School_of_Paris" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_School_of_Paris"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>New School of Paris</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_School_of_Paris-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art_critics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art_critics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Art critics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art_critics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selected_artists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selected_artists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Selected artists</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Selected_artists-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Selected artists subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Selected_artists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Associated_with_artists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Associated_with_artists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Associated with artists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Associated_with_artists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">School of Paris</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 24 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-24" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">24 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_m%C9%99kt%C9%99bi" title="Paris məktəbi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Paris məktəbi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escola_de_Par%C3%ADs" title="Escola de París – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Escola de París" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C5%99%C3%AD%C5%BEsk%C3%A1_%C5%A1kola" title="Pařížská škola – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pařížská škola" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pariserskolen" title="Pariserskolen – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Pariserskolen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_de_Paris_(Kunst)" title="École de Paris (Kunst) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="École de Paris (Kunst)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%87%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%AE_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%A0%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%8D" title="Σχολή του Παρισιού – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σχολή του Παρισιού" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escuela_de_Par%C3%ADs_(arte)" title="Escuela de París (arte) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Escuela de París (arte)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A8_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="مکتب پاریس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مکتب پاریس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_de_Paris" title="École de Paris – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="École de Paris" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%90%EC%BD%9C_%EB%93%9C_%ED%8C%8C%EB%A6%AC" title="에콜 드 파리 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="에콜 드 파리" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scuola_di_Parigi" title="Scuola di Parigi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Scuola di Parigi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%AA_%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%96" title="אסכולת פריז – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אסכולת פריז" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_serna" title="Paris serna – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Paris serna" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1rizsi_iskola" title="Párizsi iskola – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Párizsi iskola" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parijse_school" title="Parijse school – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Parijse school" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%82%B3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%83%91%E3%83%AA" title="エコール・ド・パリ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エコール・ド・パリ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_de_Paris" title="École de Paris – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="École de Paris" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escola_de_Paris" title="Escola de Paris – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Escola de Paris" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B6%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Парижская школа – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Парижская школа" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pariisin_koulukunta" title="Pariisin koulukunta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pariisin koulukunta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parisskolan" title="Parisskolan – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Parisskolan" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Okulu" title="Paris Okulu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Paris Okulu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Паризька школа – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Паризька школа" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E9%BB%8E%E6%B4%BE" title="巴黎派 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="巴黎派" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Loose term for painters and artistic movements based in Paris during the early 20th century</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the 20th century School of Paris. For the medieval manuscript illuminators, see <a href="/wiki/School_of_Paris_(Middle_Ages)" title="School of Paris (Middle Ages)">School of Paris (Middle Ages)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Paris School" redirects here. For the school of thought in security studies, see <a href="/wiki/Paris_School_(security_studies)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris School (security studies)">Paris School (security studies)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">School of Paris</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Ecole_de_paris_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Ecole_de_paris_001.jpg/220px-Ecole_de_paris_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Ecole_de_paris_001.jpg/330px-Ecole_de_paris_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Ecole_de_paris_001.jpg/440px-Ecole_de_paris_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Warnod" title="André Warnod">André Warnod</a>, Les Berceaux de la jeune peinture (1925). Cover illustration by <a href="/wiki/Amedeo_Modigliani" title="Amedeo Modigliani">Amedeo Modigliani</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data">France, Israel, US</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Major figures</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Marc_Chagall" title="Marc Chagall">Marc Chagall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cha%C3%AFm_Soutine" title="Chaïm Soutine">Chaïm Soutine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Frenkel" title="Yitzhak Frenkel">Yitzhak Frenkel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jules_Pascin" title="Jules Pascin">Jules Pascin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amedeo_Modigliani" title="Amedeo Modigliani">Amedeo Modigliani</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks plainlist" style="width: auto; border-spacing: 0;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#ccccff;font-size: 115%">French art history</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/French_art" title="French art">Overview</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:French_art" title="Category:French art">Categories</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ccccff;"> Historical periods</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_art" title="Prehistoric art">Prehistoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_art" title="Medieval art">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_art" title="Gothic art">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Renaissance" title="French Renaissance">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17th-century_French_art" title="17th-century French art">17th century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/18th-century_French_art" title="18th-century French art">18th century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19th-century_French_art" title="19th-century French art">19th century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20th-century_French_art" title="20th-century French art">20th century</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ccccff;"> French artists</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_artists" title="List of French artists">Artists (chronological)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:French_artists" title="Category:French artists">Artists</a> – <a href="/wiki/Category:French_painters" title="Category:French painters">Painters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:French_sculptors" title="Category:French sculptors">Sculptors</a> – <a href="/wiki/List_of_French_architects" title="List of French architects">Architects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_photographers" title="List of French photographers">Photographers</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ccccff;"> Thematic</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_artistic_movements" title="List of French artistic movements">Art movements (chronological)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Art_movements" title="Category:Art movements">Art movements (category)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_art_salons_and_academies" title="French art salons and academies">Salons and academies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Art_museums_and_galleries_in_France" title="Category:Art museums and galleries in France">French art museums</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ccccff;"> Movements</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impressionism" title="Impressionism">Impressionism</a> – <a href="/wiki/Cubism" title="Cubism">Cubism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dada" title="Dada">Dada</a> – <a href="/wiki/Surrealism" title="Surrealism">Surrealism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">School of Paris</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ccccff;"> See also</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:France" title="Portal:France">France portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Visual_arts" title="Portal:Visual arts">Visual arts portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_art_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Western art history">Western art history</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:French_art_history" title="Template:French art history"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:French_art_history&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:French art history (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:French_art_history" title="Special:EditPage/Template:French art history"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>School of Paris</b> (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">École de Paris</i>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[ekɔl<span class="wrap"> </span>də<span class="wrap"> </span>paʁi]</a></span>) refers to the French and <a href="/wiki/%C3%89migr%C3%A9" title="Émigré">émigré</a> artists who worked in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> in the first half of the 20th century. </p><p> The School of Paris was not a single <a href="/wiki/Art_movement" title="Art movement">art movement</a> or institution, but refers to the importance of Paris as a centre of Western art in the early decades of the 20th century. Between 1900 and 1940 the city drew artists from all over the world and became a centre for artistic activity. The term <i>School of Paris</i>, coined by <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Warnod" title="André Warnod">André Warnod</a>, was used to describe this loose community, particularly of non-French artists, centered in the cafes, salons and shared <a href="/wiki/La_Ruche_(residence)" title="La Ruche (residence)">workspaces</a> and galleries of <a href="/wiki/Montparnasse" title="Montparnasse">Montparnasse</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Heilbrunn_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heilbrunn-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many artists of Jewish origin formed a prominent part of the School of Paris and later heavily influenced <a href="/wiki/Visual_arts_in_Israel" title="Visual arts in Israel">art in Israel</a>.</p><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DufyRaoul_RegattaAtCowes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d7/DufyRaoul_RegattaAtCowes.jpg/300px-DufyRaoul_RegattaAtCowes.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d7/DufyRaoul_RegattaAtCowes.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="355" data-file-height="280" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Raoul_Dufy" title="Raoul Dufy">Raoul Dufy</a>, <i>Regatta at Cowes</i>, 1934, Washington D.C. <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Art" title="National Gallery of Art">National Gallery of Art</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Before <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> the name was also applied to artists involved in the many collaborations and overlapping new art movements, between <a href="/wiki/Post-Impressionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-Impressionist">Post-Impressionists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pointillism" title="Pointillism">Pointillism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Orphism_(art)" title="Orphism (art)">Orphism (art)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fauvism" title="Fauvism">Fauvism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cubism" title="Cubism">Cubism</a>. In that period the artistic ferment took place in <a href="/wiki/Montmartre" title="Montmartre">Montmartre</a> and the well-established art scene there. But <a href="/wiki/Picasso" class="mw-redirect" title="Picasso">Picasso</a> moved away, the war scattered almost everyone, by the 1920s <a href="/wiki/Montparnasse" title="Montparnasse">Montparnasse</a> had become a centre of the <a href="/wiki/Avant-garde" title="Avant-garde">avant-garde</a>. After World War II the name was applied to another different group of <a href="/wiki/Abstract_art" title="Abstract art">abstract artists</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_artists">Early artists</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=School_of_Paris&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early artists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Image-Chagall_Fiddler.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Image-Chagall_Fiddler.jpg/220px-Image-Chagall_Fiddler.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Image-Chagall_Fiddler.jpg/330px-Image-Chagall_Fiddler.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Image-Chagall_Fiddler.jpg/440px-Image-Chagall_Fiddler.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1428" data-file-height="1698" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Marc_Chagall" title="Marc Chagall">Marc Chagall</a>, <i>The Fiddler</i>, 1912–13</figcaption></figure> <p>Before <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, a group of <a href="/wiki/Expatriate" title="Expatriate">expatriates</a> in Paris created art in the styles of <a href="/wiki/Post-Impressionism" title="Post-Impressionism">Post-Impressionism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cubism" title="Cubism">Cubism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fauvism" title="Fauvism">Fauvism</a>. The group in its broader sense included artists like <a href="/wiki/Pablo_Picasso" title="Pablo Picasso">Pablo Picasso</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marc_Chagall" title="Marc Chagall">Marc Chagall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amedeo_Modigliani" title="Amedeo Modigliani">Amedeo Modigliani</a> and <a href="/wiki/Piet_Mondrian" title="Piet Mondrian">Piet Mondrian</a>. Associated French artists included <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bonnard" title="Pierre Bonnard">Pierre Bonnard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henri_Matisse" title="Henri Matisse">Henri Matisse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Metzinger" title="Jean Metzinger">Jean Metzinger</a> and <a href="/wiki/Albert_Gleizes" title="Albert Gleizes">Albert Gleizes</a>. Whilst in its more narrow description described Chagall and Modigliani.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Picasso and Matisse have been described as twin leaders (<i>chefs d'école</i>) of the school before the war.<sup id="cite_ref-Tate_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tate-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="La_Ruche">La Ruche</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=School_of_Paris&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: La Ruche"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/La_Ruche_(residence)" title="La Ruche (residence)">La Ruche (residence)</a></div> <p>Many École de Paris artists lived in the iconic <a href="/wiki/La_Ruche_(residence)" title="La Ruche (residence)">La Ruche</a>, a complex of studio apartments and other facilities in <a href="/wiki/Montparnasse" title="Montparnasse">Montparnasse</a> on the Left Bank, at 2 Passage Dantzig, built by a successful sculptor, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Boucher" title="Alfred Boucher">Alfred Boucher</a>, who wanted to develop a creative hub where struggling artists could live, work and interact.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Built from materials dismantled from the Medoc Wine Pavilion from the <a href="/wiki/Exposition_Universelle_(1900)" title="Exposition Universelle (1900)">1900 Paris World's Fair</a>, it comprised 50 modest studios with large windows that let in a lot of light, with nearby buildings providing 50 more studios for the overflow of artists.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Boucher called the complex La Ruche – French for "beehive" – because he wanted the artists to work like bees in a beehive; he dedicated a large room in the complex where the poorer artists could draw a model that he paid for, and included a small theater space for plays and concerts.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> La Ruche opened in 1902, with the blessing of the French government. It was often the first destination of émigré artists who arrived in Paris eager to join the art scene and find affordable housing.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Living and working in close quarters, many artists forged lasting friendships, e.g., <a href="/wiki/Cha%C3%AFm_Soutine" title="Chaïm Soutine">Chaïm Soutine</a> with <a href="/wiki/Amedeo_Modigliani" title="Amedeo Modigliani">Modigliani</a>, Chagall and poet <a href="/wiki/Blaise_Cendrars" title="Blaise Cendrars">Blaise Cendrars</a>, and influenced each other's works.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Artists who lived and worked in La Ruche include <a href="/wiki/Amedeo_Modigliani" title="Amedeo Modigliani">Amedeo Modigliani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Frenkel" title="Yitzhak Frenkel">Yitzhak Frenkel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diego_Rivera" title="Diego Rivera">Diego Rivera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tsuguharu_Foujita" title="Tsuguharu Foujita">Tsuguharu Foujita</a>, Jacob, Soutine, <a href="/wiki/Michel_Kikoine" title="Michel Kikoine">Michel Kikoine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mo%C3%AFse_Kisling" title="Moïse Kisling">Moïse Kisling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pinchus_Kr%C3%A9m%C3%A8gne" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinchus Krémègne">Pinchus Krémègne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ossip_Zadkine" title="Ossip Zadkine">Ossip Zadkine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jules_Pascin" title="Jules Pascin">Jules Pascin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marc_Chagall" title="Marc Chagall">Marc Chagall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amshey_Nurenberg" title="Amshey Nurenberg">Amshey Nurenberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Lipchitz" title="Jacques Lipchitz">Jacques Lipchitz</a>, and more.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="After_World_War_I">After World War I</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=School_of_Paris&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: After World War I"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sonia_Delaunay,_Rythme,_1938.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b6/Sonia_Delaunay%2C_Rythme%2C_1938.jpg/220px-Sonia_Delaunay%2C_Rythme%2C_1938.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/b6/Sonia_Delaunay%2C_Rythme%2C_1938.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="285" data-file-height="348" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sonia_Delaunay" title="Sonia Delaunay">Sonia Delaunay</a>, <i>Rythme</i>, 1938</figcaption></figure><p>The term "School of Paris" was used in 1925 by <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Warnod" title="André Warnod">André Warnod</a> to refer to the many foreign-born artists who had migrated to Paris.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term soon gained currency, often as a derogatory label by critics who saw the foreign artists—many of whom were Jewish—as a threat to the purity of French art.<sup id="cite_ref-Alley_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alley-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Art critic <a href="/wiki/Louis_Vauxcelles" title="Louis Vauxcelles">Louis Vauxcelles</a>, noted for coining the terms "<a href="/wiki/Fauvism" title="Fauvism">Fauvism</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Cubism" title="Cubism">Cubism</a>" (also meant disparagingly), called immigrant artists unwashed "<a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavs</a> disguised as representatives of French art".<sup id="cite_ref-MM_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MM-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Waldemar George, himself a French Jew, in 1931 lamented that the School of Paris name "allows any artist to pretend he is French...it refers to French tradition but instead annihilates it."