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vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_Civil_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 American Civil War </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-American_Civil_War-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle American Civil War subsection </button> <ul id="toc-American_Civil_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Joining_the_Confederacy_and_initial_hostilities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Joining_the_Confederacy_and_initial_hostilities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Joining the Confederacy and initial hostilities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Joining_the_Confederacy_and_initial_hostilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family_tragedy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family_tragedy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Family tragedy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family_tragedy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peninsula" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peninsula"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Peninsula </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peninsula-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_Bull_Run" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_Bull_Run"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Second Bull Run </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_Bull_Run-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antietam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antietam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Antietam </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antietam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fredericksburg" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fredericksburg"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Fredericksburg </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fredericksburg-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Suffolk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suffolk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7 Suffolk </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suffolk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gettysburg" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gettysburg"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.8 Gettysburg </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gettysburg-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Campaign_plans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Campaign_plans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.8.1 Campaign plans </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Campaign_plans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-July_1–2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#July_1–2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.8.2 July 1–2 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-July_1–2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-July_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#July_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.8.3 July 3 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-July_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chickamauga" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chickamauga"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.9 Chickamauga </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chickamauga-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tennessee" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tennessee"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.10 Tennessee </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tennessee-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wilderness_to_Appomattox" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wilderness_to_Appomattox"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.11 Wilderness to Appomattox </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wilderness_to_Appomattox-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reconstruction_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reconstruction_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Reconstruction era </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reconstruction_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Later life </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Legacy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Legacy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historical_reputation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_reputation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Historical reputation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_reputation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Memorials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Memorials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Memorials </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Memorials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 In popular culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Biographies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biographies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Biographies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biographies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Specialized_studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Specialized_studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Specialized studies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Specialized_studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3 Primary sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">James Longstreet</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 32 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-32" aria-hidden="true" > 32 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%B3_%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86%D8%BA%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA" title="جيمس لونغستريت – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جيمس لونغستريت" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%B2_%D9%84%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="جیمز لنقستریت – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="جیمز لنقستریت" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%82" title="Джеймс Лонгстрийт – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Джеймс Лонгстрийт" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Longstreet" title="James Longstreet – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="James Longstreet" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Longstreet" title="James Longstreet – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="James Longstreet" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Longstreet" title="James Longstreet – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="James Longstreet" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Longstreet" title="James Longstreet – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="James Longstreet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Longstreet" title="James Longstreet – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="James Longstreet" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Longstreet" title="James Longstreet – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="James Longstreet" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%B2_%D9%84%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="جیمز لنگستریت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جیمز لنگستریت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Longstreet" title="James Longstreet – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="James Longstreet" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%9C%EC%9E%84%EC%8A%A4_%EB%A1%B1%EC%8A%A4%ED%8A%B8%EB%A6%AC%ED%8A%B8" title="제임스 롱스트리트 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="제임스 롱스트리트" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Longstreet" title="James Longstreet – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="James Longstreet" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Longstreet" title="James Longstreet – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="James Longstreet" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Longstreet" title="James Longstreet – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="James Longstreet" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%27%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%A1_%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%98" title="ג'יימס לונגסטריט – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ג'יימס לונגסטריט" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Longstreet" title="James Longstreet – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="James Longstreet" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%B3_%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA" title="جيمس لونجستريت – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جيمس لونجستريت" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Longstreet" title="James Longstreet – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="James Longstreet" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Longstreet" title="James Longstreet – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="James Longstreet" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A7%E3%82%A4%E3%83%A0%E3%82%BA%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AD%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88" title="ジェイムズ・ロングストリート – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジェイムズ・ロングストリート" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Longstreet" title="James Longstreet – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="James Longstreet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Longstreet" title="James Longstreet – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="James Longstreet" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Longstreet" title="James Longstreet – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="James Longstreet" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Longstreet" title="James Longstreet – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="James Longstreet" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82,_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81" title="Лонгстрит, Джеймс – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Лонгстрит, Джеймс" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Longstreet" title="James Longstreet – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="James Longstreet" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8F%D0%B5%D1%98%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Џејмс Лонгстрит – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Џејмс Лонгстрит" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Longstreet" title="James Longstreet – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="James Longstreet" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Longstreet" title="James Longstreet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="James Longstreet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Longstreet" title="James Longstreet – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="James Longstreet" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%9C%97%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E9%87%8C%E7%89%B9" title="詹姆斯·朗斯特里特 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="詹姆斯·朗斯特里特" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q311514#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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Hayes">Rutherford B. Hayes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield">James A. Garfield</a></li></ul></div></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Horace_Maynard" title="Horace Maynard">Horace Maynard</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lew_Wallace" title="Lew Wallace">Lew Wallace</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">(1821-01-08)January 8, 1821 <a href="/wiki/Edgefield_Historic_District_(Edgefield,_South_Carolina)" title="Edgefield Historic District (Edgefield, South Carolina)">Edgefield District, South Carolina</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">January 2, 1904(1904-01-02) (aged 82) <a href="/wiki/Gainesville,_Georgia" title="Gainesville, Georgia">Gainesville, Georgia</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label">Alta Vista Cemetery, Gainesville, Georgia, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Maria Louisa Garland</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1848⁠–⁠1889)</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Helen_Dortch_Longstreet" title="Helen Dortch Longstreet">Helen Dortch</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1897)</div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">10</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy" title="United States Military Academy">United States Military Academy</a> (<a href="/wiki/B._S." class="mw-redirect" title="B. S.">BS</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:James_Longstreet_signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="James Longstreet's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/James_Longstreet_signature.svg/128px-James_Longstreet_signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/James_Longstreet_signature.svg/192px-James_Longstreet_signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/James_Longstreet_signature.svg/256px-James_Longstreet_signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="165" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>United States</li> <li>Confederate States</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branch/service</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a> (USA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Army" title="Confederate States Army">Confederate States Army</a> (CSA)</li> <li>Louisiana State Militia</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>1842–1861 (USA)</li> <li>1861–1865 (CSA)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Major_(United_States)" title="Major (United States)">Major (USA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_officers_in_the_Confederate_States_Army" title="General officers in the Confederate States Army">Lieutenant-General (CSA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Major General">Major General</a> (Louisiana State Militia)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Unit</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/4th_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)" title="4th Infantry Regiment (United States)">4th U.S. Infantry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8th_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)" title="8th Infantry Regiment (United States)">8th U.S. Infantry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Commands</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Longstreet's Brigade</li> <li>Longstreet's Division</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Corps,_Army_of_Northern_Virginia" title="First Corps, Army of Northern Virginia">First Corps, Army of Northern Virginia</a></li> <li>Department of East Tennessee</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles/wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Palo_Alto" title="Battle of Palo Alto">Battle of Palo Alto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Resaca_de_la_Palma" title="Battle of Resaca de la Palma">Battle of Resaca de la Palma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monterrey" title="Battle of Monterrey">Battle of Monterrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Churubusco" title="Battle of Churubusco">Battle of Churubusco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Molino_del_Rey" title="Battle of Molino del Rey">Battle of Molino del Rey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chapultepec" title="Battle of Chapultepec">Battle of Chapultepec</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Blackburn%27s_Ford" title="Battle of Blackburn's Ford">Battle of Blackburn's Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Bull_Run" title="First Battle of Bull Run">First Battle of Bull Run</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Williamsburg" title="Battle of Williamsburg">Battle of Williamsburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Seven_Pines" title="Battle of Seven Pines">Battle of Seven Pines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Days_Battles" title="Seven Days Battles">Seven Days Battles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gaines%27_Mill" title="Battle of Gaines' Mill">Battle of Gaines Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Glendale" title="Battle of Glendale">Battle of Glendale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Malvern_Hill" title="Battle of Malvern Hill">Battle of Malvern Hill</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Rappahannock_Station" title="First Battle of Rappahannock Station">First Battle of Rappahannock Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Bull_Run" title="Second Battle of Bull Run">Second Battle of Bull Run</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Thoroughfare_Gap" title="Battle of Thoroughfare Gap">Battle of Thoroughfare Gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Antietam" title="Battle of Antietam">Battle of Antietam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fredericksburg" title="Battle of Fredericksburg">Battle of Fredericksburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Suffolk" title="Siege of Suffolk">Siege of Suffolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gettysburg" title="Battle of Gettysburg">Battle of Gettysburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chickamauga" title="Battle of Chickamauga">Battle of Chickamauga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chattanooga_campaign" title="Chattanooga campaign">Chattanooga campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knoxville_campaign" title="Knoxville campaign">Knoxville Campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Campbell%27s_Station" title="Battle of Campbell's Station">Battle of Campbell's Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Sanders" title="Battle of Fort Sanders">Battle of Fort Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bean%27s_Station" title="Battle of Bean's Station">Battle of Bean's Station</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Wilderness" title="Battle of the Wilderness">Battle of the Wilderness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Petersburg" title="Siege of Petersburg">Siege of Petersburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appomattox_campaign" title="Appomattox campaign">Appomattox campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sailor%27s_Creek" title="Battle of Sailor's Creek">Battle of Sailor's Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Appomattox_Court_House" title="Battle of Appomattox Court House">Battle of Appomattox Court House</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Liberty_Place" title="Battle of Liberty Place">Battle of Liberty Place</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> James Longstreet (January 8, 1821 – January 2, 1904) was a <a href="/wiki/General_officers_in_the_Confederate_States_Army" title="General officers in the Confederate States Army">Confederate general</a> during the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> and was the principal subordinate to General <a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee" title="Robert E. Lee">Robert E. Lee</a>, who called him his "Old War Horse". He served under Lee as a <a href="/wiki/Corps#United_States" title="Corps">corps</a> commander for most of the battles fought by the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Northern_Virginia" title="Army of Northern Virginia">Army of Northern Virginia</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Theater_of_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Theater of the American Civil War">Eastern Theater</a>, and briefly with <a href="/wiki/Braxton_Bragg" title="Braxton Bragg">Braxton Bragg</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Tennessee" title="Army of Tennessee">Army of Tennessee</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Theater_of_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Theater of the American Civil War">Western Theater</a>. After graduating from the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy" title="United States Military Academy">United States Military Academy</a> at <a href="/wiki/West_Point,_New_York" title="West Point, New York">West Point</a>, Longstreet served in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a>. He was wounded at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chapultepec" title="Battle of Chapultepec">Battle of Chapultepec</a>, and during recovery married his first wife, Louise Garland. Throughout the 1850s, he served on frontier duty in the <a href="/wiki/American_Southwest" class="mw-redirect" title="American Southwest">American Southwest</a>. In June 1861, Longstreet resigned his U.S. Army commission and joined the Confederate Army. He commanded Confederate troops during an early victory at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Blackburn%27s_Ford" title="Battle of Blackburn's Ford">Blackburn's Ford</a> in July and played a minor role at the <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Bull_Run" title="First Battle of Bull Run">First Battle of Bull Run</a>. Longstreet made significant contributions to most major Confederate victories, primarily in the Eastern Theater as one of Robert E. Lee's chief subordinates in the Army of Northern Virginia. He performed poorly at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Seven_Pines" title="Battle of Seven Pines">Seven Pines</a> by accidentally marching his men down the wrong road, causing them to arrive late, but played an important role in the Confederate success of the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Days_Battles" title="Seven Days Battles">Seven Days Battles</a> in the summer of 1862, where he helped supervise repeated attacks that drove the Union army away from the Confederate capital of <a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia" title="Richmond, Virginia">Richmond</a>. Longstreet led a devastating counterattack that routed the Union army at <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Bull_Run" title="Second Battle of Bull Run">Second Bull Run</a> in August. His men held their ground in defensive roles at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Antietam" title="Battle of Antietam">Antietam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fredericksburg" title="Battle of Fredericksburg">Fredericksburg</a>. He did not participate in the Confederate victory at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chancellorsville" title="Battle of Chancellorsville">Chancellorsville</a>, as he and most of his soldiers had been detached on the comparatively minor <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Suffolk" title="Siege of Suffolk">Siege of Suffolk</a>. Longstreet's most controversial service was at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gettysburg" title="Battle of Gettysburg">Battle of Gettysburg</a> in July 1863, where he openly disagreed with Lee on the tactics to be employed and reluctantly supervised several unsuccessful attacks on Union forces. Afterward, Longstreet was, at his own request, sent to the Western Theater to fight under Braxton Bragg, where his troops launched a ferocious assault on the Union lines at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chickamauga" title="Battle of Chickamauga">Chickamauga</a> that carried the day. Afterward, his performance in semi-autonomous command during the <a href="/wiki/Knoxville_campaign" title="Knoxville campaign">Knoxville campaign</a> resulted in a Confederate defeat. Longstreet's tenure in the Western Theater was marred by his central role in numerous conflicts amongst Confederate generals. Unhappy serving under Bragg, Longstreet and his men were sent back to Lee. He ably commanded troops during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Wilderness" title="Battle of the Wilderness">Battle of the Wilderness</a> in 1864, where he was seriously wounded by friendly fire. He later returned to the field, serving under Lee in the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Petersburg" title="Siege of Petersburg">Siege of Petersburg</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Appomattox_campaign" title="Appomattox campaign">Appomattox campaign</a>. Longstreet enjoyed a successful post-war career working for the U.S. government as a diplomat, civil servant, and administrator. His support for the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a> and his cooperation with his pre-war friend President <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a>, as well as critical comments he wrote about Lee's wartime performance, made him <a href="/wiki/Anathema" title="Anathema">anathema</a> to many of his former Confederate colleagues. His reputation in the South further suffered when he led African-American militia against the anti-<a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction</a> <a href="/wiki/White_League" title="White League">White League</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Liberty_Place" title="Battle of Liberty Place">Battle of Liberty Place</a> in 1874. Authors of the <a href="/wiki/Lost_Cause_of_the_Confederacy" title="Lost Cause of the Confederacy">Lost Cause</a> movement focused on Longstreet's actions at Gettysburg as a principal reason for why the South lost the Civil War. As an elderly man, he married <a href="/wiki/Helen_Dortch_Longstreet" title="Helen Dortch Longstreet">Helen Dortch Longstreet</a>, who worked to restore her husband's image after his death. Since the late 20th century, Longstreet's reputation has undergone a slow reassessment. Many Civil War historians now consider him among the war's most gifted tactical commanders. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Longstreet&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Childhood">Childhood</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Longstreet&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Childhood">edit</a>]</div> James Longstreet was born on January 8, 1821, in <a href="/wiki/Edgefield_Historic_District_(Edgefield,_South_Carolina)" title="Edgefield Historic District (Edgefield, South Carolina)">Edgefield District, South Carolina</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert199319-1">[1]</a> now part of North Augusta, <a href="/wiki/Edgefield_County,_South_Carolina" title="Edgefield County, South Carolina">Edgefield County</a>. He was the fifth child and third son of James Longstreet, of Dutch descent, and Mary Ann Dent of English descent, originally from New Jersey and Maryland respectively, who owned a cotton plantation close to where the village of <a href="/wiki/Gainesville,_Georgia" title="Gainesville, Georgia">Gainesville</a> would be founded in northeastern Georgia. James's ancestor Dirck Stoffels Langestraet immigrated to the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Dutch</a> colony of <a href="/wiki/New_Netherland" title="New Netherland">New Netherland</a> in 1657, but the name was <a href="/wiki/Anglicisation_of_names" title="Anglicisation of names">Anglicized</a> over the generations.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> James's father was impressed by his son's "rocklike" character, giving him the nickname <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a>, and he was known as Pete or Old Pete for the rest of his life.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert199319–22-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongstreet199113-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDickson20001213-5">[5]</a> Longstreet's father decided on a military career for his son but felt that the available local education would not be adequate preparation. At age nine, James was sent to live with his aunt Frances Eliza and uncle <a href="/wiki/Augustus_Baldwin_Longstreet" title="Augustus Baldwin Longstreet">Augustus Baldwin Longstreet</a> in <a href="/wiki/Augusta,_Georgia" title="Augusta, Georgia">Augusta, Georgia</a>. James spent eight years on his uncle's plantation, Westover, just outside the city while he attended the <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Richmond_County" title="Academy of Richmond County">Academy of Richmond County</a>. His father died from a <a href="/wiki/Cholera" title="Cholera">cholera</a> epidemic while visiting Augusta in 1833. Although James's mother and the rest of the family moved to <a href="/wiki/Somerville,_Alabama" title="Somerville, Alabama">Somerville, Alabama</a>, following his father's death, James remained with his uncle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDickson20001213-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert199322–26-6">[6]</a> As a boy, Longstreet enjoyed swimming, hunting, fishing, and riding horses. He became adept at shooting firearms. Northern Georgia was very rural frontier territory, and <a href="/wiki/Planter_class" title="Planter class">Southern aristocratic traditions</a> had not yet taken hold. As a result, Longstreet's manners were sometimes rather rough in spite of his plantation background. He dressed unceremoniously and at times used coarse language, although not in the presence of women. In later life, Longstreet described his aunt and uncle as caring and loving.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiston19872–3-7">[7]</a> He made no known political statements before the war and appears to have been largely uninterested in politics. But Augustus, as a lawyer, judge, newspaper editor, and <a href="/wiki/Methodist" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist">Methodist</a> minister, was a fierce <a href="/wiki/States%27_rights" title="States' rights">states' rights</a> partisan who supported South Carolina during the <a href="/wiki/Nullification_crisis" title="Nullification crisis">Nullification crisis</a> (1828–1833), ideas to which Longstreet probably would have been exposed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiston19873-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert199324–25-9">[9]</a> Augustus was also known for drinking whiskey and playing cards at a time when many Americans considered them immoral, habits he passed on to Longstreet.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiston19873-8">[8]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="West_Point_and_early_military_service">West Point and early military service</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Longstreet&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: West Point and early military service">edit</a>]</div> In 1837, Augustus attempted to obtain an appointment for his nephew to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy" title="United States Military Academy">United States Military Academy</a>, but the vacancy for his congressional district had already been filled. Longstreet was appointed the following year by a relative, <a href="/wiki/Reuben_Chapman" title="Reuben Chapman">Reuben Chapman</a>, who represented the First District of Alabama, where Mary Longstreet lived. Longstreet was a poor student.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert199326–29-10">[10]</a> By his own admission in his memoirs, he "had more interest in the school of the soldier, horsemanship, exercise, and the outside game of foot-ball than in the academic courses".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongstreet199115-11">[11]</a> Longstreet ranked in the bottom third of every subject during his four years at the academy. In January of his third year, Longstreet initially failed his mechanics exam, but took a second test two days later and passed. Longstreet's engineering instructor in his fourth year was <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Hart_Mahan" title="Dennis Hart Mahan">Dennis Hart Mahan</a>, who stressed swift maneuvering, protection of interior lines, and positioning troops in strategic points rather than attempting to destroy the enemy's army outright. Although Longstreet earned modest grades in the course, he used similar tactics during the Civil War. Longstreet was also a disciplinary problem at West Point. He earned a large number of demerits, especially in his final two years. His offenses included visiting after taps, absence at roll call, an untidy room, long hair, causing a disturbance during study time, and disobeying orders. Biographer <a href="/wiki/Jeffry_D._Wert" title="Jeffry D. Wert">Jeffry D. Wert</a> says, "Longstreet was neither a model student nor a gentleman."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert199330–31-12">[12]</a> Longstreet was popular with his classmates, however, and befriended a number of men who would become prominent during the Civil War, including <a href="/wiki/George_Henry_Thomas" title="George Henry Thomas">George Henry Thomas</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Rosecrans" title="William Rosecrans">William Rosecrans</a> (his roommate), <a href="/wiki/John_Pope_(military_officer)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Pope (military officer)">John Pope</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Harvey_Hill" title="Daniel Harvey Hill">Daniel Harvey Hill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lafayette_McLaws" title="Lafayette McLaws">Lafayette McLaws</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Pickett" title="George Pickett">George Pickett</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a>. Longstreet ranked 54th out of 56 cadets when he graduated in 1842. He was commissioned a <a href="/wiki/Brevet_(military)" title="Brevet (military)">brevet</a> <a href="/wiki/Second_lieutenant#United_States" title="Second lieutenant">second lieutenant</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert199330–32-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongstreet199116–17-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEicherEicher2001353-15">[15]</a> After a brief furlough, Longstreet was stationed for two years at the <a href="/wiki/4th_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)" title="4th Infantry Regiment (United States)">4th U.S. Infantry</a> at <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Barracks_Military_Post" title="Jefferson Barracks Military Post">Jefferson Barracks</a>, Missouri, under the command of <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_colonel" title="Lieutenant colonel">Lieutenant colonel</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Garland_(general)" title="John Garland (general)">John Garland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert199332–33-16">[16]</a> In 1843, he was joined by his friend, Lieutenant Ulysses Grant.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert199334-17">[17]</a> In 1844, Longstreet met Garland's daughter and his future first wife Maria Louisa Garland, called Louise by her family.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert199334-17">[17]</a> At about the same time as Longstreet began courting Louise, Grant courted Longstreet's fourth cousin, <a href="/wiki/Julia_Grant" title="Julia Grant">Julia Dent</a>, and that couple eventually married. Longstreet attended the Grant wedding on August 22, 1848, in St. Louis, but his role at the ceremony remains unclear. Grant biographers <a href="/wiki/Jean_Edward_Smith" title="Jean Edward Smith">Jean Edward Smith</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ron_Chernow" title="Ron Chernow">Ron Chernow</a> state that Longstreet served as <a href="/wiki/Groomsman" title="Groomsman">best man</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith200173-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow2017872-19">[19]</a> John Y. Simon, editor of Julia Grant's memoirs, concluded that Longstreet "may have been a groomsman", and Longstreet biographer Donald Brigman Sanger called the role of best man "uncertain" while noting that neither Grant nor Longstreet mentioned such a role in their memoirs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESangerHay195213-20">[20]</a> Later in 1844, the regiment, along with the <a href="/wiki/3rd_U.S._Infantry_Regiment_(The_Old_Guard)" title="3rd U.S. Infantry Regiment (The Old Guard)">Third Infantry</a>, was transferred to Camp Salubrity near <a href="/wiki/Natchitoches,_Louisiana" title="Natchitoches, Louisiana">Natchitoches, Louisiana</a>, as part of the Army of Observation under Major General <a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor" title="Zachary Taylor">Zachary Taylor</a>. On March 8, 1845, Longstreet was promoted to second lieutenant and transferred to the Eighth Infantry, stationed at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Marion" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Marion">Fort Marion</a> in <a href="/wiki/St._Augustine,_Florida" title="St. Augustine, Florida">St. Augustine, Florida</a>. He served for the month of August on <a href="/wiki/Court-martial" title="Court-martial">court-martial</a> duty in <a href="/wiki/Pensacola,_Florida" title="Pensacola, Florida">Pensacola</a>. The regiment was then transferred to <a href="/wiki/Corpus_Christi,_Texas" title="Corpus Christi, Texas">Corpus Christi, Texas</a>, where he was reunited with the officers of the Third and Fourth Regiments, including Grant. The men passed the winter by staging plays.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert199335–36-21">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mexican–American_War">Mexican–American War</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Longstreet&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Mexican–American War">edit</a>]</div> Longstreet served with distinction in the <a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a> with the 8th U.S. Infantry. He fought under Zachary Taylor as a lieutenant in May 1846 in the battles of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Palo_Alto" title="Battle of Palo Alto">Palo Alto</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Resaca_de_la_Palma" title="Battle of Resaca de la Palma">Resaca de la Palma</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert199337–38-22">[22]</a> He recounted both of these battles in his memoirs but wrote nothing about his personal role in them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert199338-23">[23]</a> On June 10, Longstreet was given command of Company A of the Eighth Infantry of <a href="/wiki/William_J._Worth" title="William J. Worth">William J. Worth</a>'s Second Division. He fought again with Taylor's army at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monterrey" title="Battle of Monterrey">Battle of Monterrey</a> in September 1846, during which about 200 Mexican <a href="/wiki/Lancer" title="Lancer">lancers</a> drove back a group of American troops. Longstreet, commanding companies A and B, led a counterattack, killing or wounding almost half of the lancers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert199340–41-24">[24]</a> On February 23, 1847, he was promoted to the rank of first lieutenant. General-in-Chief <a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott" title="Winfield Scott">Winfield Scott</a> ordered Worth's division out of Taylor's army and under his direct command to participate in an assault on the Mexican capital of <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a>. Worth's division was sent first to Lobos Island, then sailed 180 miles (289.7 km) south to <a href="/wiki/Veracruz_(city)" title="Veracruz (city)">Veracruz</a>. Worth led Scott's army in its amphibious approach on the city, arriving there on March 9. Scott <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Veracruz" title="Siege of Veracruz">besieged</a> the city and subjected it to regular bombardments. It surrendered on March 29. The American army then marched north towards the capital.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert199342-25">[25]</a> In August, Longstreet served in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Churubusco" title="Battle of Churubusco">Battle of Churubusco</a>, a pivotal battle as the U.S. Army moved closer to capturing Mexico City. The Eighth Infantry was the only force in Worth's division to reach the Mexican earthworks. Longstreet carried the regimental banner under heavy Mexican fire. The troops found themselves stuck in a ditch and could only scale the Mexican defenses by standing on each other. In the fierce hand-to-hand combat that ensued, the Americans prevailed. Longstreet received a brevet promotion to captain for his actions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMendoza20083–4-26">[26]</a> He received a brevet promotion to major for <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Molino_del_Rey" title="Battle of Molino del Rey">Molino del Rey</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chapultepec" title="Battle of Chapultepec">Battle of Chapultepec</a> on September 12, he was wounded in the thigh while charging up the hill with his regimental colors; falling, he handed the flag to his friend Lt. Pickett, who was able to reach the summit. The capture of the Chapultepec fortress led to the fall of Mexico City.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEicherEicher2001353-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert199335–45-27">[27]</a> Longstreet recovered in the home of the Escandón family, which treated wounded American soldiers. His wound was slow to heal and he did not leave until December. After a brief visit with his family, Longstreet went to Missouri to see Louise.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMendoza20084–5-28">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Subsequent_activities">Subsequent activities</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Longstreet&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Subsequent activities">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gen._Longstreet_LCCN91783856.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Sketch of Longstreet with a dark beard in a blue United States Army uniform with two buttons" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Gen._Longstreet_LCCN91783856.tif/lossy-page1-240px-Gen._Longstreet_LCCN91783856.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Gen._Longstreet_LCCN91783856.tif/lossy-page1-360px-Gen._Longstreet_LCCN91783856.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Gen._Longstreet_LCCN91783856.tif/lossy-page1-480px-Gen._Longstreet_LCCN91783856.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3272" data-file-height="4096" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Antebellum_South" title="Antebellum South">Antebellum</a> portrait of Longstreet </figcaption></figure> After the war and his recovery, Longstreet and Louise Garland were officially married on March 8, 1848.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert199346-29">[29]</a> The marriage produced 10 children.