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id="toc-Geographic_distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pakistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pakistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Pakistan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pakistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 India </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diaspora" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diaspora"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Diaspora </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diaspora-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prehistoric_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prehistoric_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Prehistoric period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prehistoric_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Historical period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medieval_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Medieval period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Modern period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-British_rule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_rule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.1 British rule </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_rule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-colonial_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-colonial_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.2 Post-colonial era </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-colonial_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ethnicity_and_religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnicity_and_religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Ethnicity and religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnicity_and_religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sindhi_Hindus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sindhi_Hindus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Sindhi Hindus </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sindhi_Hindus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sindhi_Muslims" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sindhi_Muslims"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Sindhi Muslims </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sindhi_Muslims-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tribes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tribes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Tribes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tribes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emigration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emigration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Emigration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emigration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Genetics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Language </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Traditional_dress" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditional_dress"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Traditional dress </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traditional_dress-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Dance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Folk_tales" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Folk_tales"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 Folk tales </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Folk_tales-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Festivals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Festivals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.7 Festivals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Festivals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Muslims" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Muslims"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.7.1 Muslims </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Muslims-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hindus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hindus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.7.2 Hindus </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hindus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.8 Cuisine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture_Day" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture_Day"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.9 Culture Day </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture_Day-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poetry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poetry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.10 Poetry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poetry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Notable people </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Sindhis</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 47 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-47" aria-hidden="true" > 47 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindhi%27s" title="Sindhi's – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Sindhi's" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A" title="الشعب السندي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الشعب السندي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindhil%C9%99r" title="Sindhilər – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sindhilər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF" title="সিন্ধি জাতি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সিন্ধি জাতি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%85%D1%96" title="Сіндхі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сіндхі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%85%D0%B8_(%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81)" title="Синдхи (етнос) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Синдхи (етнос)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindhi_(Volk)" title="Sindhi (Volk) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sindhi (Volk)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pueblo_sindi" title="Pueblo sindi – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pueblo sindi" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindhi_(herria)" title="Sindhi (herria) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sindhi (herria)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindis" title="Sindis – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sindis" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindy_(folk)" title="Sindy (folk) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Sindy (folk)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%A7%E0%AB%80_%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%8B" title="સિંધી લોકો – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="સિંધી લોકો" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%A0%EB%93%9C%EC%9D%B8" title="신드인 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="신드인" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%B0%D5%AB" title="Սինդհի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սինդհի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97" title="सिन्धी