<sup id="cite_ref-Tauber_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tauber-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>School of Paris artists were progressively marginalised. Beginning in 1935, articles about Chagall no longer appeared in art publications (other than those published for Jewish audiences), and by June 1940 when the Vichy government took power, School of Paris artists could no longer exhibit in Paris at all.<sup id="cite_ref-Tauber_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tauber-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The artists working in Paris between World War I and World War II experimented with various styles including <a href="/wiki/Cubism" title="Cubism">Cubism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orphism_(art)" title="Orphism (art)">Orphism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surrealism" title="Surrealism">Surrealism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dada" title="Dada">Dada</a>. Foreign and French artists working in Paris included <a href="/wiki/Jean_Arp" title="Jean Arp">Jean Arp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joan_Mir%C3%B3" title="Joan Miró">Joan Miró</a>, <a href="/wiki/Constantin_Br%C3%A2ncu%C8%99i" title="Constantin Brâncuși">Constantin Brâncuși</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raoul_Dufy" title="Raoul Dufy">Raoul Dufy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tsuguharu_Foujita" title="Tsuguharu Foujita">Tsuguharu Foujita</a>, artists from Belarus like <a href="/wiki/Michel_Kikoine" title="Michel Kikoine">Michel Kikoine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pinchus_Kremegne" title="Pinchus Kremegne">Pinchus Kremegne</a>, the Lithuanian <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Lipchitz" title="Jacques Lipchitz">Jacques Lipchitz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arbit_Blatas" title="Arbit Blatas">Arbit Blatas</a>, who documented some of the greatest representatives of the School of Paris in his oeuvre, the Polish artists <a href="/wiki/Marek_Szwarc" title="Marek Szwarc">Marek Szwarc</a> and <a href="/wiki/Morice_Lipsi" title="Morice Lipsi">Morice Lipsi</a> and others such as Russian-born prince <a href="/wiki/Alexis_Arapoff" title="Alexis Arapoff">Alexis Arapoff</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A significant subset, the Jewish artists, came to be known as the Jewish School of Paris or the School of Montparnasse.<sup id="cite_ref-Roditi_1968_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roditi_1968-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "core members were almost all Jews, and the resentment expressed toward them by French critics in the 1930s was unquestionably fueled by <a href="/wiki/Anti-Semitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Semitism">anti-Semitism</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-WP_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WP-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One account points to the 1924 <a href="/wiki/Salon_des_Ind%C3%A9pendants" class="mw-redirect" title="Salon des Indépendants">Salon des Indépendants</a>, which decided to separate the works of French-born artists from those by immigrants; in response critic <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roger_Allard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roger Allard (page does not exist)">Roger Allard</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Allard" class="extiw" title="fr:Roger Allard">fr</a>]</span> referred to them as the School of Paris.<sup id="cite_ref-WP_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WP-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LA_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LA-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jewish members of the group included <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Man%C3%A9-Katz" title="Emmanuel Mané-Katz">Emmanuel Mané-Katz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Mintchine" title="Abraham Mintchine">Abraham Mintchine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cha%C3%AFm_Soutine" title="Chaïm Soutine">Chaïm Soutine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adolphe_F%C3%A9der" title="Adolphe Féder">Adolphe Féder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marc_Chagall" title="Marc Chagall">Marc Chagall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Frenkel" title="Yitzhak Frenkel">Yitzhak Frenkel Frenel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mo%C3%AFse_Kisling" title="Moïse Kisling">Moïse Kisling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maxa_Nordau" title="Maxa Nordau">Maxa Nordau</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shimshon_Holzman" title="Shimshon Holzman">Shimshon Holzman</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The artists of the Jewish School of Paris were stylistically diverse. Some, like <a href="/wiki/Louis_Marcoussis" title="Louis Marcoussis">Louis Marcoussis</a>, worked in a <a href="/wiki/Cubist" class="mw-redirect" title="Cubist">Cubist</a> style, but most tended toward expression of mood rather than an emphasis on formal structure.<sup id="cite_ref-Roditi_1968_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roditi_1968-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their paintings often feature thickly brushed or troweled <a href="/wiki/Impasto" title="Impasto">impasto</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Art_et_d%27Histoire_du_Juda%C3%AFsme" title="Musée d'Art et d'Histoire du Judaïsme">Musée d'Art et d'Histoire du Judaïsme</a> has works from School of Paris artists including Pascin, Kikoine, Soutine, Mintchine, Orloff and Lipschitz.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Jewish_School_of_Paris">Jewish School of Paris</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=School_of_Paris&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Jewish School of Paris"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France">France</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=School_of_Paris&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Artists of Jewish origin had a marked influence in the École de Paris. <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> the capital of the art world attracted Jewish artists from <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>, several of them fleeing persecution, discrimination and pogroms. Many of these artists settled in <a href="/wiki/Montparnasse" title="Montparnasse">Montparnasse</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several Jewish painters were notable in the movement; these include <a href="/wiki/Marc_Chagall" title="Marc Chagall">Marc Chagall</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jules_Pascin" title="Jules Pascin">Jules Pascin</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Expressionism" title="Expressionism">expressionists</a> <a href="/wiki/Cha%C3%AFm_Soutine" title="Chaïm Soutine">Chaïm Soutine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Frenkel" title="Yitzhak Frenkel">Isaac Frenkel Frenel</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Amedeo_Modigliani" title="Amedeo Modigliani">Amedeo Modigliani</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Mintchine" title="Abraham Mintchine">Abraham Mintchine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many Jewish artists were known for depicting Jewish themes in their work, and some artists' paintings were imbued with heavy emotional tones. <a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Frenkel" title="Yitzhak Frenkel">Frenkel</a> described the artists as "members of the minority characterized by restlessness whose expressionism is therefore extreme in its emotionalism".<sup id="cite_ref-:52_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:52-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">l'École de Paris</i></span> coined by the art critic <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Warnod" title="André Warnod">André Warnod</a> in 1925 in the magazine <a href="/wiki/Com%C5%93dia" title="Comœdia">Comœdia</a>, was intended by Warnod to negate xenophobic attitudes towards the foreign artists, many of whom were Jewish Eastern European.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Louis Vauxcelles wrote several monographs for the publisher <a href="/wiki/Le_Triangle" title="Le Triangle">Le Triangle</a>, a prolific critic of Jewish painters. In a 1931 monograph, he wrote: "like a swarm of locusts, an invasion of Jewish colorists fell on Paris – on the Paris of Montparnasse. The causes of this exodus: the Russian revolution, and all that it brought with it of misery, pogroms, exactions, persecutions; the unfortunate young artists take refuge here, attracted by the influence of contemporary French art<span class="nowrap"> </span>.... They will constitute [an element of] what the young critic will call the School of Paris. Many talents are to be considered in this crowd of metèques."<sup id="cite_ref-:4_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the <a href="/wiki/German_military_administration_in_occupied_France_during_World_War_II" title="German military administration in occupied France during World War II">Nazi occupation of France</a>; several prominent Jewish artists died during <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the holocaust</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> leading to the dwindling of the Jewish School Of Paris. Others managed to left or fled Europe, mostly to <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> or the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">US</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Israel">Israel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=School_of_Paris&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Israel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Visual_arts_in_Israel" title="Visual arts in Israel">Visual arts in Israel</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Visual_arts_in_Israel" title="Visual arts in Israel">Israeli art</a> was dominated by the École de Paris inspired art between the 1920s and 1940s, with French art continuing to strongly influence Israeli art for the following decades.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This phenomenon began with the return of École de Paris <a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Frenkel" title="Yitzhak Frenkel">Isaac Frenkel Frenel</a> to <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Mandatory Palestine</a> in 1925 and his opening of the <a href="/wiki/Histadrut_Art_Studio" title="Histadrut Art Studio">Histadrut Art Studio</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:04_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:04-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:13_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His students were encouraged to continue their studies in Paris, and upon their return to Pre-Independence Israel amplified the influence of the Jewish artists of the School of Paris they encountered.<sup id="cite_ref-:04_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:04-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:13_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:8_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These artists, centered in <a href="/wiki/Montparnasse" title="Montparnasse">Montparnasse</a> in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv" title="Tel Aviv">Tel Aviv</a> and <a href="/wiki/Safed" title="Safed">Safed</a> in <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, tended to portray humanity and the emotion evoked through human facial expression.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, characteristically of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_Parisian_Expressionism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jewish Parisian Expressionism (page does not exist)">Jewish Parisian Expressionism</a>, the art was dramatic and even tragic, perhaps in connection to the suffering of the Jewish soul.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 1930s several such painters would paint scenes in Israel in an <a href="/wiki/Impressionism" title="Impressionism">Impressionist style</a> and a Parisian light, greyer dimmer compared to the powerful Mediterranean sun.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Artists_Quarter_of_Safed">Artists Quarter of Safed</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=School_of_Paris&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Artists Quarter of Safed"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Artists_Quarter_of_Safed" title="Artists Quarter of Safed">Artists Quarter of Safed</a></div> <p>Safed, a city in the mountains of the <a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a> and one of the four holy cities of Judaism, was a Centre of École de Paris artists during the mid and late 20th century. Artists were attracted there by the romantic and mystical qualities of the <a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalistic</a> mountain city. The artists' quarter founded in 1949 was formed at first by <a href="/wiki/Moshe_Castel" title="Moshe Castel">Moshe Castel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shimshon_Holzman" title="Shimshon Holzman">Shimshon Holzman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Frenkel" title="Yitzhak Frenkel">Yitzhak Frenkel</a> and other artists, many of them influenced by or part of the School of Paris.<sup id="cite_ref-:04_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:04-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:7_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though not united by a common artistic trope, it was a clear bastion of École de Paris in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:7_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The painters of the community who were influenced by the Ecole de Paris attempted to express or reflect the mystics of <a href="/wiki/Safed" title="Safed">Tzfat</a>. Painting with colors that reflect the dynamism and spirituality of the ancient city, painting the fiery or serene sunsets over <a href="/wiki/Mount_Meron" title="Mount Meron">Mt Meron</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Marc_Chagall" title="Marc Chagall">Marc Chagall</a> would walk the streets and paint portraits of religious children.<sup id="cite_ref-FRENKEL_FRENEL_MUSEUM2_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FRENKEL_FRENEL_MUSEUM2-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several of these artists would commute between <a href="/wiki/Safed" title="Safed">Safed</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FRENKEL_FRENEL_MUSEUM2_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FRENKEL_FRENEL_MUSEUM2-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:7_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Musicians">Musicians</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=School_of_Paris&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Musicians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the same period, the School of Paris name was also extended to an informal association of classical <a href="/wiki/Composer" title="Composer">composers</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89migr%C3%A9" title="Émigré">émigrés</a> from Central and Eastern Europe to who met at the <a href="/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_Du_D%C3%B4me" class="mw-redirect" title="Café Du Dôme">Café Du Dôme</a> in Montparnasse. They included <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Tansman" title="Alexandre Tansman">Alexandre Tansman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Tcherepnin" title="Alexander Tcherepnin">Alexander Tcherepnin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bohuslav_Martin%C5%AF" title="Bohuslav Martinů">Bohuslav Martinů</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tibor_Hars%C3%A1nyi" title="Tibor Harsányi">Tibor Harsányi</a>. Unlike <a href="/wiki/Les_Six" title="Les Six">Les Six</a>, another group of Montparnasse musicians at this time, the musical school of Paris was a loosely-knit group that did not adhere to any particular stylistic orientation.<sup id="cite_ref-Korabelʹnikova2008_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Korabelʹnikova2008-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="After_World_War_II">After World War II</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=School_of_Paris&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: After World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the aftermath of the war, "<a href="/wiki/Nationalistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalistic">nationalistic</a> and anti-Semitic attitudes were discredited, and the term took on a more general use denoting both foreign and French artists in Paris".<sup id="cite_ref-Alley_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alley-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But although the "Jewish problem" <a href="/wiki/Fantasy_trope" title="Fantasy trope">trope</a> continued to surface in public discourse, art critics ceased making ethnic distinctions in using the term. While in the early 20th century French art critics contrasted The School of Paris and the École de France, after World War II the question was School of Paris vs School of New York.<sup id="cite_ref-postwar_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-postwar-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_School_of_Paris">New School of Paris</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=School_of_Paris&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: New School of Paris"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Post-war" title="Post-war">Post-World War II</a> (<i>Après-guerre</i>), the term "New School of Paris" or École de Paris III often referred to <a href="/wiki/Tachisme" title="Tachisme">tachisme</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lyrical_abstraction" title="Lyrical abstraction">lyrical abstraction</a>, a European parallel to American <a href="/wiki/Abstract_Expressionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Abstract Expressionism">Abstract Expressionism</a>. These artists include again foreign ones and are also related to <a href="/wiki/COBRA_(avant-garde_movement)" class="mw-redirect" title="COBRA (avant-garde movement)">CoBrA</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Important proponents were <a href="/wiki/Jean_Dubuffet" title="Jean Dubuffet">Jean Dubuffet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Fautrier" title="Jean Fautrier">Jean Fautrier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Soulages" title="Pierre Soulages">Pierre Soulages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Nicolas de Staël">Nicolas de Staël</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hans_Hartung" title="Hans Hartung">Hans Hartung</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wols" title="Wols">Wols</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serge_Poliakoff" title="Serge Poliakoff">Serge Poliakoff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bram_van_Velde" title="Bram van Velde">Bram van Velde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simon_Hanta%C3%AF" title="Simon Hantaï">Simon Hantaï</a>, <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Ernest_Schneider" title="Gérard Ernest Schneider">Gérard Schneider</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maria_Helena_Vieira_da_Silva" title="Maria Helena Vieira da Silva">Maria Helena Vieira da Silva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zao_Wou-Ki" title="Zao Wou-Ki">Zao Wou-Ki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chu_Teh-Chun" title="Chu Teh-Chun">Chu Teh-Chun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georges_Mathieu" title="Georges Mathieu">Georges Mathieu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Masson" title="André Masson">André Masson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Degottex" title="Jean Degottex">Jean Degottex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Tal-Coat" title="Pierre Tal-Coat">Pierre Tal-Coat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Messagier" title="Jean Messagier">Jean Messagier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Manessier" title="Alfred Manessier">Alfred Manessier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Le_Moal" title="Jean Le Moal">Jean Le Moal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olivier_Debr%C3%A9" title="Olivier Debré">Olivier Debré</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zoran_Mu%C5%A1i%C4%8D" title="Zoran Mušič">Zoran Mušič</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Michel_Coulon" title="Jean-Michel Coulon">Jean-Michel Coulon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fahrelnissa_Zeid" class="mw-redirect" title="Fahrelnissa Zeid">Fahrelnissa Zeid</a>, among others. Many of their exhibitions took place at the Galerie de France in Paris, and then at the <a href="/wiki/Salon_de_Mai" title="Salon de Mai">Salon de Mai</a> where a group of them exhibited until the 1970s. </p><p>In 1996, <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> organized the 50th anniversary of the School of Paris (1954-1975), bringing together "100 painters of the New School of Paris." Notable artists included <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Aesbacher" title="Arthur Aesbacher">Arthur Aeschbacher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Ren%C3%A9_Bazaine" title="Jean René Bazaine">Jean Bazaine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Cremonini" title="Leonardo Cremonini">Leonardo Cremonini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olivier_Debr%C3%A9" title="Olivier Debré">Olivier Debré</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chu_Teh-Chun" title="Chu Teh-Chun">Chu Teh-Chun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Piaubert" title="Jean Piaubert">Jean Piaubert</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Cortot" title="Jean Cortot">Jean Cortot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zao_Wou-Ki" title="Zao Wou-Ki">Zao Wou-ki</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_Baron-Renouard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="François Baron-Renouard (page does not exist)">François Baron-Renouard</a>, among others. This grand exhibition featured a hundred painters from 28 different countries at the UNESCO headquarters in Paris. The exhibition's curators were the art critics Henry Galy-Carles and Lydia Harambourg. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Art_critics">Art critics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=School_of_Paris&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Art critics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Art critics and renowned writers have written prefaces, books, and articles regarding the painters of the School of Paris, notably in periodicals such as <a href="/wiki/Lib%C3%A9ration" title="Libération">Libération</a>, <a href="/wiki/Le_Figaro" title="Le Figaro">Le Figaro</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Le_Peintre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Le Peintre (page does not exist)">Le Peintre</a>, Combat, <a href="/wiki/Les_Lettres_Fran%C3%A7aises" title="Les Lettres Françaises">Les Lettres françaises</a>, <a href="/wiki/Les_Nouvelles_litt%C3%A9raires" title="Les Nouvelles littéraires">Les Nouvelles littéraires</a>. Among these writers and critiques were <a href="/wiki/Waldemar_George" title="Waldemar George">Waldermar George</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georges-Emmanuel_Clancier" title="Georges-Emmanuel Clancier">Georges-Emmanuel Clancier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Crespelle" title="Jean-Paul Crespelle">Jean-Paul Crespelle</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Conte&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arthur Conte (page does not exist)">Arthur Conte</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Beauvais" title="Robert Beauvais">Robert Beauvais</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Lescure" title="Jean Lescure">Jean Lescure</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Cassou" title="Jean Cassou">Jean Cassou</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bernard_Dorival&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bernard Dorival (page does not exist)">Bernard Dorival</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Warnod" title="André Warnod">André Warnod</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Pierre_Pietri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean-Pierre Pietri (page does not exist)">Jean-Pierre Pietri</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Besson" title="George Besson">George Besson</a>, Georges Boudaille, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Albert_Cartier" title="Jean-Albert Cartier">Jean-Albert Cartier</a>, Jean Chabanon, <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Cogniat" title="Raymond Cogniat">Raymond Cogniat</a>, Guy Dornand, Jean Bouret, Raymond Charmet, Florent Fels, Georges Charensol, Frank Elgar, Roger Van Gindertael, Georges Limbour, Marcel Zahar. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selected_artists">Selected artists</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=School_of_Paris&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Selected artists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantin_Br%C3%A2ncu%C8%99i" title="Constantin Brâncuși">Constantin Brâncuși</a>, Romanian-born sculptor, considered a pioneer of <a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">modernism</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Tate_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tate-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> arrived in Paris in 1904</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Cathelin" title="Bernard Cathelin">Bernard Cathelin</a><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Palu%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pierre Palué (page does not exist)">Pierre Palué</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Palu%C3%A9" class="extiw" title="fr:Pierre Palué">fr</a>]</span> (1920-2005), French painter, recognized as part of the New School of Paris<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Chagall" title="Marc Chagall">Marc Chagall</a> lived in Paris from 1910 to 1914<sup id="cite_ref-met_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-met-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> then again after his <a href="/wiki/Exile" title="Exile">exile</a> from the Soviet Union in 1923; Jewish; was arrested in Marseilles by the <a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy government</a> but escaped to the US with help from <a href="/wiki/Alfred_H._Barr_Jr" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred H. Barr Jr">Alfred H. Barr Jr</a>., director of the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Modern_Art" title="Museum of Modern Art">Museum of Modern Art</a>, and collectors Louise and <a href="/wiki/Walter_Conrad_Arensberg" title="Walter Conrad Arensberg">Walter Arensberg</a>, among others<sup id="cite_ref-phil_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-phil-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89milie_Charmy" title="Émilie Charmy">Émilie Charmy</a>, French painter, who was exhibited by the Parisian dealer and collector <a href="/wiki/Berthe_Weill" title="Berthe Weill">Berthe Weill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_de_Chirico" title="Giorgio de Chirico">Giorgio de Chirico</a>, an Italian who showed the first signs of <a href="/wiki/Magical_realism" title="Magical realism">magical realism</a> later highlighted in <a href="/wiki/Surrealist" class="mw-redirect" title="Surrealist">Surrealist</a> works, lived in Paris 1911–1915 and again in the 1920s<sup id="cite_ref-met_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-met-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Michel_Coulon" title="Jean-Michel Coulon">Jean-Michel Coulon</a>, French painter, had the particularity of having kept his work almost secret over his lifetime</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Delaunay" title="Robert Delaunay">Robert Delaunay</a>, French painter, co-founder of Orphism with his wife Sonia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonia_Delaunay" title="Sonia Delaunay">Sonia Delaunay</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-NYTshows_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTshows-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> wife of Robert, born Sarah Stern in Ukraine<sup id="cite_ref-MM_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MM-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Dobrinsky" title="Isaac Dobrinsky">Isaac Dobrinsky</a><sup id="cite_ref-Roditi_1968_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roditi_1968-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Dubuffet" title="Jean Dubuffet">Jean Dubuffet</a><sup id="cite_ref-MoMa_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MoMa-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Zdenek_Eberl" title="François Zdenek Eberl">François Zdenek Eberl</a>, a naturalised French painter, a Catholic born in Prague</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsuguharu_Foujita" title="Tsuguharu Foujita">Tsuguharu Foujita</a>, Japanese-French painter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Borvine_Frenkel" title="Boris Borvine Frenkel">Boris Borvine Frenkel</a> a Jewish painter from Poland</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Frenkel" title="Yitzhak Frenkel">Yitzhak Frenkel Frenel</a>, father of <a href="/wiki/Visual_arts_in_Israel" title="Visual arts in Israel">modern Israeli art</a>, Jewish, Israeli French artist. Sent his students to learn in Paris. Carried the influence of the School Of Paris to pre-independence Israel which up to that point was dominated by Orientalism.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:10_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:22_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:20_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:20-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:29_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:29-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_Gottlieb" title="Leopold Gottlieb">Leopold Gottlieb</a>, Polish paintier<sup id="cite_ref-Roditi_1968_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roditi_1968-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippe_Hosiasson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philippe Hosiasson (page does not exist)">Philippe Hosiasson</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_Hosiasson" class="extiw" title="fr:Philippe Hosiasson">fr</a>]</span>, a Ukrainian-born painter associated with the <a href="/wiki/Ballets_Russes" title="Ballets Russes">Ballets Russes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Jacob" title="Max Jacob">Max Jacob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wassily_Kandinsky" title="Wassily Kandinsky">Wassily Kandinsky</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Tate_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tate-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Russian abstract artist, arrived in 1933</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Kars" title="Georges Kars">Georges Kars</a>, Czech painter<sup id="cite_ref-Roditi_1968_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roditi_1968-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mo%C3%AFse_Kisling" title="Moïse Kisling">Moïse Kisling</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-WP_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WP-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> lived at <a href="/wiki/La_Ruche_(residence)" title="La Ruche (residence)">La Ruche</a><sup id="cite_ref-phil_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-phil-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinchus_Kr%C3%A9m%C3%A8gne" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinchus Krémègne">Pinchus Krémègne</a><sup id="cite_ref-WP_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WP-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jewish artist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Kikoine" title="Michel Kikoine">Michel Kikoine</a>, Jewish artist, born in <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Lipchitz" title="Jacques Lipchitz">Jacques Lipchitz</a>, lived at La Ruche;<sup id="cite_ref-phil_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-phil-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jewish cubist sculptor; took refuge from the Germans in the US<sup id="cite_ref-MM_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MM-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morice_Lipsi" title="Morice Lipsi">Morice Lipsi</a>, Jewish sculptor of Polish origin</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Macznik" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacob Macznik">Jacob Macznik</a> (1905–1945), born in Poland, arrived in Paris in 1928, died at the hands of the Nazis 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A young and highly regarded member of the École de Paris in the 1930s, prior to its decimation by the Reich.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Marcoussis" title="Louis Marcoussis">Louis Marcoussis</a>, had a studio in <a href="/wiki/Montparnasse" title="Montparnasse">Montparnasse</a><sup id="cite_ref-phil_42-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-phil-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Menkes" title="Zygmunt Menkes">Zygmunt Menkes</a>, a Polish-Jewish painter who later moved to the U.S.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Milich" title="Adolphe Milich">Adolphe MIlich</a>, born and trained in Poland and Germany, arrived in Paris 1920, had a studio in Montparnasse</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Mintchine" title="Abraham Mintchine">Abraham Mintchine</a><sup id="cite_ref-Roditi_1968_12-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roditi_1968-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> lived in Paris from 1926, then intermittently from 1930 after <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gimpel" title="René Gimpel">René Gimpel</a> encouraged him to discover the south of France. Died in 1931</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yervand_Kochar" title="Yervand Kochar">Yervand Kochar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amedeo_Modigliani" title="Amedeo Modigliani">Amedeo Modigliani</a>, Jewish Italian artist, arrived in Paris in 1906,<sup id="cite_ref-met_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-met-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> lived at La Ruche<sup id="cite_ref-phil_42-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-phil-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piet_Mondrian" title="Piet Mondrian">Piet Mondrian</a>, a Dutch abstract artist, moved to Paris in 1920<sup id="cite_ref-Tate_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tate-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elie_Nadelman" title="Elie Nadelman">Elie Nadelman</a>, lived in Paris for ten years<sup id="cite_ref-NYTshows_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTshows-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amshey_Nurenberg" title="Amshey Nurenberg">Amshey Nurenberg</a>, born in Elisavetgrad (Ukraine) in 1887, arrived in Paris in 1910, lived at La Ruche<sup id="cite_ref-Nurenberg_2010_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nurenberg_2010-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chana_Orloff" title="Chana Orloff">Chana Orloff</a>, Jewish portrait sculptor worked in Montparnasse<sup id="cite_ref-phil_42-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-phil-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYTshows_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTshows-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TF_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TF-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Pascin" title="Jules Pascin">Jules Pascin</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-WP_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WP-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bulgarian-born Jew<sup id="cite_ref-MM_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MM-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinaida_Serebriakova" title="Zinaida Serebriakova">Zinaida Serebriakova</a>, Russian painter, arrived in Paris in 1905</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cha%C3%AFm_Soutine" title="Chaïm Soutine">Chaïm Soutine</a>, Jewish artist, born in a <a href="/wiki/Shtetl" title="Shtetl">shtetl</a> near <a href="/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk">Minsk</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-MM_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MM-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was unable to get a US visa when the German Army invaded, and lived in hiding under the occupation until he died in 1943 at age 50. <a href="/wiki/Cha%C3%AFm_Soutine" title="Chaïm Soutine">Soutine</a>, a friend of <a href="/wiki/Amedeo_Modigliani" title="Amedeo Modigliani">Modigliani</a>, arrived in Paris in 1913<sup id="cite_ref-met_41-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-met-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and lived at <a href="/wiki/La_Ruche_(residence)" title="La Ruche (residence)">La Ruche</a><sup id="cite_ref-phil_42-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-phil-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avigdor_Stematsky" title="Avigdor Stematsky">Avigdor Stematsky</a>, Israeli, student of <a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Frenkel" title="Yitzhak Frenkel">Isaac Frenkel</a>, especially notable in his later abstract and cubist art</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kostia_Terechkovitch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kostia Terechkovitch (page does not exist)">Kostia Terechkovitch</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kostia_Terechkovitch" class="extiw" title="fr:Kostia Terechkovitch">fr</a>]</span> was born in Russia and arrived in Paris in 1920, where he was part of the Montparnasse émigré group.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Utrillo" title="Maurice Utrillo">Maurice Utrillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksander_Vardi" title="Aleksander Vardi">Aleksander Vardi</a>, Estonian painter, arrived in Paris in 1925</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuno_Veeber" title="Kuno Veeber">Kuno Veeber</a>, Estonian artist, arrived in Paris in 1924<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber_(artist)" title="Max Weber (artist)">Max Weber</a>, German artist, arrived in Paris in 1905<sup id="cite_ref-NYTshows_43-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTshows-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossip_Zadkine" title="Ossip Zadkine">Ossip Zadkine</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-WP_13-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WP-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> born in <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a> and lived at La Ruche<sup id="cite_ref-phil_42-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-phil-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fa%C3%AFbich-Schraga_Zarfin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Faïbich-Schraga Zarfin (page does not exist)">Faïbich-Schraga Zarfin</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fa%C3%AFbich-Schraga_Zarfin" class="extiw" title="fr:Faïbich-Schraga Zarfin">fr</a>]</span>, born in Belarus, friend of Soutine</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandre_Zinoview&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexandre Zinoview (page does not exist)">Alexandre Zinoview</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Zinoview" class="extiw" title="fr:Alexandre Zinoview">fr</a>]</span> born in 1889 in Russia, died in France in 1977. Arrived in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> in 1908. Volunteered for the French Foreign Legion in World War I, became a naturalised French citizen in 1938</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fahrelnissa_Zeid" class="mw-redirect" title="Fahrelnissa Zeid">Fahrelnissa Zeid</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Associated_with_artists">Associated with artists</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=School_of_Paris&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Associated with artists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albert_C._Barnes" title="Albert C. Barnes">Albert C. Barnes</a>, whose buying trip to Paris gave many School of Paris artists their first break<sup id="cite_ref-WP_13-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WP-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Waldemar George, unfriendly art critic<sup id="cite_ref-WP_13-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WP-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Guillaume" title="Paul Guillaume">Paul Guillaume</a>, art dealer introduced to de Chirico by <a href="/wiki/Apollinaire" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollinaire">Apollinaire</a><sup id="cite_ref-why_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-why-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Jonas Netter, an art collector<sup id="cite_ref-WP_13-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WP-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Madeline and Marcellin Castaing, collectors<sup id="cite_ref-WP_13-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WP-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>André Warnod, a friendly art critic<sup id="cite_ref-WP_13-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WP-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9opold_Zborowski" title="Léopold Zborowski">Léopold Zborowski</a>, art dealer, represented Modigliani and Soutine<sup id="cite_ref-WP_13-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WP-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=School_of_Paris&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jean_Metzinger,_c.1906,_Femme_au_Chapeau_(Woman_with_a_Hat),_oil_on_canvas,_44.8_x_36.8_cm,_Korban_Art_Foundation..jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jean Metzinger, Femme au Chapeau (Woman with a Hat), c.1906, oil on canvas, 44.8 x 36.8 cm, Korban Art Foundation"><img alt="Jean Metzinger, Femme au Chapeau (Woman with a Hat), c.1906, oil on canvas, 44.8 x 36.8 cm, Korban Art Foundation" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/bb/Jean_Metzinger%2C_c.1906%2C_Femme_au_Chapeau_%28Woman_with_a_Hat%29%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_44.8_x_36.8_cm%2C_Korban_Art_Foundation..jpg/148px-Jean_Metzinger%2C_c.1906%2C_Femme_au_Chapeau_%28Woman_with_a_Hat%29%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_44.8_x_36.8_cm%2C_Korban_Art_Foundation..jpg" decoding="async" width="148" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/bb/Jean_Metzinger%2C_c.1906%2C_Femme_au_Chapeau_%28Woman_with_a_Hat%29%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_44.8_x_36.8_cm%2C_Korban_Art_Foundation..jpg/222px-Jean_Metzinger%2C_c.1906%2C_Femme_au_Chapeau_%28Woman_with_a_Hat%29%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_44.8_x_36.8_cm%2C_Korban_Art_Foundation..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/bb/Jean_Metzinger%2C_c.1906%2C_Femme_au_Chapeau_%28Woman_with_a_Hat%29%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_44.8_x_36.8_cm%2C_Korban_Art_Foundation..jpg/297px-Jean_Metzinger%2C_c.1906%2C_Femme_au_Chapeau_%28Woman_with_a_Hat%29%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_44.8_x_36.8_cm%2C_Korban_Art_Foundation..jpg 2x" data-file-width="989" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Metzinger" title="Jean Metzinger">Jean Metzinger</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Femme_au_Chapeau" class="mw-redirect" title="Femme au Chapeau">Femme au Chapeau (Woman with a Hat)</a></i>, c.1906, oil on canvas, 44.8 x 36.8 cm, Korban Art Foundation</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Marc_Chagall,_1912,_still-life_(Nature_morte),_oil_on_canvas,_private_collection.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Marc Chagall, Still-life (Nature morte), 1912, oil on canvas, private collection"><img alt="Marc Chagall, Still-life (Nature morte), 1912, oil on canvas, private collection" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a1/Marc_Chagall%2C_1912%2C_still-life_%28Nature_morte%29%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_private_collection.jpg/180px-Marc_Chagall%2C_1912%2C_still-life_%28Nature_morte%29%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_private_collection.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a1/Marc_Chagall%2C_1912%2C_still-life_%28Nature_morte%29%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_private_collection.jpg/270px-Marc_Chagall%2C_1912%2C_still-life_%28Nature_morte%29%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_private_collection.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a1/Marc_Chagall%2C_1912%2C_still-life_%28Nature_morte%29%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_private_collection.jpg/360px-Marc_Chagall%2C_1912%2C_still-life_%28Nature_morte%29%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_private_collection.jpg 2x" data-file-width="849" data-file-height="711" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Marc_Chagall" title="Marc Chagall">Marc Chagall</a>, <i>Still-life (Nature morte)</i>, 1912, oil on canvas, private collection</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_Delaunay_-_Simultaneous_Contrasts-Sun_and_Moon_-_1912.