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert199347-30">[30]</a> Little is known of their courtship or marriage. Longstreet rarely mentions her in his memoirs, and never reveals any personal details. There are no surviving letters between the two. Most anecdotes about their relationship come through the writings of Longstreet's second wife, <a href="/wiki/Helen_Dortch_Longstreet" title="Helen Dortch Longstreet">Helen Dortch Longstreet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert199334-17">[17]</a> Novelist <a href="/wiki/Ben_Ames_Williams" title="Ben Ames Williams">Ben Ames Williams</a>, a descendant of Longstreet, included Longstreet as a minor character in two novels. Williams questioned Longstreet's surviving children and grandchildren, and depicted him as a devoted family man with an exceptionally happy marriage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiston19874-31">[31]</a> Longstreet next served several months of recruiting duty in <a href="/wiki/Poughkeepsie,_New_York" title="Poughkeepsie, New York">Poughkeepsie, New York</a>. After travelling to St. Louis for the Grant wedding, Longstreet and his wife moved to <a href="/wiki/Carlisle_Barracks" title="Carlisle Barracks">Carlisle Barracks</a>, Pennsylvania.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert199346-29">[29]</a> On January 1, 1850, he was appointed Chief Commissary for the Department of Texas, responsible for the acquisition and distribution of food to the department's soldiers and animals. The job was complex and consisted mainly of paperwork, although it provided experience in administrative military work. In June, Longstreet, hoping for promotion and an income above his $40-per-month salary to support his growing family, requested a transfer to the cavalry but was rejected. He resigned as commissary in March 1851 and returned to the Eighth Infantry. <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert199347–48-32">[32]</a> Longstreet served on frontier duty in Texas at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Martin_Scott" title="Fort Martin Scott">Fort Martin Scott</a> near <a href="/wiki/Fredericksburg,_Texas" title="Fredericksburg, Texas">Fredericksburg</a>. The primary purpose of the military in Texas was to protect frontier communities against Indians, and Longstreet frequently participated in scouting missions against the <a href="/wiki/Comanche" title="Comanche">Comanche</a>. His family remained in <a href="/wiki/San_Antonio,_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="San Antonio, Texas">San Antonio</a>, and he saw them regularly.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert199347–48-32">[32]</a> In 1854, he was transferred to <a href="/wiki/Fort_Bliss" title="Fort Bliss">Fort Bliss</a> in <a href="/wiki/El_Paso,_Texas" title="El Paso, Texas">El Paso</a>, and Louise and the children moved in with him. In 1855, Longstreet was involved in fighting against the <a href="/wiki/Mescalero" title="Mescalero">Mescalero</a>. He assumed command of the garrison at Fort Bliss on two occasions between the spring of 1856 and the spring of 1858. The small size of the garrison allowed for easy socialization with the local people, and the fort's location allowed for visits with Louise's parents in <a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe,_New_Mexico" title="Santa Fe, New Mexico">Santa Fe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert199348–49-33">[33]</a> Longstreet performed scouting missions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEicherEicher2001353-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert199348–51-34">[34]</a> On March 29, 1858, Longstreet wrote to the adjutant general's office in Washington, D.C. requesting that he be assigned to recruiting duty in the East, which would allow him to better educate his children. He was granted a six-month leave, but the request for assignment in the East was denied, and he was instead directed to serve as major and paymaster for the 8th Infantry in <a href="/wiki/Leavenworth,_Kansas" title="Leavenworth, Kansas">Leavenworth, Kansas</a>. He left his son Garland in a school at <a href="/wiki/Yonkers,_New_York" title="Yonkers, New York">Yonkers, New York</a>, before journeying to Kansas. On the way, Longstreet came across his old friend Grant in <a href="/wiki/St._Louis,_Missouri" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Louis, Missouri">St. Louis, Missouri</a>. After about a year in Leavenworth he was transferred to Colonel Garland's department in <a href="/wiki/Albuquerque,_New_Mexico" title="Albuquerque, New Mexico">Albuquerque, New Mexico</a>, to serve as paymaster, where he was joined by Louise and their children.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert199350–51-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongstreet199129-36">[36]</a> Knowledge of Longstreet's prewar life is extremely limited. His experience resembles that of many Civil War generals insofar as he went to West Point, served with distinction in the War with Mexico, and continued his career in the peacetime army of the 1850s. But beyond that, there are few details. He left no diary, and his lengthy memoirs focus almost entirely on recounting and defending his Civil War military record. They reveal little of his personal side while providing only a very cursory view of his pre-war activities. An 1889 fire destroyed his personal papers, making it so that the number of "[e]xisting antebellum private letters written by Longstreet [could] be counted on one hand".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiston19871–2-37">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="American_Civil_War">American Civil War</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Longstreet&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: American Civil War">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Joining_the_Confederacy_and_initial_hostilities">Joining the Confederacy and initial hostilities</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Longstreet&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Joining the Confederacy and initial hostilities">edit</a>]</div> At the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, Longstreet was paymaster for the United States Army and stationed in Albuquerque. After news of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Sumter" title="Battle of Fort Sumter">Battle of Fort Sumter</a>, he joined his fellow Southerners in leaving the post. In his memoirs, Longstreet calls it a "sad day", and records that a number of Northern officers attempted to persuade him not to go. He writes that he asked one of them "what course he would pursue if his State should pass ordinances of secession and call him to its defence. He confessed that he would obey the call."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongstreet199129–30-38">[38]</a> Longstreet was not enthusiastic about <a href="/wiki/Secession" title="Secession">secession</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a>, but he had long been infused with the concept of states' rights and felt he could not go against his homeland.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert199351–52-39">[39]</a> Although he was born in South Carolina and brought up in Georgia, he offered his services to Alabama, which had appointed him to West Point and where his mother still lived. He was the senior West Point graduate from that state, which meant that he could potentially be placed in command of that state's soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert199352-40">[40]</a> After settling his accounts, he submitted his resignation letter from the United States Army on May 9, 1861, intending to join the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederacy</a>. He had already accepted a commission as a lieutenant colonel in the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Army" title="Confederate States Army">Confederate States Army</a> on May 1. His resignation from the United States Army was accepted on June 1.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert199353–53-41">[41]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gen._Longstreet,_C.S.A._LCCN2004678555.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Longstreet as a Confederate, wearing a gray army coat partially unbuttoned" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Gen._Longstreet%2C_C.S.A._LCCN2004678555.jpg/220px-Gen._Longstreet%2C_C.S.A._LCCN2004678555.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="341" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Gen._Longstreet%2C_C.S.A._LCCN2004678555.jpg/330px-Gen._Longstreet%2C_C.S.A._LCCN2004678555.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Gen._Longstreet%2C_C.S.A._LCCN2004678555.jpg/440px-Gen._Longstreet%2C_C.S.A._LCCN2004678555.jpg 2x" data-file-width="992" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Sketch of Longstreet as a Confederate </figcaption></figure> Longstreet arrived in <a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia" title="Richmond, Virginia">Richmond, Virginia</a>, with his new commission. He met with <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Confederate_States" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the Confederate States">Confederate President</a> <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Davis" title="Jefferson Davis">Jefferson Davis</a> at the executive mansion on June 22, 1861, where he was informed that he had been appointed a <a href="/wiki/Brigadier_General_(CSA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brigadier General (CSA)">brigadier general</a> with the date of rank on June 17, a commission he accepted on June 25. He was ordered to report to Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/P._G._T._Beauregard" title="P. G. T. Beauregard">P. G. T. Beauregard</a> at <a href="/wiki/Manassas,_Virginia" title="Manassas, Virginia">Manassas</a>, where he was given command of a brigade of three Virginia regiments—the <a href="/wiki/1st_Virginia_Infantry" class="mw-redirect" title="1st Virginia Infantry">1st</a>, <a href="/wiki/11th_Virginia_Infantry" class="mw-redirect" title="11th Virginia Infantry">11th</a>, and <a href="/wiki/17th_Virginia_Infantry" class="mw-redirect" title="17th Virginia Infantry">17th Virginia Infantry</a>—in the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_Army_of_the_Potomac" class="mw-redirect" title="Confederate Army of the Potomac">Confederate Army of the Potomac</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert199358–61-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Longstreet assembled his staff and trained his brigade incessantly. On July 16, Union Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/Irvin_McDowell" title="Irvin McDowell">Irvin McDowell</a> began marching his army toward Manassas Junction. Longstreet's brigade first saw action at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Blackburn%27s_Ford" title="Battle of Blackburn's Ford">Blackburn's Ford</a> on July 18, when it collided with McDowell's advance division under Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Tyler" title="Daniel Tyler">Daniel Tyler</a>, clashing heavily with the brigade of <a href="/wiki/Israel_B._Richardson" title="Israel B. Richardson">Israel B. Richardson</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert199364–70-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongstreet199137–39-45">[45]</a> An infantry charge pushed Longstreet's men back, and in his own words, Longstreet "rode with <a href="/wiki/Sabre" title="Sabre">sabre</a> in hand for the leading files, determined to give them all that was in the sword and my horse's heels, or stop the break".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongstreet199139-46">[46]</a> Colonel <a href="/wiki/Jubal_Early" title="Jubal Early">Jubal Early</a>'s brigade arrived to reinforce Longstreet. One of Early's regiments, the <a href="/wiki/7th_Virginia_Infantry_Regiment" title="7th Virginia Infantry Regiment">7th Virginia</a>, fired a volley while Longstreet was still in front of its position, forcing him to dive off of his horse. Under the renewed Confederate strength, the Union left wavered. Tyler withdrew, as he had orders not to bring on a general engagement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongstreet199137–41-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert199370–71-48">[48]</a> The battle preceded the <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Bull_Run" title="First Battle of Bull Run">First Battle of Bull Run</a> (First Manassas). When the main attack came at the opposite end of the line on July 21, Longstreet's brigade endured artillery fire for nine hours but played a minor role in the fighting.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert199362–67-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETagg1998204-50">[50]</a> Between 5 and 6 in the evening, Longstreet received an order from Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/Joseph_E._Johnston" title="Joseph E. Johnston">Joseph E. Johnston</a> instructing him to take part in the pursuit of the Federal troops, who had been defeated and were fleeing the battlefield. He obeyed, but when he met Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/Milledge_Bonham" class="mw-redirect" title="Milledge Bonham">Milledge Bonham</a>'s brigade, Bonham, who outranked Longstreet, ordered him to retreat. The same order soon arrived from Johnston. Longstreet was infuriated that his commanders would not allow a vigorous pursuit of the defeated Union Army.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert199376–77-51">[51]</a> His Chief of Staff, <a href="/wiki/Moxley_Sorrel" title="Moxley Sorrel">Moxley Sorrel</a>, recorded that he was "in a fine rage. He dashed his hat furiously to the ground, stamped, and bitter words escaped him."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESorrel19059-52">[52]</a> He quoted Longstreet as saying afterward, "Retreat! Hell, the Federal army has broken to pieces."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESorrel19059-52">[52]</a> On October 7, Longstreet was promoted to <a href="/wiki/Major_General_(CSA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Major General (CSA)">major general</a> and assumed command of a division in the newly reorganized and renamed Confederate <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Northern_Virginia" title="Army of Northern Virginia">Army of Northern Virginia</a> under Johnston (formed from the previous Army of the Potomac and the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_Army_of_the_Shenandoah" class="mw-redirect" title="Confederate Army of the Shenandoah">Army of the Shenandoah</a>) – with four infantry brigades commanded by Generals D.H. Hill, <a href="/wiki/David_Rumph_Jones" title="David Rumph Jones">David R. Jones</a>, Bonham, and <a href="/wiki/Louis_Wigfall" title="Louis Wigfall">Louis Wigfall</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Hampton%27s_Legion" title="Hampton's Legion">Hampton's Legion</a> commanded by <a href="/wiki/Wade_Hampton_III" title="Wade Hampton III">Wade Hampton III</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert199390–91-53">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Family_tragedy">Family tragedy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Longstreet&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Family tragedy">edit</a>]</div> On January 10, 1862, Longstreet traveled under orders from Johnston to Richmond, where he discussed with Davis the creation of a conscription program. He spent much of the intervening time with Louise and their children, and was back at army headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Centreville,_Virginia" title="Centreville, Virginia">Centreville</a> by January 20. A day or two later, he received a telegram informing him that all four of his children were extremely sick in an outbreak of <a href="/wiki/Scarlet_fever" title="Scarlet fever">scarlet fever</a>. Longstreet immediately returned to the city.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert199396–97-54">[54]</a> Longstreet arrived in Richmond before the death of his one-year-old daughter Mary Anne on January 25. Four-year-old James died the following day. Eleven-year-old Augustus Baldwin ("Gus") died on February 1. His 13-year-old son Garland remained ill but appeared to be out of mortal danger. George Pickett and his future wife <a href="/wiki/LaSalle_Corbell_Pickett" title="LaSalle Corbell Pickett">LaSalle Corbell</a> were in the Longstreets' company throughout the affair. They arranged the funeral and burials, which for unknown reasons neither Longstreet nor his wife attended. Longstreet returned to the army on February 5. He rushed back to Richmond later in the month when Garland took a turn for the worse, but came back after he recovered. The losses were devastating for Longstreet and he became withdrawn, both personally and socially. In 1861, his headquarters were noted for parties, drinking, and poker games. After he returned, the headquarters social life became for a time more somber. He rarely drank, and his religious devotion increased.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETagg1998205-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert199397-56">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Peninsula">Peninsula</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Longstreet&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Peninsula">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Peninsula_campaign" title="Peninsula campaign">Peninsula campaign</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seven_Days_Battles" title="Seven Days Battles">Seven Days Battles</a></div> That spring, Union <a href="/wiki/Major_general_(United_States)" title="Major general (United States)">Major General</a> <a href="/wiki/George_B._McClellan" title="George B. McClellan">George B. McClellan</a>, commander of the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Potomac" title="Army of the Potomac">Army of the Potomac</a>, launched the <a href="/wiki/Peninsula_campaign" title="Peninsula campaign">Peninsula campaign</a> intending to capture the Confederate capital of Richmond.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert1993100-57">[57]</a> In his memoirs, Longstreet wrote that while in temporary command of the Confederate army, he proposed to <a href="/wiki/Stonewall_Jackson" title="Stonewall Jackson">Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson</a> that he march to Jackson in the <a href="/wiki/Shenandoah_Valley" title="Shenandoah Valley">Shenandoah Valley</a> and combine forces. No evidence has emerged for this claim.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongstreet199165-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert1993100–101-59">[59]</a> Following the delay of the Union offensive against Richmond at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yorktown_(1862)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Yorktown (1862)">Siege of Yorktown</a>, Johnston oversaw a tactical withdrawal to the outskirts of Richmond, where defenses had already been prepared. Longstreet's division formed the rearguard, which was heavily engaged at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Williamsburg" title="Battle of Williamsburg">Battle of Williamsburg</a> on May 5. There, Union troops beginning with <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hooker" title="Joseph Hooker">Joseph Hooker</a>'s division of the Union <a href="/wiki/III_Corps_(Union_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="III Corps (Union Army)">III Corps</a>, which was commanded by <a href="/wiki/Samuel_P._Heintzelman" title="Samuel P. Heintzelman">Samuel P. Heintzelman</a>, came out of a forest into open ground to attack Longstreet's men.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollard1866267-60">[60]</a> To protect the army's supply wagons, Longstreet counterattacked with the brigades of <a href="/wiki/Cadmus_M._Wilcox" title="Cadmus M. Wilcox">Cadmus M. Wilcox</a>, <a href="/wiki/A._P._Hill" title="A. P. Hill">A. P. Hill</a>, Pickett, <a href="/wiki/Raleigh_E._Colston" title="Raleigh E. Colston">Raleigh E. Colston</a>, and two other regiments. The assault drove the Union soldiers back. Finding the ground he occupied untenable, Longstreet requested reinforcements from D.H. Hill's division a little further up the road and received Early's brigade, to which was later added the entire division.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert1993104–107-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongstreet199174-62">[62]</a> Early then launched a fruitless and bloody attack well after the wagons had already been safely evacuated. Overall, the battle was a success, protecting the passage of Confederate supply wagons and delaying the advance of McClellan's army toward Richmond.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert1993106–107-63">[63]</a> The affair gave the Confederates possession of four cannon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESears201775-64">[64]</a> McClellan inaccurately characterized the battle as a Union victory in a dispatch to Washington.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollard1866267-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESears200182-65">[65]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peninsula_Campaign_March_17_-_May_31,_1862.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map with lines and arrows showing troops movements" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Peninsula_Campaign_March_17_-_May_31%2C_1862.png/350px-Peninsula_Campaign_March_17_-_May_31%2C_1862.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Peninsula_Campaign_March_17_-_May_31%2C_1862.png/525px-Peninsula_Campaign_March_17_-_May_31%2C_1862.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Peninsula_Campaign_March_17_-_May_31%2C_1862.png/700px-Peninsula_Campaign_March_17_-_May_31%2C_1862.png 2x" data-file-width="2354" data-file-height="1889" /></a><figcaption>Map of events during the Peninsula campaign to the Battle of Seven Pines <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  Confederate</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Union</div></figcaption></figure> On May 31, during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Seven_Pines" title="Battle of Seven Pines">Battle of Seven Pines</a>, Longstreet received his orders verbally from Johnston but apparently misremembered them. He marched his men in the wrong direction down the wrong road, causing congestion and confusion with other Confederate units, diluting the effect of the Confederate counterattack against McClellan. He then got into an argument with Major General <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Huger_(general)" title="Benjamin Huger (general)">Benjamin Huger</a> over who had seniority, causing a significant delay.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiston198719-66">[66]</a> When D.H. Hill subsequently asked Longstreet for reinforcements, he complied, but failed to properly coordinate his brigades.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert1993124-67">[67]</a> Only one of Longstreet's brigades and none of Huger's reached the field.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESears2001130-68">[68]</a> Late in the day, Major General <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Vose_Sumner" title="Edwin Vose Sumner">Edwin Vose Sumner</a> crossed the rain-swollen <a href="/wiki/Chickahominy_River" title="Chickahominy River">Chickahominy River</a> with two divisions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert1993121-69">[69]</a> General Johnston was wounded during the battle. Although Johnston preferred Longstreet as his replacement, command of the Army of Northern Virginia shifted to <a href="/wiki/Gustavus_Woodson_Smith" title="Gustavus Woodson Smith">G. W. Smith</a>, the senior major general, for a single day.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiston198719–20-70">[70]</a> On June 1, Richardson's division of Sumner's corps engaged Longstreet's men, routing <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Armistead" title="Lewis Armistead">Lewis Armistead</a>'s brigade, but the brigades of Pickett, <a href="/wiki/William_Mahone" title="William Mahone">William Mahone</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Roger_Atkinson_Pryor" class="mw-redirect" title="Roger Atkinson Pryor">Roger Atkinson Pryor</a> positioned in the woods managed to hold it back. After six hours of fighting, the battle ended in a draw.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert1993122–123-71">[71]</a> Johnston praised Longstreet's performance in the battle. Biographer William Garrett Piston calls it "the lowest point in Longstreet's military career".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiston198719-66">[66]</a> Longstreet's report unfairly blamed Huger for the mishaps.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDickson20001214-72">[72]</a> On June 1, the President's military advisor <a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee" title="Robert E. Lee">Robert E. Lee</a> assumed command of the Army of Northern Virginia. In his memoirs, Longstreet suggested that he initially doubted Lee's capacity for command. He wrote that his arrival "was far from reconciling the troops to the loss of our beloved chief, Joseph E. Johnston".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongstreet1991112-73">[73]</a> He wrote that Lee did not have much of a reputation at the time that he took command and that there were therefore "misgivings" about Lee's "power and skill for field service".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongstreet1991112-73">[73]</a> In late June, Lee organized a plan to drive McClellan's army away from the capital, which culminated in the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Days_Battles" title="Seven Days Battles">Seven Days Battles</a>. At daybreak on June 27 at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gaines%27s_Mill" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Gaines's Mill">Gaines's Mill</a>, the Confederate Army attacked the <a href="/wiki/V_Corps_(Union_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="V Corps (Union Army)">V Corps</a> of the Union Army under Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/Fitz_John_Porter" title="Fitz John Porter">Fitz John Porter</a>, which was positioned north of the Chickahominy River on McClellan's right flank. Federal troops held their lines for most of the day against attacks from the divisions of A.P. Hill and D.H. Hill, and Jackson did not arrive until the afternoon. At about 5 P.M., Longstreet received orders from Lee to join the battle. Longstreet's fresh brigades under Pickett and <a href="/wiki/Richard_H._Anderson_(general)" title="Richard H. Anderson (general)">Richard H. Anderson</a>, accompanied by the brigades of Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/John_Bell_Hood" title="John Bell Hood">John Bell Hood</a> and Colonel <a href="/wiki/Evander_M._Law" title="Evander M. Law">Evander M. Law</a> from <a href="/wiki/William_H.C._Whiting" class="mw-redirect" title="William H.C. Whiting">William H.C. Whiting</a>'s division, charged the Union lines, forcing them to retreat across the Chickahominy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESangerHay195267–68-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongstreet1991125–129-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert1993138-76">[76]</a> Longstreet was engaged again on June 30 with about 20,000 men at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Glendale" title="Battle of Glendale">Glendale</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert1993141–144-77">[77]</a> He departed from his usual strategy of placing troops several lines deep and instead spread them out, which in the opinion of some military historians cost him the battle. His efforts were further damaged by the slowness of other Confederate commanders, and McClellan was able to withdraw his army to the high plateau of <a href="/wiki/Malvern_Hill" title="Malvern Hill">Malvern Hill</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESangerHay195272–74-78">[78]</a> Jackson, engaged at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_White_Oak_Swamp" title="Battle of White Oak Swamp">White Oak Swamp</a>, ignored reports of ways in which to cross the swamp, and refused to answer an inquiry from Longstreet's staff officer John Fairfax. Huger's advance was slow enough to allow Federal troops to be transported away from guarding him and towards Longstreet, and <a href="/wiki/Theophilus_Holmes" title="Theophilus Holmes">Theophilus Holmes</a> also performed poorly. Nearly 50,000 Confederate troops stood within a few miles of the field at Glendale and rendered little to no assistance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert1993144–145-79">[79]</a> In a reconnaissance on the evening of June 30, Longstreet reported to Lee that conditions were favorable enough to justify assault. At the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Malvern_Hill" title="Battle of Malvern Hill">Battle of Malvern Hill</a> the next day, Longstreet surrendered A.P. Hill's entire division to <a href="/wiki/John_B._Magruder" title="John B. Magruder">John B. Magruder</a>, and marched his remaining troops toward the Union positions on the Confederate extreme right. His men were exposed to fire on their flanks from McClellan's troops and were forced to withdraw without success.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESangerHay195274-80">[80]</a> Throughout the Seven Days Battles, Longstreet had operational command of nearly half of Lee's army—15 brigades—as it drove McClellan back down the Peninsula. Longstreet performed aggressively and quite well in his new, larger command, particularly at Gaines's Mill and Glendale. Lee's army suffered from poor maps, organizational flaws, and weak performances by Longstreet's peers, including, uncharacteristically, Stonewall Jackson, and was unable to destroy the Union army.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETagg1998204-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDickson20001214-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert1993134–151-81">[81]</a> Moxley Sorrel wrote of Longstreet's confidence and calmness in battle: "He was like a rock in steadiness when sometimes in battle the world seemed flying to pieces." General Lee said shortly after Seven Days, "Longstreet was the staff in my right hand."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert1993152-82">[82]</a> He had been established as Lee's principal lieutenant.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert1993151–152-83">[83]</a> Lee reorganized the Army of Northern Virginia after Seven Days, increasing Longstreet's command from six brigades to 28.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert1993151-84">[84]</a> Longstreet took command of the Right Wing (later known as the First Corps) and Jackson was given command of the Left Wing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert1993164-85">[85]</a> Over time, Lee and Longstreet became good friends and set up headquarters very near each other. Despite sharing with Jackson a belief in <a href="/wiki/Temperance_movement" title="Temperance movement">temperance</a> as well as a deep religious conviction, Lee never developed as strong a friendship with him. Piston speculates that the more relaxed atmosphere of Longstreet's headquarters, which included gambling and drinking, allowed Lee to relax and take his mind off the war, and reminded him of his happier younger days.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiston198722–23-86">[86]</a> After the campaign, an editorial appeared in the <a href="/wiki/Richmond_Examiner" title="Richmond Examiner">Richmond Examiner</a> inaccurately claiming that the Battle of Glendale "was fought exclusively by General A.P. Hill and the forces under his command". Longstreet drafted a letter refuting the article, which was published in the Richmond Whig. Hill took offense and requested that his division be transferred out of Longstreet's command. Longstreet agreed, but Lee took no action. Then, Hill refused to accede to Longstreet's repeated requests for information and was eventually arrested on Longstreet's orders. He challenged Longstreet to a duel. Longstreet accepted, but Lee intervened and transferred Hill's division into Jackson's command.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert1993153–155-87">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_Bull_Run">Second Bull Run</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Longstreet&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Second Bull Run">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Bull_Run" title="Second Battle of Bull Run">Second Battle of Bull Run</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Second_Bull_Run_Aug30_1600.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Second_Bull_Run_Aug30_1600.png/400px-Second_Bull_Run_Aug30_1600.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Second_Bull_Run_Aug30_1600.png/600px-Second_Bull_Run_Aug30_1600.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Second_Bull_Run_Aug30_1600.png/800px-Second_Bull_Run_Aug30_1600.png 2x" data-file-width="2992" data-file-height="2323" /></a><figcaption>August 30, 4 p.m.: Start of Longstreet's attack</figcaption></figure> The military reputations of Lee's corps commanders are often characterized as Stonewall Jackson representing the audacious, offensive component of Lee's army, with Longstreet more typically advocating and executing strong defensive strategies and tactics. Wert describes Jackson as the hammer and Longstreet as the anvil of the army.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert1993206-88">[88]</a> In the first part of the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Virginia_campaign" title="Northern Virginia campaign">Northern Virginia campaign</a> of August 1862, this stereotype held true, but in the climactic battle, it did not. In June, the Federal Government created the 50,000-strong <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Virginia" title="Army of Virginia">Army of Virginia</a>, and put Major General John Pope in command.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert1993156-89">[89]</a> Pope moved south in an attempt to attack Lee and threaten Richmond through an overland march. Lee left Longstreet near Richmond to guard the city and dispatched Jackson to hinder Pope's advance. Jackson won a major victory at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cedar_Mountain" title="Battle of Cedar Mountain">Battle of Cedar Mountain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiston198723-90">[90]</a> After learning that McClellan, as ordered, had dispatched troops north to assist Pope, Lee ordered Longstreet north as well, leaving only three divisions under G.W. Smith to protect Richmond against McClellan's reduced force. Longstreet's men began their march on August 17, aided by Stuart's cavalry.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert1993157–168-91">[91]</a> On August 23, Longstreet engaged Pope's position in a minor artillery duel at the <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Rappahannock_Station" title="First Battle of Rappahannock Station">First Battle of Rappahannock Station</a>. The Confederate <a href="/wiki/141st_Field_Artillery_Regiment" title="141st Field Artillery Regiment">Washington Artillery</a> was heavily damaged and a Union shell landed feet away from Longstreet and Wilcox but failed to explode. Meanwhile, Stuart's cavalry rode around the Army of Virginia and captured hundreds of soldiers and horses as well as some of Pope's personal belongings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert1993161-92">[92]</a> Jackson executed a sweeping flanking maneuver that captured Pope's main supply depot. He placed his corps in the rear of Pope's army, but he then took up a defensive position and effectively invited Pope to assault him. On August 28 and 29, the start of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Bull_Run" title="Second Battle of Bull Run">Second Battle of Bull Run</a> (Second Manassas), Pope pounded Jackson as Longstreet and the remainder of the army marched from the west, through Thoroughfare Gap, to reach the battlefield. On the afternoon of the 28th, Longstreet engaged a 5,000-man federal division under <a href="/wiki/James_B._Ricketts" title="James B. Ricketts">James B. Ricketts</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Thoroughfare_Gap" title="Battle of Thoroughfare Gap">Battle of Thoroughfare Gap</a>. Ricketts had been ordered to delay Longstreet's march towards the main Confederate army, but he took up his position too late, allowing <a href="/wiki/George_T._Anderson" title="George T. Anderson">George T. Anderson</a>'s brigade to occupy the high ground. Lee and Longstreet watched the battle together and decided to flank the Union position. Hood's division and a brigade under <a href="/wiki/Henry_L._Benning" title="Henry L. Benning">Henry L. Benning</a> advanced towards the gap from the north and the south, respectively, while Wilcox's division followed in a six-mile march northward. Ricketts realized his position was untenable and withdrew that evening, allowing Longstreet to join up with the rest of Lee's army. Postwar criticism of Longstreet claimed that he marched his men too slowly, leaving Jackson to bear the brunt of the fighting for two days, but they covered roughly 30 miles (50 km) in a little over 24 hours and Lee did not attempt to get his army concentrated any faster.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert1993164–166-93">[93]</a> When Longstreet's men arrived on the field around midday on August 29, Lee planned a flanking attack on the Union Army, which was concentrating its attention on Jackson. Longstreet demurred to three suggestions from Lee urging him to attack, recommending instead a reconnaissance in force to survey the ground in front of him. This confirmed the presence of Porter's V Corps in front of his lines. By 6:30 P.M., Hood's division moved forward against Porter and drove back the soldiers it encountered, but had to be withdrawn at night when it advanced too far ahead of the main lines. Despite the smashing victory that followed, Longstreet was eventually criticized for allegedly being slow, reluctant to attack, and disobedient to General Lee.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETagg1998205-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGallagher1998140–157-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert1993166–172-95">[95]</a> Lee's biographer, <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Southall_Freeman" title="Douglas Southall Freeman">Douglas Southall Freeman</a>, wrote: "The seeds of much of the disaster at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gettysburg" title="Battle of Gettysburg">Gettysburg</a> were sown in that instant—when Lee yielded to Longstreet and Longstreet discovered that he would."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreeman1936325-96">[96]</a> Wert disputes this conclusion, pointing out that in a post-war letter to Longstreet, Porter told him that had he attacked him that day, Longstreet's "loss would have been enormous".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert1993172-97">[97]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:James_Longstreet_crop.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Oval portrait of Longstreet in a Confederate general's uniform" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/James_Longstreet_crop.png/170px-James_Longstreet_crop.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/James_Longstreet_crop.png/255px-James_Longstreet_crop.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/James_Longstreet_crop.png/340px-James_Longstreet_crop.png 2x" data-file-width="790" data-file-height="1120" /></a><figcaption>Longstreet circa 1862 </figcaption></figure> Despite this criticism, the following day was, according to Wert, one of Longstreet's finest performances of the war. After his attacks on the 29th, Pope came to believe with little evidence that Jackson was in retreat.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert1993176-98">[98]</a> He ordered a reluctant Porter to pursue, and his corps collided with Jackson's men and suffered heavy casualties. The attack exposed the Union left flank, and Longstreet took advantage of this by launching a massive assault on the Union flank with over 25,000 men. For over four hours they "pounded like a giant hammer"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert1993177–178-99">[99]</a> with Longstreet actively directing artillery fire and sending brigades into the fray. Longstreet and Lee were together during the assault and both of them came under Union artillery fire. Although the Union troops put up a furious defense, Pope's army was forced to retreat in a manner similar to the embarrassing Union defeat at First Bull Run, fought on roughly the same battleground.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDickson20001214-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongstreet1991180-198-100">[100]</a> Longstreet gave the credit for the victory to Lee, describing the campaign as "clever and brilliant". It established a strategic model he believed to be ideal—the use of defensive tactics within a strategic offensive.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert1993179-101">[101]</a> On September 1, Jackson's corps moved to cut off the Union retreat at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chantilly" title="Battle of Chantilly">Battle of Chantilly</a>. Longstreet's men remained on the field to fool Pope into thinking that Lee's entire army was still on his front.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHennessy1993441–442-102">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antietam">Antietam</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Longstreet&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Antietam">edit</a>]</div> After the Confederate success at Second Manassas, Lee, holding the strategic initiative, decided to take the war to Maryland to relieve Virginia and hopefully induce foreign nations to come to the Confederates' aid. Longstreet supported the plan. "The situation called for action", he later said, "and there was but one opening – across the Potomac."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert1993180–181-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongstreet1991200-104">[104]</a> His men crossed into Maryland on September 6 and arrived in <a href="/wiki/Frederick,_Maryland" title="Frederick, Maryland">Frederick</a> the following day, beginning the <a href="/wiki/Maryland_campaign" title="Maryland campaign">Maryland campaign</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert1993180–181-103">[103]</a> At the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Antietam" title="Battle of Antietam">Battle of Antietam</a> (Sharpsburg) on September 17, rather than commit his forces all at once, McClellan made a series of partial attacks on Confederate troops at different places throughout the day while holding many of his troops, including the entire V Corps, in reserve. At dawn, Hood's division on the Confederate left was driven back by an assault from Hooker's and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_K._Mansfield" title="Joseph K. Mansfield">Joseph K. Mansfield</a>'s corps until reinforced by men from Jackson's command. More troops from both sides soon poured into the fighting, which raged for three hours.