लोग – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सिन्धी लोग" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindhi" title="Sindhi – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sindhi" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suku_Sindh" title="Suku Sindh – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Suku Sindh" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindhi" title="Sindhi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sindhi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A7%E0%B2%BF" title="ಸಿಂಧಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸಿಂಧಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%B0%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="სინდჰები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სინდჰები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%85%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Синдхтар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Синдхтар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Синдхилер – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Синдхилер" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindhai" title="Sindhai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sindhai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindy_(vahoaka)" title="Sindy (vahoaka) – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Sindy (vahoaka)" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Синди – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Синди" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindhi%27s" title="Sindhi's – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sindhi's" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="सिन्धी जाति – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="सिन्धी जाति" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E4%BA%BA" title="シンド人 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="シンド人" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindhere" title="Sindhere – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sindhere" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindxi_xalqi" title="Sindxi xalqi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Sindxi xalqi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A7%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%95" title="ਸਿੰਧੀ ਲੋਕ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸਿੰਧੀ ਲੋਕ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%BE%DB%8C_%D9%84%D9%88%DA%A9" title="سندھی لوک – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سندھی لوک" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindhowie" title="Sindhowie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sindhowie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindis" title="Sindis – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sindis" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%85%D0%B8_(%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4)" title="Синдхи (народ) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Синдхи (народ)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindhi_people" title="Sindhi people – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Sindhi people" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86%DA%8C%D9%8A_%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%BB%DA%BE%D9%88" title="سنڌي ماڻھو – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="سنڌي ماڻھو" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindhi" title="Sindhi – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sindhi" 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group native to Sindh</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the ethnic group. For their language, see <a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi language</a>. For their native homeland, see <a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Sindhi_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Sindhi (disambiguation)">Sindhi (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Sindhi people" redirects here. Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Sindi_people" title="Sindi people">Sindi people</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sinti_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinti people">Sinti people</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1092331828">@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .contains-special-characters{width:22em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right contains-special-characters noprint selfref"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Sindhi.svg/40px-Sindhi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Sindhi.svg/60px-Sindhi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Sindhi.svg/80px-Sindhi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1644" data-file-height="964" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">This article contains <a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi text</a>, written from right to left with some letters joined. Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:Arabic" title="Help:Arabic">rendering support</a>, you may see unjoined letters or other symbols instead of <a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language#Writing" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi script</a>.</div></div> </div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Sindhis</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above nickname" style="font-size:115%; font-weight:normal;"><div lang="sd"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1227789315">.mw-parser-output .script-arabic{font-family:"Scheherazade New","SF Arabic",Amiri,"Noto Naskh Arabic","Droid Arabic Naskh","Noto Sans Arabic","Sakkal Majalla","Harmattan","Arabic Typesetting","Arabic Transparent","Times New Roman",Arial,Calibri,"Microsoft Sans Serif","Segoe UI",serif,sans-serif;font-weight:normal}</style>سنڌي‎</li><li>सिन्धी</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 41 million</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></th><td class="infobox-data">39,252,262<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2.9 million<a href="#cite_note-6">[a]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">180,980 (2020)<a href="#cite_note-eTH-7">[6]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></th><td class="infobox-data">94,620<a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">United States</th><td class="infobox-data">50,000<a href="#cite_note-SJ-9">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">United Kingdom</th><td class="infobox-data">25,000<a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">30,000 (2021)<a href="#cite_note-eth2-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></th><td class="infobox-data">21,000<a href="#cite_note-eTH-7">[6]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></th><td class="infobox-data">20,000<a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></th><td class="infobox-data">20,000 (1997)<a href="#cite_note-eth2-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></th><td class="infobox-data">15,000[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></th><td class="infobox-data">14,700 (2020)<a href="#cite_note-eth2-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Canada</th><td class="infobox-data">12,065<a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a><a href="#cite_note-encyclopedia_sindhis-15">[14]</a></th><td class="infobox-data">11,860<a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">~10,000<a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Spain</th><td class="infobox-data">10,000<a href="#cite_note-SJ-9">[8]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Majority: <a href="/wiki/File:Star_and_Crescent.