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Robert Delaunay, Simultaneous Contrasts: Sun and Moon, 1912–13, oil on canvas, The Museum of Modern Art, New York City"><img alt="Robert Delaunay, Simultaneous Contrasts: Sun and Moon, 1912–13, oil on canvas, The Museum of Modern Art, New York City" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Robert_Delaunay_-_Simultaneous_Contrasts-Sun_and_Moon_-_1912.jpg/180px-Robert_Delaunay_-_Simultaneous_Contrasts-Sun_and_Moon_-_1912.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Robert_Delaunay_-_Simultaneous_Contrasts-Sun_and_Moon_-_1912.jpg/270px-Robert_Delaunay_-_Simultaneous_Contrasts-Sun_and_Moon_-_1912.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Robert_Delaunay_-_Simultaneous_Contrasts-Sun_and_Moon_-_1912.jpg/360px-Robert_Delaunay_-_Simultaneous_Contrasts-Sun_and_Moon_-_1912.jpg 2x" data-file-width="848" data-file-height="836" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Delaunay" title="Robert Delaunay">Robert Delaunay</a>, <i>Simultaneous Contrasts: Sun and Moon</i>, 1912–13, oil on canvas, <a href="/wiki/The_Museum_of_Modern_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="The Museum of Modern Art">The Museum of Modern Art</a>, New York City</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mo%C3%AFse_Kisling,_1913,_Nu_sur_un_divan_noir,_oil_on_canvas,_97_x_130_cm,_published_in_Montjolie,_1914.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Moïse Kisling, Nu sur un divan noir, 1913, oil on canvas, 97 x 130 cm"><img alt="Moïse Kisling, Nu sur un divan noir, 1913, oil on canvas, 97 x 130 cm" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Mo%C3%AFse_Kisling%2C_1913%2C_Nu_sur_un_divan_noir%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_97_x_130_cm%2C_published_in_Montjolie%2C_1914.jpg/180px-Mo%C3%AFse_Kisling%2C_1913%2C_Nu_sur_un_divan_noir%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_97_x_130_cm%2C_published_in_Montjolie%2C_1914.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Mo%C3%AFse_Kisling%2C_1913%2C_Nu_sur_un_divan_noir%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_97_x_130_cm%2C_published_in_Montjolie%2C_1914.jpg/270px-Mo%C3%AFse_Kisling%2C_1913%2C_Nu_sur_un_divan_noir%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_97_x_130_cm%2C_published_in_Montjolie%2C_1914.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Mo%C3%AFse_Kisling%2C_1913%2C_Nu_sur_un_divan_noir%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_97_x_130_cm%2C_published_in_Montjolie%2C_1914.jpg/360px-Mo%C3%AFse_Kisling%2C_1913%2C_Nu_sur_un_divan_noir%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_97_x_130_cm%2C_published_in_Montjolie%2C_1914.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="558" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Mo%C3%AFse_Kisling" title="Moïse Kisling">Moïse Kisling</a>, <i>Nu sur un divan noir</i>, 1913, oil on canvas, 97 x 130 cm</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Amedeo_Modigliani_036.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Amedeo Modigliani, Portrait of Chaïm Soutine, 1916"><img alt="Amedeo Modigliani, Portrait of Chaïm Soutine, 1916" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Amedeo_Modigliani_036.jpg/116px-Amedeo_Modigliani_036.jpg" decoding="async" width="116" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Amedeo_Modigliani_036.jpg/174px-Amedeo_Modigliani_036.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Amedeo_Modigliani_036.jpg/232px-Amedeo_Modigliani_036.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1576" data-file-height="2445" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Amedeo_Modigliani" title="Amedeo Modigliani">Amedeo Modigliani</a>, <i>Portrait of <a href="/wiki/Cha%C3%AFm_Soutine" title="Chaïm Soutine">Chaïm Soutine</a></i>, 1916</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Amedeo_Modigliani_-_Jacques_and_Berthe_Lipchitz_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Amedeo Modigliani, Jacques and Berthe Lipchitz, 1916"><img alt="Amedeo Modigliani, Jacques and Berthe Lipchitz, 1916" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Amedeo_Modigliani_-_Jacques_and_Berthe_Lipchitz_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/119px-Amedeo_Modigliani_-_Jacques_and_Berthe_Lipchitz_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="119" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Amedeo_Modigliani_-_Jacques_and_Berthe_Lipchitz_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/179px-Amedeo_Modigliani_-_Jacques_and_Berthe_Lipchitz_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Amedeo_Modigliani_-_Jacques_and_Berthe_Lipchitz_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/238px-Amedeo_Modigliani_-_Jacques_and_Berthe_Lipchitz_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3120" data-file-height="4711" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Amedeo Modigliani, <i><a href="/wiki/Jacques_and_Berthe_Lipchitz" title="Jacques and Berthe Lipchitz">Jacques and Berthe Lipchitz</a></i>, 1916</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jacques_Lipchitz,_1920,_Portrait_of_Jean_Cocteau.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jacques Lipchitz, Portrait of Jean Cocteau, 1920"><img alt="Jacques Lipchitz, Portrait of Jean Cocteau, 1920" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8f/Jacques_Lipchitz%2C_1920%2C_Portrait_of_Jean_Cocteau.jpg/126px-Jacques_Lipchitz%2C_1920%2C_Portrait_of_Jean_Cocteau.jpg" decoding="async" width="126" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8f/Jacques_Lipchitz%2C_1920%2C_Portrait_of_Jean_Cocteau.jpg/189px-Jacques_Lipchitz%2C_1920%2C_Portrait_of_Jean_Cocteau.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8f/Jacques_Lipchitz%2C_1920%2C_Portrait_of_Jean_Cocteau.jpg/253px-Jacques_Lipchitz%2C_1920%2C_Portrait_of_Jean_Cocteau.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="1068" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Lipchitz" title="Jacques Lipchitz">Jacques Lipchitz</a>, <i>Portrait of <a href="/wiki/Jean_Cocteau" title="Jean Cocteau">Jean Cocteau</a></i>, 1920</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Paysage_de_C%C3%A9ret,_Cha%C3%AFm_Soutine_(1919)_-_Mus%C3%A9e_d%27art_et_d%27histoire_du_Juda%C3%AFsme.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chaïm Soutine, Céret Landscape, c. 1920, oil on canvas, 55 x 65 cm, Musée d'Art et d'Histoire du Judaïsme"><img alt="Chaïm Soutine, Céret Landscape, c. 1920, oil on canvas, 55 x 65 cm, Musée d'Art et d'Histoire du Judaïsme" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Paysage_de_C%C3%A9ret%2C_Cha%C3%AFm_Soutine_%281919%29_-_Mus%C3%A9e_d%27art_et_d%27histoire_du_Juda%C3%AFsme.jpg/180px-Paysage_de_C%C3%A9ret%2C_Cha%C3%AFm_Soutine_%281919%29_-_Mus%C3%A9e_d%27art_et_d%27histoire_du_Juda%C3%AFsme.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Paysage_de_C%C3%A9ret%2C_Cha%C3%AFm_Soutine_%281919%29_-_Mus%C3%A9e_d%27art_et_d%27histoire_du_Juda%C3%AFsme.jpg/270px-Paysage_de_C%C3%A9ret%2C_Cha%C3%AFm_Soutine_%281919%29_-_Mus%C3%A9e_d%27art_et_d%27histoire_du_Juda%C3%AFsme.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Paysage_de_C%C3%A9ret%2C_Cha%C3%AFm_Soutine_%281919%29_-_Mus%C3%A9e_d%27art_et_d%27histoire_du_Juda%C3%AFsme.jpg/360px-Paysage_de_C%C3%A9ret%2C_Cha%C3%AFm_Soutine_%281919%29_-_Mus%C3%A9e_d%27art_et_d%27histoire_du_Juda%C3%AFsme.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="660" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Cha%C3%AFm_Soutine" title="Chaïm Soutine">Chaïm Soutine</a>, <i>Céret Landscape</i>, c. 1920, oil on canvas, 55 x 65 cm, <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Art_et_d%27Histoire_du_Juda%C3%AFsme" title="Musée d'Art et d'Histoire du Judaïsme">Musée d'Art et d'Histoire du Judaïsme</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Abraham_Mintchine_-_Portrait_of_the_Artist_as_a_Harlequin_1931.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Abraham Mintchine, Portrait of the artist as a Harlequin, oil on canvas, c.1931, 72.5x50cm, Tate gallery"><img alt="Abraham Mintchine, Portrait of the artist as a Harlequin, oil on canvas, c.1931, 72.5x50cm, Tate gallery" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Abraham_Mintchine_-_Portrait_of_the_Artist_as_a_Harlequin_1931.jpg/117px-Abraham_Mintchine_-_Portrait_of_the_Artist_as_a_Harlequin_1931.jpg" decoding="async" width="117" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Abraham_Mintchine_-_Portrait_of_the_Artist_as_a_Harlequin_1931.jpg/175px-Abraham_Mintchine_-_Portrait_of_the_Artist_as_a_Harlequin_1931.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Abraham_Mintchine_-_Portrait_of_the_Artist_as_a_Harlequin_1931.jpg/234px-Abraham_Mintchine_-_Portrait_of_the_Artist_as_a_Harlequin_1931.jpg 2x" data-file-width="999" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Mintchine" title="Abraham Mintchine">Abraham Mintchine</a>, <i>Portrait of the artist as a Harlequin,</i> oil on canvas, c.1931, 72.5x50cm, <a href="/wiki/Tate" title="Tate">Tate gallery</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=School_of_Paris&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Informalism" title="Informalism">Informalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_Deco" title="Art Deco">Art Deco</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_folles" title="Années folles">Années folles</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Frenkel" title="Yitzhak Frenkel">Yitzhak Frenkel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Stein" title="Gertrude Stein">Gertrude Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway">Ernest Hemingway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Proust" title="Marcel Proust">Marcel Proust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Chagall" title="Marc Chagall">Marc Chagall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Kikoine" title="Michel Kikoine">Michel Kikoine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amedeo_Modigliani" title="Amedeo Modigliani">Amedeo Modigliani</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=School_of_Paris&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Heilbrunn-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Heilbrunn_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/scpa/hd_scpa.htm">"School of Paris"</a>. <i>Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History</i>. <a href="/wiki/The_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="The Metropolitan Museum of Art">The Metropolitan Museum of Art</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 16,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Heilbrunn+Timeline+of+Art+History&rft.atitle=School+of+Paris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Ftoah%2Fhd%2Fscpa%2Fhd_scpa.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchool+of+Paris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095740991">"École de Paris"</a>. <i>Oxford Reference</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-02-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Reference&rft.atitle=%C3%89cole+de+Paris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fdisplay%2F10.1093%2Foi%2Fauthority.20110803095740991&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchool+of+Paris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tate-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tate_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tate_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tate_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tate_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tate.org.uk/learn/online-resources/glossary/s/school-of-paris">"Glossary of art terms: School of Paris"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tate_Gallery" class="mw-redirect" title="Tate Gallery">Tate Gallery</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Israel: Masada. p. 14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frenel+Isaac+Alexander&rft.place=Israel&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Masada&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Barzel&rft.aufirst=Amnon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchool+of+Paris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://k-larevue.com/en/the-jewish-painters-of-lecole-de-paris-from-the-holocaust-to-today/">"The Jewish painters of l'École de Paris-from the Holocaust to today"</a>. <i>Jews, Europe, the XXIst century</i>. 2021-11-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-11-19</span></span>. <q><span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>" l'École de Paris is a term coined by the art critic André Warnod in 1925, in the magazine <i>Comœdia</i>, to define the group formed by foreign painters in Paris. The École de Paris does not designate a movement or a school in the academic sense of the term, but a historical fact. In Warnod's mind this term was intended to counter a latent xenophobia rather than to establish a theoretical approach.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jews%2C+Europe%2C+the+XXIst+century&rft.atitle=The+Jewish+painters+of+l%27%C3%89cole+de+Paris-from+the+Holocaust+to+today&rft.date=2021-11-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fk-larevue.com%2Fen%2Fthe-jewish-painters-of-lecole-de-paris-from-the-holocaust-to-today%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchool+of+Paris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fr.timesofisrael.com/les-peintres-juifs-de-lecole-de-paris-imposent-leur-genie-au-mahj/">"Les peintres juifs de " l'École de Paris " imposent leur génie au MahJ"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Times_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Times of Israel">Times of Israel</a></i> (in French). 6 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Times+of+Israel&rft.atitle=Les+peintres+juifs+de+%22+l%27%C3%89cole+de+Paris+%22+imposent+leur+g%C3%A9nie+au+MahJ&rft.date=2021-07-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffr.timesofisrael.com%2Fles-peintres-juifs-de-lecole-de-paris-imposent-leur-genie-au-mahj%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchool+of+Paris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:8_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTurnerBohm-DuchenManorBlair2003" class="citation book cs1">Turner, Michael; Bohm-Duchen, Monica; Manor, Dalia; Blair, Sheila S.; Bloom, Jonathan M.; Koffler, Lia (2003). "Israel". <i>Oxford Art Online</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgao%2F9781884446054.article.T042514">10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.T042514</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781884446054" title="Special:BookSources/9781884446054"><bdi>9781884446054</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Israel&rft.btitle=Oxford+Art+Online&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgao%2F9781884446054.article.T042514&rft.isbn=9781884446054&rft.aulast=Turner&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Bohm-Duchen%2C+Monica&rft.au=Manor%2C+Dalia&rft.au=Blair%2C+Sheila+S.&rft.au=Bloom%2C+Jonathan+M.&rft.au=Koffler%2C+Lia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchool+of+Paris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:04-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:04_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:04_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:04_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHecht_Museum2013" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hecht Museum (2013). <i>After the School Of Paris</i> (in English and Hebrew). Israel. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789655350272" title="Special:BookSources/9789655350272"><bdi>9789655350272</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=After+the+School+Of+Paris&rft.place=Israel&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9789655350272&rft.au=Hecht+Museum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchool+of+Paris" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:13-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:13_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gideonofrat.wordpress.com/2011/01/01/%d7%99%d7%a6%d7%97%d7%a7-%d7%a4%d7%a8%d7%a0%d7%a7%d7%9c-%d7%97%d7%99%d7%91%d7%95%d7%a8-%d7%9c%d7%9c%d7%90-%d7%a2%d7%a6%d7%9e%d7%99%d7%9d/">"יצחק פרנקל: "חיבור ללא עצמים"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>המחסן של גדעון עפרת</i> (in Hebrew). 2011-01-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-10-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%97%D7%A1%D7%9F+%D7%A9%D7%9C+%D7%92%D7%93%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%9F+%D7%A2%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%AA&rft.atitle=%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%97%D7%A7+%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%A7%D7%9C%3A+%22%D7%97%D7%99%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A8+%D7%9C%D7%9C%D7%90+%D7%A2%D7%A6%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9D%22&rft.date=2011-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgideonofrat.wordpress.com%2F2011%2F01%2F01%2F%25d7%2599%25d7%25a6%25d7%2597%25d7%25a7-%25d7%25a4%25d7%25a8%25d7%25a0%25d7%25a7%25d7%259c-%25d7%2597%25d7%2599%25d7%2591%25d7%2595%25d7%25a8-%25d7%259c%25d7%259c%25d7%2590-%25d7%25a2%25d7%25a6%25d7%259e%25d7%2599%25d7%259d%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchool+of+Paris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLurie2005" class="citation book cs1">Lurie, Aya (2005). <i>Treasured in the Heart: Haim Gliksberg's Portraits</i>. Tel Aviv. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9657161234" title="Special:BookSources/978-9657161234"><bdi>978-9657161234</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Treasured+in+the+Heart%3A+Haim+Gliksberg%27s+Portraits&rft.place=Tel+Aviv&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-9657161234&rft.aulast=Lurie&rft.aufirst=Aya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchool+of+Paris" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOfrat2012" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ofrat, Gideon (2012). <i>The Birth of Secular Art from the Zionist Spirit</i> (in Hebrew). Jerusalem: Carmel. p. 234.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Birth+of+Secular+Art+from+the+Zionist+Spirit&rft.place=Jerusalem&rft.pages=234&rft.pub=Carmel&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Ofrat&rft.aufirst=Gideon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchool+of+Paris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOfrat" class="citation book cs1">Ofrat, Gideon. <i>Eretz Israeli Painting in the 1930s: between Tel Aviv and Paris</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">186–</span>187.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eretz+Israeli+Painting+in+the+1930s%3A+between+Tel+Aviv+and+Paris&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E186-%3C%2Fspan%3E187&rft.aulast=Ofrat&rft.aufirst=Gideon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchool+of+Paris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFManor2018" class="citation journal cs1">Manor, Dalia (2018-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/38057236">"Between Paris and Tel Aviv: Jewish art in 1930s Eretz Yisrael"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Between+Paris+and+Tel+Aviv%3A+Jewish+art+in+1930s+Eretz+Yisrael&rft.date=2018-01-01&rft.aulast=Manor&rft.aufirst=Dalia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F38057236&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchool+of+Paris" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBallas" class="citation book cs1">Ballas, Gila. <i>The Artists' of the 1920 and Cubism</i>. Israel.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Artists%27+of+the+1920+and+Cubism&rft.place=Israel&rft.aulast=Ballas&rft.aufirst=Gila&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchool+of+Paris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOfrat1987" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ofrat, Gideon (1987). <i>The Golden Age of Painting in Safed</i> (in Hebrew). Tel Aviv: Sifriat HaPoalim.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Golden+Age+of+Painting+in+Safed&rft.place=Tel+Aviv&rft.pub=Sifriat+HaPoalim&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Ofrat&rft.aufirst=Gideon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchool+of+Paris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBallas" class="citation book cs1">Ballas, Gila. <i>The Artists' of the 1920 and Cubism</i>. Israel.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Artists%27+of+the+1920+and+Cubism&rft.place=Israel&rft.aulast=Ballas&rft.aufirst=Gila&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchool+of+Paris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:32-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:32_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOfrat" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ofrat, Gideon. <i>The Art and Artists of Safed</i> (in Hebrew). pp. <span class="nowrap">89–</span>90.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+and+Artists+of+Safed&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E89-%3C%2Fspan%3E90&rft.aulast=Ofrat&rft.aufirst=Gideon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchool+of+Paris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FRENKEL_FRENEL_MUSEUM2-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FRENKEL_FRENEL_MUSEUM2_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FRENKEL_FRENEL_MUSEUM2_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.frenkel-frenel.org/The_official_Isaac_Frenkel-Frenel_web_site/Welcome.html">"FRENKEL FRENEL MUSEUM"</a>. <i>www.frenkel-frenel.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.frenkel-frenel.org&rft.atitle=FRENKEL+FRENEL+MUSEUM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.frenkel-frenel.org%2FThe_official_Isaac_Frenkel-Frenel_web_site%2FWelcome.