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander1989151-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander1989195-106">[106]</a> At the center of the field, D.H. Hill's division defended a 600-yard (548.6 meters) position dominated by a sunken wagon path. The position was naturally strong, made more so by the piling of planks from a wooden fence at the top of the ditch, and Hill's men firmly repulsed two successive charges from the Union divisions of <a href="/wiki/William_H._French" title="William H. French">William H. French</a> and Richardson. Hill suffered significant casualties, and Longstreet sent R.H. Anderson's division, which consisted of 3,500 men, to reinforce him. Anderson was wounded and replaced by Pryor. At Pryor's request, Longstreet sent artillery support in response to Union cannon being fired at Confederates in the road from across <a href="/wiki/Antietam_Creek" title="Antietam Creek">Antietam Creek</a>. He also ordered a flanking movement by about 900 soldiers in several regiments led by Colonel <a href="/wiki/John_Rogers_Cooke" title="John Rogers Cooke">John Rogers Cooke</a>. Union troops arrested Cooke's advance. An intense fight followed, and Cooke withdrew after his ammunition was expended. A mistaken order allowed Union troops to breach the Confederate position at the sunken road, but Confederate lines were stabilized.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert1993195–198-107">[107]</a> At this point in the afternoon, fighting largely ceased except for on the Confederate right. The Union left-wing under Major General <a href="/wiki/Ambrose_Burnside" title="Ambrose Burnside">Ambrose Burnside</a> attempted to cross the Antietam Creek at what would become known as <a href="/wiki/Burnside%27s_Bridge" title="Burnside's Bridge">Burnside's Bridge</a>, while Jones' division led by Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/Robert_Toombs" title="Robert Toombs">Robert Toombs</a>'s brigade defended the heights on the western side of the creek. For hours, the Union troops tried to cross the river and failed five times.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESears1983284–307-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollard1866316-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongstreet1991256–259-110">[110]</a> Finally at 4 P.M., a flanking maneuver forced Toombs to withdraw. After the further engagement, the remainder of Jones' division was forced to give way, and Burnside's men occupied the crest overlooking the river before pressing their advantage. Their progress was arrested by the arrival of A.P. Hill's division under Jackson from <a href="/wiki/Harpers_Ferry" class="mw-redirect" title="Harpers Ferry">Harpers Ferry</a>. Fighting ensued in the town of Sharpsburg until Burnside withdrew his men at dusk. The Confederates pursued their enemy but stopped once the retreating troops came under the protection of a battery on the opposite side of the river, ending the Battle of Antietam after 18 hours of fighting.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongstreet1991259–262-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollard1866316–317-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESears1983307–323-113">[113]</a> At the end of that bloodiest day of the Civil War, Lee greeted his subordinate by saying, "Ah! Here is Longstreet; here's my old war-horse!"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert1993200-114">[114]</a> Lee held his ground at Antietam until the evening of September 18, when he withdrew his army from the battlefield and took it back across the Potomac and into Virginia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander1989153–154-115">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESears1983306–307-116">[116]</a> On October 9, a few weeks after Antietam, Longstreet was promoted to <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_General_(CSA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant General (CSA)">lieutenant general</a>. Lee arranged for Longstreet's promotion to be dated one day earlier than Jackson's, making the Old War-Horse the senior lieutenant general in the Army of Northern Virginia. In an army reorganization in November, Longstreet's command was designated the <a href="/wiki/First_Corps,_Army_of_Northern_Virginia" title="First Corps, Army of Northern Virginia">First Corps</a>, and Jackson's the <a href="/wiki/Second_Corps,_Army_of_Northern_Virginia" title="Second Corps, Army of Northern Virginia">Second Corps</a>. The First Corps consisted of five divisions, approximately 41,000 men. The divisions were commanded by Lafayette McLaws, R.H. Anderson, Hood, Pickett, and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Ransom_Jr." title="Robert Ransom Jr.">Robert Ransom Jr.</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDickson20001215-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert1993205–208-118">[118]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fredericksburg">Fredericksburg</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Longstreet&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Fredericksburg">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fredericksburg" title="Battle of Fredericksburg">Battle of Fredericksburg</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fredericksburg-Overview.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map with lines and arrows showing troops movements around the town and river" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Fredericksburg-Overview.png/350px-Fredericksburg-Overview.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="500" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Fredericksburg-Overview.png/525px-Fredericksburg-Overview.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Fredericksburg-Overview.png/700px-Fredericksburg-Overview.png 2x" data-file-width="4200" data-file-height="6000" /></a><figcaption>A map of the Battle of Fredericksburg <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Confederate</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Union</div></figcaption></figure> After a lengthy interlude with little military activity, beginning on October 26, McClellan marched his army across the Potomac River. On November 7, Lincoln replaced McClellan with Burnside. On November 15, Burnside began moving his army south towards <a href="/wiki/Fredericksburg,_Virginia" title="Fredericksburg, Virginia">Fredericksburg, Virginia</a>, midway between the opposing capitals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert1993212–213-119">[119]</a> On November 18, Longstreet began marching his men out of army headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Culpeper,_Virginia" title="Culpeper, Virginia">Culpeper</a> towards Fredericksburg, where the Confederate army would <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fredericksburg" title="Battle of Fredericksburg">make its stand</a> against Burnside. Since Lee moved Longstreet to Fredericksburg early, it allowed Longstreet to build strong defenses. Longstreet ordered trenches, <a href="/wiki/Abatis" title="Abatis">abatis</a>, and fieldworks to be constructed south of the town along a stone wall at the foot of Marye's Heights. After a lengthy delay, caused by waiting for the arrival of supplies to build <a href="/wiki/Pontoon_bridge" title="Pontoon bridge">pontoon bridges</a>, Burnside attempted to cross the <a href="/wiki/Rappahannock_River" title="Rappahannock River">Rappahannock</a> on December 11. Soldiers attempting to lay pontoon bridges encountered fierce resistance from Confederate troops inside Fredericksburg, led by <a href="/wiki/William_Barksdale" title="William Barksdale">William Barksdale</a>'s brigade of McLaws' division. Burnside subsequently ordered an artillery bombardment of the town, and by the following day had moved his army across and occupied Fredericksburg.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert1993213–218-120">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollard1866341–342-121">[121]</a> December 12 saw only a small amount of desultory fighting.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongstreet1991305-122">[122]</a> Longstreet had his men firmly entrenched. On December 13, under Burnside's orders, troops from the Union Right Grand Division under Sumner and the Center Grand Division under Hooker undertook to carry the position held by Longstreet's troops, who, contrary to some of their expectations, found themselves at the center of the battle. The first Union assault on Longstreet's men at Marye's Heights was a disastrous failure, causing approximately 1,000 casualties within 30 minutes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert1993218–221-123">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongstreet1991306–308-124">[124]</a> When Lee expressed apprehension that the Federal troops might overrun Longstreet's men, Longstreet replied that as long as he had sufficient ammunition he would "kill them all" before any of them reached his line.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert1993221-125">[125]</a> He advised him to look towards Jackson's more tenuous position to the right. Longstreet was proven correct, as from their strong position his troops easily repulsed several assaults. In some places behind the stone wall, Confederate ranks were four to five troops deep. Soldiers in the rear loaded rifles and passed them up to the front, so that the fire was virtually continuous. Confederate troops were well protected, although they did suffer one notable casualty when Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Reade_Rootes_Cobb" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Reade Rootes Cobb">Thomas Reade Rootes Cobb</a>, who commanded a brigade in McLaws' division that was positioned at the front of the stone wall, was killed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert1993221–222-126">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongstreet1991308–311-127">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESorrel1905140–141-128">[128]</a> One Union general compared the scene before Marye's Heights to "a great slaughter pen" and said that his men "might as well have tried to take Hell".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert1993221-125">[125]</a> McLaws estimated that only one Union soldier lay dead within 30 yards of the wall, the rest having fallen much farther back. Jackson, meanwhile, managed with much greater difficulty to repel a strong Union assault spearheaded by the division of <a href="/wiki/George_Meade" title="George Meade">George Meade</a>. Sensing that the rest of his troops would be adequate to defend his position on the Confederate left on the heights, Longstreet had ordered Hood to reinforce Jackson, and Pickett to cooperate with him, but Hood hesitated in sending his division forward, and by the time he did, the fighting on Jackson's front had mostly ended.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert1993221–222-126">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongstreet1991311–313-129">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESorrel1905141–144-130">[130]</a> Longstreet expressed regret after the war for "not bringing the delinquent [Hood] to trial".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert1993220-131">[131]</a> Burnside intended to attack again the next day, but several of his officers, particularly Sumner, advised against it. He entrenched his men instead and withdrew on December 15. In Longstreet's report, he praised his men and officers while asking them to contribute money for the residents of Fredericksburg. Lee's report strongly commended Jackson and Longstreet.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert1993223-132">[132]</a> Burnside's army had suffered 12,653 casualties at Fredericksburg. About 70% of them were in front of Marye's Heights.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESears2017467-133">[133]</a> Lee suffered only about 5,300 losses, about 1,900 of which came from Longstreet.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert1993222-134">[134]</a> Lt. Col. <a href="/wiki/Edward_Porter_Alexander" title="Edward Porter Alexander">Edward Porter Alexander</a> of the artillery described Fredericksburg as "the easiest battle we ever fought."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander1989185-135">[135]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Suffolk">Suffolk</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Longstreet&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Suffolk">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Suffolk" title="Siege of Suffolk">Siege of Suffolk</a></div> In October 1862, Longstreet had suggested to Joe Johnston that he be sent to fight in the war's <a href="/wiki/Western_Theater_of_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Theater of the American Civil War">Western Theater</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert1993206-88">[88]</a> Shortly after Fredericksburg, Longstreet vaguely suggested to Lee that "one corps could hold the line of the Rappahannock while the other was operating elsewhere".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert1993228-136">[136]</a> In February 1863, he made a more specific request, suggesting to Wigfall that his corps be detached from the Army of Northern Virginia and sent to reinforce the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Tennessee" title="Army of Tennessee">Army of Tennessee</a>, where General <a href="/wiki/Braxton_Bragg" title="Braxton Bragg">Braxton Bragg</a> was being challenged in <a href="/wiki/Middle_Tennessee" title="Middle Tennessee">Middle Tennessee</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Cumberland" title="Army of the Cumberland">Army of the Cumberland</a> under Union Major General <a href="/wiki/William_S._Rosecrans" class="mw-redirect" title="William S. Rosecrans">William S. Rosecrans</a>, Longstreet's roommate at West Point.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert1993227–228-137">[137]</a> By this time, Longstreet could be identified as part of a "western concentration bloc" which believed that reinforcing Confederate armies operating in the Western Theater to protect the states in that part of the Confederacy from invasion was more important than offensive campaigns in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Theater_of_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Theater of the American Civil War">Eastern Theater</a>. This group also included Johnston and Louis Wigfall, now a Confederate senator, both of whom Longstreet was very close with. These people were generally cautious and believed that the Confederacy, with its limited resources, should engage in a defensive rather than an offensive war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiston198741–42-138">[138]</a> Lee did detach two divisions from the First Corps but ordered them to Richmond, not Tennessee.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEicherEicher2001353-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert1993228–229-139">[139]</a> The Confederate Army was suffering from an acute food shortage. Southern Virginia was said to have large quantities of cattle and substantial stores of bacon and corn.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESorrel1905153-140">[140]</a> Meanwhile, seaborne movements of the Union <a href="/wiki/IX_Corps_(Union_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="IX Corps (Union Army)">IX Corps</a> were thought to be aimed at launching an invasion of the Confederate coast anywhere from South Carolina to Southern Virginia. In response, Lee ordered Pickett's division to the capital in mid-February. Hood's division followed, and then Longstreet himself was told to take command of the detached divisions and the Departments of North Carolina and Southern Virginia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEicherEicher2001353-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert1993228–229-139">[139]</a> The divisions of McLaws and Anderson remained with Lee.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollard1866373-141">[141]</a> In March, Longstreet's men primarily conducted foraging expeditions in Virginia and North Carolina. Longstreet sent Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/Richard_B._Garnett" title="Richard B. Garnett">Richard B. Garnett</a>'s brigade to D.H. Hill to participate in Hill's attempt to capture <a href="/wiki/New_Bern,_North_Carolina" title="New Bern, North Carolina">New Bern</a>, a town on the North Carolina coast which had fallen to the Union in March 1862. The campaign was unsuccessful but netted a considerable amount of supplies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert1993231–232-142">[142]</a> In April, Longstreet <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Suffolk" title="Siege of Suffolk">besieged Union forces</a> in the city of <a href="/wiki/Suffolk,_Virginia" title="Suffolk, Virginia">Suffolk, Virginia</a>. Fighting was light and nothing came of the siege. At the end of April, Longstreet was ordered by <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Secretary_of_War" title="Confederate States Secretary of War">Secretary of War</a> <a href="/wiki/James_Seddon" title="James Seddon">James Seddon</a> to join Lee's army as it faced attack from the Army of the Potomac, now commanded by Hooker, at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chancellorsville" title="Battle of Chancellorsville">Battle of Chancellorsville</a>. He moved his divisions north but could not reach the battle in time. Longstreet's foraging operations yielded enough food to feed Lee's entire army for two months. However, no further military objective was reached, and the operation caused Longstreet and 15,000 men of the First Corps to be absent from Chancellorsville.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert1993232–241-143">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongstreet1991322–333-144">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESorrel1905155-145">[145]</a> Eventually, Longstreet came under criticism from political enemies claiming that he could have marched his men back from Suffolk in time to join Lee.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert1993239-146">[146]</a> However, Sorrel says that it was "humanly impossible" for the men to move any faster.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESorrel1905155-145">[145]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gettysburg">Gettysburg</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Longstreet&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Gettysburg">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/video/?462049-4/confederate-general-james-longstreet-gettysburg">Presentation by Cory M. Pfarr, "Confederate General James Longstreet at Gettysburg", June 30, 2019</a>, <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Gettysburg_campaign" title="Gettysburg campaign">Gettysburg campaign</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gettysburg" title="Battle of Gettysburg">Battle of Gettysburg</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Campaign_plans">Campaign plans</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Longstreet&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Campaign plans">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Longstreet_at_Gettysburg.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Longstreet_at_Gettysburg.tif/lossy-page1-260px-Longstreet_at_Gettysburg.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="309" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Longstreet_at_Gettysburg.tif/lossy-page1-390px-Longstreet_at_Gettysburg.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Longstreet_at_Gettysburg.tif/lossy-page1-520px-Longstreet_at_Gettysburg.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1294" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Longstreet at Gettysburg <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1900</figcaption></figure> Following Chancellorsville and the death of Stonewall Jackson, Longstreet and Lee met in mid-May to discuss the army's summer campaign. Longstreet once more pushed for the detachment of all or part of his corps to be sent to Tennessee. The justification for this course of action was becoming more urgent as Union Major General Ulysses S. Grant was <a href="/wiki/Vicksburg_campaign" title="Vicksburg campaign">advancing</a> on the critical Confederate stronghold on the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vicksburg,_Mississippi" title="Vicksburg, Mississippi">Vicksburg</a>. Longstreet argued that a reinforced army under Bragg could defeat Rosecrans and drive toward the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_River" title="Ohio River">Ohio River</a>, which would compel Grant to break his hold on Vicksburg.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert1993242–246-147">[147]</a> He advanced these views during a meeting with Seddon, who approved of the idea but doubted that Lee would, and opined that Davis would be unlikely to go against Lee's wishes. Longstreet had criticized Bragg's generalship and may have been hoping to replace him, although he also might have wished to see Joseph Johnston take command, and indicated that he would be content to serve under him as a corps commander. Lee prevented this by telling Davis that parting with large numbers of troops would force him to move his army closer to Richmond, and instead advanced a plan to <a href="/wiki/Gettysburg_campaign" title="Gettysburg campaign">invade Pennsylvania</a>. A campaign in the North would relieve agricultural and military pressure that the war was placing on Virginia and North Carolina, and, by threatening a federal city, disrupt Union offensives elsewhere and erode support for the war among Northern civilians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiston198744-148">[148]</a> In his memoirs, Longstreet described his reaction to Lee's proposal: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">His plan or wishes announced, it became useless and improper to offer suggestions leading to a different course. All that I could ask was that the policy of the campaign should be one of defensive tactics; that we should work so as to force the enemy to attack us, in such good position as we might find in our own country, so well adapted to that purpose—which might assure us of a grand triumph. To this, he readily assented as an important and material adjunct to his general plan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongstreet1991331-149">[149]</a></blockquote> There is conflicting evidence for the veracity of Longstreet's account. It was written years after the campaign and is affected by hindsight, both of the results of the battle and of heavy postbellum criticism. In letters of the time, Longstreet made no reference to such a bargain. In April 1868, Lee said that he "had never made any such promise, and had never thought of doing any such thing".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoddington196811-150">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert1993246-151">[151]</a> Yet in his post-battle report, Lee wrote, "It had not been intended to fight a general battle at such a distance from our base, unless attacked by the enemy."<a href="#cite_note-Lee_Gettysburg-152">[152]</a> The Army of Northern Virginia was reorganized after Jackson's death. Two division commanders, <a href="/wiki/Richard_S._Ewell" title="Richard S. Ewell">Richard S. Ewell</a> and A.P. Hill, were promoted to lieutenant general and assumed command of the Second and the newly created <a href="/wiki/Third_Corps,_Army_of_Northern_Virginia" title="Third Corps, Army of Northern Virginia">Third Corps</a> respectively. Longstreet's First Corps gave up R.H. Anderson's division during the reorganization, leaving Longstreet with the divisions of Hood, McLaws, and Pickett.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoddington196812-153">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert1993248-154">[154]</a> After determining that an advance north was inevitable, Longstreet dispatched the scout <a href="/wiki/Henry_Thomas_Harrison" title="Henry Thomas Harrison">Henry Thomas Harrison</a>, whom he had met during the Suffolk Campaign, to gather information. He paid Harrison in gold and told him that he "did not care to see him till he could bring information of importance".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongstreet1991333-155">[155]</a> Ewell's corps led the army north, followed by Longstreet's and Hill's. The First Corps crossed the Potomac River from June 25 to 26.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoddington1968114–117-156">[156]</a> Harrison reported to Longstreet on the evening of June 28 and was instrumental in warning the Confederates that the Army of the Potomac was advancing north to meet them more quickly than they had anticipated, and was already gathered around Frederick, Maryland. Lee was initially skeptical, but the report prompted him to order the immediate concentration of his army north of Frederick near <a href="/wiki/Gettysburg,_Pennsylvania" title="Gettysburg, Pennsylvania">Gettysburg, Pennsylvania</a>. Harrison also brought news that Hooker had been replaced as commander of the Army of the Potomac by Meade.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoddington1968188–190-157">[157]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="July_1–2">July 1–2</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Longstreet&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: July 1–2">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gettysburg,_second_day" title="Battle of Gettysburg, second day">Battle of Gettysburg, second day</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gettysburg_Battle_Map_Day2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map with lines and arrows showing troops movements" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Gettysburg_Battle_Map_Day2.png/330px-Gettysburg_Battle_Map_Day2.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="394" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Gettysburg_Battle_Map_Day2.png/495px-Gettysburg_Battle_Map_Day2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Gettysburg_Battle_Map_Day2.png/660px-Gettysburg_Battle_Map_Day2.png 2x" data-file-width="4950" data-file-height="5917" /></a><figcaption>Gettysburg, July 2 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Confederate</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Union</div></figcaption></figure> Longstreet's actions at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gettysburg" title="Battle of Gettysburg">Battle of Gettysburg</a> would become the centerpiece of lasting controversy.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> Longstreet arrived on the battlefield at about 4:30p.m on the first day, July 1, 1863, hours ahead of his troops. Lee had not intended to fight before his army was fully concentrated, but chance and decisions by A.P. Hill, whose troops were the first to be engaged, brought on the confrontation. The battle on the first day was a strong Confederate victory. Two Union corps had been driven by Ewell and Hill from their positions north of Gettysburg back through the town into defensive positions on the heights to the south. Meeting with Lee, Longstreet was concerned about the strength of the Union defensive position on elevated ground and advocated a strategic movement around their left flank, to "secure good ground between him and his capital", which would presumably compel Meade to attack defensive positions erected by the Confederates.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiston198751-159">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongstreet1991346–361-160">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoddington1968360–361-161">[161]</a> Instead, Lee exclaimed, "If the enemy is there tomorrow, I will attack him." Longstreet replied, "If he is there tomorrow it is because he wants you to attack."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongstreet1991358-162">[162]</a> Lee, energized by the success of his army that day, again refused. Longstreet suggested an immediate assault on the federal positions, but Lee insisted on waiting for Hood and McLaws, who were marching towards Gettysburg on the Chambersburg Pike. Longstreet sent a courier down the Cashtown Road to hurry them along. They eventually bivouacked about four miles (6.4 km) behind the lines. Pickett was performing rearguard duty in <a href="/wiki/Cashtown,_Pennsylvania" title="Cashtown, Pennsylvania">Cashtown</a> and would not be ready to move until morning. A major blunder occurred when Ewell failed to seize the heights on <a href="/wiki/Cemetery_Hill" title="Cemetery Hill">Cemetery Hill</a> after being ordered to do so "if practicable" by Lee.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert1993258–261,_267-163">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESorrel1905165-164">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongstreet1991259-165">[165]</a> Lee's plan for July 2 called for Longstreet to attack the Union's left flank, to be followed by Hill's attack on <a href="/wiki/Cemetery_Ridge" title="Cemetery Ridge">Cemetery Ridge</a> near the center, while Ewell demonstrated on the Union right. Longstreet again argued for a flanking maneuver around the Union left, but Lee rejected his plan. Longstreet was not ready to attack as early as Lee envisioned. He received permission from Lee to wait for <a href="/wiki/Alabama_Brigade_(American_Civil_War)" title="Alabama Brigade (American Civil War)">Law's brigade</a> of Hood's division to reach the field before advancing. Law marched his men quickly, covering 28 miles (45 km) in eleven hours, but did not arrive until noon. Three of Longstreet's brigades were still in march column some distance from their designated positions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuller1957198-166">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert1993260–261-167">[167]</a> Longstreet's soldiers were forced to take a long detour while approaching the enemy position, misled by inadequate reconnaissance that failed to identify a completely concealed route.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoddington1968378–379-168">[168]</a> Postbellum criticism of Longstreet claims that he was ordered by Lee to attack in the early morning and that his delays were a significant contributor to the loss of the battle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDickson20001215-117">[117]</a> Early and <a href="/wiki/William_N._Pendleton" title="William N. Pendleton">William N. Pendleton</a> testified that Lee had ordered Longstreet to attack at sunrise and that Longstreet disobeyed. This claim was factually untrue and denied by Lee's staff officers <a href="/wiki/Walter_H._Taylor" title="Walter H. Taylor">Walter H. Taylor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Marshall_(colonel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Marshall (colonel)">Charles Marshall</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConnellyBellows198234-169">[169]</a> Lee agreed to the delays for arriving troops and did not issue his formal order for the attack until 11 A.M. Longstreet did not aggressively pursue Lee's orders to launch an attack. Sorrel writes that Longstreet, unenthusiastic about the attack, displayed lethargy in bringing his troops forward. While Lee expected an attack around noon, Longstreet was not ready until 4 P.M. Meade used the time to bring more of his troops forward.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert1993268-170">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHattawayJones1983406–407-171">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESorrel1905166–168-172">[172]</a> Campaign historian Edwin Coddington presents the approach to the federal positions as "a comedy of errors such as one might expect of inexperienced commanders and raw militia, but not of Lee's 'War Horse' and his veteran troops".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoddington1968378–380-173">[173]</a> Hood opposed an attack on the Union left, arguing that the Union position was too strong, and proposed that his troops be moved to the right near <a href="/wiki/Big_Round_Top" title="Big Round Top">Big Round Top</a> and hit the Union in the rear. Longstreet insisted that Lee had rejected this plan and ordered him to make the assault against the front of the enemy lines.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongstreet1991355,_368-174">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander1989237-175">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESorrel1905169-176">[176]</a> Once the assault began at around 4 pm, Longstreet pressed McLaws and Hood strongly against heavy Union resistance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETagg1998206–207-177">[177]</a> Longstreet personally led the attack on horseback. Union Major General <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Sickles" title="Daniel Sickles">Daniel Sickles</a>, commanding the III Corps, had, contrary to Meade's orders, marched his men to the <a href="/wiki/The_Peach_Orchard" title="The Peach Orchard">Peach Orchard</a>, an exposed position well in front of the main Union lines. R.H. Anderson's division of Hill's corps, alongside McLaws' division and part of the division of Hood, launched a ferocious assault against Sickles with heavy artillery support which, after extremely intense fighting, pushed his corps back to the main Union lines. The Confederates were eventually repulsed after encountering fierce resistance from Union reinforcements. General Hood was wounded and replaced in command of his division by Law. Brigade commanders Barksdale and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Jones_Semmes" title="Paul Jones Semmes">Paul Jones Semmes</a>, both under McLaws, were mortally wounded. Law's brigade attempted to carry <a href="/wiki/Little_Round_Top" title="Little Round Top">Little Round Top</a>, a hill on the far left of the Union lines. The hill had originally been without troops before Union Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/Gouverneur_K._Warren" title="Gouverneur K. Warren">Gouverneur K. Warren</a>, Chief of Engineers, taking advantage of the Confederate delay, sent soldiers from the V Corps to fortify it. Confederate troops took the part of the hill known as <a href="/wiki/Devil%27s_Den" title="Devil's Den">Devil's Den</a>, but were unable to drive off Union forces at the top of the hill.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESorrel1905168–169-178">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander1989237–241-179">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongstreet1991368–374-180">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert1993273–278-181">[181]</a> The attacks had failed, and Longstreet's corps suffered more than 4,000 casualties.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert1993278–279-182">[182]</a> Contributing to Longstreet's failure was the fact that his attacks did not occur simultaneously with those of A.P. Hill and Ewell. Large portions of Hill's and Ewell's corps, including soldiers who had seen significant action the day before, were unengaged, and Meade was able to shift <a href="/wiki/Thomas_H._Ruger" title="Thomas H. Ruger">Thomas H. Ruger</a>'s division from Ewell's front to oppose Longstreet.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander1989242–243-183">[183]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="July_3">July 3</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Longstreet&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: July 3">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pickett%27s_Charge" title="Pickett's Charge">Pickett's Charge</a></div> On the night of July 2, Longstreet did not follow his usual custom of meeting Lee at his headquarters to discuss the day's battle, claiming that he was too fatigued. Instead, he spent part of the night planning for a movement around Big Round Top that would allow him to attack the enemy's flank and rear. Longstreet, despite his use of scouting parties, was apparently unaware that a considerable body of troops from the Union <a href="/wiki/VI_Corps_(Union_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="VI Corps (Union Army)">VI Corps</a> under <a href="/wiki/John_Sedgwick" title="John Sedgwick">John Sedgwick</a> was in position to block this move. Shortly after issuing orders for the attack, around sunrise, Longstreet was joined at his headquarters by Lee, who was dismayed at this turn of events. The commanding general had intended for Longstreet to attack the Union left early in the morning in a manner similar to the attack of July 2, using Pickett's newly arrived division, in concert with a resumed attack by Ewell on Culp's Hill. What Lee found was that no one had ordered Pickett's division forward from its bivouac in the rear and that Longstreet had been planning an independent operation without consulting with him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoddington1968455–458-184">[184]</a> Lee wrote in his after-battle report that Longstreet's "dispositions were not completed as early as was expected".<a href="#cite_note-Lee_Gettysburg-152">[152]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pickett%27s-Charge.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map with lines and arrows showing troops movements" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Pickett%27s-Charge.png/330px-Pickett%27s-Charge.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="412" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Pickett%27s-Charge.png/495px-Pickett%27s-Charge.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Pickett%27s-Charge.png/660px-Pickett%27s-Charge.png 2x" data-file-width="4801" data-file-height="6001" /></a><figcaption>Pickett's Charge, July 3 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Confederate</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Union</div></figcaption></figure> Since his plans for an early morning coordinated attack were now infeasible, Lee instead ordered Longstreet to coordinate a massive assault on the center of the Union line at Cemetery Ridge with his corps. The Union position was held by the <a href="/wiki/II_Corps_(Union_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="II Corps (Union Army)">II Corps</a> under <a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott_Hancock" title="Winfield Scott Hancock">Winfield Scott Hancock</a>. Longstreet strongly felt that this assault had little chance of success, and shared his concerns with Lee.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert1993283–284,_296–297-185">[185]</a> The Confederates would have to march over close to one mile (1.6 km) of open ground and negotiate sturdy fences under fire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongstreet1991386-186">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoddington1968503-187">[187]</a> Longstreet urged Lee not to use his entire corps in the attack, arguing that the divisions of Law and McLaws were tired from the previous day and that shifting them towards Cemetery Ridge would dangerously expose the Confederate right flank. Lee conceded and instead decided to use men from A.P. Hill's corps to accompany Pickett. The force would include about 14,000 or 15,000 men.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongstreet1991386-186">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert1993283–285-188">[188]</a> Longstreet again told Lee that he believed the attack would fail.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert1993283-189">[189]</a> Lee did not change his mind, and Longstreet relented. The final plan called for an artillery barrage by 170 cannon under Alexander. Then, the three brigades under Pickett and the four brigades in the division of <a href="/wiki/Henry_Heth" title="Henry Heth">Henry Heth</a>, temporarily commanded by Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/J._Johnston_Pettigrew" title="J. Johnston Pettigrew">J. Johnston Pettigrew</a>, positioned to Pickett's left, would lead the attack. Two brigades from <a href="/wiki/William_Dorsey_Pender" title="William Dorsey Pender">William Dorsey Pender</a>'s division, temporarily commanded by Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/Isaac_R._Trimble" title="Isaac R. Trimble">Isaac R. Trimble</a>, would fill in as support behind Pettigrew. Two brigades from R.H. Anderson's division were to support Pickett's right flank. Despite his vocal disapproval of the plan and although most of the units came from A.P. Hill's corps, Lee designated Longstreet to lead the attack. Longstreet dutifully saw to the positioning of Pickett's men. General Pickett placed the brigades of Garnett and Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/James_L._Kemper" title="James L. Kemper">James L. Kemper</a> in front with Armistead behind them in support. However, Longstreet neglected to adequately check on Pettigrew's division. Pettigrew had never commanded a division before, and the division which he had just been appointed to lead had suffered one-third casualties in the fighting on July 1. His men were positioned behind Pickett's lines, leaving Pickett vulnerable, and the troops on his far left were dangerously exposed. Longstreet and Hill still had a tense relationship, which may have played a role in Longstreet not carefully overseeing Hill's troops. Hill was with Lee and Longstreet throughout much of the morning, but wrote after the battle that he had ordered his men to report to Longstreet, implying that he felt he was not responsible for arranging them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert1993284–287-190">[190]</a> During preparations for the attack, Longstreet began to agonize over the assault. He attempted to pass the responsibility for launching Pickett's division to Alexander. The artillery bombardment began at about 1 P.M. Union batteries responded, and the two sides fired back and forth for about one hour and forty minutes. When the time came to actually order Pickett forward, Longstreet could only nod in assent, unable to verbalize the order, thus beginning the assault known as <a href="/wiki/Pickett%27s_Charge" title="Pickett's Charge">Pickett's Charge</a>. Beginning at about 3 P.M., Confederate troops marched towards the Union positions. As Longstreet had anticipated, the attack was a complete disaster. The assaulting units suffered massive casualties. Pettigrew and Trimble were wounded. Pickett's first two brigades were severely mauled. Kemper was wounded and Garnett was killed. Armistead's brigade briefly breached the stone wall that marked Hancock's lines, where Armistead fell mortally wounded, but the brigade was repulsed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander1989254–265-191">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongstreet1991389–410-192">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert1993288–297-193">[193]</a> To his men, Lee said, "It is all my fault."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiston198761-194">[194]</a> According to two of Longstreet's staff officers, Lee subsequently expressed regret for not taking Longstreet's advice.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert1993296–297-195">[195]</a> On July 4, the Confederate army began its <a href="/wiki/Retreat_from_Gettysburg" title="Retreat from Gettysburg">retreat from Gettysburg</a>. Hampered by rain, the bulk of the army finally made it across the Potomac River on the night of July 13–14.