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Some of her recent publications focus on National accountability for international crimes in Africa and the intersection of gender and criminal justice in Africa.] Introduction  Thomas Kwoyelo was a mid-level commander...</p> <div class="post_info"> <div class="post_info_left"> <a href="http://opiniojuris.org/author/emma-charlene-lubaale/" title="Posts by Emma Charlene Lubaale" class="author url fn" rel="author">Emma Charlene Lubaale</a> <span class="post_author"> | </span> <a itemprop="url" class="post_comments" href="http://opiniojuris.org/2025/02/12/the-conviction-and-sentencing-of-ex-rebel-thomas-kwoyelo-15-years-on/#respond" target="_self"> 0 Comments </a> </div> <div class="post_info_right"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </article> <article id="post-48918" class="post-48918 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-africa category-featured category-uncategorized category-international-criminal-law category-public-international-law tag-crimes-against-humanity tag-criminal-law"> <div class="post_content_holder"> <div class="post_image"> <a itemprop="url" href="http://opiniojuris.org/2025/01/16/following-the-historic-trial-of-the-2009-stadium-massacre-guinea-should-support-the-adoption-of-a-united-nations-convention-on-crimes-against-humanity/" title="Following the Historic Trial of the 2009 [Stadium] Massacre, Guinea Should Support the Adoption of a United Nations Convention on Crimes Against Humanity"> <img width="1422" height="640" src="https://i0.wp.com/opiniojuris.org/wp-content/uploads/Dixinn-Court.jpeg?fit=1422%2C640" class="attachment-full size-full wp-post-image" alt="" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/opiniojuris.org/wp-content/uploads/Dixinn-Court.jpeg?w=1422 1422w, https://i0.wp.com/opiniojuris.org/wp-content/uploads/Dixinn-Court.jpeg?resize=300%2C135 300w, https://i0.wp.com/opiniojuris.org/wp-content/uploads/Dixinn-Court.jpeg?resize=768%2C346 768w, https://i0.wp.com/opiniojuris.org/wp-content/uploads/Dixinn-Court.jpeg?resize=580%2C261 580w, https://i0.wp.com/opiniojuris.org/wp-content/uploads/Dixinn-Court.jpeg?resize=700%2C315 700w" sizes="(max-width: 1422px) 100vw, 1422px" /> </a> </div> <div class="post_text"> <div class="post_text_inner"> <div class="post_text_holder"> <div class="blog_column1"> <div itemprop="dateCreated" class="date entry_date updated"> <span class="date_day">16</span> <span class="date_month">Jan</span> <meta itemprop="interactionCount" content="UserComments: 0"/> </div> </div> <div class="blog_column2"> <h2 itemprop="name" class="entry_title"><a itemprop="url" href="http://opiniojuris.org/2025/01/16/following-the-historic-trial-of-the-2009-stadium-massacre-guinea-should-support-the-adoption-of-a-united-nations-convention-on-crimes-against-humanity/" title="Following the Historic Trial of the 2009 [Stadium] Massacre, Guinea Should Support the Adoption of a United Nations Convention on Crimes Against Humanity">Following the Historic Trial of the 2009 [Stadium] Massacre, Guinea Should Support the Adoption of a United Nations Convention on Crimes Against Humanity</a></h2> <p itemprop="description" class="post_excerpt"> [Philippe Mawuli Kokou Plagbe&nbsp;is a human rights lawyer and civil society actor from Togo. He is a Fulbright Scholar and recently completed a fellowship at Amnesty International as an International Justice Fellow in Africa (2023-2024). Oumou Salamata Bah&nbsp;has been a member of the Guinean Coalition for the ICC since 2018.] On July 31, 2024, the trial of the 2009 massacre in Guinea...</p> <div class="post_info"> <div class="post_info_left"> <a href="http://opiniojuris.org/author/philippe-mawuli-kokou-plagbe/" title="Posts by Philippe Mawuli Kokou Plagbe" class="author url fn" rel="author">Philippe Mawuli Kokou Plagbe</a> and <a href="http://opiniojuris.org/author/oumou-salamata-bah/" title="Posts by Oumou Salamata Bah" class="author url fn" rel="author">Oumou Salamata Bah</a> <span class="post_author"> | </span> <a itemprop="url" class="post_comments" href="http://opiniojuris.org/2025/01/16/following-the-historic-trial-of-the-2009-stadium-massacre-guinea-should-support-the-adoption-of-a-united-nations-convention-on-crimes-against-humanity/#respond" target="_self"> 0 Comments </a> </div> <div class="post_info_right"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </article> <article id="post-48518" class="post-48518 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-africa category-courts-and-tribunals category-featured category-uncategorized tag-algorithms tag-artificial-intelligence tag-criminal-law"> <div class="post_content_holder"> <div class="post_image"> <a itemprop="url" href="http://opiniojuris.org/2024/10/14/colonial-judicial-legacy-as-a-latent-challenge-for-the-adoption-of-algorithmic-sentencing-in-african-courts/" title="Colonial Judicial Legacy as a Latent Challenge for the Adoption of Algorithmic Sentencing in African Courts"> <img width="726" height="481" src="https://i2.wp.com/opiniojuris.org/wp-content/uploads/technology-criminal-justice.jpg?fit=726%2C481" class="attachment-full size-full wp-post-image" alt="" srcset="https://i2.wp.com/opiniojuris.org/wp-content/uploads/technology-criminal-justice.jpg?w=726 726w, https://i2.wp.com/opiniojuris.org/wp-content/uploads/technology-criminal-justice.jpg?resize=300%2C199 