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchool+of+Paris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Korabelʹnikova2008-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Korabelʹnikova2008_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKorabelʹnikova2008" class="citation book cs1">Korabelʹnikova, Li͡udmila Zinovʹevna (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NDogeYXFS9MC&pg=PA67">"European Destiny: The Paris School"</a>. <i>Alexander Tcherepnin: The Saga of a Russian Emigré Composer</i>. Indiana University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">65–</span>70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-34938-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-34938-5"><bdi>978-0-253-34938-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=European+Destiny%3A+The+Paris+School&rft.btitle=Alexander+Tcherepnin%3A+The+Saga+of+a+Russian+Emigr%C3%A9+Composer&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E65-%3C%2Fspan%3E70&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-253-34938-5&rft.aulast=Korabel%CA%B9nikova&rft.aufirst=Li%CD%A1udmila+Zinov%CA%B9evna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNDogeYXFS9MC%26pg%3DPA67&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchool+of+Paris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-postwar-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-postwar_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GTa8AAAAIAAJ">Malcolm Gee, <i>Between Paris and New York: Critical constructions of 'Englishness', c. 1945 - 1960</i></a>, Art Criticism Since 1900, Manchester University Press, 1993, p. 180. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0719037840" title="Special:BookSources/0719037840">0719037840</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Auber, Nathalie, 'Cobra after Cobra' and the Alba Congress: From Revolutionary Avant-Garde To Situationist Experiment, Third Text 20.2 (2006), Art Source. Web. 14 Sept. 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.buschlenmowatt.com/artists/bernard-cathelin">"Bernard Cathelin Biography"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121118064433/http://www.buschlenmowatt.com/artists/bernard-cathelin">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-11-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bernard+Cathelin+Biography&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.buschlenmowatt.com%2Fartists%2Fbernard-cathelin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchool+of+Paris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://artenseine.com/pierre-palue/">"Pierre PALUE"</a>. <i>Art en Seine</i> (in French)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Art+en+Seine&rft.atitle=Pierre+PALUE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fartenseine.com%2Fpierre-palue%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchool+of+Paris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-met-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-met_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-met_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-met_41-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-met_41-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJames_Voorhies2004" class="citation web cs1">James Voorhies (October 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/scpa/hd_scpa.htm">"School of Paris"</a>. Metropolitan Museum of Art<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 13,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=School+of+Paris&rft.pub=Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=2004-10&rft.au=James+Voorhies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Ftoah%2Fhd%2Fscpa%2Fhd_scpa.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchool+of+Paris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-phil-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-phil_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-phil_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-phil_42-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-phil_42-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-phil_42-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-phil_42-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-phil_42-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-phil_42-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.philamuseum.org/exhibitions/401.html?page=4">"The School of Paris"</a>. Philadelphia Museum of Art. 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+School+of+Paris&rft.pub=Philadelphia+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=2017&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.philamuseum.org%2Fexhibitions%2F401.html%3Fpage%3D4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchool+of+Paris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYTshows-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYTshows_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYTshows_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYTshows_43-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYTshows_43-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mobile.nytimes.com/2000/03/10/arts/art-review-jewish-artists-who-made-paris-their-exuberant-garret.html">John Russell, Art Review: <i>Jewish Artists Who Made Paris Their Exuberant Garret</i>, New York Times, March 10, 2000</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MoMa-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MoMa_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.moma.org/calendar/exhibitions/2838">"The School of Paris: Paintings from the Florence May Schoenborn and Samuel A. Marx Collection"</a>. Museum of Modern Art. 1965<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 12,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+School+of+Paris%3A+Paintings+from+the+Florence+May+Schoenborn+and+Samuel+A.+Marx+Collection&rft.pub=Museum+of+Modern+Art&rft.date=1965&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.moma.org%2Fcalendar%2Fexhibitions%2F2838&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchool+of+Paris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wiki.edu.vn/wiki15/2020/12/21/schule-von-paris-wikipedia/amp/">"Schule von Paris – Wikipedia – Enzyklopädie"</a>. <i>wiki.edu.vn</i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-03-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=wiki.edu.vn&rft.atitle=Schule+von+Paris+%E2%80%93+Wikipedia+%E2%80%93+Enzyklop%C3%A4die&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwiki.edu.vn%2Fwiki15%2F2020%2F12%2F21%2Fschule-von-paris-wikipedia%2Famp%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchool+of+Paris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:10-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:10_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tidhar.tourolib.org/tidhar/view/4/1883">"1883 | Encyclopedia of the Founders and Builders of Israel"</a>. <i>www.tidhar.tourolib.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-04-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.tidhar.tourolib.org&rft.atitle=1883+%7C+Encyclopedia+of+the+Founders+and+Builders+of+Israel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tidhar.tourolib.org%2Ftidhar%2Fview%2F4%2F1883&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchool+of+Paris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:22-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:22_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.frenkel-frenel.org/The_official_Isaac_Frenkel-Frenel_web_site/Abstract.html">"Abstract Alexander Frenel Frenkel was the first abstract painter in Israel. He learned his art from Paris in the twenties. When he exhibited at the "salon des independants" in 1924 in Paris, Mondrian acquired two of his paintings for an English collectionor"</a>. <i>www.frenkel-frenel.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-03-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.frenkel-frenel.org&rft.atitle=Abstract+Alexander+Frenel+Frenkel+was+the+first+abstract+painter+in+Israel.+He+learned+his+art+from+Paris+in+the+twenties.+When+he+exhibited+at+the+%22salon+des+independants%22+in+1924+in+Paris%2C+Mondrian+acquired+two+of+his+paintings+for+an+English+collectionor.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.frenkel-frenel.org%2FThe_official_Isaac_Frenkel-Frenel_web_site%2FAbstract.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchool+of+Paris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:20-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:20_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1">"Famous Israel artist in Cape Town". <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_South_African_Jewish_Chronicle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The South African Jewish Chronicle (page does not exist)">The South African Jewish Chronicle</a></i>. January 1954.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+South+African+Jewish+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Famous+Israel+artist+in+Cape+Town&rft.date=1954-01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchool+of+Paris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:29-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:29_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKeehanski1951" class="citation news cs1">Keehanski, Mendel (March 1951). "Pioneer of Art in Israel". <i>The Pioneer Woman</i>. USA. <q>Frenkel may be considered the grand old man of modern painting in Israel in spite of the fact he is only about fifty.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Pioneer+Woman&rft.atitle=Pioneer+of+Art+in+Israel&rft.date=1951-03&rft.aulast=Keehanski&rft.aufirst=Mendel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchool+of+Paris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.macznik.org">"Macznik"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Macznik&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.macznik.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchool+of+Paris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peintres Juifs A Paris: École de Paris, Nadine Nieszawer et al., Éditions Denoël, Paris, 2000</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Undzere Farpainikte Kinstler, Hersh Fenster, Imprimerie Abècé. 1951</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:02_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKossowska2001" class="citation web cs1">Kossowska, Irena (December 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://culture.pl/en/artist/zygmunt-sigmund-menkes">"Zygmunt (Sigmund) Menkes"</a>. <i>Culture.pl</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-12-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Culture.pl&rft.atitle=Zygmunt+%28Sigmund%29+Menkes&rft.date=2001-12&rft.aulast=Kossowska&rft.aufirst=Irena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fculture.pl%2Fen%2Fartist%2Fzygmunt-sigmund-menkes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchool+of+Paris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nurenberg_2010-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nurenberg_2010_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNurenberg2010" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Nurenberg, Amsheĭ (2010). <i>Odessa — Parizh — Moskva. Vospominaniya khudozhnika</i> [<i>Odessa — Paris — Moscow. Memoirs of an artist</i>] (in Russian). Moskva Jerusalim: Mosty kulʹtury Gesharim. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9785932732892" title="Special:BookSources/9785932732892"><bdi>9785932732892</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/635864735">635864735</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Odessa+%E2%80%94+Parizh+%E2%80%94+Moskva.+Vospominaniya+khudozhnika&rft.place=Moskva+Jerusalim&rft.pub=Mosty+kul%CA%B9tury+Gesharim&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F635864735&rft.isbn=9785932732892&rft.aulast=Nurenberg&rft.aufirst=Amshe%C4%AD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchool+of+Paris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TF-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TF_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPJ_Birnbaum2016" class="citation journal cs1">PJ Birnbaum (2016). "Chana Orloff: A modern Jewish woman sculptor of the School of Paris". <i>Journal of Modern Jewish Studies</i>. <b>15</b> (1, 2016): 65. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14725886.2015.1120430">10.1080/14725886.2015.1120430</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:151740210">151740210</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Modern+Jewish+Studies&rft.atitle=Chana+Orloff%3A+A+modern+Jewish+woman+sculptor+of+the+School+of+Paris&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=1%2C+2016&rft.pages=65&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14725886.2015.1120430&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A151740210%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=PJ+Birnbaum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchool+of+Paris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ohtuleht.ee/21168/naitused">Õhtuleht</a> <i>Näitused</i> 9 May 1998. Retrieved 27 August 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-why-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-why_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Jenson, <i>Why the School of Paris Is Not French</i>, Purdue University, Artl@s Bulletin, 2013</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=School_of_Paris&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStanley_Meisler2015" class="citation book cs1">Stanley Meisler (2015). <i>Shocking Paris: Soutine, Chagall and the Outsiders of Montparnasse</i>. Palgrave Macmillan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shocking+Paris%3A+Soutine%2C+Chagall+and+the+Outsiders+of+Montparnasse&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2015&rft.au=Stanley+Meisler&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchool+of+Paris" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWest,_Shearer1996" class="citation book cs1">West, Shearer (1996). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bulfinchguidetoa0000west"><i>The Bullfinch Guide to Art</i></a></span>. UK: <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Publishing" title="Bloomsbury Publishing">Bloomsbury Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8212-2137-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8212-2137-2"><bdi>978-0-8212-2137-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bullfinch+Guide+to+Art&rft.place=UK&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-8212-2137-2&rft.au=West%2C+Shearer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbulfinchguidetoa0000west&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchool+of+Paris" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNieszawer,_Nadine2000" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Nieszawer, Nadine (2000). <i>Peintres Juifs à Paris 1905-1939</i> (in French). Paris: <a href="/wiki/Denoel" class="mw-redirect" title="Denoel">Denoel</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-207-25142-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-207-25142-3"><bdi>978-2-207-25142-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peintres+Juifs+%C3%A0+Paris+1905-1939&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Denoel&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-2-207-25142-3&rft.au=Nieszawer%2C+Nadine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchool+of+Paris" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><i>Painters in Paris: 1895-1950</i>, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, 2000</li> <li><i>Paris in New York: French Jewish Artists in Private Collections</i>, Jewish Museum, New York, 2000</li> <li><i>Windows on the City: The School of Paris, 1900–1945</i>, Guggenheim Museum, <a href="/wiki/Bilbao" title="Bilbao">Bilbao</a>, 2016</li> <li><i>The Circle of Montparnasse, Jewish Artists in Paris 1905-1945, From Eastern Europe to Paris and Beyond</i>, exhibition catalogue Jewish Museum New York, 1985</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lairarts.com/news/enriched-by-otherness-impact-of-the-ecole-de-paris">Enriched by Otherness: Impact of the Ecole de Paris</a></i>, written in French by Juliette Gaufreteau, Sorbonne University, translation by Lily Pouydebasque, University College of London. Article available on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lairarts.com/">L'AiR Arts</a> Association website.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=School_of_Paris&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 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href="http://www.ecoledeparis.org?lang=en">Nadine Nieszawer's website, dedicated to the School of Paris 1905-1939</a> (includes many biographies)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110707165526/http://www.arteseleccion.com/movimientos-en/escuela-paris-1">The Second Spanish School of Paris</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110726013153/http://ecole-de-paris.org/ecole-de-paris.html">Website for Jewish art of the School of Paris circle</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170612024133/http://school-of-paris.org/">school-of-paris.org</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></sup>: community website open to any fan to École de Paris in the world</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140608143846/http://www.applicat-prazan.com/en/l-ecole-de-paris/">The School of Paris 1945 – 1965</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.guggenheim.org/artwork/movement/school-of-paris/">Guggenheim holdings by School of Paris artists</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 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W. Murnau">F. W. Murnau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Wiene" title="Robert Wiene">Robert Wiene</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/From_Caligari_to_Hitler" title="From Caligari to Hitler">From Caligari to Hitler</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#bf2608; color:White;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Expressionist_dance" title="Expressionist dance"><span style="color:white;">Expressionist dance</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pina_Bausch" title="Pina Bausch">Pina Bausch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_von_Laban" title="Rudolf von Laban">Rudolf von Laban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Wigman" title="Mary Wigman">Mary Wigman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#bf2608; color:White;;width:1%">Expressionist <br /> Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C8%98tefan_Baciu" title="Ștefan Baciu">Ștefan Baciu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uri_Zvi_Greenberg" title="Uri Zvi Greenberg">Uri Zvi Greenberg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#bf2608; color:White;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Der_Blaue_Reiter" title="Der Blaue Reiter"><span style="color:white;">Der Blaue Reiter</span></a> <br /></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wassily_Kandinsky" title="Wassily Kandinsky">Wassily Kandinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Marc" title="Franz Marc">Franz Marc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egon_Schiele" title="Egon Schiele">Egon Schiele</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#bf2608; color:White;;width:1%">Die Brücke</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Bleyl" title="Fritz Bleyl">Fritz Bleyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Heckel" title="Erich Heckel">Erich Heckel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Ludwig_Kirchner" title="Ernst Ludwig Kirchner">Ernst Ludwig Kirchner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Schmidt-Rottluff" title="Karl Schmidt-Rottluff">Karl Schmidt-Rottluff</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#bf2608; color:White;;width:1%">Expressionist <br /> Music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alban_Berg" title="Alban Berg">Alban Berg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Hindemith" title="Paul Hindemith">Paul Hindemith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marij_Kogoj" title="Marij Kogoj">Marij Kogoj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Schoenberg" title="Arnold Schoenberg">Arnold Schoenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Webern" title="Anton Webern">Anton Webern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#bf2608; color:White;;width:1%">Expressionist Sculpture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Barlach" title="Ernst Barlach">Ernst Barlach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Heckel" title="Erich Heckel">Erich Heckel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#bf2608; color:White;;width:1%">Influenced</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Figurative_Expressionism" title="American Figurative Expressionism">American Figurative Expressionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Expressionism" title="Boston Expressionism">Boston Expressionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-expressionism" title="Neo-expressionism">Neo-expressionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expressionism_(theatre)" title="Expressionism (theatre)">Expressionism (theatre)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Premodern,_Modern_and_Contemporary_art_movements454" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#EAE0C8;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Western_art_movements" title="Template:Western art movements"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Western_art_movements" title="Template talk:Western art movements"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Western_art_movements" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Western art movements"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Premodern,_Modern_and_Contemporary_art_movements454" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Europe" title="Art of Europe">Premodern</a>, <a href="/wiki/Modern_art" title="Modern art">Modern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_art" title="Contemporary art">Contemporary</a> art movements</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#EAE0C8;"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_art_movements" title="List of art movements">List of art movements</a>/<a href="/wiki/Periods_in_Western_art_history" title="Periods in Western art history">periods</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#EAE0C8;;width:1%">Premodern<br />(Western)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_art" title="Ancient art">Ancient</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_treasure" title="Thracian treasure">Thracian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dacian_art" title="Dacian art">Dacian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuragic_civilization#Culture" title="Nuragic civilization">Nuragic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_art" title="Aegean art">Aegean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cycladic_art" title="Cycladic art">Cycladic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_art" title="Minoan art">Minoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minyan_ware" title="Minyan ware">Minyan ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece#Art_and_pottery" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_art" title="Ancient Greek art">Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sub-Mycenaean_pottery" title="Sub-Mycenaean