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert1993293-196">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESorrel1905174–176-197">[197]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chickamauga">Chickamauga</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Longstreet&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Chickamauga">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chickamauga" title="Battle of Chickamauga">Battle of Chickamauga</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chickamauga_Sep20_2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Chickamauga_Sep20_2.png/400px-Chickamauga_Sep20_2.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="500" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Chickamauga_Sep20_2.png/600px-Chickamauga_Sep20_2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Chickamauga_Sep20_2.png/800px-Chickamauga_Sep20_2.png 2x" data-file-width="4800" data-file-height="6001" /></a><figcaption>Longstreet's Left Wing assaults, mid-day September 20</figcaption></figure> In mid-August 1863, Longstreet resumed his attempts to be transferred to the Western Theater. He wrote a private letter to Seddon, requesting that he be transferred to serve under his old friend Joseph Johnston. He followed this up in conversations with his congressional ally Wigfall, who had long considered Longstreet a suitable replacement for Braxton Bragg. Bragg had a poor combat record and was very unpopular with his men and officers. Lee and President Davis agreed to the request on September 5. McLaws, Hood, a brigade from Pickett's division, and Alexander's 26-gun artillery battalion, traveled over 16 railroads on a 775-mile (1,247 km) route through the Carolinas to reach Bragg in northern <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert1993300–305-198">[198]</a> On September 8, with reinforcements on the way, Bragg gave up the fortified city and critical rail juncture of <a href="/wiki/Chattanooga,_Tennessee" title="Chattanooga, Tennessee">Chattanooga, Tennessee</a>, to Rosecrans without a fight and retreated into Georgia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckenrodeConrad1999214–217-199">[199]</a> The troop transfer took over three weeks. Lead elements of the corps arrived on September 17.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert1993305–306-200">[200]</a> On September 19 at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chickamauga" title="Battle of Chickamauga">Battle of Chickamauga</a>, Bragg began an unsuccessful attempt to interpose his army between Rosecrans and Chattanooga before the arrival of most of Longstreet's corps. Throughout the day, Confederate troops launched largely ineffectual assaults on Union positions that were highly costly for both sides. One of Longstreet's own divisions under Hood successfully resisted a strong Union counterattack from <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_C._Davis" title="Jefferson C. Davis">Jefferson C. Davis</a>'s division of the <a href="/wiki/XX_Corps_(Union_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="XX Corps (Union Army)">XX Corps</a> that afternoon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECozzens199489–138-201">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a> When Longstreet himself arrived on the field in the late evening, he failed to find Bragg's headquarters. He and his staff spent considerable time riding looking for them. They accidentally came across a federal picket line and were nearly captured.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongstreet1991438-203">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESorrel1905192–193-204">[204]</a> When the two finally met at Bragg's headquarters late at night, Bragg placed Longstreet in command of the left wing of his army; Lieutenant General <a href="/wiki/Leonidas_Polk" title="Leonidas Polk">Leonidas Polk</a> commanded the right. Longstreet's command consisted of <a href="/wiki/Simon_Bolivar_Buckner" title="Simon Bolivar Buckner">Simon Bolivar Buckner</a>'s corps, under which were the divisions of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_P._Stewart" title="Alexander P. Stewart">Alexander P. Stewart</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Preston_(Kentucky_soldier)" title="William Preston (Kentucky soldier)">William Preston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bushrod_Johnson" title="Bushrod Johnson">Bushrod Johnson</a>'s division, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_C._Hindman" title="Thomas C. Hindman">Thomas C. Hindman</a>'s division, and Hood's division. McLaws' division fell under Longstreet's command but did not completely arrive from Virginia until September 21, after the Battle of Chickamauga had ended. <a href="/wiki/Joseph_B._Kershaw" title="Joseph B. Kershaw">Joseph B. Kershaw</a> was placed in command of his two brigades which were on the field. Bragg made a plan for an attack at 8a.m. on September 20. Longstreet lined up most of his men into two lines, but he placed Hood's division behind Johnson in a column, intended as shock troops.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckenrodeConrad1999227–231-205">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMendoza200838,_50-206">[206]</a> The attack was supposed to begin early in the morning shortly after an assault by Polk's wing. However, confusion and mishandled orders caused Polk's attack to be delayed, and Longstreet's advance did not begin until just after 11 after hearing gunfire from his left.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert1993312-207">[207]</a> A mistaken order from General Rosecrans caused a gap to appear in the Union line by transferring <a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Wood" title="Thomas J. Wood">Thomas J. Wood</a>'s division from the right to reinforce the <a href="/wiki/XIV_Corps_(Union_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="XIV Corps (Union Army)">XIV Corps</a> under George Henry Thomas in the center.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECozzens1994365-208">[208]</a> Longstreet took advantage of the confusion. The organization of the attack was well suited to the terrain and would have penetrated the Union line regardless. Johnson's division poured through the gap, driving the Union forces back.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert1993312–313-209">[209]</a> After Longstreet ordered Hindman's division forward, the Union right collapsed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander1989293–294-210">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert1993317-211">[211]</a> Rosecrans fled as units began to retreat in panic. Thomas managed to rally the retreating units and solidify a defensive position on <a href="/wiki/Snodgrass_Hill" title="Snodgrass Hill">Snodgrass Hill</a>. He held that position against repeated afternoon attacks by Longstreet, who was not adequately supported by the Confederate right wing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert1993313–318-212">[212]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongstreet1991445–460-213">[213]</a> Sorrel told Stewart to move his division forward to attack the Union rearguard. Stewart initially declined, demanding confirmation from Longstreet. Longstreet was incensed at his refusal and ordered him to go forward. Stewart did so and captured about 400 prisoners, but Thomas had already managed to extricate the units under his control to Chattanooga.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert1993317–319-214">[214]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMendoza200848-215">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESorrel1905201–202-216">[216]</a> Bragg's failure to coordinate the right wing and cavalry to further envelop Thomas prevented a total rout of the Union Army.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert1993317–319-214">[214]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongstreet1991461–466-217">[217]</a> Bragg also refused to pursue the retreating Federals aggressively, resulting in the futile <a href="/wiki/Chattanooga_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Chattanooga Campaign">Siege of Chattanooga</a>. He had dismissed a proposal from Longstreet that he do so, citing a lack of transportation and calling the plan a "visionary scheme".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert1993317–319-214">[214]</a> Nevertheless, Chickamauga was the greatest Confederate victory in the Western Theater and Longstreet received significant credit.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert1993320–322-218">[218]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tennessee">Tennessee</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Longstreet&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Tennessee">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Chattanooga_campaign" title="Chattanooga campaign">Chattanooga campaign</a> and <a href="/wiki/Knoxville_campaign" title="Knoxville campaign">Knoxville campaign</a></div> Not long after the Confederates entered Tennessee following their victory at Chickamauga, Longstreet clashed with Bragg and became a leader of the group of senior commanders who conspired to have him removed. Bragg's subordinates had long been dissatisfied with his abrasive personality and poor battlefield record; the arrival of Longstreet (the senior lieutenant general in the Army) and his officers, and the fact that they quickly took their side, added credibility to the earlier claims. Longstreet wrote to Seddon, "I am convinced that nothing but the hand of God can save us or help us as long as we have our present commander."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert1993323–325-219">[219]</a> The situation became so grave that Davis was forced to intercede in person. What followed was a scene in which Bragg sat red-faced as a procession of his subordinates condemned him. Longstreet stated that Bragg "was incompetent to manage an army or put men into a fight" and that he "knew nothing of the business". On October 12, Davis declared his support for Bragg. He left him and his dissatisfied subordinates in their positions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert1993325–328-220">[220]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:James_Longstreet_photograph.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Longstreet in a general's uniform showing a shorter beard than in previous photographs" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/James_Longstreet_photograph.jpg/220px-James_Longstreet_photograph.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/James_Longstreet_photograph.jpg/330px-James_Longstreet_photograph.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/James_Longstreet_photograph.jpg/440px-James_Longstreet_photograph.jpg 2x" data-file-width="551" data-file-height="776" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Carte_de_Visite" class="mw-redirect" title="Carte de Visite">Carte de Visite</a> portrait of Longstreet </figcaption></figure> Bragg relieved or reassigned the generals who had testified against him and retaliated against Longstreet by reducing his command to only those units that he brought with him from Virginia. Bragg resigned himself to the siege in Chattanooga. At about this time, Longstreet learned of the birth of a son, who was named Robert Lee.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert1993328–331-221">[221]</a> Grant arrived in Chattanooga on October 23 and took overall command of the new Union <a href="/wiki/Military_Division_of_the_Mississippi" title="Military Division of the Mississippi">Military Division of the Mississippi</a>. He replaced Rosecrans with Thomas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow2017306–309-222">[222]</a> While Longstreet's relationship with Bragg was extremely poor, his connections with his subordinates also deteriorated. He had a strong antebellum friendship with McLaws, but it began to show signs of souring after McLaws criticized Longstreet's conduct at Gettysburg and was accused by Longstreet of displaying lethargy after Chickamauga.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiston198778-223">[223]</a> Hood's old division was under the temporary command of Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/Micah_Jenkins" title="Micah Jenkins">Micah Jenkins</a>. The brigadier general who had been in the division the longest was Evander Law, who had temporarily commanded the division more than once in the past. However, Jenkins outranked Law. Jenkins and Law disliked each other, and both desired permanent command of the division. Longstreet favored Jenkins, his longtime protégé, while most of the men favored Law.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiston198778-223">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert1993337-224">[224]</a> Longstreet had asked Davis to name a permanent commander, but he refused.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckenrodeConrad1999245-225">[225]</a> On October 27, Union troops managed to open up a "cracker line" to access food by defeating Law's brigade under Jenkins at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brown%27s_Ferry" title="Battle of Brown's Ferry">Battle of Brown's Ferry</a>. In the nighttime <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wauhatchie" title="Battle of Wauhatchie">Battle of Wauhatchie</a> from October 28–29, Jenkins failed to regain the lost position, for which he blamed Law and Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/Jerome_B._Robertson" title="Jerome B. Robertson">Jerome B. Robertson</a>. Longstreet took no immediate action against Law but complained about Robertson. A court of inquiry was set up, but its proceedings were suspended and Robertson returned to command.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert1993332–338-226">[226]</a> After the Confederate failures, Longstreet devised a strategy to prevent reinforcement and lifting of the siege by Grant. He knew this Union reaction was underway, and that the nearest railhead was <a href="/wiki/Bridgeport,_Alabama" title="Bridgeport, Alabama">Bridgeport, Alabama</a>, where portions of two Union corps would soon arrive. After sending his artillery commander, Porter Alexander, to reconnoiter the Union-occupied town, he devised a plan to shift most of the Army of Tennessee away from the siege, setting up logistical support in <a href="/wiki/Rome,_Georgia" title="Rome, Georgia">Rome, Georgia</a>, to go after Bridgeport to take the railhead, possibly catching Hooker, who was leading a detachment of arriving Union troops from the Eastern Theater, in a disadvantageous position. The plan was well received and approved by President Davis,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongstreet1991460–465-227">[227]</a> but it was disapproved by Bragg, who objected to the significant logistical challenges it posed. Longstreet accepted Bragg's arguments and agreed to a plan in which he and his men were dispatched to East Tennessee to deal with an advance by the Union <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Ohio" title="Army of the Ohio">Army of the Ohio</a>, commanded by Burnside. Longstreet was selected both due to enmity on Bragg's part and because the War Department intended for Longstreet's men to return to Lee's army and this movement was in that direction. Thus began the <a href="/wiki/Knoxville_campaign" title="Knoxville campaign">Knoxville campaign</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert1993338–339-228">[228]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongstreet1991467–481-229">[229]</a> Longstreet was criticized for the slow pace of his advance toward <a href="/wiki/Knoxville,_Tennessee" title="Knoxville, Tennessee">Knoxville</a> in November, and some of his soldiers began using the nickname "Peter the Slow" to describe him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert1993357-230">[230]</a> At the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Campbell%27s_Station" title="Battle of Campbell's Station">Battle of Campbell's Station</a> on November 16, the Federals evaded Longstreet's troops. This was due both to the poor performance of Law, who exposed his brigade to the enemy and thus ruined what was supposed to be a surprise attack, and Burnside's skillful retreat. The Confederates also dealt with muddy roads and a shortage of good supplies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert1993344–345-231">[231]</a> Burnside settled into entrenchments around the city, which Longstreet besieged. Longstreet learned that Bragg had been defeated at Chattanooga on November 25 and that Major General <a href="/wiki/William_Tecumseh_Sherman" title="William Tecumseh Sherman">William Tecumseh Sherman</a>'s men were marching to relieve Burnside. He decided to risk a frontal attack on Union entrenchments before they arrived. On November 29, he sent his troops forward at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Sanders" title="Battle of Fort Sanders">Battle of Fort Sanders</a>. The attack was repulsed, and Longstreet was forced to retreat.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollard1866458–459-232">[232]</a> When Grant defeated Bragg, Longstreet was ordered to join forces with the Army of Tennessee in northern Georgia. He demurred and began to move back to Virginia, soon pursued by Sherman. Longstreet defeated federal troops in an engagement at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bean%27s_Station" title="Battle of Bean's Station">Bean's Station</a> on December 14. The greatest effect of the campaign was to deprive Bragg of troops he sorely needed in Chattanooga. Longstreet's second independent command (after Suffolk) was a failure and his self-confidence was damaged. He reacted to the failure of the campaign by blaming others. He relieved Lafayette McLaws from command and requested the court-martial of Robertson and Law. He also submitted a letter of resignation to Adjutant General <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Cooper_(general)" title="Samuel Cooper (general)">Samuel Cooper</a> on December 30, 1863, but his request to be relieved was denied.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert1993340–365-233">[233]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongstreet1991480–523-234">[234]</a> Bragg was relieved from command and replaced by Joseph Johnston on December 27.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollard1866543-235">[235]</a> Longstreet established winter quarters in <a href="/wiki/Russellville,_Tennessee" title="Russellville, Tennessee">Russellville</a> and <a href="/wiki/Morristown,_Tennessee" title="Morristown, Tennessee">Morristown</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStarr1985348-236">[236]</a> He attempted to keep communications open with Lee's army in Virginia, but Federal cavalry Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/William_W._Averell" title="William W. Averell">William W. Averell</a>'s raids destroyed the railroads, isolating him and forcing him to rely only on Eastern Tennessee for supplies. Longstreet's corps suffered through a severe winter in Eastern Tennessee with inadequate shelter and provisions. More than half of the men were without shoes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollard1866459-237">[237]</a> Writing to Georgia's Quartermaster General <a href="/wiki/Ira_Roe_Foster" title="Ira Roe Foster">Ira Roe Foster</a> on January 24, 1864, Longstreet noted: "There are five Georgia Brigades in this Army ... all alike in excessive need of shoes, clothing of all kinds, and blankets. All that you can send will be thankfully received."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoole2000106-238">[238]</a> In February 1864, the lines of communication were repaired. Once the weather warmed, Longstreet's men marched north to the Army of Northern Virginia at <a href="/wiki/Gordonsville,_Virginia" title="Gordonsville, Virginia">Gordonsville</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollard1866459-237">[237]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wilderness_to_Appomattox">Wilderness to Appomattox</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Longstreet&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Wilderness to Appomattox">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Wilderness" title="Battle of the Wilderness">Battle of the Wilderness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Petersburg" title="Siege of Petersburg">Siege of Petersburg</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Appomattox_campaign" title="Appomattox campaign">Appomattox campaign</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wilderness_May6_1100.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map with lines and arrows showing troop movements" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Wilderness_May6_1100.png/330px-Wilderness_May6_1100.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Wilderness_May6_1100.png/495px-Wilderness_May6_1100.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Wilderness_May6_1100.png/660px-Wilderness_May6_1100.png 2x" data-file-width="2307" data-file-height="2018" /></a><figcaption>Longstreet's attack in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Wilderness" title="Battle of the Wilderness">Battle of the Wilderness</a>, May 6, 1864, shortly before he was wounded <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Confederate</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Union</div></figcaption></figure> In March, Longstreet rejoined the Army of Northern Virginia. Presented by Lee with a plan for a joint offensive by Johnston and Longstreet into Kentucky, Longstreet made the scheme bolder by adding 20,000 men under General Beauregard, who was headquartered in South Carolina. However, the plan met with disapproval from President Davis and his newly appointed military advisor, Braxton Bragg, and Longstreet remained in Virginia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert1993369–371-239">[239]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongstreet1991544–546-240">[240]</a> Longstreet discovered that his old friend Grant had been appointed General-in-Chief of the Union Army, with headquarters in the field alongside the Army of the Potomac. Longstreet told his fellow officers that "he will fight us every day and every hour until the end of the war."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERhea199442-241">[241]</a> Longstreet helped save the Confederate Army from defeat in his first battle back with Lee's army, the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Wilderness" title="Battle of the Wilderness">Battle of the Wilderness</a> in May 1864.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert1993385–387-242">[242]</a> After Grant moved south of the <a href="/wiki/Rapidan_River" title="Rapidan River">Rapidan River</a> in an attempt to take Richmond, Lee intended to delay battle to give Longstreet's 14,000 men time to arrive. Grant disrupted these plans by attacking him on May 5, and the fighting was inconclusive. The following morning at 5 am, Hancock led two divisions in a ferocious attack on A.P. Hill's corps, driving the men back two miles (3.2 km). As this was happening, Longstreet's men arrived. They took advantage of an old roadbed built for an out-of-use railroad to creep through a densely wooded area unnoticed before launching a powerful flanking attack.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow2017379–381-243">[243]</a> Longstreet's men moved forward along the Orange Plank Road against the II Corps and in two hours nearly drove it from the field. He developed tactics to deal with difficult terrain, ordering the advance of six brigades by heavy skirmish lines, which allowed his men to deliver a continuous fire into the enemy while proving to be elusive targets themselves. Historian Edward Steere attributed much of the success of the Army to "the display of tactical genius by Longstreet which more than redressed his disparity in numerical strength".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert1993385-244">[244]</a> After the war, Hancock said to Longstreet of this flanking maneuver: "You rolled me up like a wet blanket."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckenrodeConrad1999318-245">[245]</a> During the assault, Longstreet was wounded by <a href="/wiki/Friendly_fire" title="Friendly fire">friendly fire</a> only 4 miles (6.4 km) away from where Stonewall Jackson was accidentally wounded almost exactly a year earlier during the Chancellorsville campaign. A bullet passed through his shoulder, severing nerves, and tearing a gash in his throat. Jenkins, who was riding with Longstreet, was also shot and died from his wounds. The momentum of the attack subsided. As he was taken from the field, Longstreet urged Lee to press the attack. Instead, Lee delayed further movement until units could be realigned, giving the Union defenders adequate time to reorganize. The subsequent attack was a failure.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert1993385–389-246">[246]</a> According to Alexander: "I have always believed that, but for Longstreet's fall, the panic which was fairly underway in Hancock's [II] Corps would have been extended & have resulted in Grant's being forced to retreat back across the Rapidan."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander1989360-247">[247]</a> Longstreet was succeeded in command of his corps by R.H. Anderson.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckenrodeConrad1999317-248">[248]</a> He missed the rest of the 1864 spring and summer campaign, where Lee sorely missed his skill in handling the army.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESawyer200563-249">[249]</a> Without him, the Confederate army fought Grant at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Spotsylvania_Court_House" title="Battle of Spotsylvania Court House">Spotsylvania Court House</a> and was <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Petersburg" title="Siege of Petersburg">besieged</a> by Union forces at <a href="/wiki/Petersburg,_Virginia" title="Petersburg, Virginia">Petersburg</a>. On May 1, he was confirmed as an <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_in_the_United_States_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Episcopal Church in the United States of America">Episcopalian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert1993392-250">[250]</a> He was treated in <a href="/wiki/Lynchburg,_Virginia" title="Lynchburg, Virginia">Lynchburg, Virginia</a>, and recuperated in Augusta, Georgia, with his cousin, Emma Eve Longstreet Sibley, the daughter of his father's brother Gilbert.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESawyer200563-249">[249]</a> While in Augusta, he participated in the funeral service for Polk at Saint Paul's Church, casting earth onto the coffin.<a href="#cite_note-251">[251]</a> He rejoined Lee in October 1864, with his right arm paralyzed and in a sling, initially unable to ride a horse. He had taught himself to write with his left hand; by periodically pulling on his arm, as advised by doctors, he regained the use of his right hand in later years.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWelsh1999144-252">[252]</a> At this time, Longstreet's staff underwent major changes, most significantly the transfer of Sorrel, Longstreet's Chief of Staff, to brigade command. He was replaced by Major Osmun Latrobe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert1993393–394-253">[253]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESorrel1905274–276-254">[254]</a> For the remainder of the Siege of Petersburg, Longstreet commanded the defenses in front of the capital of Richmond, including all forces north of the James River and Pickett's Division at Bermuda Hundred. He retreated with Lee in the <a href="/wiki/Appomattox_campaign" title="Appomattox campaign">Appomattox campaign</a>, commanding both the First and Third Corps, following the death of A.P. Hill on April 2.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert1993390–403-255">[255]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander1989538-256">[256]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongstreet1991573–631-257">[257]</a> As Lee's army attempted to escape to <a href="/wiki/Farmville,_Virginia" title="Farmville, Virginia">Farmville</a>, Longstreet was engaged at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sailor%27s_Creek" title="Battle of Sailor's Creek">Sailor's Creek</a> on April 6.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert1993400-258">[258]</a> The Confederates were unable to reach the town, but with the assistance of troops under Anderson and Ewell, managed to prevent federal troops from blocking the army's last path of escape. The overall battle ended in disaster, with nearly 7,000 of the 10,000 Confederate troops engaged killed, wounded, or captured.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESangerHay1952298–300-259">[259]</a> By April 7, Lee's army had been reduced from nearly 40,000 men on March 31 to 25,000. A group of Confederate officers including William Pendleton, the Chief of Artillery, concluded that the time had come to ask Lee to open negotiations for the army's surrender. Pendleton approached Longstreet and asked him to intercede with Lee, but he refused, saying, "If General Lee doesn't know when to surrender until I tell him, he will never know."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESangerHay1952302-260">[260]</a> Pendleton approached Lee, who was in communication with Grant on the subject of surrender. Lee refused to surrender the army.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESangerHay1952302-260">[260]</a> Lee held his last conference of war on the night of April 8. It was decided that at daybreak, Longstreet would hold the Union troops back while <a href="/wiki/John_B._Gordon" title="John B. Gordon">John B. Gordon</a> would lead an escape towards Lynchburg, and then cover his retreat.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESangerHay1952303-261">[261]</a> At the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Appomattox_Court_House" title="Battle of Appomattox Court House">Battle of Appomattox Court House</a> that morning, Longstreet was heavily engaged with the Union II Corps under <a href="/wiki/Andrew_A._Humphreys" title="Andrew A. Humphreys">Andrew A. Humphreys</a>. Gordon's troops were surrounded, and he requested reinforcements which Longstreet could not furnish. Lee was left with no alternative but to meet Grant to discuss surrender.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESangerHay1952306–308-262">[262]</a> Lee worried that his refusal to meet with Grant to discuss surrender terms at the latter's first request would cause him to demand harsher terms. Longstreet advised him of his belief that Grant would treat them fairly. As Lee rode toward <a href="/wiki/Appomattox_Court_House_National_Historical_Park" title="Appomattox Court House National Historical Park">Appomattox Court House</a> on April 9, Longstreet said that if Grant gave too strong demands, he ought to "break off the interview and tell General Grant to do his worst".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongstreet1991628-263">[263]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert1993403-264">[264]</a> After Lee's surrender, Longstreet arrived in the <a href="/wiki/McLean_House_(Appomattox,_Virginia)" title="McLean House (Appomattox, Virginia)">McLean House</a>, where Grant happily greeted him. He offered Longstreet a cigar and invited him to play cards. "Why do men fight who were born to be brothers?...His whole greeting and conduct towards us was as though nothing had ever happened to mar our pleasant relations", Longstreet told a reporter.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow2017511-265">[265]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reconstruction_era">Reconstruction era</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Longstreet&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Reconstruction era">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JamesLongstreet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Longstreet in civilian dress" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/JamesLongstreet.jpg/220px-JamesLongstreet.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/JamesLongstreet.jpg/330px-JamesLongstreet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/JamesLongstreet.jpg/440px-JamesLongstreet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="644" data-file-height="776" /></a><figcaption>James Longstreet after the war </figcaption></figure> On June 7, 1865, Lee, Longstreet, and other former Confederate officers were indicted by a grand jury in <a href="/wiki/Norfolk,_Virginia" title="Norfolk, Virginia">Norfolk, Virginia</a> for the high crime of treason against the United States, a <a href="/wiki/Capital_offense" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital offense">capital offense</a>. Grant objected and went to the White House, telling President <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</a> that the men were on parole and protected by the surrender terms at Appomattox. When Grant threatened to resign, Johnson backed down, and on June 20, Attorney General <a href="/wiki/James_Speed" title="James Speed">James Speed</a> ordered the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney" title="United States Attorney">United States Attorney</a> in Norfolk to drop treason proceedings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2001416–418-266">[266]</a> Longstreet and his family settled in <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a>, popular among former Confederate generals. He entered into a cotton-brokerage partnership and became president of the Southern and Western Life and Accident Insurance Company.<a href="#cite_note-267">[267]</a> He sought the presidency of the <a href="/wiki/Mobile_and_Ohio_Railroad" title="Mobile and Ohio Railroad">Mobile and Ohio Railroad</a> but was unsuccessful, and also failed in an attempt to get investors for a proposed railroad from New Orleans to <a href="/wiki/Monterrey" title="Monterrey">Monterrey</a>, Mexico. With Grant's support, he applied for a pardon from Johnson. Johnson refused, telling Longstreet: "There are three persons of the South who can never receive amnesty: Mr. Davis, General Lee, and yourself. You have given the Union cause too much trouble."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert1993407–410-268">[268]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongstreet1991634-269">[269]</a> Longstreet called for Southern acceptance of <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction</a> and acquiescence to federal laws, including those <a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">abolishing slavery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">granting citizenship</a> to blacks. He encouraged Southern whites to join the heavily Northern <a href="/wiki/United_States_Republican_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Republican Party">Republican Party</a>, arguing that if they did not, the Southern wing of the party would be exclusively dominated by blacks, whereas white men joining the party would allow the black vote to be controlled. In June 1868, the <a href="/wiki/Radical_Republican" class="mw-redirect" title="Radical Republican">Radical Republican</a>-controlled <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a> enacted a law that granted pardons and restored political rights to numerous former Confederate officers, including Longstreet. Longstreet joined the Republicans, or, as Southerners sometimes called them, "Black Republicans". He endorsed Grant for president in the <a href="/wiki/1868_United_States_presidential_election" title="1868 United States presidential election">1868 election</a>, attended his <a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Ulysses_S._Grant" title="First inauguration of Ulysses S. Grant">inauguration</a> in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, and six days later was appointed by Grant as surveyor of <a href="/wiki/United_States_Customs_Service" title="United States Customs Service">customs</a> in New Orleans. The post carried an annual salary of $6,000, and Longstreet was confirmed by the Senate by a vote of 25–10. For these acts, he lost favor with many white Southerners, who regarded him as a traitor for supporting the people they viewed as oppressive occupiers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert1993410–413-270">[270]</a> His old friend D.H. Hill wrote to a newspaper: "Our <a href="/wiki/Scalawag" title="Scalawag">scalawag</a> is the local leper of the community."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert1993413-271">[271]</a> In contrast to Northerners who moved South and were sometimes referred to as "<a href="/wiki/Carpetbaggers" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpetbaggers">Carpetbaggers</a>", Hill wrote, Longstreet "is a native, which is so much the worse".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert1993413-271">[271]</a> Longstreet did not retreat in face of the criticism. He actively supported <a href="/wiki/Henry_C._Warmoth" title="Henry C. Warmoth">Henry C. Warmoth</a>, the Republican Governor of Louisiana and a former Union officer. In May 1870, Warmoth named him adjutant general of the Louisiana State Militia. About one month later, he was named president of the newly organized <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_and_Northeastern_Railroad" title="New Orleans and Northeastern Railroad">New Orleans and Northeastern Railroad</a>. On January 8, 1872, Longstreet was commissioned a major general in the state militia and assigned to the command of all militia and police forces in New Orleans. Shortly after, he resigned his posts as a collector of customs and as railroad president, followed in April by his position as adjutant general in the militia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert1993413–414-272">[272]</a> Authors espousing the <a href="/wiki/Lost_Cause_of_the_Confederacy" title="Lost Cause of the Confederacy">Lost Cause</a>, a movement that glorified the Southern cause and denounced Reconstruction, attacked Longstreet's war career for years after his death. Modern authors trace that criticism to Longstreet's acceptance of the defeat and accommodations both with the Republican party and freed blacks. The attacks formally began on January 19, 1872, the anniversary of Lee's birth and less than two years after Lee died. Jubal Early, in a speech at <a href="/wiki/Washington_and_Lee_University" title="Washington and Lee University">Washington College</a>, exonerated Lee for the defeat at Gettysburg. He accused Longstreet of attacking late on the second day and held him accountable for the debacle on the third. The following year, William Pendleton claimed in the same venue that Longstreet disobeyed an explicit order to attack at sunrise on July 2. The so-called sunrise order was a fabrication.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert1993422–423-273">[273]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckenrodeConrad1999376-274">[274]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:General_James_Longstreet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Profile view of Longstreet in civilian dress" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/General_James_Longstreet.jpg/220px-General_James_Longstreet.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/General_James_Longstreet.jpg/330px-General_James_Longstreet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/General_James_Longstreet.jpg/440px-General_James_Longstreet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="546" data-file-height="661" /></a><figcaption>James Longstreet after the war </figcaption></figure> In April 1873, Longstreet dispatched a police force under Colonel Theodore W. DeKlyne to <a href="/wiki/Colfax,_Louisiana" title="Colfax, Louisiana">Colfax, Louisiana</a>, to help the local government and its majority-black supporters defend themselves against an insurrection by white supremacists. DeKlyne did not arrive until April 14, one day after the <a href="/wiki/Colfax_massacre" title="Colfax massacre">Colfax massacre</a>. His men's task consisted mainly of burying blacks who had been killed and attempting to arrest the culprits.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELemann200620–22-275">[275]</a> During protests of election irregularities in 1874, referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Liberty_Place" title="Battle of Liberty Place">Battle of Liberty Place</a>, an armed force of 8,400 members of the anti-Reconstructionist <a href="/wiki/White_League" title="White League">White League</a> advanced on the State House in New Orleans, which was the capitol of Louisiana at the time, after Republican <a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_Kellogg" title="William Pitt Kellogg">William Pitt Kellogg</a> was declared the winner of a close and heavily disputed gubernatorial election. Longstreet commanded a force of 3,600 <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_Metropolitan_Police" title="New Orleans Metropolitan Police">Metropolitan Police</a>, city policemen, and African-American militia troops, armed with two <a href="/wiki/Gatling_gun" title="Gatling gun">Gatling guns</a> and a battery of artillery. He rode to meet the protesters but was pulled from his horse, shot by a <a href="/wiki/Mini%C3%A9_ball" title="Minié ball">spent ball</a>, and taken prisoner. The White League charged, causing many of Longstreet's men to flee or surrender. Total casualties amounted to 38 killed and 79 wounded. Federal troops sent by President Grant were required to restore order. Longstreet's use of armed black troops during the disturbances increased the denunciations by anti-Reconstructionists.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert1993413–416-276">[276]</a> In 1875, Longstreet began to challenge the criticisms of his war record, demanding evidence from Pendleton and Lee's staff officers. By then, these charges, alongside anger at him for his use of black troops in Louisiana, had destroyed his reputation. Longstreet published a series of articles defending his war record.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert1993422–423-273">[273]</a> At the same time, he became popular with Northerners, who thought highly of his support for Reconstruction and praise for Grant. Throughout the 1880s and 1890s, Longstreet often gave speeches in the North, many of them in the presence of Union veterans, and was received favorably.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiston1987159–161-277">[277]</a> A large ceremony took place in Atlanta in 1886 to mark the 25th anniversary of the attack on Fort Sumter. Longstreet was not invited, but he went anyway. He was embraced by Jefferson Davis, and a crowd cheered.<a href="#cite_note-statue-278">[278]</a> In 1875 the Longstreet family left New Orleans with concerns over health and safety, returning to <a href="/wiki/Gainesville,_Georgia" title="Gainesville, Georgia">Gainesville, Georgia</a>. By this time Louise had given birth to ten children, five of whom lived to adulthood. Longstreet continued to serve on the city school board and as an administrator of the University of Louisiana, later <a href="/wiki/Tulane_University" title="Tulane University">Tulane University</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert1993417-279">[279]</a> In March 1877, on one of his frequent trips to New Orleans on business, Longstreet converted to <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholicism</a> and remained a devout believer until his death.