300w, https://i2.wp.com/opiniojuris.org/wp-content/uploads/technology-criminal-justice.jpg?resize=580%2C384 580w, https://i2.wp.com/opiniojuris.org/wp-content/uploads/technology-criminal-justice.jpg?resize=700%2C464 700w" sizes="(max-width: 726px) 100vw, 726px" /> </a> </div> <div class="post_text"> <div class="post_text_inner"> <div class="post_text_holder"> <div class="blog_column1"> <div itemprop="dateCreated" class="date entry_date updated"> <span class="date_day">14</span> <span class="date_month">Oct</span> <meta itemprop="interactionCount" content="UserComments: 0"/> </div> </div> <div class="blog_column2"> <h2 itemprop="name" class="entry_title"><a itemprop="url" href="http://opiniojuris.org/2024/10/14/colonial-judicial-legacy-as-a-latent-challenge-for-the-adoption-of-algorithmic-sentencing-in-african-courts/" title="Colonial Judicial Legacy as a Latent Challenge for the Adoption of Algorithmic Sentencing in African Courts">Colonial Judicial Legacy as a Latent Challenge for the Adoption of Algorithmic Sentencing in African Courts</a></h2> <p itemprop="description" class="post_excerpt"> [Jake Okechukwu Effoduh is an Assistant Professor at the Lincoln Alexander School of Law of Toronto Metropolitan University, where he teaches Critical Approaches to Data, Algorithm and Science in the Law. He has been an international human rights lawyer for fourteen years.] Introduction The pace at which Artificial Intelligence (AI) is transforming the face of almost every human activity cannot be ignored or...</p> <div class="post_info"> <div class="post_info_left"> <a href="http://opiniojuris.org/author/jake/" title="Posts by Jake Okechukwu Effoduh" class="author url fn" rel="author">Jake Okechukwu Effoduh</a> <span class="post_author"> | </span> <a itemprop="url" class="post_comments" href="http://opiniojuris.org/2024/10/14/colonial-judicial-legacy-as-a-latent-challenge-for-the-adoption-of-algorithmic-sentencing-in-african-courts/#respond" target="_self"> 0 Comments </a> </div> <div class="post_info_right"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </article> <article id="post-48162" class="post-48162 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-africa category-featured category-uncategorized category-middle-east category-symposia category-themes tag-capitalism tag-colonisation tag-global-south tag-palestine"> <div class="post_content_holder"> <div class="post_image"> <a itemprop="url" href="http://opiniojuris.org/2024/08/09/symposium-on-unbroken-bond-tracing-the-ties-between-african-and-palestinian-anti-colonial-struggles-the-political-economy-of-suffering-who-profits-from-global-south-conflicts/" title="Symposium on Unbroken Bond: Tracing the Ties Between African and Palestinian Anti-Colonial Struggles &#8211; The Political Economy of Suffering: Who Profits from Global South Conflicts?"> <img width="1440" height="810" src="https://i2.wp.com/opiniojuris.org/wp-content/uploads/PAN_AFRICA_SOLIDARITY-1.jpg?fit=1440%2C810" class="attachment-full size-full wp-post-image" alt="" srcset="https://i2.wp.com/opiniojuris.org/wp-content/uploads/PAN_AFRICA_SOLIDARITY-1.jpg?w=1440 1440w, https://i2.wp.com/opiniojuris.org/wp-content/uploads/PAN_AFRICA_SOLIDARITY-1.jpg?resize=300%2C169 300w, https://i2.wp.com/opiniojuris.org/wp-content/uploads/PAN_AFRICA_SOLIDARITY-1.jpg?resize=768%2C432 768w, https://i2.wp.com/opiniojuris.org/wp-content/uploads/PAN_AFRICA_SOLIDARITY-1.jpg?resize=580%2C326 580w, https://i2.wp.com/opiniojuris.org/wp-content/uploads/PAN_AFRICA_SOLIDARITY-1.jpg?resize=700%2C394 700w, https://i2.wp.com/opiniojuris.org/wp-content/uploads/PAN_AFRICA_SOLIDARITY-1.jpg?resize=539%2C303 539w" sizes="(max-width: 1440px) 100vw, 1440px" /> </a> </div> <div class="post_text"> <div class="post_text_inner"> <div class="post_text_holder"> <div class="blog_column1"> <div itemprop="dateCreated" class="date entry_date updated"> <span class="date_day">09</span> <span class="date_month">Aug</span> <meta itemprop="interactionCount" content="UserComments: 0"/> </div> </div> <div class="blog_column2"> <h2 itemprop="name" class="entry_title"><a itemprop="url" href="http://opiniojuris.org/2024/08/09/symposium-on-unbroken-bond-tracing-the-ties-between-african-and-palestinian-anti-colonial-struggles-the-political-economy-of-suffering-who-profits-from-global-south-conflicts/" title="Symposium on Unbroken Bond: Tracing the Ties Between African and Palestinian Anti-Colonial Struggles &#8211; The Political Economy of Suffering: Who Profits from Global South Conflicts?">Symposium on Unbroken Bond: Tracing the Ties Between African and Palestinian Anti-Colonial Struggles &#8211; The Political Economy of Suffering: Who Profits from Global South Conflicts?</a></h2> <p itemprop="description" class="post_excerpt"> [Sanjana Ragu is an Bachelor of Laws graduate from Strathmore University and currrenly works as a trainee lawyer at Anjarwalla &amp; Khanna] Be it Palestine in the East, or Sudan in the South, in the chessboard of global politics and economy, the suffering of the Global South is often a pawn, sacrificed for strategic advantage. This wretched reality becomes apparent once...