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Star_and_Crescent.svg/15px-Star_and_Crescent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Star_and_Crescent.svg/23px-Star_and_Crescent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Star_and_Crescent.svg/30px-Star_and_Crescent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="216" /></a> Islam Minority: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Om.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Om.svg/15px-Om.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Om.svg/23px-Om.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Om.svg/30px-Om.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="200" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> (incl. <a href="/wiki/Nanakpanthi" title="Nanakpanthi">Nanakpanthi</a>)<a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Other <a href="/wiki/Sindhi_languages" title="Sindhi languages">Sindhic-speaking</a> groups</li><li><a href="/wiki/Punjabis" title="Punjabis">Punjabis</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gujaratis" class="mw-redirect" title="Gujaratis">Gujaratis</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Baloch_people" title="Baloch people">Baloch</a></li></ul></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> Sindhis (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈsɪndiːz/</a>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">سنڌي‎ (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Perso-Arabic</a>), सिन्धी (<a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a>); <a href="/wiki/Romanisation_of_Sindhi" title="Romanisation of Sindhi">romanized</a>: sindhī; <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[sɪndʱiː]</a>)<a href="#cite_note-:0-19">[18]</a> are an <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_peoples" title="Indo-Aryan peoples">Indo-Aryan</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-19">[18]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ethno-linguistic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethno-linguistic group">ethnolinguistic group</a>, originating from and native to <a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a> region of Pakistan, who share a common <a href="/wiki/Sindhi_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Sindhi culture">Sindhi culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Sindh" title="History of Sindh">history</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">language</a>. The historical homeland of Sindhis is bordered by the southeastern part of <a href="/wiki/Balochistan" title="Balochistan">Balochistan</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bahawalpur_Division" title="Bahawalpur Division">Bahawalpur region</a> of <a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kutch" class="mw-redirect" title="Kutch">Kutch region</a> of <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a>.<a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a> Having been isolated throughout history, unlike its neighbours, Sindhi culture has preserved its uniqueness.<a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">partition of British India</a> in 1947, many Sindhi Hindus and <a href="/wiki/Sindhis_in_India#Sindhi_Sikhs" title="Sindhis in India">Sindhi Sikhs</a> migrated to the newly independent <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_India" title="Dominion of India">Dominion of India</a> and other parts of the world; some Sindhis fled and formed diasporas settling in countries such as <a href="/wiki/British_Sindhis" title="British Sindhis">England</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sindhi_Americans" title="Sindhi Americans">United States</a>. Pakistani Sindhis are predominantly <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a>, with smaller minorities of <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Pakistan" title="Christianity in Pakistan">Christians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Pakistan" title="Sikhism in Pakistan">Sikhs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Sindh_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Hinduism in Sindh Province">Hindus</a>. The latter are <a href="/wiki/Population" title="Population">concentrated</a> mostly in the <a href="/wiki/Tharparkar" title="Tharparkar">eastern Sindh</a>. <a href="/wiki/Indian_Sindhis" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Sindhis">Indian Sindhis</a> are predominantly Hindu with smaller Muslim, Christian, Sikh, and <a href="/wiki/Jain" class="mw-redirect" title="Jain">Jain</a> minorities. Despite being geographically separated, Sindhis still maintain strong ties to each other and share similar cultural values and practices.<a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Sindhi_culture" title="Category:Sindhi culture">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:145%;font-weight:heavy;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sindhis</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding-bottom:1.0em;"><figure class="mw-halign-center skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sindh_region" title="Sindh region"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Sindhi.svg/110px-Sindhi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Sindhi.svg/165px-Sindhi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Sindhi.svg/220px-Sindhi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1644" data-file-height="964" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0 0.6em;font-size:95%;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sindh" title="History of Sindh">Identity</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_folklore" title="Sindhi folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Language</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_languages" title="Sindhi languages">Dialects</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sindhis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_nationalism" title="Sindhi nationalism">Nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sindhudesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sindhudesh">State</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhology" title="Sindhology">Sindhology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0 0.6em;font-size:95%;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sindh" title="History of Sindh">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Indus Valley Civilisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rai_dynasty" title="Rai dynasty">Rai dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmin_dynasty_of_Sindh" title="Brahmin dynasty of Sindh">Chacha dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sind_(caliphal_province)" title="Sind (caliphal province)">Arab Sindh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sindh#Medieval_era" title="History of Sindh">Soomra-Samma rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talpur_dynasty" title="Talpur dynasty">Talpurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sind_Province_(1936%E2%80%931955)" title="Sind Province (1936–1955)">British rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Current Era</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0 0.6em;font-size:95%;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_diaspora" title="Sindhi diaspora">Diaspora</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">Asia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sindhis_in_India" title="Sindhis in India">Sindhis in India</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sindhis_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Sindhis in Sri Lanka">Sindhis in Sri Lanka</a></li></ul> Europe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Sindhis" title="British Sindhis">Sindhi British</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Gibraltar" title="Hinduism in Gibraltar">Sindhi Gibraltarians</a></li></ul> North America <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_Americans" title="Sindhi Americans">Sindhi Americans</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_Canadians" title="Sindhi Canadians">Sindhi Canadians</a></li></ul> Oceania <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_Australians" title="Sindhi Australians">Sindhi Australians</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0 0.6em;font-size:95%;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Sindh" title="Culture of Sindh">Culture</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_clothing" title="Sindhi clothing">Clothing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ajrak" title="Ajrak">Shawl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_cap" title="Sindhi cap">Hat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_Cultural_Day" title="Sindhi Cultural Day">Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_cuisine" title="Sindhi cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_dances_of_Sindh" title="Folk dances of Sindh">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Sindh#Poetry" title="Culture of Sindh">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_literature" title="Sindhi literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_music" title="Sindhi music">Music</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Festivals">Festivals</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Ethnicity_and_religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sindhi-language_television_channels" title="List of Sindhi-language television channels">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_cinema" title="Sindhi cinema">Cinema</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0 0.6em;font-size:95%;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Regions" class="mw-redirect" title="Regions">Regions</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thar_Desert" title="Thar Desert">Thar Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibi" title="Sibi">Siwistan</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #ab0000;border-bottom:1px solid #ab0000;font-size:95%;"> <a href="/wiki/File:Location_map_Pakistan_Sindh.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Location_map_Pakistan_Sindh.png/55px-Location_map_Pakistan_Sindh.png" decoding="async" width="55" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Location_map_Pakistan_Sindh.png/83px-Location_map_Pakistan_Sindh.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Location_map_Pakistan_Sindh.png/110px-Location_map_Pakistan_Sindh.png 2x" data-file-width="499" data-file-height="474" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Pakistan" title="Portal:Pakistan">Sindh portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sindhis" title="Template:Sindhis"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sindhis" title="Template talk:Sindhis"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sindhis" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sindhis"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sindhis&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Jadgal_people" title="Jadgal people">Jadgal people</a></div> The name Sindhi is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> Sindhu, which translates as "river" or "sea body"; the Greeks used the term "Indos"<a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a> to refer to the <a href="/wiki/Indus_River" title="Indus River">Indus River</a> and the surrounding region, which is where Sindhi is spoken.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The historical spelling "Sind" (from the <a href="/wiki/Persian_alphabet" title="Persian alphabet">Perso-Arabic</a> سند) was discontinued in 1988 by an amendment passed in the <a href="/wiki/Sindh_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Sindh Assembly">Sindh Assembly</a>, and is now spelt "Sindh." Hence, the term "Sindhi" was also introduced to replace "Sindi".[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In the <a href="/wiki/Balochi_language" title="Balochi language">Balochi language</a>, the traditional terms for Sindhis are <a href="/wiki/Jadgal_people" title="Jadgal people">Jadgal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jamote_People" title="Jamote People">Jamote</a>. They are derived from the prefix <a href="/wiki/Jats" title="Jats">Jatt</a> referring to the tribe by that name, and the suffix gal meaning "speech". Thus, it signifies someone who speaks the language of the Jatts, i.e. a Jatt. The term Jatt historically encompassed Sindhis and <a href="/wiki/Punjabis" title="Punjabis">Punjabis</a>, and was frequently used by the <a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">British</a> for Sindhis in their census records.<a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Sindhi_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Map_of_the_Sindhi_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg/300px-Map_of_the_Sindhi_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Map_of_the_Sindhi_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg/450px-Map_of_the_Sindhi_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Map_of_the_Sindhi_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg/600px-Map_of_the_Sindhi_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2754" data-file-height="1398" /></a><figcaption>Global distribution of Sindhis population</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geographic_distribution">Geographic distribution</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sindhis&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Geographic distribution">edit</a>]</div> Sindh has been an ethnic historical region isolated from the rest of India; unlike its neighbors Sindh did not experience violent invasions.<a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a> Boundaries of various Kingdoms and rulers in Sindh were defined on <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnic</a> lines. Throughout history the <a href="/wiki/Geographical" class="mw-redirect" title="Geographical">geographical</a> definition for Sindh referred to the south of Indus and its neighboring regions.