<a href="#cite_note-280">[280]</a> Fr. <a href="/wiki/Abram_Joseph_Ryan" title="Abram Joseph Ryan">Abram J. Ryan</a>, author of "<a href="/wiki/The_Conquered_Banner" title="The Conquered Banner">The Conquered Banner</a>", encouraged Longstreet to convert, assuring him he would be welcomed with open arms if he came into the Church.<a href="#cite_note-Catholic_Stand-281">[281]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurchStimpson20174-282">[282]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_life">Later life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Longstreet&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Later life">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:James_Longstreet_later_life.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Longstreet as an elderly man with a cleanshaven chin and long white sideburns" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/James_Longstreet_later_life.jpg/220px-James_Longstreet_later_life.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="375" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/James_Longstreet_later_life.jpg/330px-James_Longstreet_later_life.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/James_Longstreet_later_life.jpg/440px-James_Longstreet_later_life.jpg 2x" data-file-width="761" data-file-height="1298" /></a><figcaption>James Longstreet in later life (1896), affecting the <a href="/wiki/Sideburns" title="Sideburns">sideburns</a> of his <a href="/wiki/Ambrose_Burnside" title="Ambrose Burnside">opponent</a> at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fredericksburg" title="Battle of Fredericksburg">Fredericksburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Knoxville_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Knoxville Campaign">Knoxville</a> </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ALTA_VISTA_CEMETERY,_HALL_COUNTY.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/ALTA_VISTA_CEMETERY%2C_HALL_COUNTY.jpg/220px-ALTA_VISTA_CEMETERY%2C_HALL_COUNTY.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/ALTA_VISTA_CEMETERY%2C_HALL_COUNTY.jpg/330px-ALTA_VISTA_CEMETERY%2C_HALL_COUNTY.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/ALTA_VISTA_CEMETERY%2C_HALL_COUNTY.jpg/440px-ALTA_VISTA_CEMETERY%2C_HALL_COUNTY.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1848" data-file-height="2784" /></a><figcaption>Longstreet's grave at Alta Vista Cemetery, Gainesville, Georgia</figcaption></figure> Longstreet applied for various jobs through the <a href="/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes">Rutherford B. Hayes</a> administration of 1877–1881 and was briefly considered for <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_the_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of the Navy">Secretary of the Navy</a>. He served briefly as deputy collector of <a href="/wiki/Internal_Revenue_Service" title="Internal Revenue Service">internal revenue</a> and as postmaster of Gainesville. Longstreet's chief ambition was to be <a href="/wiki/U.S._Marshal" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Marshal">U.S. Marshal</a> of Georgia. President Hayes appointed Longstreet as his <a href="/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Ambassador to Turkey">Minister Resident</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, a position he held from December 14, 1880, to April 29, 1881. Longstreet suffered from the high cost of living in <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>. It prevented him from bringing his family, and the entertainment that he was expected to provide left him financially worse off than when he arrived. His only known accomplishment was convincing Sultan <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_II" title="Abdul Hamid II">Abdul Hamid II</a> to reverse his position forbidding American archeologists from undertaking research in Ottoman territories. He was granted a 60-day leave to tour Europe before being recalled in accordance with his own desires after the marshal position became available.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEicherEicher2001353-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert1993417–419-283">[283]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiston1987137–139-284">[284]</a> Longstreet served as a U.S. Marshal of Georgia from 1881 to 1884, but the return of a <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> administration under <a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a> in 1885 ended his political career and he went into semi-retirement on a 65-acre (26 ha) farm near Gainesville, where he raised turkeys and planted orchards and vineyards on terraced ground that his neighbors referred to jokingly as "Gettysburg". A devastating fire on April 9, 1889, destroyed his house and many of his possessions, including his personal papers and memorabilia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert1993418–421-285">[285]</a> That December, Louise Longstreet died.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert1993421–422-286">[286]</a> Longstreet rebutted criticism of his war record from other Confederates in his memoirs, From Manassas to Appomattox, a labor of five years published in 1896.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWelsh1999144-252">[252]</a> Piston describes the prose as "entertaining, if occasionally labored".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiston1987154-287">[287]</a> In the book, Longstreet praises several Civil War officers but frequently disparages others, particularly his postwar detractors Jubal Early and <a href="/wiki/Fitzhugh_Lee" title="Fitzhugh Lee">Fitzhugh Lee</a>. He expresses personal affection for Lee but is at times critical of his strategy. Piston argues that the quality of the book is diminished by bitterness and lack of objectivity. It did little to alter the views of Longstreet's opponents.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiston1987153–157-288">[288]</a> Longstreet served from 1897 to 1904, under presidents <a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">William McKinley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a>, as U.S. Commissioner of Railroads, succeeding <a href="/wiki/Wade_Hampton_III" title="Wade Hampton III">Wade Hampton III</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEicherEicher2001353-15">[15]</a> In 1897, at the age of 76, in a ceremony at the governor's mansion in <a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a>, Longstreet married 34-year-old librarian <a href="/wiki/Helen_Dortch_Longstreet" title="Helen Dortch Longstreet">Helen Dortch</a>. Although Longstreet's children reacted poorly to the marriage, Helen became a devoted wife and an avid supporter of his legacy after his death. She outlived him by 58 years, dying in 1962.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEicherEicher2001353-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert1993425-289">[289]</a> In 1898, Longstreet, then 77, volunteered to lead U.S. troops in Cuba during the <a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-290">[290]</a> Longstreet's final years were marked by poor health and partial deafness. In 1902 he suffered from severe <a href="/wiki/Rheumatism" title="Rheumatism">rheumatism</a> and was unable to stand for more than a few minutes at a time. His weight diminished from 200 to 135 pounds by January 1903. <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">Cancer</a> developed in his right eye, and in December he had X-ray therapy in <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a> to treat it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWelsh1999144-252">[252]</a> He contracted <a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">pneumonia</a> and died in Gainesville on January 2, 1904. Bishop <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Joseph_Keiley" title="Benjamin Joseph Keiley">Benjamin Joseph Keiley</a>, who had served under Longstreet, said his funeral Mass. Longstreet is buried in Alta Vista Cemetery in Gainesville. He outlived most of his detractors and was one of only a few general officers from the Civil War to live into the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiston1987167–169-291">[291]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert1993422–427-292">[292]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Longstreet&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Legacy">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_reputation">Historical reputation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Longstreet&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Historical reputation">edit</a>]</div> Longstreet was subject to vigorous attacks over his war record beginning in the 1870s and continuing after his death. His widow published Lee and Longstreet at High Tide in his defense and stated that "the South was seditiously taught to believe that the Federal Victory was wholly the fortuitous outcome of the culpable disobedience of General Longstreet".<a href="#cite_note-293">[293]</a> In the first half of the 20th century, Freeman kept criticism of Longstreet foremost in Civil War scholarship in his biography of Lee. Speaking of Gettysburg on July 2, 1863, he writes: "The battle was being decided at that very hour in the mind of Longstreet, who at his camp, a few miles away, was eating his heart away in sullen resentment that Lee had rejected his long cherished plan of a strategic offensive and a tactical defensive."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGallagher199862-294">[294]</a> He called Longstreet's performance so sluggish that "it has often been asked why Lee did not arrest him for insubordination or order him before a court-martial".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGallagher199862-294">[294]</a> Freeman moderated his views in his later Lee's Lieutenants: a Study in Command, where he states that Longstreet's "attitude was wrong but his instinct was correct. He should have obeyed orders, but the order should not have been given."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGallagher199862-294">[294]</a> <a href="/wiki/Clifford_Dowdey" title="Clifford Dowdey">Clifford Dowdey</a>, a Virginia newspaperman and novelist, was noted for his severe criticism of Longstreet in the 1950s and 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGallagher1998207-295">[295]</a> In 1974, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Shaara" title="Michael Shaara">Michael Shaara</a>'s novel <a href="/wiki/The_Killer_Angels" title="The Killer Angels">The Killer Angels</a> about the Battle of Gettysburg was published, based in part on Longstreet's memoirs. In 1993 the book was adapted into a film, <a href="/wiki/Gettysburg_(1993_film)" title="Gettysburg (1993 film)">Gettysburg</a>. Longstreet is depicted very favorably in both, significantly improving his standing in popular imagination.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartwig19962-296">[296]</a> Historians <a href="/wiki/Thomas_L._Connelly" title="Thomas L. Connelly">Thomas L. Connelly</a> and Barbara L. Bellows' book God and General Longstreet (1982) also upgraded Longstreet "through an attack on Lee, the Lost Cause, and the Virginia revisionists".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWakelyn1998258-297">[297]</a> In 1993, Wert published a new Longstreet biography, stating that his subject was "the finest corps commander in the Army of Northern Virginia; in fact, he was arguably the best corps commander in the conflict on either side."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert1993405–406-298">[298]</a> Military historian Richard L. DiNardo wrote: "Even Longstreet's most virulent critics have conceded that he put together the best <a href="/wiki/Staff_(military)" title="Staff (military)">staff</a> employed by any commander, and that his de facto <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_staff" title="Chief of staff">chief of staff</a>, Lieutenant Colonel G. Moxley Sorrel, was the best staff officer in the Confederacy."<a href="#cite_note-DiNardo-299">[299]</a> Noting Longstreet's delegation of control of battlefield movements to his staff, DiNardo argues that this allowed him to communicate more effectively during battles.<a href="#cite_note-DiNardo-299">[299]</a> Praise for Longstreet's political conduct is tempered by the fact that he urged white acceptance of Reconstruction at least in part so that whites, and not blacks, would have the preeminent role in rebuilding the South.<a href="#cite_note-CNN8232017-300">[300]</a> Nevertheless, he has been commended for his willingness to work with the North, support for black voting rights, and bravery in leading a partially black militia to suppress a white supremacist insurrection.<a href="#cite_note-CNN8232017-300">[300]</a><a href="#cite_note-301">[301]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Memorials">Memorials</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Longstreet&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Memorials">edit</a>]</div> Longstreet is remembered in his hometown of Gainesville, Georgia, through the Longstreet Bridge, a portion of <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_129" title="U.S. Route 129">U.S. Route 129</a> that crosses the <a href="/wiki/Chattahoochee_River" title="Chattahoochee River">Chattahoochee River</a> (later dammed to form <a href="/wiki/Lake_Sidney_Lanier" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake Sidney Lanier">Lake Sidney Lanier</a>), and the Longstreet Chapter of the <a href="/wiki/United_Daughters_of_the_Confederacy" title="United Daughters of the Confederacy">United Daughters of the Confederacy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-302">[302]</a><a href="#cite_note-303">[303]</a> In 1998, one of the last monuments erected at <a href="/wiki/Gettysburg_Battlefield" title="Gettysburg Battlefield">Gettysburg National Military Park</a> was dedicated to Longstreet: an equestrian statue by sculptor <a href="/wiki/Gary_Casteel" title="Gary Casteel">Gary Casteel</a>. The monument was funded through a grassroots campaign, and is one of the only Confederate monuments in the park "not paid for by taxpayers in the states of the former Confederacy."<a href="#cite_note-304">[304]</a> These two monuments are the only two memorials to Longstreet, whereas there were once more statues of <a href="/wiki/Nathan_Bedford_Forrest" title="Nathan Bedford Forrest">Nathan Bedford Forrest</a> in Tennessee than there were of U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a>. At least one historian attributes this to Longstreet's defense of the "rights of the freedmen and women" whereas Forrest was considered the "avenging angel" of American white supremacy and the Lost Cause myth.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitfield2021167–168-305">[305]</a> Longstreet's Billet, the house in <a href="/wiki/Russellville,_Tennessee" title="Russellville, Tennessee">Russellville, Tennessee</a>, that was occupied by Longstreet in the winter of 1863–64, is now The Longstreet Museum.<a href="#cite_note-306">[306]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:James_Longstreet_statue_at_Gettysburg_Battlefield,_Pennsylvania,_US.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Equestrian statue of General Longstreet on his horse Hero in Pitzer Woods at Gettysburg National Military Park"><img alt="Equestrian statue without a pedestal of Longstreet riding a horse" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/James_Longstreet_statue_at_Gettysburg_Battlefield%2C_Pennsylvania%2C_US.jpg/87px-James_Longstreet_statue_at_Gettysburg_Battlefield%2C_Pennsylvania%2C_US.jpg" decoding="async" width="87" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/James_Longstreet_statue_at_Gettysburg_Battlefield%2C_Pennsylvania%2C_US.jpg/130px-James_Longstreet_statue_at_Gettysburg_Battlefield%2C_Pennsylvania%2C_US.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/James_Longstreet_statue_at_Gettysburg_Battlefield%2C_Pennsylvania%2C_US.jpg/174px-James_Longstreet_statue_at_Gettysburg_Battlefield%2C_Pennsylvania%2C_US.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4017" data-file-height="5544" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Equestrian statue of General Longstreet on his horse Hero in Pitzer Woods at Gettysburg National Military Park </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:22-22-258-longstreet.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Painting of Longstreet at Chickamauga and Chattanooga National Military Park"><img alt="Painting of Longstreet at Chickamauga and Chattanooga National Military Park" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/22-22-258-longstreet.jpg/69px-22-22-258-longstreet.jpg" decoding="async" width="69" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/22-22-258-longstreet.jpg/104px-22-22-258-longstreet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/22-22-258-longstreet.jpg/138px-22-22-258-longstreet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="2048" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Painting of Longstreet at <a href="/wiki/Chickamauga_and_Chattanooga_National_Military_Park" title="Chickamauga and Chattanooga National Military Park">Chickamauga and Chattanooga National Military Park</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Longstreet&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: In popular culture">edit</a>]</div> Longstreet is a minor character in two novels by <a href="/wiki/Ben_Ames_Williams" title="Ben Ames Williams">Ben Ames Williams</a>, one of his descendants: House Divided (1947) and The Unconquered (1953).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiston19874-31">[31]</a> He appears as a cadet in <a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe_Trail_(film)" title="Santa Fe Trail (film)">Santa Fe Trail</a> (1940), played by actor <a href="/wiki/Frank_Wilcox" title="Frank Wilcox">Frank Wilcox</a>.<a href="#cite_note-307">[307]</a> Longstreet plays a prominent role in Michael Shaara's <a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize" title="Pulitzer Prize">Pulitzer Prize</a>–winning novel The Killer Angels and in the film Gettysburg, portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Tom_Berenger" title="Tom Berenger">Tom Berenger</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartwig19962-296">[296]</a> He is also featured in Shaara's son <a href="/wiki/Jeff_Shaara" title="Jeff Shaara">Jeff Shaara</a>'s novel <a href="/wiki/Gods_and_Generals_(novel)" title="Gods and Generals (novel)">Gods and Generals</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Prequel" title="Prequel">prequel</a> to his father's novel focused on the Eastern Theater before Gettysburg.<a href="#cite_note-308">[308]</a> In the film <a href="/wiki/Gods_and_Generals_(film)" title="Gods and Generals (film)">Gods and Generals</a> (2003), he is portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Boxleitner" title="Bruce Boxleitner">Bruce Boxleitner</a> in a minor role.<a href="#cite_note-309">[309]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Harry_Turtledove" title="Harry Turtledove">Harry Turtledove's</a> alternate history series <a href="/wiki/Southern_Victory" title="Southern Victory">Southern Victory</a>, Longstreet served as the fourth President of the Confederate States of America.<a href="#cite_note-310">[310]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Longstreet&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert199319-1"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWert199319_1-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWert1993">Wert 1993</a>, pp. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> Longstreet wrote in his memoirs, p. 13, that "It is difficult to determine whether the name sprang from France, Germany, or Holland." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert199319–22-3"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWert199319–22_3-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWert1993">Wert 1993</a>, pp. 19–22. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELongstreet199113-4"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongstreet199113_4-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLongstreet1991">Longstreet 1991</a>, p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDickson20001213-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDickson20001213_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDickson20001213_5-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDickson2000">Dickson 2000</a>, p. 1213. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert199322–26-6"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWert199322–26_6-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWert1993">Wert 1993</a>, pp. 22–26. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiston19872–3-7"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPiston19872–3_7-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPiston1987">Piston 1987</a>, pp. 2–3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiston19873-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPiston19873_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPiston19873_8-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPiston1987">Piston 1987</a>, p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert199324–25-9"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWert199324–25_9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWert1993">Wert 1993</a>, pp. 24–25. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert199326–29-10"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWert199326–29_10-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWert1993">Wert 1993</a>, pp. 26–29. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELongstreet199115-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongstreet199115_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLongstreet1991">Longstreet 1991</a>, p. 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert199330–31-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWert199330–31_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWert1993">Wert 1993</a>, pp. 30–31. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert199330–32-13"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWert199330–32_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWert1993">Wert 1993</a>, pp. 30–32. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELongstreet199116–17-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongstreet199116–17_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLongstreet1991">Longstreet 1991</a>, pp. 16–17. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEicherEicher2001353-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEicherEicher2001353_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEicherEicher2001353_15-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEicherEicher2001353_15-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEicherEicher2001353_15-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEicherEicher2001353_15-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEicherEicher2001353_15-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEicherEicher2001353_15-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEicherEicher2001353_15-7">h</a> <a href="#CITEREFEicherEicher2001">Eicher & Eicher 2001</a>, p. 353. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert199332–33-16"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWert199332–33_16-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWert1993">Wert 1993</a>, pp. 32–33. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert199334-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWert199334_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWert199334_17-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWert199334_17-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFWert1993">Wert 1993</a>, p. 34. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith200173-18"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith200173_18-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmith2001">Smith 2001</a>, p. 73. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow2017872-19"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChernow2017872_19-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChernow2017">Chernow 2017</a>, p. 872. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESangerHay195213-20"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESangerHay195213_20-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSangerHay1952">Sanger & Hay 1952</a>, p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert199335–36-21"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWert199335–36_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWert1993">Wert 1993</a>, pp. 35–36. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert199337–38-22"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWert199337–38_22-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWert1993">Wert 1993</a>, pp. 37–38. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert199338-23"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWert199338_23-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWert1993">Wert 1993</a>, p. 38. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert199340–41-24"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWert199340–41_24-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWert1993">Wert 1993</a>, pp. 40–41. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert199342-25"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWert199342_25-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWert1993">Wert 1993</a>, p. 42. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMendoza20083–4-26"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMendoza20083–4_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMendoza2008">Mendoza 2008</a>, pp. 3–4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert199335–45-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWert199335–45_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWert1993">Wert 1993</a>, pp. 35–45. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMendoza20084–5-28"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMendoza20084–5_28-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMendoza2008">Mendoza 2008</a>, pp. 4–5. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert199346-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWert199346_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWert199346_29-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWert1993">Wert 1993</a>, p. 46. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert199347-30"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWert199347_30-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWert1993">Wert 1993</a>, p. 47. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiston19874-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPiston19874_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPiston19874_31-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPiston1987">Piston 1987</a>, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert199347–48-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWert199347–48_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWert199347–48_32-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWert1993">Wert 1993</a>, pp. 47–48. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert199348–49-33"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWert199348–49_33-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWert1993">Wert 1993</a>, pp. 48–49. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert199348–51-34"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWert199348–51_34-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWert1993">Wert 1993</a>, pp. 48–51. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert199350–51-35"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWert199350–51_35-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWert1993">Wert 1993</a>, pp. 50–51. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELongstreet199129-36"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongstreet199129_36-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLongstreet1991">Longstreet 1991</a>, p. 29. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiston19871–2-37"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPiston19871–2_37-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPiston1987">Piston 1987</a>, pp. 1–2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELongstreet199129–30-38"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongstreet199129–30_38-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLongstreet1991">Longstreet 1991</a>, pp. 29–30. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert199351–52-39"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWert199351–52_39-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWert1993">Wert 1993</a>, pp. 51–52. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert199352-40"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWert199352_40-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWert1993">Wert 1993</a>, p. 52. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert199353–53-41"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWert199353–53_41-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWert1993">Wert 1993</a>, pp. 53–53. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert199358–61-42"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWert199358–61_42-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWert1993">Wert 1993</a>, pp. 58–61. </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> Longstreet, pp. 32–33, claimed that he sought only appointment as a paymaster, but Wert believes this was falsely modest and that he sought the glory of infantry command from the earliest days. See Wert 1993 pp. 58–61. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert199364–70-44"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWert199364–70_44-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWert1993">Wert 1993</a>, pp. 64–70. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELongstreet199137–39-45"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongstreet199137–39_45-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLongstreet1991">Longstreet 1991</a>, pp. 37–39. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELongstreet199139-46"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongstreet199139_46-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLongstreet1991">Longstreet 1991</a>, p. 39. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELongstreet199137–41-47"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongstreet199137–41_47-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLongstreet1991">Longstreet 1991</a>, pp. 37–41. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert199370–71-48"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWert199370–71_48-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWert1993">Wert 1993</a>, pp. 70–71. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert199362–67-49"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWert199362–67_49-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWert1993">Wert 1993</a>, pp. 62–67. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETagg1998204-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETagg1998204_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETagg1998204_50-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFTagg1998">Tagg 1998</a>, p. 204. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert199376–77-51"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWert199376–77_51-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWert1993">Wert 1993</a>, pp. 76–77. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESorrel19059-52">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESorrel19059_52-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESorrel19059_52-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSorrel1905">Sorrel 1905</a>, p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert199390–91-53"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWert199390–91_53-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWert1993">Wert 1993</a>, pp. 90–91. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert199396–97-54"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWert199396–97_54-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWert1993">Wert 1993</a>, pp. 96–97. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETagg1998205-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETagg1998205_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETagg1998205_55-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFTagg1998">Tagg 1998</a>, p. 205. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert199397-56"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWert199397_56-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWert1993">Wert 1993</a>, p. 97. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert1993100-57"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWert1993100_57-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWert1993">Wert 1993</a>, p. 100. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELongstreet199165-58"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongstreet199165_58-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLongstreet1991">Longstreet 1991</a>, p. 65. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert1993100–101-59"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWert1993100–101_59-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWert1993">Wert 1993</a>, pp. 100–101. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollard1866267-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollard1866267_60-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollard1866267_60-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPollard1866">Pollard 1866</a>, p. 267. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert1993104–107-61"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWert1993104–107_61-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWert1993">Wert 1993</a>, pp. 104–107. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELongstreet199174-62"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongstreet199174_62-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLongstreet1991">Longstreet 1991</a>, p. 74. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert1993106–107-63"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWert1993106–107_63-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWert1993">Wert 1993</a>, pp. 106–107. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESears201775-64"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESears201775_64-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSears2017">Sears 2017</a>, p. 75. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESears200182-65"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESears200182_65-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSears2001">Sears 2001</a>, p. 82. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiston198719-66">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPiston198719_66-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPiston198719_66-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPiston1987">Piston 1987</a>, p. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert1993124-67"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWert1993124_67-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWert1993">Wert 1993</a>, p. 124. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESears2001130-68"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESears2001130_68-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSears2001">Sears 2001</a>, p. 130. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert1993121-69"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWert1993121_69-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWert1993">Wert 1993</a>, p. 121. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiston198719–20-70"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPiston198719–20_70-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPiston1987">Piston 1987</a>, pp. 19–20. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert1993122–123-71"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWert1993122–123_71-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWert1993">Wert 1993</a>, pp. 122–123. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDickson20001214-72">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDickson20001214_72-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDickson20001214_72-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDickson20001214_72-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFDickson2000">Dickson 2000</a>, p. 1214. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELongstreet1991112-73">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongstreet1991112_73-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongstreet1991112_73-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLongstreet1991">Longstreet 1991</a>, p. 112. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESangerHay195267–68-74"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESangerHay195267–68_74-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSangerHay1952">Sanger & Hay 1952</a>, pp. 67–68. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELongstreet1991125–129-75"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongstreet1991125–129_75-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLongstreet1991">Longstreet 1991</a>, pp. 125–129. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert1993138-76"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWert1993138_76-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWert1993">Wert 1993</a>, p. 138. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert1993141–144-77"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWert1993141–144_77-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWert1993">Wert 1993</a>, pp. 141–144. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESangerHay195272–74-78"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESangerHay195272–74_78-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSangerHay1952">Sanger & Hay 1952</a>, pp. 72–74. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert1993144–145-79"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWert1993144–145_79-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWert1993">Wert 1993</a>, pp. 144–145. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESangerHay195274-80"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESangerHay195274_80-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSangerHay1952">Sanger & Hay 1952</a>, p. 74. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert1993134–151-81"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWert1993134–151_81-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWert1993">Wert 1993</a>, pp. 134–151. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert1993152-82"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWert1993152_82-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWert1993">Wert 1993</a>, p. 152. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert1993151–152-83"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWert1993151–152_83-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWert1993">Wert 1993</a>, pp. 151–152. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert1993151-84"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWert1993151_84-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWert1993">Wert 1993</a>, p. 151. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert1993164-85"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWert1993164_85-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWert1993">Wert 1993</a>, p. 164. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiston198722–23-86"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPiston198722–23_86-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPiston1987">Piston 1987</a>, pp. 22–23. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert1993153–155-87"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWert1993153–155_87-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWert1993">Wert 1993</a>, pp. 153–155. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert1993206-88">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWert1993206_88-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWert1993206_88-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWert1993">Wert 1993</a>, p. 206. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert1993156-89"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWert1993156_89-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWert1993">Wert 1993</a>, p. 156. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiston198723-90"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPiston198723_90-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPiston1987">Piston 1987</a>, p. 23. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert1993157–168-91"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWert1993157–168_91-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWert1993">Wert 1993</a>, pp. 157–168. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert1993161-92"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWert1993161_92-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWert1993">Wert 1993</a>, p. 161. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert1993164–166-93"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWert1993164–166_93-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWert1993">Wert 1993</a>, pp. 164–166. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGallagher1998140–157-94"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGallagher1998140–157_94-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGallagher1998">Gallagher 1998</a>, pp. 140–157. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert1993166–172-95"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWert1993166–172_95-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWert1993">Wert 1993</a>, pp. 166–172. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreeman1936325-96"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreeman1936325_96-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFreeman1936">Freeman 1936</a>, p. 325. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert1993172-97"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWert1993172_97-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWert1993">Wert 1993</a>, p. 172. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert1993176-98"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWert1993176_98-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWert1993">Wert 1993</a>, p. 176. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert1993177–178-99"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWert1993177–178_99-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWert1993">Wert 1993</a>, pp. 177–178. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELongstreet1991180-198-100"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongstreet1991180-198_100-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLongstreet1991">Longstreet 1991</a>, p. 180-198. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert1993179-101"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWert1993179_101-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWert1993">Wert 1993</a>, p. 179. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHennessy1993441–442-102"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHennessy1993441–442_102-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHennessy1993">Hennessy 1993</a>, pp. 441–442. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert1993180–181-103">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWert1993180–181_103-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWert1993180–181_103-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWert1993">Wert 1993</a>, pp. 180–181. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELongstreet1991200-104"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongstreet1991200_104-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLongstreet1991">Longstreet 1991</a>, p. 200. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander1989151-105"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander1989151_105-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAlexander1989">Alexander 1989</a>, p. 151. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander1989195-106"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander1989195_106-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAlexander1989">Alexander 1989</a>, p. 195. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert1993195–198-107"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWert1993195–198_107-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWert1993">Wert 1993</a>, pp. 195–198. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESears1983284–307-108"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESears1983284–307_108-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSears1983">Sears 1983</a>, pp. 284–307. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollard1866316-109"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollard1866316_109-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPollard1866">Pollard 1866</a>, p. 316. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELongstreet1991256–259-110"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongstreet1991256–259_110-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLongstreet1991">Longstreet 1991</a>, pp. 256–259. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELongstreet1991259–262-111"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongstreet1991259–262_111-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLongstreet1991">Longstreet 1991</a>, pp. 259–262. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollard1866316–317-112"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPollard1866316–317_112-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPollard1866">Pollard 1866</a>, pp. 316–317. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESears1983307–323-113"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESears1983307–323_113-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSears1983">Sears 1983</a>, pp. 307–323. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert1993200-114"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWert1993200_114-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWert1993">Wert 1993</a>, p. 200. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander1989153–154-115"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlexander1989153–154_115-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAlexander1989">Alexander 1989</a>, pp. 153–154. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESears1983306–307-116"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESears1983306–307_116-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSears1983">Sears 1983</a>, pp. 306–307. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDickson20001215-117">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDickson20001215_117-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDickson20001215_117-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDickson2000">Dickson 2000</a>, p. 1215. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWert1993205–208-118"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWert1993205–208_118-0">^</a> <a 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.cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLee1864" class="citation web cs1">Lee, Robert E. 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General Longstreet Headquarters Museum. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191218235308/http://www.longstreetmuseum.com/">Archived</a> from the original on December 18, 2019. 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Penguin Random House. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210818200117/https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/164533/gods-and-generals-by-jeff-shaara/9780345409577/teachers-guide/">Archived</a> from the original on August 18, 2021. Retrieved August 18, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gods+and+Generals+Teacher%27s+Guide&rft.pub=Penguin+Random+House&rft.aulast=Parker&rft.aufirst=Jacqueline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.penguinrandomhouse.com%2Fbooks%2F164533%2Fgods-and-generals-by-jeff-shaara%2F9780345409577%2Fteachers-guide%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Longstreet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-309"><a href="#cite_ref-309">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLast2003" class="citation web cs1">Last, Jonathan V. (February 20, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/weekly-standard/of-gods-and-generals">"Of "Gods and Generals""</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Examiner" class="mw-redirect" title="The Washington Examiner">The Washington Examiner</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210818195602/https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/weekly-standard/of-gods-and-generals">Archived</a> from the original on August 18, 2021. Retrieved August 16, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Examiner&rft.atitle=Of+%22Gods+and+Generals%22&rft.date=2003-02-20&rft.aulast=Last&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonexaminer.com%2Fweekly-standard%2Fof-gods-and-generals&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Longstreet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-310"><a href="#cite_ref-310">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.clevelandcivilwarroundtable.com/a-review-of-how-few-remain-a-novel-of-the-second-war-between-the-states-by-harry-turtledove/">"A Review of How Few Remain: A Novel of the Second War Between the States by Harry Turtledove – The Cleveland Civil War Roundtable"</a>. January 20, 2021. Retrieved July 19, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Review+of+How+Few+Remain%3A+A+Novel+of+the+Second+War+Between+the+States+by+Harry+Turtledove+%E2%80%93+The+Cleveland+Civil+War+Roundtable&rft.date=2021-01-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.clevelandcivilwarroundtable.com%2Fa-review-of-how-few-remain-a-novel-of-the-second-war-between-the-states-by-harry-turtledove%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Longstreet" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Longstreet&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biographies">Biographies</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Longstreet&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Biographies">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConnellyBellows1982" class="citation book cs1">Connelly, Thomas L.; Bellows, Barbara L. (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=COVYCwAAQBAJ">The Lost Cause and the Southern Mind</a>. Baton Rouge, LA: LSU Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8071-2014-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8071-2014-6"><bdi>0-8071-2014-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210816035018/https://books.google.com/books?id=COVYCwAAQBAJ&source=gbs_book_other_versions">Archived</a> from the original on August 16, 2021. Retrieved August 16, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lost+Cause+and+the+Southern+Mind&rft.place=Baton+Rouge%2C+LA&rft.pub=LSU+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0-8071-2014-6&rft.aulast=Connelly&rft.aufirst=Thomas+L.&rft.au=Bellows%2C+Barbara+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCOVYCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Longstreet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEckenrodeConrad1999" class="citation book cs1">Eckenrode, Hamilton J.; Conrad, Bryan (1999) [1986]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F1HXE5nmsWkC">James Longstreet: Lee's War Horse</a>. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-4799-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-4799-2"><bdi>978-0-8078-4799-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210816013833/https://books.google.com/books?id=F1HXE5nmsWkC&source=gbs_book_other_versions">Archived</a> from the original on August 16, 2021. Retrieved August 16, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=James+Longstreet%3A+Lee%27s+War+Horse&rft.place=Chapel+Hill%2C+NC&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8078-4799-2&rft.aulast=Eckenrode&rft.aufirst=Hamilton+J.&rft.au=Conrad%2C+Bryan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF1HXE5nmsWkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Longstreet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMendoza2008" class="citation book cs1">Mendoza, Alexander (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z5gNdyfJaa0C">Confederate Struggle For Command: General James Longstreet and the First Corps in the West</a>. College Station, TX: Texas A&M University. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60344-052-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60344-052-3"><bdi>978-1-60344-052-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210904150022/https://books.google.com/books?id=Z5gNdyfJaa0C">Archived</a> from the original on September 4, 2021. Retrieved November 12, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Confederate+Struggle+For+Command%3A+General+James+Longstreet+and+the+First+Corps+in+the+West&rft.place=College+Station%2C+TX&rft.pub=Texas+A%26M+University&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-60344-052-3&rft.aulast=Mendoza&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ5gNdyfJaa0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Longstreet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPiston1987" class="citation book cs1">Piston, William Garrett (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=n24-UIO3TuUC">Lee's Tarnished Lieutenant: James Longstreet and His Place in Southern History</a>. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8203-1229-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8203-1229-3"><bdi>978-0-8203-1229-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210904150027/https://books.google.com/books?id=n24-UIO3TuUC">Archived</a> from the original on September 4, 2021. Retrieved November 12, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lee%27s+Tarnished+Lieutenant%3A+James+Longstreet+and+His+Place+in+Southern+History&rft.place=Athens%2C+GA&rft.pub=University+of+Georgia+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-8203-1229-3&rft.aulast=Piston&rft.aufirst=William+Garrett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dn24-UIO3TuUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Longstreet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSangerHay1952" class="citation book cs1">Sanger, Donald B.; Hay, Thomas Robson (1952). James Longstreet: I. Soldier II. Politician, Officeholder, and Writer. Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/445168">445168</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=James+Longstreet%3A+I.+Soldier+II.+Politician%2C+Officeholder%2C+and+Writer&rft.place=Baton+Rouge%2C+LA&rft.pub=Louisiana+State+University+Press&rft.date=1952&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F445168&rft.aulast=Sanger&rft.aufirst=Donald+B.&rft.au=Hay%2C+Thomas+Robson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Longstreet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSawyer2005" class="citation book cs1">Sawyer, Gordon (2005). James Longstreet: Before Manassas & After Appomattox. Gainesville, GA: Sawyer House Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61005-525-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61005-525-3"><bdi>978-1-61005-525-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=James+Longstreet%3A+Before+Manassas+%26+After+Appomattox&rft.place=Gainesville%2C+GA&rft.pub=Sawyer+House+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-61005-525-3&rft.aulast=Sawyer&rft.aufirst=Gordon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Longstreet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWert1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jeffry_D._Wert" title="Jeffry D. Wert">Wert, Jeffrey D.</a> (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ShosZ-1-Ho0C&pg=PA5">General James Longstreet: The Confederacy's Most Controversial Soldier-A Biography</a>. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-671-70921-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-671-70921-1"><bdi>978-0-671-70921-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210904150027/https://books.google.com/books?id=ShosZ-1-Ho0C&pg=PA5">Archived</a> from the original on September 4, 2021. Retrieved September 17, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=General+James+Longstreet%3A+The+Confederacy%27s+Most+Controversial+Soldier-A+Biography&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-671-70921-1&rft.aulast=Wert&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DShosZ-1-Ho0C%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Longstreet" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Specialized_studies">Specialized studies</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Longstreet&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Specialized studies">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurchStimpson2017" class="citation book cs1">Burch, Brian; Stimpson, Emily (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w50sDgAAQBAJ">The American Catholic Almanac: a daily reader of patriots, saints, rogues, and ordinary people who changed the United States</a>. New York, NY: Crown Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-553-41874-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-553-41874-3"><bdi>978-0-553-41874-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210816150916/https://books.google.com/books?id=w50sDgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on August 16, 2021. Retrieved August 23, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Catholic+Almanac%3A+a+daily+reader+of+patriots%2C+saints%2C+rogues%2C+and+ordinary+people+who+changed+the+United+States&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Crown+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-553-41874-3&rft.aulast=Burch&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft.au=Stimpson%2C+Emily&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dw50sDgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Longstreet" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Callihan, David L. "Neither Villain Nor Hero: A Reassessment of James Longstreet's Performance at Gettysburg." The Gettysburg Magazine, issue 26, January 2002.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChernow2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ron_Chernow" title="Ron Chernow">Chernow, Ron</a> (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wRYcDgAAQBAJ">Grant</a>. New York, NY: Penguin Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59420-487-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59420-487-6"><bdi>978-1-59420-487-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200229044101/https://books.google.com/books?id=wRYcDgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on February 29, 2020. Retrieved October 25, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grant&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Penguin+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-59420-487-6&rft.aulast=Chernow&rft.aufirst=Ron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwRYcDgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Longstreet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoddington1968" class="citation book cs1">Coddington, Edwin B. (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P-7RMD77eQcC&pg=PR1">The Gettysburg Campaign: A Study in Command</a>. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-84569-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-84569-2"><bdi>978-0-684-84569-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210819160049/https://books.google.com/books?id=P-7RMD77eQcC&pg=PR1">Archived</a> from the original on August 19, 2021. Retrieved September 20, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gettysburg+Campaign%3A+A+Study+in+Command&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=978-0-684-84569-2&rft.aulast=Coddington&rft.aufirst=Edwin+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP-7RMD77eQcC%26pg%3DPR1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Longstreet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCozzens1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Cozzens" title="Peter Cozzens">Cozzens, Peter</a> (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wVfKPS-wT90C">This Terrible Sound: The Battle of Chickamauga</a>. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-252-06594-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-252-06594-1"><bdi>978-0-252-06594-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210904150032/https://books.google.com/books?id=wVfKPS-wT90C">Archived</a> from the original on September 4, 2021. Retrieved November 12, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=This+Terrible+Sound%3A+The+Battle+of+Chickamauga&rft.place=Urbana%2C+IL&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-252-06594-1&rft.aulast=Cozzens&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwVfKPS-wT90C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Longstreet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDickson2000" class="citation book cs1">Dickson, Charles Ellis (2000). "James Longstreet". In Heidler, David S.; Heidler, Janne T. (eds.). Encyclopedia of the American Civil War: A Political, Social, and Military History. New York, NY: W. W. Norton & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-04758-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-04758-5"><bdi>978-0-393-04758-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=James+Longstreet&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+American+Civil+War%3A+A+Political%2C+Social%2C+and+Military+History&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-393-04758-5&rft.aulast=Dickson&rft.aufirst=Charles+Ellis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Longstreet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEicherEicher2001" class="citation book cs1">Eicher, John H.; <a href="/wiki/David_J._Eicher" title="David J. Eicher">Eicher, David J.</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Fs0Ajlnjl6AC">Civil War High Commands</a>. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-3641-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-3641-1"><bdi>978-0-8047-3641-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160514162853/https://books.google.com/books?id=Fs0Ajlnjl6AC">Archived</a> from the original on May 14, 2016. Retrieved November 12, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Civil+War+High+Commands&rft.place=Palo+Alto%2C+CA&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-3641-1&rft.aulast=Eicher&rft.aufirst=John+H.&rft.au=Eicher%2C+David+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFs0Ajlnjl6AC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Longstreet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFuller1957" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._F._C._Fuller" title="J. F. C. Fuller">Fuller, J. F. C.</a> (1957) [1932]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wtkrAAAAIAAJ">Grant and Lee: A Study in Personality and Generalship</a>. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-20288-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-20288-8"><bdi>978-0-253-20288-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210904150029/https://books.google.com/books?id=wtkrAAAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on September 4, 2021. Retrieved November 12, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grant+and+Lee%3A+A+Study+in+Personality+and+Generalship&rft.place=Bloomington%2C+IN&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1957&rft.isbn=978-0-253-20288-8&rft.aulast=Fuller&rft.aufirst=J.+F.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwtkrAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Longstreet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreeman1936" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Southall_Freeman" title="Douglas Southall Freeman">Freeman, Douglas Southall</a> (1936). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-Z0uAAAAIAAJ">R.E. Lee: A Biography</a>. New York, NY: C. Scribner's Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780684156293" title="Special:BookSources/9780684156293"><bdi>9780684156293</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210904150027/https://books.google.com/books?id=-Z0uAAAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on September 4, 2021. Retrieved November 12, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=R.E.+Lee%3A+A+Biography&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=C.+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1936&rft.isbn=9780684156293&rft.aulast=Freeman&rft.aufirst=Douglas+Southall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-Z0uAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Longstreet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGallagher1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gary_W._Gallagher" title="Gary W. Gallagher">Gallagher, Gary W.</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NUWrPwEg-IwC">Lee and His Generals in War and Memory</a>. Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8071-2958-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8071-2958-6"><bdi>978-0-8071-2958-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210904150022/https://books.google.com/books?id=NUWrPwEg-IwC">Archived</a> from the original on September 4, 2021. Retrieved November 12, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lee+and+His+Generals+in+War+and+Memory&rft.place=Baton+Rouge%2C+LA&rft.pub=Louisiana+State+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8071-2958-6&rft.aulast=Gallagher&rft.aufirst=Gary+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNUWrPwEg-IwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Longstreet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHartwig1996" class="citation book cs1">Hartwig, D. Scott (1996). A Killer Angels Companion. Gettysburg, PA: Thomas Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-939631-95-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-939631-95-7"><bdi>978-0-939631-95-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Killer+Angels+Companion&rft.place=Gettysburg%2C+PA&rft.pub=Thomas+Publications&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-939631-95-7&rft.aulast=Hartwig&rft.aufirst=D.+Scott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Longstreet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHattawayJones1983" class="citation book cs1">Hattaway, Herman; Jones, Archer (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TPx18EZrgqAC">How the North Won: A Military History of the Civil War</a>. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-252-00918-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-252-00918-1"><bdi>978-0-252-00918-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210904150024/https://books.google.com/books?id=TPx18EZrgqAC">Archived</a> from the original on September 4, 2021. Retrieved August 12, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+the+North+Won%3A+A+Military+History+of+the+Civil+War&rft.place=Urbana%2C+IL&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-252-00918-1&rft.aulast=Hattaway&rft.aufirst=Herman&rft.au=Jones%2C+Archer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTPx18EZrgqAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Longstreet" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHennessy1993" class="citation book cs1">Hennessy, John J. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PBsrAAAAIAAJ">Return to Bull Run: The Campaign and Battle of Second Manassas</a>. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-671-79368-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-671-79368-5"><bdi>978-0-671-79368-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210904150023/https://books.google.com/books?id=PBsrAAAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on September 4, 2021. Retrieved November 12, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Return+to+Bull+Run%3A+The+Campaign+and+Battle+of+Second+Manassas&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-671-79368-5&rft.aulast=Hennessy&rft.aufirst=John+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPBsrAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Longstreet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLemann2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Lemann" title="Nicholas Lemann">Lemann, Nicholas</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nnl_RySqdl8C">Redemption: The Last Battle of the Civil War</a>. New York, NY: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-374-24855-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-374-24855-0"><bdi>978-0-374-24855-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210904150030/https://books.google.com/books?id=nnl_RySqdl8C">Archived</a> from the original on September 4, 2021. Retrieved November 12, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Redemption%3A+The+Last+Battle+of+the+Civil+War&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Farrar%2C+Straus+and+Giroux&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-374-24855-0&rft.aulast=Lemann&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dnnl_RySqdl8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Longstreet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoole2000" class="citation book cs1">Poole, John Randolph (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2IjFaEZnOIsC&pg=PA106">Cracker Cavaliers: The 2nd Georgia Cavalry Under Wheeler and Forrest</a>. Macon, Georgia: Mercer University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86554-697-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86554-697-4"><bdi>978-0-86554-697-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cracker+Cavaliers%3A+The+2nd+Georgia+Cavalry+Under+Wheeler+and+Forrest&rft.place=Macon%2C+Georgia&rft.pub=Mercer+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-86554-697-4&rft.aulast=Poole&rft.aufirst=John+Randolph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2IjFaEZnOIsC%26pg%3DPA106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Longstreet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRhea1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gordon_C._Rhea" title="Gordon C. Rhea">Rhea, Gordon C.</a> (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YOflfnM9tpcC">The Battle of the Wilderness, May 5–6, 1864</a>. Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8071-1873-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8071-1873-3"><bdi>978-0-8071-1873-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210819160245/https://books.google.com/books?id=YOflfnM9tpcC">Archived</a> from the original on August 19, 2021. Retrieved November 12, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Battle+of+the+Wilderness%2C+May+5%E2%80%936%2C+1864&rft.place=Baton+Rouge%2C+LA&rft.pub=Louisiana+State+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-8071-1873-3&rft.aulast=Rhea&rft.aufirst=Gordon+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYOflfnM9tpcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Longstreet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSears2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_W._Sears" title="Stephen W. Sears">Sears, Stephen W.</a> (2001) [1992]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C43tkWunuh0C">To the Gates of Richmond: The Peninsula Campaign</a>. New York, NY: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-618-12713-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-618-12713-9"><bdi>978-0-618-12713-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210818032252/https://books.google.com/books/about/To_the_Gates_of_Richmond.html?id=C43tkWunuh0C">Archived</a> from the original on August 18, 2021. Retrieved August 18, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=To+the+Gates+of+Richmond%3A+The+Peninsula+Campaign&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-618-12713-9&rft.aulast=Sears&rft.aufirst=Stephen+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DC43tkWunuh0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Longstreet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSears1983" class="citation book cs1">Sears, Stephen W. (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SXm_WaZ_AVwC">Landscape Turned Red: The Battle of Antietam</a>. New York, NY: Houghton Mifflin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-618-12713-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-618-12713-9"><bdi>978-0-618-12713-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210920215617/https://books.google.com/books/about/Landscape_Turned_Red.html?id=SXm_WaZ_AVwC">Archived</a> from the original on September 20, 2021. Retrieved September 20, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Landscape+Turned+Red%3A+The+Battle+of+Antietam&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-618-12713-9&rft.aulast=Sears&rft.aufirst=Stephen+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSXm_WaZ_AVwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Longstreet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSears2017" class="citation book cs1">Sears, Stephen W. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p0FmCwAAQBAJ">Lincoln's Lieutenants: The High Command of the Army of the Potomac</a>. New York, NY: Houghton Mifflin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-544-82625-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-544-82625-0"><bdi>978-0-544-82625-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210921141841/https://books.google.com/books/about/Lincoln_s_Lieutenants.html?id=p0FmCwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on September 21, 2021. Retrieved September 21, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lincoln%27s+Lieutenants%3A+The+High+Command+of+the+Army+of+the+Potomac&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-544-82625-0&rft.aulast=Sears&rft.aufirst=Stephen+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dp0FmCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Longstreet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Edward_Smith" title="Jean Edward Smith">Smith, Jean Edward</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TssAXSdPTi4C">Grant</a>. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-1701-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-1701-9"><bdi>978-0-7432-1701-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210904150029/https://books.google.com/books?id=TssAXSdPTi4C">Archived</a> from the original on September 4, 2021. Retrieved November 12, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grant&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7432-1701-9&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Jean+Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTssAXSdPTi4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Longstreet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStarr1985" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Starr, Stephen Z. (1985). The Union Cavalry in the Civil War. Vol. III: The War in the West, 1861–1865. Baton Rouge, Louisiana: Louisiana State University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8071-1209-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8071-1209-7"><bdi>0-8071-1209-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Union+Cavalry+in+the+Civil+War&rft.place=Baton+Rouge%2C+Louisiana&rft.pub=Louisiana+State+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0-8071-1209-7&rft.aulast=Starr&rft.aufirst=Stephen+Z.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Longstreet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTagg1998" class="citation book cs1">Tagg, Larry (1998). The Generals of Gettysburg: the Leaders Of America's Greatest Battle. Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-882810-30-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-882810-30-9"><bdi>1-882810-30-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Generals+of+Gettysburg%3A+the+Leaders+Of+America%27s+Greatest+Battle&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=1-882810-30-9&rft.aulast=Tagg&rft.aufirst=Larry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Longstreet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWakelyn1998" class="citation book cs1">Wakelyn, Jon L. (1998). "James Longstreet". In Ritter, Charles F.; Wakelyn, Jon L. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ib-2AgAAQBAJ">Leaders of the American Civil War: A Biographical and Historiographical Dictionary</a>. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57958-112-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57958-112-1"><bdi>978-1-57958-112-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210904150026/https://books.google.com/books?id=ib-2AgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on September 4, 2021. Retrieved July 27, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=James+Longstreet&rft.btitle=Leaders+of+the+American+Civil+War%3A+A+Biographical+and+Historiographical+Dictionary&rft.place=Westport%2C+CT&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-57958-112-1&rft.aulast=Wakelyn&rft.aufirst=Jon+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dib-2AgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Longstreet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWelsh1999" class="citation book cs1">Welsh, Jack D. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1X1evZu45RcC">Medical Histories of Confederate Generals</a>. Kent, OH: Kent State University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87338-853-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87338-853-5"><bdi>978-0-87338-853-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210904150025/https://books.google.com/books?id=1X1evZu45RcC">Archived</a> from the original on September 4, 2021. Retrieved November 12, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medical+Histories+of+Confederate+Generals&rft.place=Kent%2C+OH&rft.pub=Kent+State+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-87338-853-5&rft.aulast=Welsh&rft.aufirst=Jack+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1X1evZu45RcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Longstreet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitfield2021" class="citation book cs1">Whitfield, Stephen J. (2021). Smith, John David; Arsenault, Raymond (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv1s7cjw9">The Long Civil War: New Explorations of America's Enduring Conflict</a>. Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctv1s7cjw9">10.2307/j.ctv1s7cjw9</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-8131-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-8131-8"><bdi>978-0-8131-8131-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv1s7cjw9">j.ctv1s7cjw9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Long+Civil+War%3A+New+Explorations+of+America%27s+Enduring+Conflict&rft.place=Lexington%2C+KY&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctv1s7cjw9%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctv1s7cjw9&rft.isbn=978-0-8131-8131-8&rft.aulast=Whitfield&rft.aufirst=Stephen+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctv1s7cjw9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Longstreet" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Longstreet&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Primary sources">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexander1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Porter_Alexander" title="Edward Porter Alexander">Alexander, Edward P.</a> (1989). Gallagher, Gary W. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9-WAYRaktqsC&pg=PR3">Fighting for the Confederacy: The Personal Recollections of General Edward Porter Alexander</a>. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-1848-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-1848-0"><bdi>978-0-8078-1848-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210904150025/https://books.google.com/books?id=9-WAYRaktqsC&pg=PR3">Archived</a> from the original on September 4, 2021. Retrieved September 17, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fighting+for+the+Confederacy%3A+The+Personal+Recollections+of+General+Edward+Porter+Alexander&rft.place=Chapel+Hill%2C+NC&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-8078-1848-0&rft.aulast=Alexander&rft.aufirst=Edward+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9-WAYRaktqsC%26pg%3DPR3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Longstreet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLongstreet1991" class="citation book cs1">Longstreet, James (1991) [1896]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UDkOAAAAIAAJ">From Manassas to Appomattox: Memoirs of the Civil War in America</a>. New York, NY: Mallard Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7924-5603-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7924-5603-3"><bdi>0-7924-5603-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210904150023/https://books.google.com/books?id=UDkOAAAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on September 4, 2021. Retrieved November 12, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Manassas+to+Appomattox%3A+Memoirs+of+the+Civil+War+in+America&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Mallard+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-7924-5603-3&rft.aulast=Longstreet&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUDkOAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Longstreet" class="Z3988"> First published in 1896 by J. B. Lippincott and Co.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPollard1866" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_A._Pollard" title="Edward A. Pollard">Pollard, Edward A.</a> (1866). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6TEOAAAAIAAJ">The Lost Cause: A New Southern History of the War of the Confederates: Comprising a Full and Authentic Account of the Rise and Progress of the Late Southern Confederacy—the Campaigns, Battles, Incidents, and Adventures of the Most Gigantic Struggle of the World's History</a>. New York, NY: E.B. Treat & Co., Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-517-10131-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-517-10131-5"><bdi>978-0-517-10131-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1190064933">1190064933</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210813224706/https://books.google.com/books?id=6TEOAAAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on August 13, 2021. Retrieved November 12, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lost+Cause%3A+A+New+Southern+History+of+the+War+of+the+Confederates%3A+Comprising+a+Full+and+Authentic+Account+of+the+Rise+and+Progress+of+the+Late+Southern+Confederacy%E2%80%94the+Campaigns%2C+Battles%2C+Incidents%2C+and+Adventures+of+the+Most+Gigantic+Struggle+of+the+World%27s+History&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=E.B.+Treat+%26+Co.%2C+Publishers&rft.date=1866&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1190064933&rft.isbn=978-0-517-10131-5&rft.aulast=Pollard&rft.aufirst=Edward+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6TEOAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Longstreet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSorrel1905" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Moxley_Sorrel" title="Moxley Sorrel">Sorrel, G. Moxley</a> (1905). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xEG2wGlDHeMC">Recollections of a Confederate Staff Officer</a>. New York and Washington: Neale Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/566313386">566313386</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210816033237/https://books.google.com/books/about/Recollections_of_a_Confederate_Staff_Off.html?id=xEG2wGlDHeMC">Archived</a> from the original on August 16, 2021. Retrieved August 16, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Recollections+of+a+Confederate+Staff+Officer&rft.place=New+York+and+Washington&rft.pub=Neale+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1905&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F566313386&rft.aulast=Sorrel&rft.aufirst=G.+Moxley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxEG2wGlDHeMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Longstreet" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Longstreet&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCallihan1992" class="citation journal cs1">Callihan, David L. (January 1992). "Neither Villain Nor Hero: A Reassessment of James Longstreet's Performance at Gettysburg". The Gettysburg Magazine (26).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Gettysburg+Magazine&rft.atitle=Neither+Villain+Nor+Hero%3A+A+Reassessment+of+James+Longstreet%27s+Performance+at+Gettysburg&rft.issue=26&rft.date=1992-01&rft.aulast=Callihan&rft.aufirst=David+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Longstreet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiNardo1998" class="citation book cs1">DiNardo, Richard L. (1998). James Longstreet: The Man, the Soldier, the Controversy. Conshohocken, PA: Combined Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-938289-96-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-938289-96-8"><bdi>978-0-938289-96-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=James+Longstreet%3A+The+Man%2C+the+Soldier%2C+the+Controversy&rft.place=Conshohocken%2C+PA&rft.pub=Combined+Publishing&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-938289-96-8&rft.aulast=DiNardo&rft.aufirst=Richard+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Longstreet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoner2023" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eric_Foner" title="Eric Foner">Foner, Eric</a> (December 2023). "A Traitor to the Traitors". <a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a>: 102–107.