</p> <div class="post_info"> <div class="post_info_left"> <a href="http://opiniojuris.org/author/sanjana-ragu/" title="Posts by Sanjana Ragu" class="author url fn" rel="author">Sanjana Ragu</a> <span class="post_author"> | </span> <a itemprop="url" class="post_comments" href="http://opiniojuris.org/2024/08/09/symposium-on-unbroken-bond-tracing-the-ties-between-african-and-palestinian-anti-colonial-struggles-the-political-economy-of-suffering-who-profits-from-global-south-conflicts/#respond" target="_self"> 0 Comments </a> </div> <div class="post_info_right"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </article> <article id="post-48157" class="post-48157 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-africa category-featured category-uncategorized category-middle-east tag-apartheid tag-colonisation tag-palestine"> <div class="post_content_holder"> <div class="post_image"> <a itemprop="url" href="http://opiniojuris.org/2024/08/09/symposium-on-unbroken-bond-tracing-the-ties-between-african-and-palestinian-anti-colonial-struggles-when-nelson-mandela-was-considered-a-terrorist-and-the-natural-alliance-between-south-afric/" title="Symposium on Unbroken Bond: Tracing the Ties Between African and Palestinian Anti-Colonial Struggles &#8211; When Nelson Mandela was (Considered) a Terrorist and the &#8220;Natural Alliance&#8221; between South Africa and Palestine"> <img width="743" height="638" src="https://i1.wp.com/opiniojuris.org/wp-content/uploads/Nelson-Mandela-South-Africa.png?fit=743%2C638" class="attachment-full size-full wp-post-image" alt="" srcset="https://i1.wp.com/opiniojuris.org/wp-content/uploads/Nelson-Mandela-South-Africa.png?w=743 743w, https://i1.wp.com/opiniojuris.org/wp-content/uploads/Nelson-Mandela-South-Africa.png?resize=300%2C258 300w, https://i1.wp.com/opiniojuris.org/wp-content/uploads/Nelson-Mandela-South-Africa.png?resize=580%2C498 580w, https://i1.wp.com/opiniojuris.org/wp-content/uploads/Nelson-Mandela-South-Africa.png?resize=700%2C601 700w" sizes="(max-width: 743px) 100vw, 743px" /> </a> </div> <div class="post_text"> <div class="post_text_inner"> <div class="post_text_holder"> <div class="blog_column1"> <div itemprop="dateCreated" class="date entry_date updated"> <span class="date_day">09</span> <span class="date_month">Aug</span> <meta itemprop="interactionCount" content="UserComments: 0"/> </div> </div> <div class="blog_column2"> <h2 itemprop="name" class="entry_title"><a itemprop="url" href="http://opiniojuris.org/2024/08/09/symposium-on-unbroken-bond-tracing-the-ties-between-african-and-palestinian-anti-colonial-struggles-when-nelson-mandela-was-considered-a-terrorist-and-the-natural-alliance-between-south-afric/" title="Symposium on Unbroken Bond: Tracing the Ties Between African and Palestinian Anti-Colonial Struggles &#8211; When Nelson Mandela was (Considered) a Terrorist and the &#8220;Natural Alliance&#8221; between South Africa and Palestine">Symposium on Unbroken Bond: Tracing the Ties Between African and Palestinian Anti-Colonial Struggles &#8211; When Nelson Mandela was (Considered) a Terrorist and the &#8220;Natural Alliance&#8221; between South Africa and Palestine</a></h2> <p itemprop="description" class="post_excerpt"> [Dr Cristiano d'Orsi is a Lecturer and Senior Research Fellow at the Faculty of Law, University of Johannesburg and Senior Consultant in AFRICAN Refugee Law at Witness Experts in London] Mandela and his First Struggles with the ANC Nelson Mandela’s birth coincided with the beginning of British rule in Palestine (1918) and what has been called the Third Aliyah, another wave of...</p> <div class="post_info"> <div class="post_info_left"> <a href="http://opiniojuris.org/author/cristiano-dorsi/" title="Posts by Cristiano D&#039;orsi" class="author url fn" rel="author">Cristiano D&#039;orsi</a> <span class="post_author"> | </span> <a itemprop="url" class="post_comments" href="http://opiniojuris.org/2024/08/09/symposium-on-unbroken-bond-tracing-the-ties-between-african-and-palestinian-anti-colonial-struggles-when-nelson-mandela-was-considered-a-terrorist-and-the-natural-alliance-between-south-afric/#respond" target="_self"> 0 Comments </a> </div> <div class="post_info_right"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </article> <article id="post-48155" class="post-48155 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-africa category-featured category-uncategorized category-middle-east category-symposia category-themes tag-apartheid tag-colonisation tag-palestine"> <div class="post_content_holder"> <div class="post_image"> <a itemprop="url" href="http://opiniojuris.org/2024/08/09/symposium-on-unbroken-bond-tracing-the-ties-between-african-and-palestinian-anti-colonial-struggles-a-reflection-on-forms-of-resistance-and-aid-strategies-against-apartheid-era-south-africa-that-ar/" title="Symposium on Unbroken Bond: Tracing the Ties Between African and Palestinian Anti-Colonial Struggles &#8211; A Reflection on Forms of Resistance and Aid Strategies Against Apartheid-era South Africa that are Relevant to the Palestinian Struggle"> <img width="1200" height="779" src="https://i2.wp.com/opiniojuris.org/wp-content/uploads/hands-chain-sea-ocean.jpg?fit=1200%2C779" class="attachment-full size-full wp-post-image" alt="" srcset="https://i2.wp.com/opiniojuris.org/wp-content/uploads/hands-chain-sea-ocean.jpg?w=1200 1200w, https://i2.wp.com/opiniojuris.org/wp-content/uploads/hands-chain-sea-ocean.jpg?resize=300%2C195 300w, https://i2.wp.com/opiniojuris.org/wp-content/uploads/hands-chain-sea-ocean.jpg?resize=768%2C499 