<a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pakistan">Pakistan</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sindhis&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Pakistan">edit</a>]</div> Besides Sindh the historical homeland of Sindhis are regions like <a href="/wiki/Kacchi_Plain" title="Kacchi Plain">Kacchi Plain</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Las_Bela_(princely_state)" title="Las Bela (princely state)">Lasbela</a> and <a href="/wiki/Makran" title="Makran">Makran</a> regions in <a href="/wiki/Balochistan" title="Balochistan">Balochistan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Bahawalpur_(princely_state)" title="Bahawalpur (princely state)">Bahawalpur</a> region<a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a> of <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan" title="Punjab, Pakistan">Punjab</a>,<a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Kutch_district" title="Kutch district">Kutch region</a> of <a href="/wiki/Gujarat,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Gujarat, India">Gujarat</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jaisalmer_district" title="Jaisalmer district">Jaisalmer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barmer_district" title="Barmer district">Barmer</a> regions of <a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a>, India.<a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a> There are many <a href="/wiki/Sindhi_Hindus" title="Sindhi Hindus">Sindhi-Hindus</a> who migrated to India after partition in 1947.<a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a> Sindhis in Pakistan have their own province, Sindh, It also has the largest population of <a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a> in Pakistan, with 93% of Pakistani Hindus residing in Sindh.<a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sindhis&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: India">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sindhis_in_India" title="Sindhis in India">Sindhis in India</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sindhi_Population_Distribution_in_Indian_Subcontinent.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Sindhi_Population_Distribution_in_Indian_Subcontinent.png/220px-Sindhi_Population_Distribution_in_Indian_Subcontinent.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Sindhi_Population_Distribution_in_Indian_Subcontinent.png/330px-Sindhi_Population_Distribution_in_Indian_Subcontinent.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Sindhi_Population_Distribution_in_Indian_Subcontinent.png/440px-Sindhi_Population_Distribution_in_Indian_Subcontinent.png 2x" data-file-width="586" data-file-height="569" /></a><figcaption>Concentration of <a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a> speakers in Sindh and India</figcaption></figure> Sindhi Hindus were an economically prosperous community in urban Sindh before partition,<a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a> but due to fear of persecution on the basis of religion and after large scale arrival of Muslim refugees from India,<a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a> they migrated to India after partition. They had a hard time<a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a> in India developing their economic status with no native homeland to claim, they chose to live in <a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">states</a> that had similarity with Sindhi culture.<a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a> Despite all of that they were successful in establishing themselves as one of India's richest communities,<a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a> especially through business and trade.<a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a> Sindhis have distinguished themselves in India,<a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a> from famous actors such as <a href="/wiki/Ranveer_Singh" title="Ranveer Singh">Ranveer Singh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jimmi_Harkishin" title="Jimmi Harkishin">Jimmi Harkishin</a> to veteran politicians such as <a href="/wiki/L._K._Advani" title="L. K. Advani">L. K. Advani</a>, all of whom had families that came from Sindh. In India as per 2011 census,<a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a> Sindhis have an estimated population of 2,770,000. Unlike Sindhis in Pakistan, Indian Sindhis are scattered throughout India in states such as <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a>. <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Population break up by states (Census of India 2011) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>State </th> <th>Population (100 Thousands) </th> <th>% of Total </th></tr> <tr> <td>Gujarat </td> <td>11.84 </td> <td>42.7% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Maharashtra </td> <td>7.24 </td> <td>26.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Rajasthan </td> <td>3.87 </td> <td>13.9% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Madhya Pradesh </td> <td>2.45 </td> <td>8.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Chhattisgarh </td> <td>0.93 </td> <td>3.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Delhi </td> <td>0.31 </td> <td>1.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Uttar Pradesh </td> <td>0.29 </td> <td>1.0% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Assam </td> <td>0.20 </td> <td>0.7% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Karnataka </td> <td>0.17 </td> <td>0.6% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Andhra Pradesh </td> <td>0.11 </td> <td>0.4% </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diaspora">Diaspora</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sindhis&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Diaspora">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sindhi_diaspora" title="Sindhi diaspora">Sindhi diaspora</a></div>Today many Sindhis live outside Pakistan and India, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, where there are an estimated 25,000 of them, largely engaged in <a href="/wiki/Merchant" title="Merchant">merchant trade</a>.<a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a> In addition, during the crackdown on separatist groups by <a href="/wiki/Pervez_Musharraf" title="Pervez Musharraf">Pervez Musharraf</a> an estimated 400-500 Sindhi separatists, along with <a href="/wiki/Baloch_people" title="Baloch people">Balochis</a>, fled to Afghanistan.<a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a> Another group of Sindhis migrated to the <a href="/wiki/Island" title="Island">island</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ceylon" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceylon">Ceylon</a>, which is the now modern day country of <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>, roughly two centuries ago to engage in business and trade.<a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a> They came via <a href="/wiki/Human_migration" title="Human migration">migration</a> from <a href="/wiki/Hyderabad,_Sindh" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyderabad, Sindh">Hyderabad</a> city of Sindh.