pottery">Sub-Mycenaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protogeometric_style" title="Protogeometric style">Protogeometric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geometric_art" title="Geometric art">Geometric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orientalizing_period" title="Orientalizing period">Orientalizing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greek_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaic Greek art">Archaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-figure_pottery" title="Black-figure pottery">Black-figure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red-figure_pottery" title="Red-figure pottery">Red-figure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severe_style" title="Severe style">Severe style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_art#Classical" title="Ancient Greek art">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerch_style" title="Kerch style">Kerch style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_art" title="Hellenistic art">Hellenistic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_art#"Baroque"" title="Hellenistic art">"Baroque"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_art" title="Indo-Greek art">Indo-Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhist_art" title="Greco-Buddhist art">Greco-Buddhist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Attic" title="Neo-Attic">Neo-Attic</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_art" title="Etruscan art">Etruscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Scythian art">Scythian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_sculpture" title="Iberian sculpture">Iberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauls#Art" title="Gauls">Gaulish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_art" title="Roman art">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republican_art" title="Roman Republican art">Republican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Roman_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallo-Roman art">Gallo-Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustan_and_Julio-Claudian_art" title="Augustan and Julio-Claudian art">Julio-Claudian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompeian_Styles" title="Pompeian Styles">Pompeian Styles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trajanic_art" title="Trajanic art">Trajanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severan_art" title="Severan art">Severan</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_art" title="Medieval art">Medieval</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_Antique_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Antique art">Late antique</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Christian_art_and_architecture" title="Early Christian art and architecture">Early Christian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_art" title="Coptic art">Coptic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_art" title="Ethiopian art">Ethiopian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Period_art" title="Migration Period art">Migration Period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_art" title="Anglo-Saxon art">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunnic_art" title="Hunnic art">Hunnic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_art" title="Insular art">Insular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombards#Art" title="Lombards">Lombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visigothic_art_and_architecture" title="Visigothic art and architecture">Visigothic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donor_portrait" title="Donor portrait">Donor portrait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picts#Art" title="Picts">Pictish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozarabic_art_and_architecture" title="Mozarabic art and architecture">Mozarabic</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Repoblaci%C3%B3n_art_and_architecture" title="Repoblación art and architecture">Repoblación</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_art" title="Viking art">Viking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_art" title="Byzantine art">Byzantine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Iconoclast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_art_(Byzantine)" title="Macedonian art (Byzantine)">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaeologan_Renaissance#Art_and_architecture" title="Palaeologan Renaissance">Palaeologan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Byzantine" title="Italo-Byzantine">Italo-Byzantine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franks#Art_and_architecture" title="Franks">Frankish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Merovingian_art_and_architecture" title="Merovingian art and architecture">Merovingian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_art" title="Carolingian art">Carolingian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Romanesque_art_and_architecture" title="Pre-Romanesque art and architecture">Pre-Romanesque</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottonian_art" title="Ottonian art">Ottonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanesque_art" title="Romanesque art">Romanesque</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mosan_art" title="Mosan art">Mosan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Romanesque" title="Spanish Romanesque">Spanish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normans#Visual_arts" title="Normans">Norman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norman%E2%80%93Arab%E2%80%93Byzantine_culture" title="Norman–Arab–Byzantine culture">Norman-Sicilian</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Opus_Anglicanum" title="Opus Anglicanum">Opus Anglicanum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_art" title="Gothic art">Gothic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_art_in_Milan" title="Gothic art in Milan">Gothic art in Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Gothic" title="International Gothic">International Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Gothic_art_in_Italy" title="International Gothic art in Italy">International Gothic art in Italy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucchese_school" title="Lucchese school">Lucchese school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_the_Crusades" title="Art of the Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_school" title="Moscow school">Moscow school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novgorod_school" title="Novgorod school">Novgorod school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duecento" title="Duecento">Duecento</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sienese_school" title="Sienese school">Sienese school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mud%C3%A9jar_art" title="Mudéjar art">Mudéjar</a></li> <li>Medieval <a href="/wiki/History_of_cartography#Medieval_Europe" title="History of cartography">cartography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_cartography#Italian_cartography_and_the_birth_of_portolan_charts" title="History of cartography">Italian school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majorcan_cartographic_school" title="Majorcan cartographic school">Majorcan school</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mappa_mundi" title="Mappa mundi">Mappa mundi</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_art" title="Renaissance art">Renaissance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance_painting" title="Italian Renaissance painting">Italian Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trecento" title="Trecento">Trecento</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Renaissance" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Renaissance">Proto-Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florentine_painting" title="Florentine painting">Florentine school</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pittura_infamante" title="Pittura infamante">Pittura infamante</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quattrocento" title="Quattrocento">Quattrocento</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Ferrara" title="School of Ferrara">Ferrarese school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forlivese_school_of_art" title="Forlivese school of art">Forlivese school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_painting" title="Venetian painting">Venetian school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinquecento" title="Cinquecento">Cinquecento</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_Renaissance" title="High Renaissance">High Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolognese_school" title="Bolognese school">Bolognese school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mannerism" title="Mannerism">Mannerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Maniera" title="Counter-Maniera">Counter-<i>Maniera</i></a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Renaissance" title="Northern Renaissance">Northern Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Netherlandish_painting" title="Early Netherlandish painting">Early Netherlandish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_landscape" title="World landscape">World landscape</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghent%E2%80%93Bruges_school" title="Ghent–Bruges school">Ghent–Bruges school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mannerism" title="Northern Mannerism">Northern Mannerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Renaissance" title="German Renaissance">German Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cologne_school_of_painting" title="Cologne school of painting">Cologne school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danube_school" title="Danube school">Danube school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_and_Flemish_Renaissance_painting" title="Dutch and Flemish Renaissance painting">Dutch and Flemish Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antwerp_Mannerism" title="Antwerp Mannerism">Antwerp Mannerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanism_(painting)" title="Romanism (painting)">Romanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Still_life" title="Still life">Still life</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Renaissance#Visual_arts" title="English Renaissance">English Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artists_of_the_Tudor_court" title="Artists of the Tudor court">Tudor court</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_school" title="Cretan school">Cretan school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turquerie" title="Turquerie">Turquerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Fontainebleau" title="School of Fontainebleau">Fontainebleau school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_the_late_16th_century_in_Milan" title="Art of the late 16th century in Milan">Art of the late 16th century in Milan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">17th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_in_Milan" class="mw-redirect" title="Baroque in Milan">Baroque in Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flemish_Baroque_painting" title="Flemish Baroque painting">Flemish Baroque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caravaggisti" title="Caravaggisti">Caravaggisti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Utrecht_Caravaggism" title="Utrecht Caravaggism">in Utrecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenebrism" title="Tenebrism">Tenebrism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XIII_style" title="Louis XIII style">Louis XIII style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_baroque" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran baroque">Lutheran Baroque</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stroganov_school" title="Stroganov school">Stroganov school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_painter" title="Animal painter">Animal painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guild_of_Romanists" title="Guild of Romanists">Guild of Romanists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Golden_Age_painting" title="Dutch Golden Age painting">Dutch Golden Age</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Delft_school_(painting)" title="Delft school (painting)">Delft school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capriccio_(art)" title="Capriccio (art)">Capriccio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_school_(painting)" title="Ionian school (painting)">Heptanese school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classicism#In_the_fine_arts" title="Classicism">Classicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV_style" title="Louis XIV style">Louis XIV style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poussinists_and_Rubenists" title="Poussinists and Rubenists">Poussinists and Rubenists</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">18th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rococo" title="Rococo">Rococo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rocaille" title="Rocaille">Rocaille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XV_style" title="Louis XV style">Louis XV style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederician_Rococo" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederician Rococo">Frederician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinoiserie" title="Chinoiserie">Chinoiserie</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/F%C3%AAte_galante" title="Fête galante">Fête galante</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassicism" title="Neoclassicism">Neoclassicism</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Go%C3%BBt_grec" title="Goût grec">Goût grec</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI_style" title="Louis XVI style">Louis XVI style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_style" title="Adam style">Adam style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directoire_style" title="Directoire style">Directoire style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture_in_Milan" title="Neoclassical architecture in Milan">Neoclassical architecture in Milan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picturesque" title="Picturesque">Picturesque</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">Colonial art</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Art of the <a href="/wiki/African_diaspora" title="African diaspora">African diaspora</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_art" title="African-American art">African-American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_art" title="Caribbean art">Caribbean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_art" title="Haitian art">Haitian</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Colonial Asian art <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arts_in_the_Philippines" title="Arts in the Philippines">Arts in the Philippines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Letras_y_figuras" title="Letras y figuras">Letras y figuras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipos_del_Pa%C3%ADs" title="Tipos del País">Tipos del País</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque#Baroque_in_the_Spanish_and_Portuguese_Colonial_Asia" title="Baroque">Colonial Asian Baroque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Company_style" title="Company style">Company style</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_art" title="Latin American art">Latin American art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casta_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="Casta painting">Casta painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indochristian_art" title="Indochristian art">Indochristian art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chilote_school_of_religious_imagery" title="Chilote school of religious imagery">Chilote school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuzco_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuzco school">Cuzco school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quito_school" title="Quito school">Quito school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque#Baroque_in_the_Spanish_and_Portuguese_Colonial_Americas" title="Baroque">Latin American Baroque</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">Art borrowing<br />Western elements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Islamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus#Art_and_architecture" title="Al-Andalus">Moorish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaean_art" title="Manichaean art">Manichaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal art">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qajar_art" title="Qajar art">Qajar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_handicrafts" title="Qing handicrafts">Qing handicrafts</a></li> <li>Western influence in <a href="/wiki/Japanese_art" title="Japanese art">Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akita_ranga" title="Akita ranga">Akita ranga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uki-e" title="Uki-e">Uki-e</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_art#Western_art_after_1770" title="History of art">Transition<br />to modern</a><br />(c. 1770 – 1862)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism#Visual_arts" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_painting" title="Fairy painting">Fairy painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Golden_Age" title="Danish Golden Age">Danish Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troubadour_style" title="Troubadour style">Troubadour style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazarene_movement" title="Nazarene movement">Nazarene movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purismo" title="Purismo">Purismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancients_(art_group)" title="Ancients (art group)">Shoreham Ancients</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf_school_of_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="Düsseldorf school of painting">Düsseldorf school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Raphaelite_Brotherhood" title="Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood">Pre-Raphaelites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudson_River_School" title="Hudson River School">Hudson River School</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luminism_(American_art_style)" title="Luminism (American art style)">American luminism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orientalism#Orientalist_art" title="Orientalism">Orientalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwich_school_of_painters" title="Norwich school of painters">Norwich school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_style" title="Empire style">Empire style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicism_(art)" title="Historicism (art)">Historicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revivalism_(architecture)" title="Revivalism (architecture)">Revivalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biedermeier" title="Biedermeier">Biedermeier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Realism_(art_movement)" title="Realism (art movement)">Realism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbizon_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbizon school">Barbizon school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costumbrismo" title="Costumbrismo">Costumbrismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verismo_(painting)" title="Verismo (painting)">Verismo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macchiaioli" title="Macchiaioli">Macchiaioli</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_art" title="Academic art">Academic art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Munich_school" title="Munich school">Munich school</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_academic_art_of_the_19th_century" title="Greek academic art of the 19th century">in Greece</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Grec#Painting" title="Neo-Grec">Neo-Grec</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etching_revival" title="Etching revival">Etching revival</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#EAE0C8;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_art" title="Modern art">Modern</a><br />(1863–1944)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">1863–1899</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-romanticism" title="Neo-romanticism">Neo-romanticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_nationalism#Arts" title="Romantic nationalism">National romanticism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C5%8Dga" title="Yōga">Yōga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihonga" title="Nihonga">Nihonga</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Japonisme" title="Japonisme">Japonisme</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Japanese_style" title="Anglo-Japanese style">Anglo-Japanese style</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beuron_school" title="Beuron school">Beuron school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hague_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Hague school">Hague school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peredvizhniki" title="Peredvizhniki">Peredvizhniki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impressionism" title="Impressionism">Impressionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Impressionism" title="American Impressionism">American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hoosier_Group" title="Hoosier Group">Hoosier Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_school_(painting)" title="Boston school (painting)">Boston school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_Impressionism" title="Amsterdam Impressionism">Amsterdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Impressionism" title="Canadian Impressionism">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heidelberg_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Heidelberg school">Heidelberg school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aestheticism" title="Aestheticism">Aestheticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_and_Crafts_movement" title="Arts and Crafts movement">Arts and Crafts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_pottery" title="Art pottery">Art pottery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonalism" title="Tonalism">Tonalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decadent_movement" title="Decadent