768w, https://i2.wp.com/opiniojuris.org/wp-content/uploads/hands-chain-sea-ocean.jpg?resize=580%2C377 580w, https://i2.wp.com/opiniojuris.org/wp-content/uploads/hands-chain-sea-ocean.jpg?resize=400%2C260 400w, https://i2.wp.com/opiniojuris.org/wp-content/uploads/hands-chain-sea-ocean.jpg?resize=700%2C454 700w" sizes="(max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px" /> </a> </div> <div class="post_text"> <div class="post_text_inner"> <div class="post_text_holder"> <div class="blog_column1"> <div itemprop="dateCreated" class="date entry_date updated"> <span class="date_day">09</span> <span class="date_month">Aug</span> <meta itemprop="interactionCount" content="UserComments: 0"/> </div> </div> <div class="blog_column2"> <h2 itemprop="name" class="entry_title"><a itemprop="url" href="http://opiniojuris.org/2024/08/09/symposium-on-unbroken-bond-tracing-the-ties-between-african-and-palestinian-anti-colonial-struggles-a-reflection-on-forms-of-resistance-and-aid-strategies-against-apartheid-era-south-africa-that-ar/" title="Symposium on Unbroken Bond: Tracing the Ties Between African and Palestinian Anti-Colonial Struggles &#8211; A Reflection on Forms of Resistance and Aid Strategies Against Apartheid-era South Africa that are Relevant to the Palestinian Struggle">Symposium on Unbroken Bond: Tracing the Ties Between African and Palestinian Anti-Colonial Struggles &#8211; A Reflection on Forms of Resistance and Aid Strategies Against Apartheid-era South Africa that are Relevant to the Palestinian Struggle</a></h2> <p itemprop="description" class="post_excerpt"> [Lazola Nomkala holds Bachelor of Commerce and Bachelor of Laws degrees from the University of the Western Cape (UWC)] On 19 July 2024, the International Court of Justice (ICJ) ruled that the Israeli occupation in Palestine was illegal. Despite the disputed nature of Israel’s origins, the occupation formally began in 1967. What followed was the violent dispossession of Palestinians achieved via...</p> <div class="post_info"> <div class="post_info_left"> <a href="http://opiniojuris.org/author/lazola-nomkala/" title="Posts by Lazola Nomkala" class="author url fn" rel="author">Lazola Nomkala</a> <span class="post_author"> | </span> <a itemprop="url" class="post_comments" href="http://opiniojuris.org/2024/08/09/symposium-on-unbroken-bond-tracing-the-ties-between-african-and-palestinian-anti-colonial-struggles-a-reflection-on-forms-of-resistance-and-aid-strategies-against-apartheid-era-south-africa-that-ar/#respond" target="_self"> 0 Comments </a> </div> <div class="post_info_right"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </article> <article id="post-48149" class="post-48149 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-africa category-featured category-uncategorized category-middle-east category-symposia category-themes tag-colonisation tag-palestine"> <div class="post_content_holder"> <div class="post_image"> <a itemprop="url" href="http://opiniojuris.org/2024/08/08/symposium-on-unbroken-bond-tracing-the-ties-between-african-and-palestinian-anti-colonial-struggles-the-application-of-international-law-to-legitimise-settler-colonialism-and-land-grabbing-in-zimba/" title="Symposium on Unbroken Bond: Tracing the Ties Between African and Palestinian Anti-Colonial Struggles &#8211; The Application of International Law to Legitimise Settler Colonialism and Land Grabbing in Zimbabwe and Palestine: An Analysis of the Van Pezold and Ben Sourik Decisions"> <img width="1197" height="800" src="https://i1.wp.com/opiniojuris.org/wp-content/uploads/zimbabwe-fabric-africa.jpg?fit=1197%2C800" class="attachment-full size-full wp-post-image" alt="" srcset="https://i1.wp.com/opiniojuris.org/wp-content/uploads/zimbabwe-fabric-africa.jpg?w=1197 1197w, https://i1.wp.com/opiniojuris.org/wp-content/uploads/zimbabwe-fabric-africa.jpg?resize=300%2C201 300w, https://i1.wp.com/opiniojuris.org/wp-content/uploads/zimbabwe-fabric-africa.jpg?resize=768%2C513 768w, https://i1.wp.com/opiniojuris.org/wp-content/uploads/zimbabwe-fabric-africa.jpg?resize=580%2C388 580w, https://i1.wp.com/opiniojuris.org/wp-content/uploads/zimbabwe-fabric-africa.jpg?resize=700%2C468 700w" sizes="(max-width: 1197px) 100vw, 1197px" /> </a> </div> <div class="post_text"> <div class="post_text_inner"> <div class="post_text_holder"> <div class="blog_column1"> <div itemprop="dateCreated" class="date entry_date updated"> <span class="date_day">08</span> <span class="date_month">Aug</span> <meta itemprop="interactionCount" content="UserComments: 0"/> </div> </div> <div class="blog_column2"> <h2 itemprop="name" class="entry_title"><a itemprop="url" href="http://opiniojuris.org/2024/08/08/symposium-on-unbroken-bond-tracing-the-ties-between-african-and-palestinian-anti-colonial-struggles-the-application-of-international-law-to-legitimise-settler-colonialism-and-land-grabbing-in-zimba/" title="Symposium on Unbroken Bond: Tracing the Ties Between African and Palestinian Anti-Colonial Struggles &#8211; The Application of International Law to Legitimise Settler Colonialism and Land Grabbing in Zimbabwe and Palestine: An Analysis of the Van Pezold and Ben Sourik Decisions">Symposium on Unbroken Bond: Tracing the Ties Between African and Palestinian Anti-Colonial Struggles &#8211; The Application of International Law to Legitimise Settler Colonialism and Land Grabbing in Zimbabwe and Palestine: An Analysis of the Van Pezold and Ben Sourik Decisions</a></h2> <p itemprop="description" class="post_excerpt"> [Madhav Mallya is an independent legal researcher based in Toronto. He is a former associate professor at the Jindal Global Law School.] In Van Pezold v Zimbabwe, an investor-state arbitration tribunal ruled that Zimbabwe’s compulsory land redistribution scheme—intended to acquire land from white settlers without compensation and redistribute amongst the native population—violated the international law on the prohibition of racial discrimination,...