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=A+Traitor+to+the+Traitors&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E102-%3C%2Fspan%3E107&rft.date=2023-12&rft.aulast=Foner&rft.aufirst=Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Longstreet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_S._Freeman" class="mw-redirect" title="Douglas S. Freeman">Freeman, Douglas S.</a> Lee's Lieutenants: A Study in Command. 3 vols. New York: Scribner, 1946. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-85979-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-85979-8">978-0-684-85979-8</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHelen_Dortch_Longstreet1904" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Helen_Dortch_Longstreet" title="Helen Dortch Longstreet">Helen Dortch Longstreet</a> (1904). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M4eAAAAAIAAJ">Lee and Longstreet at High Tide: Gettysburg in the Light of the Official Records</a>. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780527582005" title="Special:BookSources/9780527582005"><bdi>9780527582005</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lee+and+Longstreet+at+High+Tide%3A+Gettysburg+in+the+Light+of+the+Official+Records&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=J.B.+Lippincott+Company&rft.date=1904&rft.isbn=9780527582005&rft.au=Helen+Dortch+Longstreet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM4eAAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Longstreet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPfarr2019" class="citation book cs1">Pfarr, Cory M. (2019). Longstreet at Gettysburg: A Critical Reassessment. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-7404-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-7404-9"><bdi>978-1-4766-7404-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Longstreet+at+Gettysburg%3A+A+Critical+Reassessment&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+NC&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Co.&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-4766-7404-9&rft.aulast=Pfarr&rft.aufirst=Cory+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Longstreet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVaron2023" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Varon" title="Elizabeth Varon">Varon, Elizabeth</a> (2023). <a href="/wiki/Longstreet:_The_Confederate_General_Who_Defied_the_South" title="Longstreet: The Confederate General Who Defied the South">Longstreet: The Confederate General Who Defied the South</a>. New York City: Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-9821-4827-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-9821-4827-0"><bdi>978-1-9821-4827-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Longstreet%3A+The+Confederate+General+Who+Defied+the+South&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-1-9821-4827-0&rft.aulast=Varon&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Longstreet" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Longstreet&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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Confederate Surrender at Appomattox, Virginia April 10, 1865</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.agribusinesscouncil.org/longstreet.htm">General Longstreet Recognition Project</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://georgiainfo.galileo.usg.edu/topics/historical_markers/county/hall/lt.-gen.-james-longstreet">Lt. Gen. James Longstreet historical marker</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/39460">Works by James Longstreet</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Longstreet%2C%20James%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22James%20Longstreet%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Longstreet%2C%20James%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22James%20Longstreet%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Longstreet%2C%20J%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22James%20Longstreet%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Longstreet%2C%20James%22%20OR%20description%3A%22James%20Longstreet%22%29%20OR%20%28%221821-1904%22%20AND%20Longstreet%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about James Longstreet</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rose.library.emory.edu/">Stuart A. Rose Manuscript, Archives, and Rare Book Library</a>, Emory University: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pid.emory.edu/ark:/25593/8zkpq">James Longstreet papers, 1850–1904</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output 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Speech">Cornerstone Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crittenden_Compromise" title="Crittenden Compromise">Crittenden Compromise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dred_Scott_v._Sandford" title="Dred Scott v. Sandford">Dred Scott v. Sandford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-Eaters" title="Fire-Eaters">Fire-Eaters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_slave_laws_in_the_United_States" title="Fugitive slave laws in the United States">Fugitive slave laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantation_complexes_in_the_Southern_United_States" title="Plantation complexes in the Southern United States">Plantations in the American South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_as_a_positive_good_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery as a positive good in the United States">Positive good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_Power" title="Slave Power">Slave Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Slavery in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treatment_of_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Treatment of slaves in the United States">Treatment of slaves in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncle_Tom%27s_Cabin" title="Uncle Tom's Cabin">Uncle Tom's Cabin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">Abolitionism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">Abolitionism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony" title="Susan B. Anthony">Susan B. Anthony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_G._Birney" title="James G. Birney">James G. Birney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown_(abolitionist)" title="John Brown (abolitionist)">John Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Frederick Douglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lloyd_Garrison" title="William Lloyd Garrison">William Lloyd Garrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lane_Debates_on_Slavery" class="mw-redirect" title="Lane Debates on Slavery">Lane Debates on Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah_Parish_Lovejoy" title="Elijah Parish Lovejoy">Elijah Parish Lovejoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Sella_Martin" title="J. Sella Martin">J. Sella Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysander_Spooner" title="Lysander Spooner">Lysander Spooner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Luther_Stearns" title="George Luther Stearns">George Luther Stearns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_Stevens" title="Thaddeus Stevens">Thaddeus Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner" title="Charles Sumner">Charles Sumner</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caning_of_Charles_Sumner" title="Caning of Charles Sumner">Caning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Tubman" title="Harriet Tubman">Harriet Tubman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_Railroad" title="Underground Railroad">Underground Railroad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="CombatantsTheatersCampaignsBattlesStates250" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Combatants</li><li>Theaters</li><li>Campaigns</li><li>Battles</li><li>States</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Combatants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal; background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Union_army" title="Union army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Navy" title="Union Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Revenue_Cutter_Service" title="United States Revenue Cutter Service">Revenue Cutter Service</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal; background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederacy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Army" title="Confederate States Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Navy" title="Confederate States Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Marine_Corps" title="Confederate States Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Theaters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_theater_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Eastern theater of the American Civil War">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_theater_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Western theater of the American Civil War">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_seaboard_theater_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Lower seaboard theater of the American Civil War">Lower Seaboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Mississippi_theater_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Trans-Mississippi theater of the American Civil War">Trans-Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_coast_theater_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Pacific coast theater of the American Civil War">Pacific Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_blockade" title="Union blockade">Union naval blockade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Major <a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Campaigns of the American Civil War">campaigns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anaconda_Plan" title="Anaconda Plan">Anaconda Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_runners_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Blockade runners of the American Civil War">Blockade runners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_campaign" title="New Mexico campaign">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackson%27s_Valley_campaign" title="Jackson's Valley campaign">Jackson's Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peninsula_campaign" title="Peninsula campaign">Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Virginia_campaign" title="Northern Virginia campaign">Northern Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_campaign" title="Maryland campaign">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stones_River" title="Battle of Stones River">Stones River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicksburg_campaign" title="Vicksburg campaign">Vicksburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tullahoma_campaign" title="Tullahoma campaign">Tullahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gettysburg_campaign" title="Gettysburg campaign">Gettysburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morgan%27s_Raid" title="Morgan's Raid">Morgan's Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristoe_campaign" title="Bristoe campaign">Bristoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knoxville_campaign" title="Knoxville campaign">Knoxville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_River_campaign" title="Red River campaign">Red River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overland_Campaign" title="Overland Campaign">Overland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_campaign" title="Atlanta campaign">Atlanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valley_campaigns_of_1864" title="Valley campaigns of 1864">Valley 1864</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_Hundred_campaign" title="Bermuda Hundred campaign">Bermuda Hundred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Petersburg" title="Siege of Petersburg">Richmond-Petersburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin%E2%80%93Nashville_campaign" title="Franklin–Nashville campaign">Franklin–Nashville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Price%27s_Missouri_Expedition" title="Price's Missouri Expedition">Price's Missouri Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherman%27s_March_to_the_Sea" title="Sherman's March to the Sea">Sherman's March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_of_the_Carolinas" class="mw-redirect" title="Campaign of the Carolinas">Carolinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_campaign_(1865)" title="Mobile campaign (1865)">Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appomattox_campaign" title="Appomattox campaign">Appomattox</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Major <a href="/wiki/List_of_American_Civil_War_battles" title="List of American Civil War battles">battles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Sumter" title="Battle of Fort Sumter">Fort Sumter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Bull_Run" title="First Battle of Bull Run">1st Bull Run</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wilson%27s_Creek" title="Battle of Wilson's Creek">Wilson's Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Donelson" title="Battle of Fort Donelson">Fort Donelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pea_Ridge" title="Battle of Pea Ridge">Pea Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hampton_Roads" title="Battle of Hampton Roads">Hampton Roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shiloh" title="Battle of Shiloh">Shiloh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Forts_Jackson_and_St._Philip" title="Battle of Forts Jackson and St. Philip">New Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Corinth" title="Siege of Corinth">Corinth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Seven_Pines" title="Battle of Seven Pines">Seven Pines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Days_Battles" title="Seven Days Battles">Seven Days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Bull_Run" title="Second Battle of Bull Run">2nd Bull Run</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Antietam" title="Battle of Antietam">Antietam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Perryville" title="Battle of Perryville">Perryville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fredericksburg" title="Battle of Fredericksburg">Fredericksburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stones_River" title="Battle of Stones River">Stones River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chancellorsville" title="Battle of Chancellorsville">Chancellorsville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gettysburg" title="Battle of Gettysburg">Gettysburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Vicksburg" title="Siege of Vicksburg">Vicksburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chickamauga" title="Battle of Chickamauga">Chickamauga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chattanooga_campaign" title="Chattanooga campaign">Chattanooga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Wilderness" title="Battle of the Wilderness">Wilderness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Pillow" title="Battle of Fort Pillow">Fort Pillow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Spotsylvania_Court_House" title="Battle of Spotsylvania Court House">Spotsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cold_Harbor" title="Battle of Cold Harbor">Cold Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Atlanta" title="Battle of Atlanta">Atlanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Crater" title="Battle of the Crater">Crater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mobile_Bay" title="Battle of Mobile Bay">Mobile Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Franklin_(1864)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Franklin (1864)">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nashville" title="Battle of Nashville">Nashville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Five_Forks" title="Battle of Five Forks">Five Forks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Involvement</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">States and territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Alabama in the American Civil War">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkansas_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Arkansas in the American Civil War">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Arizona" title="Confederate Arizona">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="California in the American Civil War">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_in_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Colorado in the American Civil War">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Connecticut in the American Civil War">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakota_Territory#Dakota_Territory_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Dakota Territory">Dakota Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C.,_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Washington, D.C., in the American Civil War">District of Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Delaware#Delaware_in_the_Civil_War" title="History of Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Florida in the American Civil War">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Georgia in the American Civil War">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaii_and_the_American_Civil_War" title="Hawaii and the American Civil War">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho_in_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Idaho in the American Civil War">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Illinois in the American Civil War">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Territory_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Indian Territory in the American Civil War">Indian Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Indiana in the American Civil War">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iowa_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Iowa in the American Civil War">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Kansas in the American Civil War">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kentucky_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Kentucky in the American Civil War">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Louisiana in the American Civil War">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Maine in the American Civil War">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Maryland in the American Civil War">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Massachusetts in the American Civil War">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Michigan in the American Civil War">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Minnesota#Civil_War_era_and_Dakota_War_of_1862" title="History of Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Mississippi in the American Civil War">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Missouri in the American Civil War">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montana_in_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Montana in the American Civil War">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebraska_Territory_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Nebraska Territory in the American Civil War">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Nevada in the American Civil War">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Hampshire#Civil_War:_1861–1865" title="History of New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="New Jersey in the American Civil War">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_Territory_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="New Mexico Territory in the American Civil War">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="New York in the American Civil War">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="North Carolina in the American Civil War">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Ohio in the American Civil War">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Oregon in the American Civil War">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Pennsylvania in the American Civil War">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Rhode Island in the American Civil War">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="South Carolina in the American Civil War">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Tennessee in the American Civil War">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Texas in the American Civil War">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_in_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Utah in the American Civil War">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermont_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Vermont in the American Civil War">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Virginia in the American Civil War">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_in_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington in the American Civil War">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="West Virginia in the American Civil War">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Wisconsin in the American Civil War">Wisconsin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Atlanta in the American Civil War">Atlanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charleston_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Charleston in the American Civil War">Charleston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chattanooga_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Chattanooga in the American Civil War">Chattanooga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="New Orleans in the American Civil War">New Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richmond_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Richmond in the American Civil War">Richmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C.,_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Washington, D.C., in the American Civil War">Washington, D.C.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winchester,_Virginia_in_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Winchester, Virginia in the American Civil War">Winchester</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="Leaders250" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Military_leadership_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Military leadership in the American Civil War">Leaders</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Confederate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_H._Anderson_(general)" title="Richard H. Anderson (general)">R. H. Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._G._T._Beauregard" title="P. G. T. Beauregard">Beauregard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braxton_Bragg" title="Braxton Bragg">Bragg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Buchanan" title="Franklin Buchanan">Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Cooper_(general)" title="Samuel Cooper (general)">Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jubal_Early" title="Jubal Early">Early</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_S._Ewell" title="Richard S. Ewell">Ewell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Bedford_Forrest" title="Nathan Bedford Forrest">Forrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Gorgas" title="Josiah Gorgas">Gorgas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._P._Hill" title="A. P. Hill">Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bell_Hood" title="John Bell Hood">Hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_Jackson" title="Stonewall Jackson">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Sidney_Johnston" title="Albert Sidney Johnston">A. S. Johnston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_E._Johnston" title="Joseph E. Johnston">J. E. Johnston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee" title="Robert E. Lee">Lee</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Longstreet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hunt_Morgan" title="John Hunt Morgan">Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_S._Mosby" title="John S. Mosby">Mosby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonidas_Polk" title="Leonidas Polk">Polk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sterling_Price" title="Sterling Price">Price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raphael_Semmes" title="Raphael Semmes">Semmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Kirby_Smith" title="Edmund Kirby Smith">E. K. Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._E._B._Stuart" title="J. E. B. Stuart">Stuart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Taylor_(Confederate_general)" title="Richard Taylor (Confederate general)">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Wheeler" title="Joseph Wheeler">Wheeler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Civilian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judah_P._Benjamin" title="Judah P. Benjamin">Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_S._Bocock" title="Thomas S. Bocock">Bocock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Breckinridge" title="John C. Breckinridge">Breckinridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Davis" title="Jefferson Davis">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_M._T._Hunter" title="Robert M. T. Hunter">Hunter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Mallory" title="Stephen Mallory">Mallory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Memminger" title="Christopher Memminger">Memminger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Seddon" title="James Seddon">Seddon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_H._Stephens" title="Alexander H. Stephens">Stephens</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Union</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Anderson_(Union_officer)" title="Robert Anderson (Union officer)">Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Carlos_Buell" title="Don Carlos Buell">Buell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose_Burnside" title="Ambrose Burnside">Burnside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Butler" title="Benjamin Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Francis_Du_Pont" title="Samuel Francis Du Pont">Du Pont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Farragut" title="David Farragut">Farragut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Hull_Foote" title="Andrew Hull Foote">Foote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont" title="John C. Frémont">Frémont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Halleck" title="Henry Halleck">Halleck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hooker" title="Joseph Hooker">Hooker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Jackson_Hunt" title="Henry Jackson Hunt">Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_B._McClellan" title="George B. McClellan">McClellan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irvin_McDowell" title="Irvin McDowell">McDowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Meade" title="George Meade">Meade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montgomery_C._Meigs" title="Montgomery C. Meigs">Meigs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Ord" title="Edward Ord">Ord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Pope_(military_officer)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Pope (military officer)">Pope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Dixon_Porter" title="David Dixon Porter">D. D. Porter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Rosecrans" title="William Rosecrans">Rosecrans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott" title="Winfield Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Sheridan" title="Philip Sheridan">Sheridan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Tecumseh_Sherman" title="William Tecumseh Sherman">Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Henry_Thomas" title="George Henry Thomas">Thomas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Civilian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Francis_Adams_Sr." title="Charles Francis Adams Sr.">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_P._Chase" title="Salmon P. Chase">Chase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ericsson" title="John Ericsson">Ericsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannibal_Hamlin" title="Hannibal Hamlin">Hamlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Pinkerton" title="Allan Pinkerton">Pinkerton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Seward" title="William H. Seward">Seward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Stanton" title="Edwin Stanton">Stanton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_Stevens" title="Thaddeus Stevens">Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Wade" title="Benjamin Wade">Wade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gideon_Welles" title="Gideon Welles">Welles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="Aftermath250" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Aftermath</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Amendments" title="Reconstruction Amendments">Reconstruction Amendments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">13th Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">14th Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">15th Amendment</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Claims" title="Alabama Claims">Alabama Claims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooks%E2%80%93Baxter_War" title="Brooks–Baxter War">Brooks–Baxter War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpetbagger" title="Carpetbagger">Carpetbaggers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colfax_massacre" title="Colfax massacre">Colfax riot of 1873</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1877" title="Compromise of 1877">Compromise of 1877</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_colonies" title="Confederate colonies">Confederate refugees</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederados" title="Confederados">Confederados</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_riot_of_1874" class="mw-redirect" title="Election riot of 1874">Eufaula riot of 1874</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedmen%27s_Bureau" title="Freedmen's Bureau">Freedmen's Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedman%27s_Savings_Bank" title="Freedman's Savings Bank">Freedman's Savings Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homestead_Acts" title="Homestead Acts">Homestead Acts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Homestead_Act_of_1866" title="Southern Homestead Act of 1866">Southern Homestead Act of 1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_Culture_Act" title="Timber Culture Act">Timber Culture Act</a> of 1873</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impeachment_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Impeachment of Andrew Johnson">Impeachment of Andrew Johnson</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impeachment_trial_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Impeachment trial of Andrew Johnson">trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efforts_to_impeach_Andrew_Johnson" title="Efforts to impeach Andrew Johnson">efforts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_impeachment_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Timeline of the impeachment of Andrew Johnson">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_impeachment_inquiry_into_Andrew_Johnson" title="First impeachment inquiry into Andrew Johnson">first inquiry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_impeachment_inquiry_into_Andrew_Johnson" title="Second impeachment inquiry into Andrew Johnson">second inquiry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_impeachment_managers_investigation" title="1868 impeachment managers investigation">impeachment managers investigation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirk%E2%80%93Holden_war" title="Kirk–Holden war">Kirk–Holden war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knights_of_the_White_Camelia" title="Knights of the White Camelia">Knights of the White Camelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_violence" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic violence">Ethnic violence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Memphis_riots_of_1866" class="mw-redirect" title="Memphis riots of 1866">Memphis riots of 1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meridian_race_riot_of_1871" title="Meridian race riot of 1871">Meridian riot of 1871</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_massacre_of_1866" class="mw-redirect" title="New Orleans massacre of 1866">New Orleans riot of 1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulaski_riot" title="Pulaski riot">Pulaski (Tennessee) riot of 1867</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_civil_disturbances_of_1876" title="South Carolina civil disturbances of 1876">South Carolina riots of 1876</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Acts" title="Reconstruction Acts">Reconstruction acts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Habeas_Corpus_Act_of_1867" title="Habeas Corpus Act of 1867">Habeas Corpus Act of 1867</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enforcement_Act_of_1870" title="Enforcement Act of 1870">Enforcement Act of 1870</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Enforcement_Act" title="Second Enforcement Act">Enforcement Act of February 1871</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Enforcement_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Enforcement Act">Enforcement Act of April 1871</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_military_districts" title="Reconstruction military districts">Reconstruction military districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Treaties" title="Reconstruction Treaties">Reconstruction Treaties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Smith_Council" title="Fort Smith Council">Indian Council at Fort Smith</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Shirts_(United_States)" title="Red Shirts (United States)">Red Shirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redeemers" title="Redeemers">Redeemers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scalawag" title="Scalawag">Scalawags</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_civil_disturbances_of_1876" title="South Carolina civil disturbances of 1876">South Carolina riots of 1876</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Claims_Commission" title="Southern Claims Commission">Southern Claims Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_League" title="White League">White League</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Post- Reconstruction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commemoration_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Commemoration of the American Civil War">Commemoration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War_Centennial" title="American Civil War Centennial">Centennial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_Discovery_Trail" title="Civil War Discovery Trail">Civil War Discovery Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_Roundtable" title="Civil War Roundtable">Civil War Roundtables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_Trails_Program" title="Civil War Trails Program">Civil War Trails Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_Trust" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil War Trust">Civil War Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_History_Month" title="Confederate History Month">Confederate History Month</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Memorial_Day" title="Confederate Memorial Day">Confederate Memorial Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorial_Day" title="Memorial Day">Decoration Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War_reenactment" title="American Civil War reenactment">Historical reenactment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee_Day" title="Robert E. Lee Day">Robert E. Lee Day</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Memorial_Hall" title="Confederate Memorial Hall">Confederate Memorial Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disenfranchisement_after_the_Reconstruction_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Disenfranchisement after the Reconstruction era">Disenfranchisement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Codes_(United_States)" title="Black Codes (United States)">Black Codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiographic_issues_about_the_American_Civil_War" title="Historiographic issues about the American Civil War">Historiographic issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_Cause_of_the_Confederacy" title="Lost Cause of the Confederacy">Lost Cause mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_display_of_the_Confederate_battle_flag" title="Modern display of the Confederate battle flag">Modern display of the Confederate flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Shirts_(United_States)" title="Red Shirts (United States)">Red Shirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Confederate_Veterans" title="Sons of Confederate Veterans">Sons of Confederate Veterans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Union_Veterans_of_the_Civil_War" title="Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War">Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Historical_Society" title="Southern Historical Society">Southern Historical Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Confederate_Veterans" title="United Confederate Veterans">United Confederate Veterans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Daughters_of_the_Confederacy" title="United Daughters of the Confederacy">United Daughters of the Confederacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children_of_the_Confederacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Children of the Confederacy">Children of the Confederacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilmington_insurrection_of_1898" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilmington insurrection of 1898">Wilmington insurrection of 1898</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Monuments and memorials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Union</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Union_Civil_War_monuments_and_memorials" title="List of Union Civil War monuments and memorials">List</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_the_Grand_Army_of_the_Republic" title="List of memorials to the Grand Army of the Republic">Grand Army of the Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_Abraham_Lincoln" title="List of memorials to Abraham Lincoln">memorials to Lincoln</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Confederate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Confederate_monuments_and_memorials" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Confederate monuments and memorials">List</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_artworks_in_the_United_States_Capitol" title="Confederate artworks in the United States Capitol">artworks in Capitol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_Jefferson_Davis" title="List of memorials to Jefferson Davis">memorials to Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_Robert_E._Lee" title="List of memorials to Robert E. Lee">memorials to Lee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Removal_of_Confederate_monuments_and_memorials" title="Removal of Confederate monuments and memorials">Removal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Cemeteries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ladies%27_Memorial_Association" title="Ladies' Memorial Association">Ladies' Memorial Associations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_Era_National_Cemeteries_MPS" title="Civil War Era National Cemeteries MPS">U.S. national cemeteries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Veterans</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1913_Gettysburg_reunion" title="1913 Gettysburg reunion">1913 Gettysburg reunion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1938_Gettysburg_reunion" title="1938 Gettysburg reunion">1938 Gettysburg reunion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Memorial_Hall" title="Confederate Memorial Hall">Confederate Memorial Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Veteran" title="Confederate Veteran">Confederate Veteran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Army_of_the_Republic" title="Grand Army of the Republic">Grand Army of the Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Order_of_the_Loyal_Legion_of_the_United_States" title="Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States">Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the U.S.