movement">Decadent movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolism_(movement)" title="Symbolism (movement)">Symbolism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Symbolist_movement_in_Romania" title="Symbolist movement in Romania">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_symbolism#Visual_arts" title="Russian symbolism">Russian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcano_school" title="Volcano school">Volcano school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incoherents" title="Incoherents">Incoherents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Impressionism" title="Post-Impressionism">Post-Impressionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Impressionism" title="Neo-Impressionism">Neo-Impressionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luminism_(Impressionism)" title="Luminism (Impressionism)">Luminism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divisionism" title="Divisionism">Divisionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pointillism" title="Pointillism">Pointillism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pont-Aven_School" title="Pont-Aven School">Pont-Aven School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloisonnism" title="Cloisonnism">Cloisonnism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthetism" title="Synthetism">Synthetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Nabis" class="mw-redirect" title="Les Nabis">Les Nabis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Barbizon_school" class="mw-redirect" title="American Barbizon school">American Barbizon school</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_tonalism" class="mw-redirect" title="California tonalism">California tonalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costumbrismo#Visual_costumbrismo_in_the_Americas" title="Costumbrismo">Costumbrismo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">1900–1914</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau_in_Milan" title="Art Nouveau in Milan">Art Nouveau in Milan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitivism" title="Primitivism">Primitivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Impressionism" title="California Impressionism">California Impressionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secession_(art)" title="Secession (art)">Secessionism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">School of Paris</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Munich_Secession" title="Munich Secession">Munich Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_Secession" title="Vienna Secession">Vienna Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Secession" title="Berlin Secession">Berlin Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonderbund_westdeutscher_Kunstfreunde_und_K%C3%BCnstler" title="Sonderbund westdeutscher Kunstfreunde und Künstler">Sonderbund</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Impressionism" title="Pennsylvania Impressionism">Pennsylvania Impressionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir_iskusstva" title="Mir iskusstva">Mir iskusstva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_American_Painters" title="Ten American Painters">Ten American Painters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauvism" title="Fauvism">Fauvism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expressionism" title="Expressionism">Expressionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Die_Br%C3%BCcke" title="Die Brücke">Die Brücke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Der_Blaue_Reiter" title="Der Blaue Reiter">Der Blaue Reiter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noucentisme" title="Noucentisme">Noucentisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutscher_Werkbund" title="Deutscher Werkbund">Deutscher Werkbund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Realism" class="mw-redirect" title="American Realism">American Realism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashcan_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashcan school">Ashcan school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cubism" title="Cubism">Cubism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Cubism" title="Proto-Cubism">Proto-Cubism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphism_(art)" title="Orphism (art)">Orphism</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Eight_(painters)" title="The Eight (painters)">A Nyolcak</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neue_K%C3%BCnstlervereinigung_M%C3%BCnchen" title="Neue Künstlervereinigung München">Neue Künstlervereinigung München</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futurism" title="Futurism">Futurism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cubo-Futurism" title="Cubo-Futurism">Cubo-Futurism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_Deco" title="Art Deco">Art Deco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysical_painting" title="Metaphysical painting">Metaphysical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rayonism" title="Rayonism">Rayonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Productivism_(art)" title="Productivism (art)">Productivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synchromism" title="Synchromism">Synchromism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vorticism" title="Vorticism">Vorticism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">1915–1944</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sosaku-hanga" class="mw-redirect" title="Sosaku-hanga">Sosaku-hanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suprematism" title="Suprematism">Suprematism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">School of Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_Cubism" title="Crystal Cubism">Crystal Cubism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constructivism_(art)" title="Constructivism (art)">Constructivism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_art#Constructivist_movement" title="Latin American art">Latin American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Constructivism" title="Universal Constructivism">Universal Constructivism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dada" title="Dada">Dada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shin-hanga" title="Shin-hanga">Shin-hanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoplasticism" title="Neoplasticism">Neoplasticism</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/De_Stijl" title="De Stijl">De Stijl</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purism" title="Purism">Purism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Return_to_order" title="Return to order">Return to order</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Novecento_Italiano" title="Novecento Italiano">Novecento Italiano</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figurative_Constructivism" title="Figurative Constructivism">Figurative Constructivism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stupid_(art_movement)" title="Stupid (art movement)">Stupid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cologne_Progressives" title="Cologne Progressives">Cologne Progressives</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbeitsrat_f%C3%BCr_Kunst" title="Arbeitsrat für Kunst">Arbeitsrat für Kunst</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/November_Group_(German)" title="November Group (German)">November Group</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_tonalism" title="Australian tonalism">Australian tonalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dresden_Secession" title="Dresden Secession">Dresden Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_realism" title="Social realism">Social realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functionalism_(architecture)" title="Functionalism (architecture)">Functionalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bauhaus" title="Bauhaus">Bauhaus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinetic_art" title="Kinetic art">Kinetic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifesto_Antrop%C3%B3fago" title="Manifesto Antropófago">Anthropophagy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mingei" title="Mingei">Mingei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_Seven_(artists)" title="Group of Seven (artists)">Group of Seven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Objectivity" title="New Objectivity">New Objectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grosvenor_School_of_Modern_Art" title="Grosvenor School of Modern Art">Grosvenor school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neues_Sehen" title="Neues Sehen">Neues Sehen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrealism" title="Surrealism">Surrealism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_modern_and_contemporary_art#Surrealism_in_Iran" title="Iranian modern and contemporary art">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_art#Surrealism" title="Latin American art">Latin American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_muralism" title="Mexican muralism">Mexican muralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Fauvism" title="Neo-Fauvism">Neo-Fauvism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precisionism" title="Precisionism">Precisionism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aeropittura" title="Aeropittura">Aeropittura</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Revolutionary_Visual_Artists" title="Association of Revolutionary Visual Artists">Asso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuola_Romana" title="Scuola Romana">Scuola Romana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cercle_et_Carr%C3%A9" title="Cercle et Carré">Cercle et Carré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Group_(New_Zealand_art)" title="The Group (New Zealand art)">The Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlem_Renaissance" title="Harlem Renaissance">Harlem Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapists" title="Kapists">Kapists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regionalism_(art)" title="Regionalism (art)">Regionalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_Scene_Painting" title="California Scene Painting">California Scene Painting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroic_realism" title="Heroic realism">Heroic realism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_realism" title="Socialist realism">Socialist realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Art in Nazi Germany">Nazi art</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streamline_Moderne" title="Streamline Moderne">Streamline Moderne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concrete_art" title="Concrete art">Concrete art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstraction-Cr%C3%A9ation" title="Abstraction-Création">Abstraction-Création</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiki_culture" title="Tiki culture">Tiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ten_(Expressionists)" title="The Ten (Expressionists)">The Ten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_dimension_in_art#Dimensionist_manifesto" title="Fourth dimension in art">Dimensionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Expressionism" title="Boston Expressionism">Boston Expressionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leningrad_School_of_Painting" title="Leningrad School of Painting">Leningrad school</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#EAE0C8;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_art" title="Contemporary art">Contemporary</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Postmodern_art" title="Postmodern art">Postmodern</a><br />(1945–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">1945–1959</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Typographic_Style" title="International Typographic Style">International Typographic Style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_expressionism" title="Abstract expressionism">Abstract expressionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Color_School" title="Washington Color School">Washington Color School</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visionary_art" title="Visionary art">Visionary art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_School_of_Fantastic_Realism" title="Vienna School of Fantastic Realism">Vienna School of Fantastic Realism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spatialism" title="Spatialism">Spatialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_field" title="Color field">Color field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyrical_abstraction" title="Lyrical abstraction">Lyrical abstraction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tachisme" title="Tachisme">Tachisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arte_Informale" title="Arte Informale">Arte Informale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COBRA_(art_movement)" title="COBRA (art movement)">COBRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuagisme" title="Nuagisme">Nuagisme</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generaci%C3%B3n_de_la_Ruptura" title="Generación de la Ruptura">Generación de la Ruptura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jikken_K%C5%8Db%C5%8D" title="Jikken Kōbō">Jikken Kōbō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metcalf_Chateau" title="Metcalf Chateau">Metcalf Chateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mono-ha" title="Mono-ha">Mono-ha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanyang_Style" title="Nanyang Style">Nanyang Style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_painting" title="Action painting">Action painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Figurative_Expressionism" title="American Figurative Expressionism">American Figurative Expressionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Figurative_Expressionism" title="New York Figurative Expressionism">in New York</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_media_art" title="New media art">New media art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_School_(art)#Visual_arts" title="New York School (art)">New York school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard-edge_painting" title="Hard-edge painting">Hard-edge painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_Area_Figurative_Movement" title="Bay Area Figurative Movement">Bay Area Figurative Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Plasticiens" title="Les Plasticiens">Les Plasticiens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutai_Art_Association" title="Gutai Art Association">Gutai Art Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendai_Bijutsu_Kondankai" title="Gendai Bijutsu Kondankai">Gendai Bijutsu Kondankai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop_art" title="Pop art">Pop art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situationist_International" title="Situationist International">Situationist International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Nonconformist_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Nonconformist Art">Soviet Nonconformist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_underground" title="Ukrainian underground">Ukrainian underground</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lettrism" title="Lettrism">Lettrism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Letterist_International" title="Letterist International">Letterist International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-Lettrist" title="Ultra-Lettrist">Ultra-Lettrist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_Highwaymen" class="mw-redirect" title="Florida Highwaymen">Florida Highwaymen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybernetic_art" title="Cybernetic art">Cybernetic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipodeans" title="Antipodeans">Antipodeans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">1960–1969</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Otra_Figuraci%C3%B3n" title="Otra Figuración">Otra Figuración</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrofuturism" title="Afrofuturism">Afrofuturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nueva_Presencia" title="Nueva Presencia">Nueva Presencia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero_(art)" title="Zero (art)">ZERO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happening" title="Happening">Happening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Dada" title="Neo-Dada">Neo-Dada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Dada_Organizers" title="Neo-Dada Organizers">Neo-Dada Organizers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Op_art" title="Op art">Op art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouveau_r%C3%A9alisme" title="Nouveau réalisme">Nouveau réalisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_tendance" title="Nouvelle tendance">Nouvelle tendance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalist_realism" title="Capitalist realism">Capitalist realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_%26_Language" title="Art & Language">Art & Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arte_Povera" title="Arte Povera">Arte Povera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Arts_Movement" title="Black Arts Movement">Black Arts Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Caribbean_Artists_Movement" title="The Caribbean Artists Movement">The Caribbean Artists Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicano_art_movement" title="Chicano art movement">Chicano art movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptual_art" title="Conceptual art">Conceptual art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_art" title="Land art">Land art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_art" title="Systems art">Systems art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_art" title="Video art">Video art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimalism_(visual_arts)" title="Minimalism (visual arts)">Minimalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluxus" title="Fluxus">Fluxus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generative_art" title="Generative art">Generative art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-painterly_abstraction" title="Post-painterly abstraction">Post-painterly abstraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermedia" title="Intermedia">Intermedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_art" title="Psychedelic art">Psychedelic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nut_Art" title="Nut Art">Nut Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photorealism" title="Photorealism">Photorealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_art" title="Environmental art">Environmental art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performance_art" title="Performance art">Performance art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_art" title="Process art">Process art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_critique" title="Institutional critique">Institutional critique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_and_Space" title="Light and Space">Light and Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_art" title="Street art">Street art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_art_movement" title="Feminist art movement">Feminist art movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_art_movement_in_the_United_States" title="Feminist art movement in the United States">in the US</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_modern_and_contemporary_art#Saqqakhaneh_movement" title="Iranian modern and contemporary art">Saqqakhaneh movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Stars_Art_Group" title="The Stars Art Group">The Stars Art Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropic%C3%A1lia" title="Tropicália">Tropicália</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoru_no_Kai" title="Yoru no Kai">Yoru no Kai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_art" title="Artificial intelligence art">Artificial intelligence art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">1970–1999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Post-conceptual_art" title="Post-conceptual art">Post-conceptual art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Installation_art" title="Installation art">Installation art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artscene" class="mw-redirect" title="Artscene">Artscene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postminimalism" title="Postminimalism">Postminimalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endurance_art" title="Endurance art">Endurance art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sots_Art" title="Sots Art">Sots Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_Conceptualists" title="Moscow Conceptualists">Moscow Conceptualists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattern_and_Decoration" title="Pattern and Decoration">Pattern and Decoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pliontanism" title="Pliontanism">Pliontanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_visual_art" title="Punk visual art">Punk art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-expressionism" title="Neo-expressionism">Neo-expressionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transavantgarde" title="Transavantgarde">Transavantgarde</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_art#Saint_Soleil_School" title="Haitian art">Saint Soleil school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_art" title="Guerrilla art">Guerrilla art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowbrow_(art_movement)" title="Lowbrow (art movement)">Lowbrow art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telematic_art" title="Telematic art">Telematic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appropriation_(art)" title="Appropriation (art)">Appropriation art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-conceptual_art" title="Neo-conceptual art">Neo-conceptual art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_European_Painting" title="New European Painting">New European Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_collaborative_painting" title="Tunisian collaborative painting">Tunisian collaborative painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memphis_Group" title="Memphis Group">Memphis Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberdelic" title="Cyberdelic">Cyberdelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neue_Slowenische_Kunst" title="Neue