</p> <div class="post_info"> <div class="post_info_left"> <a href="http://opiniojuris.org/author/madhav-mallya/" title="Posts by Madhav Mallya" class="author url fn" rel="author">Madhav Mallya</a> <span class="post_author"> | </span> <a itemprop="url" class="post_comments" href="http://opiniojuris.org/2024/08/08/symposium-on-unbroken-bond-tracing-the-ties-between-african-and-palestinian-anti-colonial-struggles-the-application-of-international-law-to-legitimise-settler-colonialism-and-land-grabbing-in-zimba/#respond" target="_self"> 0 Comments </a> </div> <div class="post_info_right"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </article> <article id="post-48146" class="post-48146 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-africa category-featured category-uncategorized category-symposia category-themes tag-colonisation tag-palestine"> <div class="post_content_holder"> <div class="post_image"> <a itemprop="url" href="http://opiniojuris.org/2024/08/08/symposium-on-unbroken-bond-tracing-the-ties-between-african-and-palestinian-anti-colonial-struggles-peoples-rights-without-borders-the-significance-of-the-african-charters-libera/" title="Symposium on Unbroken Bond: Tracing the Ties Between African and Palestinian Anti-Colonial Struggles &#8211; Peoples’ Rights Without Borders? The Significance of the African Charter’s Liberation Ethos to the Palestinian Struggles"> <img width="1199" height="698" src="https://i0.wp.com/opiniojuris.org/wp-content/uploads/Keffiyah.png?fit=1199%2C698" class="attachment-full size-full wp-post-image" alt="" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/opiniojuris.org/wp-content/uploads/Keffiyah.png?w=1199 1199w, https://i0.wp.com/opiniojuris.org/wp-content/uploads/Keffiyah.png?resize=300%2C175 300w, https://i0.wp.com/opiniojuris.org/wp-content/uploads/Keffiyah.png?resize=768%2C447 768w, https://i0.wp.com/opiniojuris.org/wp-content/uploads/Keffiyah.png?resize=580%2C338 580w, https://i0.wp.com/opiniojuris.org/wp-content/uploads/Keffiyah.png?resize=700%2C408 700w" sizes="(max-width: 1199px) 100vw, 1199px" /> </a> </div> <div class="post_text"> <div class="post_text_inner"> <div class="post_text_holder"> <div class="blog_column1"> <div itemprop="dateCreated" class="date entry_date updated"> <span class="date_day">08</span> <span class="date_month">Aug</span> <meta itemprop="interactionCount" content="UserComments: 0"/> </div> </div> <div class="blog_column2"> <h2 itemprop="name" class="entry_title"><a itemprop="url" href="http://opiniojuris.org/2024/08/08/symposium-on-unbroken-bond-tracing-the-ties-between-african-and-palestinian-anti-colonial-struggles-peoples-rights-without-borders-the-significance-of-the-african-charters-libera/" title="Symposium on Unbroken Bond: Tracing the Ties Between African and Palestinian Anti-Colonial Struggles &#8211; Peoples’ Rights Without Borders? The Significance of the African Charter’s Liberation Ethos to the Palestinian Struggles">Symposium on Unbroken Bond: Tracing the Ties Between African and Palestinian Anti-Colonial Struggles &#8211; Peoples’ Rights Without Borders? The Significance of the African Charter’s Liberation Ethos to the Palestinian Struggles</a></h2> <p itemprop="description" class="post_excerpt"> [Trésor Muhindo Makunya is an Associate Professor of Constitutional and International Human Rights Law in Africa at the University of Goma] Article 19: All peoples shall be equal; they shall enjoy the same respect and shall have the same rights. Nothing shall justify the domination of a people by another’. Article 20(3): ‘All peoples shall have the right to the assistance...</p> <div class="post_info"> <div class="post_info_left"> <a href="http://opiniojuris.org/author/tresor-muhindo-makunya/" title="Posts by Trésor Muhindo Makunya" class="author url fn" rel="author">Trésor Muhindo Makunya</a> <span class="post_author"> | </span> <a itemprop="url" class="post_comments" href="http://opiniojuris.org/2024/08/08/symposium-on-unbroken-bond-tracing-the-ties-between-african-and-palestinian-anti-colonial-struggles-peoples-rights-without-borders-the-significance-of-the-african-charters-libera/#respond" target="_self"> 0 Comments </a> </div> <div class="post_info_right"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </article> <article id="post-48142" class="post-48142 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-africa category-featured category-uncategorized category-middle-east category-regions category-symposia category-themes tag-colonisation tag-palestine"> <div class="post_content_holder"> <div class="post_image"> <a itemprop="url" href="http://opiniojuris.org/2024/08/08/symposium-on-unbroken-bond-tracing-the-ties-between-african-and-palestinian-anti-colonial-struggles-wale-ni-sisi-na-sisi-ni-wale-reviewing-the-palestinian-struggle-from-an-african-anti-colonial/" title="Symposium