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_soldiers%27_home" title="Old soldiers' home">Old soldiers' homes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Cross_of_Honor" title="Southern Cross of Honor">Southern Cross of Honor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Confederate_Veterans" title="United Confederate Veterans">United Confederate Veterans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="Related_topics250" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Related topics</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_weapons_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="List of weapons in the American Civil War">Arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_Campaign_Medal" title="Civil War Campaign Medal">Campaign Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Cavalry in the American Civil War">Cavalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Home_Guard" title="Confederate Home Guard">Confederate Home Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_railroads_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Confederate railroads in the American Civil War">Confederate railroads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_revolving_cannon" title="Confederate revolving cannon">Confederate revolving cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_artillery_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Field artillery in the American Civil War">Field artillery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_Civil_War_Medal_of_Honor_recipients" title="List of American Civil War Medal of Honor recipients">Medal of Honor recipients</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicine_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Medicine in the American Civil War">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_naval_battles_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="List of naval battles of the American Civil War">Naval battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Official_Records_of_the_Union_and_Confederate_Armies" title="Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies">Official Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partisan_Ranger_Act" title="Partisan Ranger Act">Partisan rangers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War_prison_camps" title="American Civil War prison camps">POW camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foods_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Foods of the American Civil War">Rations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signal_Corps_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Signal Corps in the American Civil War">Signal Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turning_point_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Turning point of the American Civil War">Turning point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War_Corps_Badges" title="American Civil War Corps Badges">Union corps badges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Army_Balloon_Corps" title="Union Army Balloon Corps">U.S. Balloon Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_Guard_(Union)" title="Home Guard (Union)">U.S. Home Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Railroad" title="United States Military Railroad">U.S. Military Railroad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Political</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress_Joint_Committee_on_the_Conduct_of_the_War" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Congress Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War">Committee on the Conduct of the War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_presidential_election" class="mw-redirect" title="Confederate States presidential election">Confederate States presidential election of 1861</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confiscation_Act_of_1861" title="Confiscation Act of 1861">Confiscation Act of 1861</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confiscation_Act_of_1862" title="Confiscation Act of 1862">Confiscation Act of 1862</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copperhead_(politics)" title="Copperhead (politics)">Copperheads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomacy_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Diplomacy of the American Civil War">Diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habeas_Corpus_Suspension_Act_(1863)" title="Habeas Corpus Suspension Act (1863)">Habeas Corpus Act of 1863</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hampton_Roads_Conference" title="Hampton Roads Conference">Hampton Roads Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="National Union Party (United States)">National Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_politicians_killed_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="List of politicians killed in the American Civil War">Politicians killed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Republicans" title="Radical Republicans">Radical Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trent_Affair" title="Trent Affair">Trent Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_League" title="Union League">Union Leagues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_United_States_presidential_election" title="1864 United States presidential election">U.S. Presidential Election of 1864</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_Democrat" title="War Democrat">War Democrats</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Music of the American Civil War">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_Hymn_of_the_Republic" title="Battle Hymn of the Republic">Battle Hymn of the Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dixie_(song)" title="Dixie (song)">Dixie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown%27s_Body" title="John Brown's Body">John Brown's Body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Lincoln_Portrait" class="mw-redirect" title="A Lincoln Portrait">A Lincoln Portrait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marching_Through_Georgia" title="Marching Through Georgia">Marching Through Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland,_My_Maryland" title="Maryland, My Maryland">Maryland, My Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/When_Johnny_Comes_Marching_Home" title="When Johnny Comes Marching Home">When Johnny Comes Marching Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daar_kom_die_Alibama" title="Daar kom die Alibama">Daar kom die Alibama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">By ethnicity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_African_Americans_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Military history of African Americans in the American Civil War">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Americans_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="German Americans in the American Civil War">German Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Americans_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Irish Americans in the American Civil War">Irish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Americans_in_the_Civil_War" title="Italian Americans in the Civil War">Italian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Native Americans in the American Civil War">Native Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catawba_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Catawba in the American Civil War">Catawba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Cherokee in the American Civil War">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Choctaw in the American Civil War">Choctaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seminole_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Seminole in the American Civil War">Seminole</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltimore_riot_of_1861" title="Baltimore riot of 1861">Baltimore riot of 1861</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War_battlefield_preservation" title="American Civil War battlefield preservation">Battlefield preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Bibliography of the American Civil War">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_war_finance" title="Confederate war finance">Confederate war finance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_dollar" title="Confederate States dollar">Confederate States dollar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War_spies" title="American Civil War spies">Espionage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Secret_Service" title="Confederate Secret Service">Confederate Secret Service</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Hanging_at_Gainesville" title="Great Hanging at Gainesville">Great Hanging at Gainesville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Army_revival" title="Confederate States Army revival">Great Revival of 1863</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_issues_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Gender issues in the American Civil War">Gender issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juneteenth" title="Juneteenth">Juneteenth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Names of the American Civil War">Naming the war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_gold_hoax" title="Civil War gold hoax">New York City Gold Hoax of 1864</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_draft_riots" title="New York City draft riots">New York City riots of 1863</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographers_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Photographers of the American Civil War">Photographers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_bread_riots" title="Southern bread riots">Richmond riots of 1863</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Salt in the American Civil War">Salt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_cases_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Supreme Court cases of the American Civil War">Supreme Court cases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_token" title="Civil War token">Tokens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Sanitary_Commission" title="United States Sanitary Commission">U.S. Sanitary Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_American_Civil_War_soldiers" title="List of female American Civil War soldiers">Women soldiers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_and_television_shows_about_the_American_Civil_War" title="List of films and television shows about the American Civil War">List of films and television shows about the American Civil War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:American_Civil_War" title="Category:American Civil War">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:American_Civil_War" title="Portal:American Civil War">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Gettysburg_figures6636" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gettysburg_figures" title="Template:Gettysburg figures"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gettysburg_figures" title="Template talk:Gettysburg figures"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gettysburg_figures" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gettysburg figures"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Gettysburg_figures6636" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gettysburg" title="Battle of Gettysburg">Gettysburg figures</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Army" title="Confederate States Army">Confederate</a> leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee" title="Robert E. Lee">Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Porter_Alexander" title="Edward Porter Alexander">Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_H._Anderson_(general)" title="Richard H. Anderson (general)">R. Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_T._Anderson" title="George T. Anderson">G. Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_J._Archer" title="James J. Archer">Archer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Addison_Armistead" class="mw-redirect" title="Lewis Addison Armistead">Armistead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Barksdale" title="William Barksdale">Barksdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_L._Benning" title="Henry L. Benning">Benning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Brockenbrough" title="John M. Brockenbrough">Brockenbrough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_R._Chambliss" title="John R. Chambliss">Chambliss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junius_Daniel" title="Junius Daniel">Daniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_R._Davis" title="Joseph R. Davis">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_P._Doles" title="George P. Doles">Doles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jubal_Early" title="Jubal Early">Early</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_S._Ewell" title="Richard S. Ewell">Ewell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_B._Garnett" title="Richard B. Garnett">Garnett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_B._Gordon" title="John B. Gordon">Gordon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wade_Hampton_III" title="Wade Hampton III">Hampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_T._Hays" title="Harry T. Hays">Hays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Heth" title="Henry Heth">Heth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._P._Hill" title="A. P. Hill">Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bell_Hood" title="John Bell Hood">Hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_G._Humphreys" title="Benjamin G. Humphreys">Humphreys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_D._Imboden" title="John D. Imboden">Imboden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Iverson_Jr." title="Alfred Iverson Jr.">Iverson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_G._Jenkins" title="Albert G. Jenkins">Jenkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Johnson_(general)" title="Edward Johnson (general)">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Jones" title="John M. Jones">J. Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Jones_(general)" title="William E. Jones (general)">W. Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_L._Kemper" title="James L. Kemper">Kemper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_B._Kershaw" title="Joseph B. Kershaw">Kershaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Henry_Lane_(Confederate_general)" title="James Henry Lane (Confederate general)">Lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evander_M._Law" title="Evander M. Law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fitzhugh_Lee" title="Fitzhugh Lee">F. Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Fitzhugh_Lee" class="mw-redirect" title="William Henry Fitzhugh Lee">W. Lee</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Longstreet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Mahone" title="William Mahone">Mahone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_K._Marshall" title="James K. Marshall">Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lafayette_McLaws" title="Lafayette McLaws">McLaws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_A._O%27Neal" title="Edward A. O'Neal">O'Neal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_C._Oates" title="William C. Oates">Oates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Dorsey_Pender" title="William Dorsey Pender">Pender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Johnston_Pettigrew" title="J. Johnston Pettigrew">Pettigrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abner_Monroe_Perrin" title="Abner Monroe Perrin">Perrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Pickett" title="George Pickett">Pickett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnot_Posey" title="Carnot Posey">Posey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Dodson_Ramseur" title="Stephen Dodson Ramseur">Ramseur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome_B._Robertson" title="Jerome B. Robertson">Robertson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Rodes" title="Robert E. Rodes">Rodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Moore_Scales" title="Alfred Moore Scales">Scales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Jones_Semmes" title="Paul Jones Semmes">Semmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Smith_(Virginia_governor)" title="William Smith (Virginia governor)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._Steuart_(brigadier_general)" title="George H. Steuart (brigadier general)">G. Steuart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._E._B._Stuart" title="J. E. B. Stuart">J. E. B. Stuart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Lloyd_Thomas" title="Edward Lloyd Thomas">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_R._Trimble" title="Isaac R. Trimble">Trimble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Walker" title="James A. Walker">J. Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reuben_Lindsay_Walker" title="Reuben Lindsay Walker">R. Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadmus_M._Wilcox" title="Cadmus M. Wilcox">Wilcox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_T._Wofford" title="William T. Wofford">Wofford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose_R._Wright" title="Ambrose R. Wright">Wright</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a> leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Meade" title="George Meade">Meade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adelbert_Ames" title="Adelbert Ames">Ames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romeyn_B._Ayres" title="Romeyn B. Ayres">Ayres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_C._Barlow" title="Francis C. Barlow">Barlow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Barnes_(general)" title="James Barnes (general)">Barnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Baxter" title="Henry Baxter">Baxter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapman_Biddle" title="Chapman Biddle">Biddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_B._Birney" title="David B. Birney">Birney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Buford" title="John Buford">Buford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Caldwell" title="John C. Caldwell">Caldwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Candy" title="Charles Candy">Candy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Henry_Carpenter" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Henry Carpenter">Carpenter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bradford_Carr" title="Joseph Bradford Carr">Carr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua_Chamberlain" title="Joshua Chamberlain">J. Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ira_W._Claflin" title="Ira W. Claflin">Claflin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_E._Cross" title="Edward E. Cross">Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Gregg_Curtin" title="Andrew Gregg Curtin">Curtin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alonzo_Cushing" title="Alonzo Cushing">Cushing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Armstrong_Custer" title="George Armstrong Custer">Custer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysander_Cutler" title="Lysander Cutler">Cutler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_W._Crawford" title="Samuel W. Crawford">Crawford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abner_Doubleday" title="Abner Doubleday">Doubleday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elon_J._Farnsworth" title="Elon J. Farnsworth">Farnsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Geary" title="John W. Geary">Geary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Gibbon" title="John Gibbon">Gibbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_von_Gilsa" title="Leopold von Gilsa">Gilsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_K._Graham" title="Charles K. Graham">Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_S._Greene" title="George S. Greene">Greene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_McMurtrie_Gregg" title="David McMurtrie Gregg">Gregg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott_Hancock" title="Winfield Scott Hancock">Hancock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Harrow" title="William Harrow">Harrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hays" title="Alexander Hays">Hays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hooker" title="Joseph Hooker">Hooker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Otis_Howard" title="Oliver Otis Howard">Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_A._Humphreys" title="Andrew A. Humphreys">Humphreys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Jackson_Hunt" title="Henry Jackson Hunt">Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judson_Kilpatrick" class="mw-redirect" title="Judson Kilpatrick">Kilpatrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82odzimierz_Krzy%C5%BCanowski" title="Włodzimierz Krzyżanowski">Krzyżanowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Meredith" title="Solomon Meredith">Meredith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wesley_Merritt" title="Wesley Merritt">Merritt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Newton_(engineer)" title="John Newton (engineer)">Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_M._Nolan" title="Nicholas M. Nolan">Nolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Rene_Paul" class="mw-redirect" title="Gabriel Rene Paul">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Pleasonton" title="Alfred Pleasonton">Pleasonton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Reynolds" title="John F. Reynolds">Reynolds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Clay_Rice" title="James Clay Rice">Rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Robinson" title="John C. Robinson">Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Algeo_Rowley" title="Thomas Algeo Rowley">Rowley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_H._Ruger" title="Thomas H. Ruger">Ruger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Schimmelfennig" title="Alexander Schimmelfennig">Schimmelfennig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schurz" title="Carl Schurz">Schurz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sedgwick" title="John Sedgwick">Sedgwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Sickles" title="Daniel Sickles">Sickles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Warner_Slocum" title="Henry Warner Slocum">Slocum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_J._Stannard" title="George J. Stannard">Stannard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_H._Starr" title="Samuel H. Starr">Starr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolph_von_Steinwehr" title="Adolph von Steinwehr">Steinwehr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Sykes" title="George Sykes">Sykes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_S._Tilton" title="William S. Tilton">Tilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_O._Tyler" title="Robert O. Tyler">Tyler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strong_Vincent" title="Strong Vincent">Vincent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_S._Wadsworth" title="James S. Wadsworth">Wadsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._H._Hobart_Ward" title="J. H. Hobart Ward">Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gouverneur_K._Warren" title="Gouverneur K. Warren">Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_H._Weed" title="Stephen H. Weed">Weed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_S._Webb" title="Alexander S. Webb">Webb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_L._Willard" title="George L. Willard">Willard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpheus_S._Williams" title="Alpheus S. Williams">Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_K._Zook" title="Samuel K. Zook">Zook</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Other notable military personnel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russell_A._Alger" title="Russell A. Alger">Alger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_E._Avery" title="Isaac E. Avery">Avery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurence_S._Baker" title="Laurence S. Baker">Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Horatio_Belo" title="Alfred Horatio Belo">Belo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiram_Berdan" title="Hiram Berdan">Berdan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Biddle" title="Alexander Biddle">Biddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_R._Brooke" title="John R. Brooke">Brooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_F._Brown" title="Stephen F. Brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goode_Bryan" title="Goode Bryan">Bryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_K._Burgwyn" title="Henry K. Burgwyn">Burgwyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_C._Burling" title="George C. Burling">Burling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_S._Carroll" title="Samuel S. Carroll">Carroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Henry_Carter_(Civil_War)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Henry Carter (Civil War)">Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Chamberlain_(soldier)" title="Thomas Chamberlain (soldier)">T. Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Colvill" title="William J. Colvill">Colvill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Corby" title="William Corby">Corby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Coster" title="Charles Coster">Coster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Dearing" title="James Dearing">Dearing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Devin" title="Thomas Devin">Devin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_van_Horne_Ellis" title="Augustus van Horne Ellis">Ellis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Enderlin" title="Richard Enderlin">Enderlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Lyon_Fremantle" title="Arthur Lyon Fremantle">Lyon Fremantle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birkett_D._Fry" title="Birkett D. Fry">Fry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Gamble_(general)" title="William Gamble (general)">Gamble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenner_Garrard" title="Kenner Garrard">Garrard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_C._Godwin" title="Archibald C. Godwin">Godwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._J._Goree" title="T. J. Goree">Goree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Irvin_Gregg" title="John Irvin Gregg">Gregg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryan_Grimes" title="Bryan Grimes">Grimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Gwyn" title="James Gwyn">Gwyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_J._Hall" title="Norman J. Hall">Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Thomas_Harrison" title="Henry Thomas Harrison">Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_A._Haskell" title="Frank A. Haskell">Haskell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Hazlett" title="Charles E. Hazlett">Hazlett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horatio_Stockton_Howell" title="Horatio Stockton Howell">Howell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_Humiston" title="Amos Humiston">Humiston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrison_Jeffords" title="Harrison Jeffords">Jeffords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcellus_Jones" title="Marcellus Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Kelly_(Civil_War)" title="Patrick Kelly (Civil War)">Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myles_Keogh" title="Myles Keogh">Keogh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lang_(Civil_War)" title="David Lang (Civil War)">Lang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_W._Latimer" title="Joseph W. Latimer">Latimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_G._Lewis" title="William G. Lewis">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McCandless" title="William McCandless">McCandless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_L._McDougall" title="Archibald L. McDougall">McDougall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_F._McFarland" title="George F. McFarland">McFarland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Baillie_McIntosh" title="John Baillie McIntosh">McIntosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Murphy_Mayo" title="Robert Murphy Mayo">Mayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holman_S._Melcher" class="mw-redirect" title="Holman S. Melcher">Melcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Goodale_Morrill" title="Walter Goodale Morrill">Morrill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_D._Muhlenberg" title="Edward D. Muhlenberg">Muhlenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_O%27Rorke" title="Patrick O'Rorke">O'Rorke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ario_Pardee,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Ario Pardee, Jr.">Pardee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ransom_Johnson_Pegram" class="mw-redirect" title="William Ransom Johnson Pegram">Pegram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abner_Monroe_Perrin" title="Abner Monroe Perrin">Perrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_T._Poague" title="William T. Poague">Poague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_S._Salomon" title="Edward S. Salomon">Salomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orland_Smith" title="Orland Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moxley_Sorrel" title="Moxley Sorrel">Sorrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellis_Spear" title="Ellis Spear">Spear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Stone_(general)" title="Roy Stone (general)">Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_H._Taylor" title="Walter H. Taylor">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9gis_de_Trobriand" title="Régis de Trobriand">Trobriand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_S._Wainwright" title="Charles S. Wainwright">Wainwright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Hull_Ward" title="George Hull Ward">Ward</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Local civilians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Broadhead" title="Sarah Broadhead">Broadhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Bryan" class="mw-redirect" title="Abraham Bryan">Bryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_L._Burns" title="John L. Burns">Burns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_McClean" title="Moses McClean">McClean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_McConaughy" title="David McConaughy">McConaughy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_McPherson" title="Edward McPherson">McPherson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginnie_Wade" class="mw-redirect" title="Ginnie Wade">Wade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Wills_(Gettysburg)" title="David Wills (Gettysburg)">Wills</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_United_States_ambassadors_to_Turkey_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Turkey&#124;link=Turkey466" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_ambassadors_to_Turkey" title="Template:US ambassadors to Turkey"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_ambassadors_to_Turkey" title="Template talk:US ambassadors to Turkey"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_ambassadors_to_Turkey" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US ambassadors to Turkey"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_United_States_ambassadors_to_Turkey_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Turkey&#124;link=Turkey466" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_Turkey" title="List of ambassadors of the United States to Turkey">United States ambassadors to Turkey</a> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey"><img alt="Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#ccf;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.15em 1.0em;line-height:1.2em;">Chargé d'Affaires</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Erving" title="George W. Erving">Erving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Porter_(naval_officer)" title="David Porter (naval officer)">Porter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.15em 1.0em;line-height:1.2em;">Minister Resident</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Porter_(naval_officer)" title="David Porter (naval officer)">Porter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dabney_S._Carr" title="Dabney S. Carr">Carr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Perkins_Marsh" title="George Perkins Marsh">Marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carroll_Spence&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carroll Spence (page does not exist)">Spence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Williams_(ambassador)" title="James Williams (ambassador)">Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Joy_Morris" title="Edward Joy Morris">Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayne_MacVeagh" title="Wayne MacVeagh">MacVeagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Henry_Boker" title="George Henry Boker">Boker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Maynard" title="Horace Maynard">Maynard</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Longstreet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.15em 1.0em;line-height:1.2em;">Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lew_Wallace" title="Lew Wallace">Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_S._Cox" title="Samuel S. Cox">Cox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Straus_(politician)" title="Oscar Straus (politician)">Straus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Hirsch" title="Solomon Hirsch">Hirsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_P._Thompson" title="David P. Thompson">Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_W._Terrell" title="Alexander W. Terrell">Terrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burrill_Angell" title="James Burrill Angell">Angell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Straus_(politician)" title="Oscar Straus (politician)">Straus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_George_Alexander_Leishman" title="John George Alexander Leishman">Leishman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.15em 1.0em;line-height:1.2em;">Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_George_Alexander_Leishman" title="John George Alexander Leishman">Leishman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Straus_(politician)" title="Oscar Straus (politician)">Straus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Woodville_Rockhill" title="William Woodville Rockhill">Rockhill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Morgenthau,_Sr." class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Morgenthau, Sr.">Morgenthau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abram_Isaac_Elkus" title="Abram Isaac Elkus">Elkus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#ccf;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Republic of Turkey</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.15em 1.0em;line-height:1.2em;">Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Grew" title="Joseph Grew">Grew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Sherrill_(ambassador)" title="Charles H. Sherrill (ambassador)">Sherrill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peet_Skinner" title="Robert Peet Skinner">Skinner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Van_Antwerp_MacMurray" title="John Van Antwerp MacMurray">MacMurray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurence_Steinhardt" title="Laurence Steinhardt">Steinhardt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edwin_C._Wilson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edwin C. Wilson (page does not exist)">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Wadsworth_(diplomat)" class="mw-redirect" title="George Wadsworth (diplomat)">Wadsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_C._McGhee" title="George C. McGhee">McGhee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avra_M._Warren" title="Avra M. Warren">A Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fletcher_Warren&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fletcher Warren (page does not exist)">F Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_A._Hare" title="Raymond A. Hare">Hare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parker_T._Hart" title="Parker T. Hart">Hart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Komer" title="Robert Komer">Komer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_J._Handley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William J. Handley (page does not exist)">Handley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_B._Macomber,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="William B. Macomber, Jr.">Macomber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_I._Spiers" title="Ronald I. Spiers">Spiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_W._Spain" title="James W. Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Strausz-Hup%C3%A9" title="Robert Strausz-Hupé">Strausz-Hupé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morton_I._Abramowitz" title="Morton I. Abramowitz">Abramowitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Clark_Barkley" title="Richard Clark Barkley">Barkley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Grossman" title="Marc Grossman">Grossman</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_Robert_Parris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mark Robert Parris (page does not exist)">Parris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._Robert_Pearson" title="W. Robert Pearson">Pearson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_S._Edelman" title="Eric S. Edelman">Edelman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_L._Wilson" title="Ross L. Wilson">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Franklin_Jeffrey" title="James Franklin Jeffrey">Jeffrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_J._Ricciardone,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Francis J. Ricciardone, Jr.">Ricciardone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jess_L._Baily" title="Jess L. Baily">Baily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_R._Bass" title="John R. Bass">Bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_M._Satterfield" title="David M. Satterfield">Satterfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Flake" title="Jeff Flake">Flake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q311514#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1689" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q311514#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1689" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q311514#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000066762244">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/30341402">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/54155/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJk8VyMpPpWV8Yp8fKCWjC">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/119195658">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80051553">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16740028d">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16740028d">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p185447163">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007264620005171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14833230">Belgium</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500372900">ULAN</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/132237776">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10582693">NARA</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6fx79ph">SNAC</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_Longstreet&oldid=1275430157">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_Longstreet&oldid=1275430157</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1821_births" title="Category:1821 births">1821 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1904_deaths" title="Category:1904 deaths">1904 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th-century_American_diplomats" title="Category:19th-century American diplomats">19th-century American diplomats</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Academy_of_Richmond_County_alumni" title="Category:Academy of Richmond County alumni">Academy of Richmond County alumni</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Category:Ambassadors of the United States to the Ottoman 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[\"CITEREFHelen_Dortch_Longstreet1904\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHennessy1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHerbermann1913\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolmes2017\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFLast2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLee1864\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLemann2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLongstreet1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLyons1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMendoza2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParker\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPfarr2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPiston1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPollard1866\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPoole2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRhea1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSangerHay1952\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSawyer2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSears1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSears2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSears2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSorrel1905\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStarr1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTagg1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVaron2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWakelyn1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWelsh1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWert1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhitfield2021\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"American Civil War\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Birth date\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 1,\n [\"CathEncy\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 39,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 11,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 5,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Longstreet, James\"] = 1,\n [\"Death date and age\"] = 1,\n [\"External media\"] = 1,\n [\"Featured article\"] = 1,\n [\"Gettysburg figures\"] = 1,\n [\"Gutenberg author\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox officeholder\"] = 1,\n [\"Internet Archive author\"] = 1,\n [\"Legend\"] = 10,\n [\"Main\"] = 10,\n [\"Marriage\"] = 2,\n [\"Plainlist\"] = 7,\n [\"Portal bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 330,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Spaced ndash\"] = 1,\n [\"Tree list\"] = 1,\n [\"Tree list/end\"] = 1,\n [\"US Ambassadors to Turkey\"] = 1,\n [\"Ubl\"] = 1,\n [\"Use mdy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 2,\n [\"Wikiquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikisource author\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","320","19.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","300","18.1"],["?","280","16.9"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","100","6.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","60","3.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::preprocess","60","3.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpensiveData","60","3.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::newTitle","40","2.4"],["select_one \u003CModule:Citation/CS1/Utilities:429\u003E","40","2.4"],["list_combine \u003CModule:Citation/CS1/Whitelist:613\u003E","40","2.4"],["[others]","360","21.7"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-b766959bd-b4f5x","timestamp":"20250214040442","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"James Longstreet","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/James_Longstreet","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q311514","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q311514","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-04-18T13:37:00Z","dateModified":"2025-02-13T00:14:02Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/c\/cf\/James_Longstreet.jpg","headline":"Confederate Army general"}</script> </body> 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