Slowenische Kunst">Neue Slowenische Kunst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scratch_video" title="Scratch video">Scratch video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgressive_art" title="Transgressive art">Transgressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retrofuturism" title="Retrofuturism">Retrofuturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_British_Artists" title="Young British Artists">Young British Artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superfiction" title="Superfiction">Superfiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taring_Padi" title="Taring Padi">Taring Padi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superflat" title="Superflat">Superflat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Leipzig_School" title="New Leipzig School">New Leipzig school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artist-run_initiative" class="mw-redirect" title="Artist-run initiative">Artist-run initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artivism" title="Artivism">Artivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Designers_Republic" title="The Designers Republic">The Designers Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grunge#Graphic_design" title="Grunge">Grunge design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verdadism" title="Verdadism">Verdadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Apartment_Art" title="Chinese Apartment Art">Chinese Apartment Art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">2000–<br />present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazonian_pop_art" title="Amazonian pop art">Amazonian pop art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altermodern" title="Altermodern">Altermodern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_for_art" title="Art for art">Art for art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_game" title="Art game">Art game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_intervention" title="Art intervention">Art intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brandalism" title="Brandalism">Brandalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Realism" title="Classical Realism">Classical Realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_African_art" title="Contemporary African art">Contemporary African art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africanfuturism" title="Africanfuturism">Africanfuturism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Indigenous_Australian_art" title="Contemporary Indigenous Australian art">Contemporary Indigenous Australian art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-fungible_token#Digital_art" title="Non-fungible token">Crypto art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyborg_art" title="Cyborg art">Cyborg art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excessivism" title="Excessivism">Excessivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fictive_art" title="Fictive art">Fictive art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat_design" title="Flat design">Flat design</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_Memphis" title="Corporate Memphis">Corporate Memphis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypermodernism_(art)" title="Hypermodernism (art)">Hypermodernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperrealism_(visual_arts)" title="Hyperrealism (visual arts)">Hyperrealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idea_art" title="Idea art">Idea art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_art" title="Internet art">Internet art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Post-Internet" title="Post-Internet">Post-Internet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPhone_art" title="IPhone art">iPhone art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitsch_movement" title="Kitsch movement">Kitsch movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lightpainting" title="Lightpainting">Lightpainting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massurrealism" title="Massurrealism">Massurrealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_European_ink_painting" title="Modern European ink painting">Modern European ink painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-futurism" title="Neo-futurism">Neo-futurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neomodern#Artist_group" title="Neomodern">Neomodern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neosymbolism" title="Neosymbolism">Neosymbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passionism" title="Passionism">Passionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-YBAs" title="Post-YBAs">Post-YBAs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relational_art" title="Relational art">Relational art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skeuomorph#In_design" title="Skeuomorph">Skeuomorphism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_art" title="Software art">Software art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_art" title="Sound art">Sound art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuckism" title="Stuckism">Stuckism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superflat" title="Superflat">Superflat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SoFlo_Superflat" title="SoFlo Superflat">SoFlo Superflat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstroke" title="Superstroke">Superstroke</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toyism" title="Toyism">Toyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unilalianism" title="Unilalianism">Unilalianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaporwave" title="Vaporwave">Vaporwave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walking_Artists_Network" title="Walking Artists Network">Walking Artists Network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#EAE0C8;;width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_art" title="History of art">History of art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_art" title="Abstract art">Abstract art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asemic_writing" title="Asemic writing">Asemic writing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-art" title="Anti-art">Anti-art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avant-garde" title="Avant-garde">Avant-garde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballets_Russes" title="Ballets Russes">Ballets Russes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_art" title="Christian art">Christian art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_in_the_Protestant_Reformation_and_Counter-Reformation" title="Art in the Protestant Reformation and Counter-Reformation">Art in the Protestant Reformation and Counter-Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_art" title="Catholic art">Catholic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">Icon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_art" title="Lutheran art">Lutheran art</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_art" title="Digital art">Digital art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantastic_art" title="Fantastic art">Fantastic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_art" title="Folk art">Folk art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_of_genres" title="Hierarchy of genres">Hierarchy of genres</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genre_painting" title="Genre painting">Genre painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_painting" title="History painting">History painting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illuminated_manuscript" title="Illuminated manuscript">Illuminated manuscript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illustration" title="Illustration">Illustration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interactive_art" title="Interactive art">Interactive art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_art" title="Jewish art">Jewish art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitsch" title="Kitsch">Kitsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_painting" title="Landscape painting">Landscape painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_sculpture" title="Modern sculpture">Modern sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_modernism" title="Late modernism">Late modernism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Na%C3%AFve_art" title="Naïve art">Naïve art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outsider_art" title="Outsider art">Outsider art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portrait" title="Portrait">Portrait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_art#Europe" title="Prehistoric art">Prehistoric European art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_art" title="Queer art">Queer art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Realism_(arts)" title="Realism (arts)">Realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shock_art" title="Shock art">Shock art</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trompe-l%27%C5%93il" title="Trompe-l'œil">Trompe-l'œil</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_painting" title="Western painting">Western painting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#EAE0C8;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Art_movements" title="Category:Art movements">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Avant-garde_movements116" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Avant-garde" title="Template:Avant-garde"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Avant-garde" title="Template talk:Avant-garde"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Avant-garde" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Avant-garde"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Avant-garde_movements116" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Avant-garde" title="Avant-garde">Avant-garde</a> movements</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Visual art</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_expressionism" title="Abstract expressionism">Abstract expressionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_%26_Language" title="Art & Language">Art & Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptual_art" title="Conceptual art">Conceptual art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constructivism_(art)" title="Constructivism (art)">Constructivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Cubism" title="Proto-Cubism">Proto-Cubism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cubism" title="Cubism">Cubism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functionalism_(architecture)" title="Functionalism (architecture)">Functionalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bauhaus" title="Bauhaus">Bauhaus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grosvenor_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Grosvenor School">Grosvenor School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dev%C4%9Btsil" title="Devětsil">Devětsil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divisionism" title="Divisionism">Divisionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauvism" title="Fauvism">Fauvism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impressionism" title="Impressionism">Impressionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Impressionism" title="Neo-Impressionism">Neo-Impressionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Impressionism" title="Post-Impressionism">Post-Impressionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_Field" class="mw-redirect" title="Color Field">Color Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incoherents" title="Incoherents">Incoherents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyrical_abstraction" title="Lyrical abstraction">Lyrical Abstraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mail_art" title="Mail art">Mail art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimalism_(visual_arts)" title="Minimalism (visual arts)">Minimalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir_iskusstva" title="Mir iskusstva">Mir iskusstva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multidimensional_art" title="Multidimensional art">Multidimensional art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoplasticism" title="Neoplasticism">Neoplasticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/De_Stijl" title="De Stijl">De Stijl</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neue_Slowenische_Kunst" title="Neue Slowenische Kunst">Neue Slowenische Kunst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Nonconformist_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Nonconformist Art">Nonconformism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouveau_r%C3%A9alisme" title="Nouveau réalisme">Nouveau réalisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphism_(art)" title="Orphism (art)">Orphism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performance_art" title="Performance art">Performance art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop_art" title="Pop art">Pop art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_art" title="Process art">Process art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purism" title="Purism">Purism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rayonism" title="Rayonism">Rayonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suprematism" title="Suprematism">Suprematism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporary_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Temporary art">Temporary art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vorticism" title="Vorticism">Vorticism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature<br />and poetry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acmeist_poetry" title="Acmeist poetry">Acmeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angry_Penguins" title="Angry Penguins">Angry Penguins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asemic_writing" title="Asemic writing">Asemic writing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptual_writing" title="Conceptual writing">Conceptual poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberpunk" title="Cyberpunk">Cyberpunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ego-Futurism" title="Ego-Futurism">Ego-Futurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_literature" title="Experimental literature">Experimental literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flarf_poetry" title="Flarf poetry">Flarf poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungry_generation" title="Hungry generation">Hungry generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imaginism" title="Imaginism">Imaginism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imagism" title="Imagism">Imagism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_poets" title="Language poets">Language poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoavanguardia" title="Neoavanguardia">Neoavanguardia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoteric" title="Neoteric">Neoteric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouveau_roman" title="Nouveau roman">Nouveau roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oberiu" title="Oberiu">Oberiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oulipo" title="Oulipo">Oulipo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slam_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Slam poetry">Slam poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultraist_movement" title="Ultraist movement">Ultraísmo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_poetry" title="Visual poetry">Visual poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaum" title="Zaum">Zaum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Avant-garde_music" title="Avant-garde music">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By style</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avant-funk" title="Avant-funk">Funk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avant-garde_jazz" title="Avant-garde jazz">Jazz</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_funk" title="Free funk">Free funk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yass_(music)" title="Yass (music)">Yass</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avant-pop" title="Avant-pop">Pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_rock" title="Experimental rock">Rock</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avant-prog" title="Avant-prog">Prog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avant-punk" title="Avant-punk">Punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avant-garde_metal" title="Avant-garde metal">Metal</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleatoric_music" title="Aleatoric music">Aleatoric music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ars_nova" title="Ars nova">Ars nova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ars_subtilior" title="Ars subtilior">Ars subtilior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atonality" title="Atonality">Atonal music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electroacoustic_music" title="Electroacoustic music">Electroacoustic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_music" title="Electronic music">Electronic music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_music" title="Industrial music">Industrial music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_pop" title="Experimental pop">Experimental pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_jazz" title="Free jazz">Free jazz</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_improvisation" title="Free improvisation">Free improvisation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futurism_(music)" title="Futurism (music)">Futurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microtonal_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Microtonal music">Microtonal music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimal_music" title="Minimal music">Minimal music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drone_music" title="Drone music">Drone music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_theatre" title="Music theatre">Music theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musique_concr%C3%A8te" title="Musique concrète">Musique concrète</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Complexity" title="New Complexity">New Complexity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_wave" title="No wave">No wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_music" title="Noise music">Noise music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-rock" title="Post-rock">Post-rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_in_Opposition" title="Rock in Opposition">Rock in Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Viennese_School" title="Second Viennese School">Second Viennese School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serialism" title="Serialism">Serialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectral_music" title="Spectral music">Spectral music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stochastic#Music" title="Stochastic">Stochastic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_mass" title="Sound mass">Textural music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalism" title="Totalism">Totalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve-tone_technique" title="Twelve-tone technique">Twelve-tone technique</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cinema<br />and theatre</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cin%C3%A9ma_pur" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinéma pur">Cinéma pur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogme_95" title="Dogme 95">Dogme 95</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drop_Art" title="Drop Art">Drop Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic_theatre" title="Epic theatre">Epic theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_film" title="Experimental film">Experimental film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_theatre" title="Experimental theatre">Experimental theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernist_film" title="Modernist film">Modernist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetic_realism" title="Poetic realism">Poetic realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postdramatic_theatre" title="Postdramatic theatre">Postdramatic theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remodernist_film" title="Remodernist film">Remodernist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_film" title="Structural film">Structural film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_the_Absurd" class="mw-redirect" title="Theatre of the Absurd">Theatre of the Absurd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Cruelty" title="Theatre of Cruelty">Theatre of Cruelty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constructivism_(art)" title="Constructivism (art)">Constructivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dada" title="Dada">Dada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expressionism" title="Expressionism">Expressionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluxus" title="Fluxus">Fluxus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futurism" title="Futurism">Futurism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Futurism" title="Russian Futurism">Russian Futurism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cubo-Futurism" title="Cubo-Futurism">Cubo-Futurism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lettrism" title="Lettrism">Lettrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimalism" title="Minimalism">Minimalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postminimalism" title="Postminimalism">Postminimalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-minimalism" title="Neo-minimalism">Neo-minimalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Dada" title="Neo-Dada">Neo-Dada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoism" title="Neoism">Neoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodernism" title="Postmodernism">Postmodernism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postmodernist_film" title="Postmodernist film">Postmodernist film</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_modernism" title="Late modernism">Late modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitivism" title="Primitivism">Primitivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situationist_International" title="Situationist International">Situationist 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