on Unbroken Bond: Tracing the Ties Between African and Palestinian Anti-Colonial Struggles &#8211; Wale ni sisi: Na sisi ni wale: (Re)viewing the Palestinian Struggle from an African Anti-colonial and Anti-imperialist Lens"> <img width="2048" height="1365" src="https://i1.wp.com/opiniojuris.org/wp-content/uploads/My-name-is-Palestine-by-EL-Seed-mural.jpeg?fit=2048%2C1365" class="attachment-full size-full wp-post-image" alt="" srcset="https://i1.wp.com/opiniojuris.org/wp-content/uploads/My-name-is-Palestine-by-EL-Seed-mural.jpeg?w=2048 2048w, https://i1.wp.com/opiniojuris.org/wp-content/uploads/My-name-is-Palestine-by-EL-Seed-mural.jpeg?resize=300%2C200 300w, https://i1.wp.com/opiniojuris.org/wp-content/uploads/My-name-is-Palestine-by-EL-Seed-mural.jpeg?resize=768%2C512 768w, https://i1.wp.com/opiniojuris.org/wp-content/uploads/My-name-is-Palestine-by-EL-Seed-mural.jpeg?resize=580%2C387 580w, https://i1.wp.com/opiniojuris.org/wp-content/uploads/My-name-is-Palestine-by-EL-Seed-mural.jpeg?resize=700%2C467 700w" sizes="(max-width: 2048px) 100vw, 2048px" /> </a> </div> <div class="post_text"> <div class="post_text_inner"> <div class="post_text_holder"> <div class="blog_column1"> <div itemprop="dateCreated" class="date entry_date updated"> <span class="date_day">08</span> <span class="date_month">Aug</span> <meta itemprop="interactionCount" content="UserComments: 0"/> </div> </div> <div class="blog_column2"> <h2 itemprop="name" class="entry_title"><a itemprop="url" href="http://opiniojuris.org/2024/08/08/symposium-on-unbroken-bond-tracing-the-ties-between-african-and-palestinian-anti-colonial-struggles-wale-ni-sisi-na-sisi-ni-wale-reviewing-the-palestinian-struggle-from-an-african-anti-colonial/" title="Symposium on Unbroken Bond: Tracing the Ties Between African and Palestinian Anti-Colonial Struggles &#8211; Wale ni sisi: Na sisi ni wale: (Re)viewing the Palestinian Struggle from an African Anti-colonial and Anti-imperialist Lens">Symposium on Unbroken Bond: Tracing the Ties Between African and Palestinian Anti-Colonial Struggles &#8211; Wale ni sisi: Na sisi ni wale: (Re)viewing the Palestinian Struggle from an African Anti-colonial and Anti-imperialist Lens</a></h2> <p itemprop="description" class="post_excerpt"> Wale ni sisi: Na sisi ni wale: This Swahili phrase means "They are us: and we are them." It has been borrowed from Katama Mkangi, ‘Walenisi’ (1995). [Dr. David Ngira is an African who lives in Kenya. The views are his own and do not represent those of any organization or entity.] Introduction The Global North’s imperialism has significantly shaped the development of...</p> <div class="post_info"> <div class="post_info_left"> <a href="http://opiniojuris.org/author/david-ngira/" title="Posts by David Ngira" class="author url fn" rel="author">David Ngira</a> <span class="post_author"> | </span> <a itemprop="url" class="post_comments" href="http://opiniojuris.org/2024/08/08/symposium-on-unbroken-bond-tracing-the-ties-between-african-and-palestinian-anti-colonial-struggles-wale-ni-sisi-na-sisi-ni-wale-reviewing-the-palestinian-struggle-from-an-african-anti-colonial/#respond" target="_self"> 0 Comments </a> </div> <div class="post_info_right"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </article> <article id="post-48117" class="post-48117 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-africa category-uncategorized category-international-criminal-law category-public-international-law tag-conflict-related-sexual-violence tag-gender-persecution tag-icc"> <div class="post_content_holder"> <div class="post_image"> <a itemprop="url" href="http://opiniojuris.org/2024/08/02/al-hassan-the-international-criminal-courts-first-judgment-on-gender-persecution-part-2/" title="Al Hassan: The International Criminal Court’s First Judgment on Gender Persecution (Part 2)"> <img width="2000" height="1333" src="https://i1.wp.com/opiniojuris.org/wp-content/uploads/Mali-women-timbukto.jpg?fit=2000%2C1333" class="attachment-full size-full wp-post-image" alt="" srcset="https://i1.wp.com/opiniojuris.org/wp-content/uploads/Mali-women-timbukto.jpg?w=2000 2000w, https://i1.wp.com/opiniojuris.org/wp-content/uploads/Mali-women-timbukto.jpg?resize=300%2C200 300w, https://i1.wp.com/opiniojuris.org/wp-content/uploads/Mali-women-timbukto.jpg?resize=768%2C512 768w, https://i1.wp.com/opiniojuris.org/wp-content/uploads/Mali-women-timbukto.jpg?resize=580%2C387 580w, https://i1.wp.com/opiniojuris.org/wp-content/uploads/Mali-women-timbukto.jpg?resize=700%2C467 700w" sizes="(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px" /> </a> </div> <div class="post_text"> <div class="post_text_inner"> <div class="post_text_holder"> <div class="blog_column1"> <div itemprop="dateCreated" class="date entry_date updated"> <span class="date_day">02</span> <span class="date_month">Aug</span> <meta itemprop="interactionCount" content="UserComments: 0"/> </div> </div> <div class="blog_column2"> <h2 itemprop="name" class="entry_title"><a itemprop="url" href="http://opiniojuris.org/2024/08/02/al-hassan-the-international-criminal-courts-first-judgment-on-gender-persecution-part-2/" title="Al Hassan: The International Criminal Court’s First Judgment on Gender Persecution (Part 2)">Al Hassan: The International Criminal Court’s First Judgment on Gender Persecution (Part 2)</a></h2> <p itemprop="description" class="post_excerpt"> [Rosemary Grey&nbsp;is a Senior Lecturer at Sydney Law School, The University of Sydney. Valerie Oosterveld&nbsp;is Western Research Chair in International Criminal Justice and Professor at the Faculty of Law, Western University (Canada). While she serves as Special Adviser to the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court on Crimes Against Humanity, this post was written in her personal capacity, and she was...</p> <div class="post_info"> <div class="post_info_left"> <a href="http://opiniojuris.org/author/rosemary-grey/" title="Posts by Rosemary Grey" class="author url fn" rel="author">Rosemary Grey</a> and <a href="http://opiniojuris.org/author/v-oosterveld-2/" title="Posts by Valerie Oosterveld" class="author url fn" rel="author">Valerie Oosterveld</a> <span class="post_author"> | </span> <a itemprop="url" class="post_comments" href="http://opiniojuris.org/2024/08/02/al-hassan-the-international-criminal-courts-first-judgment-on-gender-persecution-part-2/#respond" target="_self"> 0 Comments </a> </div> <div class="post_info_right"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </article> <article id="post-48107" class="post-48107 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-africa category-featured category-uncategorized category-international-criminal-law category-public-international-law tag-conflict-related-sexual-violence tag-gender-persecution tag-icc"> <div class="post_content_holder"> <div class="post_image"> <a itemprop="url" href="http://opiniojuris.org/2024/08/02/al-hassan-the-international-criminal-courts-first-judgment-on-gender-persecution-part-1/" title="Al Hassan: The International Criminal Court’s First Judgment on Gender Persecution (Part 1)"> <img width="2000" height="1333" src="https://i1.wp.com/opiniojuris.org/wp-content/uploads/Mali-women-timbukto.jpg?fit=2000%2C1333" class="attachment-full size-full wp-post-image" alt="" srcset="https://i1.wp.com/opiniojuris.org/wp-content/uploads/Mali-women-timbukto.jpg?w=2000 2000w, https://i1.wp.com/opiniojuris.org/wp-content/uploads/Mali-women-timbukto.jpg?resize=300%2C200 300w, https://i1.wp.com/opiniojuris.org/wp-content/uploads/Mali-women-timbukto.jpg?resize=768%2C512 768w, https://i1.wp.com/opiniojuris.org/wp-content/uploads/Mali-women-timbukto.jpg?resize=580%2C387 580w, https://i1.wp.com/opiniojuris.org/wp-content/uploads/Mali-women-timbukto.jpg?resize=700%2C467 700w" sizes="(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px" /> </a> </div> <div class="post_text"> <div class="post_text_inner"> <div class="post_text_holder"> <div class="blog_column1"> <div itemprop="dateCreated" class="date entry_date updated"> <span class="date_day">02</span> <span class="date_month">Aug</span> <meta itemprop="interactionCount" content="UserComments: 0"/> </div> </div> <div class="blog_column2"> <h2 itemprop="name" class="entry_title"><a itemprop="url" href="http://opiniojuris.org/2024/08/02/al-hassan-the-international-criminal-courts-first-judgment-on-gender-persecution-part-1/" title="Al Hassan: The International Criminal Court’s First Judgment on Gender Persecution (Part 1)">Al Hassan: The International Criminal Court’s First Judgment on Gender Persecution (Part 1)</a></h2> <p itemprop="description" class="post_excerpt"> [Rosemary Grey&nbsp;is a Senior Lecturer at Sydney Law School, The University of Sydney. Valerie Oosterveld&nbsp;is Western Research Chair in International Criminal Justice and Professor at the Faculty of Law, Western University (Canada). While she serves as Special Adviser to the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court on Crimes Against Humanity, this post was written in her personal capacity, and she was...</p> <div class="post_info"> <div class="post_info_left"> <a href="http://opiniojuris.org/author/rosemary-grey/" title="Posts by Rosemary Grey" class="author url fn" rel="author">Rosemary Grey</a> and <a href="http://opiniojuris.org/author/v-oosterveld-2/" title="Posts by Valerie Oosterveld" class="author url fn" rel="author">Valerie Oosterveld</a> <span class="post_author"> | </span> <a itemprop="url" class="post_comments" href="http://opiniojuris.org/2024/08/02/al-hassan-the-international-criminal-courts-first-judgment-on-gender-persecution-part-1/#respond" target="_self"> 0 Comments </a> </div> <div class="post_info_right"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </article> <article id="post-48089" class="post-48089 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-africa category-uncategorized category-middle-east category-symposia category-themes tag-colonisation tag-media tag-palestine"> <div class="post_content_holder"> <div class="post_image"> <a itemprop="url" href="http://opiniojuris.org/2024/08/01/symposium-on-unbroken-bond-tracing-the-ties-between-african-and-palestinian-anti-colonial-struggles-african-media-silence-complicity-in-the-oppression-of-sudan-and-palestine/" title="Symposium on Unbroken Bond: Tracing the Ties Between African and Palestinian Anti-Colonial Struggles – African Media Silence: Complicity in the Oppression of Sudan and Palestine"> <img width="3888" height="2592" src="https://i1.wp.com/opiniojuris.org/wp-content/uploads/Graffiti-of-Peace-in-Bethlehem-on-Apartheid-Wall-by-Street-Artist-Kis-Lev.jpg?fit=3888%2C2592" class="attachment-full size-full wp-post-image" alt="" srcset="https://i1.wp.com/opiniojuris.org/wp-content/uploads/Graffiti-of-Peace-in-Bethlehem-on-Apartheid-Wall-by-Street-Artist-Kis-Lev.jpg?w=3888 3888w, https://i1.wp.com/opiniojuris.org/wp-content/uploads/Graffiti-of-Peace-in-Bethlehem-on-Apartheid-Wall-by-Street-Artist-Kis-Lev.jpg?resize=300%2C200 300w, https://i1.wp.com/opiniojuris.org/wp-content/uploads/Graffiti-of-Peace-in-Bethlehem-on-Apartheid-Wall-by-Street-Artist-Kis-Lev.jpg?resize=768%2C512 768w, https://i1.wp.com/opiniojuris.org/wp-content/uploads/Graffiti-of-Peace-in-Bethlehem-on-Apartheid-Wall-by-Street-Artist-Kis-Lev.jpg?resize=580%2C387 580w, https://i1.wp.com/opiniojuris.org/wp-content/uploads/Graffiti-of-Peace-in-Bethlehem-on-Apartheid-Wall-by-Street-Artist-Kis-Lev.jpg?resize=700%2C467 700w, https://i1.wp.com/opiniojuris.org/wp-content/uploads/Graffiti-of-Peace-in-Bethlehem-on-Apartheid-Wall-by-Street-Artist-Kis-Lev.jpg?w=2120 2120w, https://i1.wp.com/opiniojuris.org/wp-content/uploads/Graffiti-of-Peace-in-Bethlehem-on-Apartheid-Wall-by-Street-Artist-Kis-Lev.jpg?w=3180 3180w" sizes="(max-width: 3888px) 100vw, 3888px" /> </a> </div> <div class="post_text"> <div class="post_text_inner"> <div class="post_text_holder"> <div class="blog_column1"> <div itemprop="dateCreated" class="date entry_date updated"> <span class="date_day">01</span> <span class="date_month">Aug</span> <meta itemprop="interactionCount" content="UserComments: 0"/> </div> </div> <div class="blog_column2"> <h2 itemprop="name" class="entry_title"><a itemprop="url" href="http://opiniojuris.org/2024/08/01/symposium-on-unbroken-bond-tracing-the-ties-between-african-and-palestinian-anti-colonial-struggles-african-media-silence-complicity-in-the-oppression-of-sudan-and-palestine/" title="Symposium on Unbroken Bond: Tracing the Ties Between African and Palestinian Anti-Colonial Struggles – African Media Silence: Complicity in the Oppression of Sudan and Palestine">Symposium on Unbroken Bond: Tracing the Ties Between African and Palestinian Anti-Colonial Struggles – African Media Silence: Complicity in the Oppression of Sudan and Palestine</a></h2> <p itemprop="description" class="post_excerpt"> [Elvis Mogesa Ongiri is the Managing Editor at the Kabarak Law Review and an Editorial Assistant at the Kabarak University Press. He is also an early career researcher interested in African approaches to international law.] In a world where information is power, African national mainstream media plays an important role in informing and shaping perceptions of the African public. By shaping public consent and...</p> <div class="post_info"> <div class="post_info_left"> <a href="http://opiniojuris.org/author/elvis-mogesa-ongiri/" title="Posts by Elvis Mogesa Ongiri" class="author url fn" rel="author">Elvis Mogesa Ongiri</a> <span class="post_author"> | </span> <a itemprop="url" class="post_comments" href="http://opiniojuris.org/2024/08/01/symposium-on-unbroken-bond-tracing-the-ties-between-african-and-palestinian-anti-colonial-struggles-african-media-silence-complicity-in-the-oppression-of-sudan-and-palestine/#respond" target="_self"> 0 Comments </a> </div> <div class="post_info_right"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </article> <div class='pagination'><ul><li class='prev'><a itemprop='url' href='http://opiniojuris.org/category/regions/africa/'><i class='fa fa-angle-left'></i></a></li><li class='active'><span>1</span></li><li class='next next_last'><a href="http://opiniojuris.org/category/regions/africa/page/2/"><i class='fa fa-angle-right'></i></a></li><li class='last'><a itemprop='url' href='http://opiniojuris.org/category/regions/africa/page/50/'><i class='fa fa-angle-double-right'></i></a></li></ul></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="column2"> <div class="column_inner"> <aside class="sidebar"> <div id="recent-posts-5" class="widget widget_recent_entries posts_holder"> <h5>Recent Posts</h5> <ul> <li> <a href="http://opiniojuris.org/2025/02/17/jeps-ruling-the-unresolved-dilemma-of-armed-groups-and-environmental-impact/">JEP&#8217;s Ruling: The Unresolved Dilemma of Armed Groups and Environmental Impact</a> </li> <li> <a href="http://opiniojuris.org/2025/02/16/events-and-announcements-16-february-2025/">Events and Announcements: 16 February 2025</a> </li> <li> <a href="http://opiniojuris.org/2025/02/14/are-we-at-war-with-the-environment/">Are We at War with the Environment?</a> </li> <li> <a href="http://opiniojuris.org/2025/02/13/enforcing-an-ai-moratorium-lessons-from-the-icc/">Enforcing an AI Moratorium: Lessons from the ICC?</a> </li> <li> <a href="http://opiniojuris.org/2025/02/12/foreign-legal-policy-in-practice-assessing-global-south-narratives-in-itlos-advisory-proceedings-on-climate-change/">Foreign Legal Policy in Practice: Assessing Global South Narratives in ITLOS Advisory Proceedings on Climate Change</a> </li> </ul> </div> </aside> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <footer > <div class="footer_inner clearfix"> <div class="footer_top_holder"> <div class="footer_top footer_top_full"> <div class="two_columns_50_50 clearfix"> <div class="column1 footer_col1"> <div class="column_inner"> <div id="text-2" class="widget widget_text"> <div class="textwidget"><p>© <!--?php echo date("Y");?--> Opinio Juris | <a href="https://openandhonest.design/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Design by Open &amp; 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