<a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a> However, after <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">partition</a> this trend increased as <a href="/wiki/Sindhi_Hindus" title="Sindhi Hindus">Sindhi Hindus</a> left their home province.<a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a> Today they are mainly concentrated around <a href="/wiki/Colombo" title="Colombo">Colombo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a> Rich Sindhi communities can also be found in both <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>.<a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sindhis&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Sindh" title="History of Sindh">History of Sindh</a></div>Sindh was the site of one of the <a href="/wiki/Cradle_of_civilization" title="Cradle of civilization">Cradle of civilizations</a>, the Bronze Age <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_civilisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Valley civilisation">Indus Valley civilisation</a> that flourished from about 3000 BCE. The Indo-Aryan tribes of Sindh gave rise to the Iron Age <a href="/wiki/Vedic_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic civilization">vedic civilization</a>, which lasted until 500 BCE. During this era, the <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a> were composed. In 518 BCE, the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_invasion_of_the_Indus_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Achaemenid invasion of the Indus Valley">Achaemenid empire conquered Indus valley</a> and established <a href="/wiki/Hindush" title="Hindush">Hindush</a> satrapy in Sindh. Following <a href="/wiki/Indian_campaign_of_Alexander_the_Great" title="Indian campaign of Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great's invasion</a>, Sindh became part of the <a href="/wiki/Mauryan_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Mauryan Empire">Mauryan Empire</a>. After its decline, <a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_Kingdom" title="Indo-Greek Kingdom">Indo-Greeks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indo-Scythian_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Scythian Kingdom">Indo-Scythians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indo-Parthian_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Parthian Kingdom">Indo-Parthians</a> ruled in Sindh. Sindh is sometimes referred to as the Bab-ul Islam (<abbr>transl.</abbr> 'Gateway of Islam'), as it was one of the first regions of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a> to come under <a href="/wiki/Islamic_rulers_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic rulers in the Indian subcontinent">Islamic rule</a>. Parts of the modern-day province were <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquests_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent">intermittently subject to raids</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Rashidun_army" title="Rashidun army">Rashidun army</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">early Muslim conquests</a>, but the region did not come under Muslim rule until the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Sind#Conquest_of_Sind" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab Sind">Arab invasion of Sind</a> occurred under the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a>, headed by <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Qasim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad ibn Qasim">Muhammad ibn Qasim</a> in 712 CE. Afterwards, Sindh was ruled by a series of dynasties including the <a href="/wiki/Habbari_dynasty" title="Habbari dynasty">Habbaris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soomra_dynasty" title="Soomra dynasty">Soomras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samma_dynasty" title="Samma dynasty">Sammas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arghun_dynasty" title="Arghun dynasty">Arghuns</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tarkhan_dynasty" title="Tarkhan dynasty">Tarkhans</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Mughal_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal empire">Mughal empire</a> conquered Sindh in 1591 and organized it as Subah of Thatta, the first-level imperial division. Sindh again became independent under the <a href="/wiki/Kalhora_dynasty" title="Kalhora dynasty">Kalhora dynasty</a>. The British conquered Sindh in 1843 after their victory in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hyderabad" title="Battle of Hyderabad">Battle of Hyderabad</a> over the <a href="/wiki/Talpur_dynasty" title="Talpur dynasty">Talpur dynasty</a>. Sindh became a separate province in 1936, and after independence became part of Pakistan. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mohenjo-daro_Priesterk%C3%B6nig.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Mohenjo-daro_Priesterk%C3%B6nig.jpeg/170px-Mohenjo-daro_Priesterk%C3%B6nig.jpeg" decoding="async" width="170" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Mohenjo-daro_Priesterk%C3%B6nig.jpeg/255px-Mohenjo-daro_Priesterk%C3%B6nig.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Mohenjo-daro_Priesterk%C3%B6nig.jpeg/340px-Mohenjo-daro_Priesterk%C3%B6nig.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="584" data-file-height="754" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Priest-King_(sculpture)" title="Priest-King (sculpture)">Priest-King</a> wearing Sindhi Ajruk", <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2500 BCE, <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Pakistan" title="National Museum of Pakistan">National Museum of Pakistan</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistoric_period">Prehistoric period</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sindhis&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Prehistoric period">edit</a>]</div> Sindh and surrounding areas contain the ruins of the <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Valley Civilization">Indus Valley Civilization</a>. There are remnants of ancient cities and structures, with a notable example in Sindh being that of <a href="/wiki/Mohenjo-daro" title="Mohenjo-daro">Mohenjo Daro</a>. Built around 2500 BCE., it was one of the largest settlements of the ancient Indus civilisation or <a href="/wiki/Harappan_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Harappan culture">Harappan culture</a>, with features such as standardized bricks, street grids, and covered sewer systems.<a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a> It was one of the world's earliest major <a href="/wiki/City" title="City">cities</a>, contemporaneous with the civilizations of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minoan_civilization" title="Minoan civilization">Minoan Crete</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Caral-Supe_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Caral-Supe civilization">Caral-Supe</a>. Mohenjo-daro was abandoned in the 19th century BCE as the Indus Valley Civilization declined, and the site was not rediscovered until the 1920s. Significant excavation has since been conducted at the site of the city, which was designated a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a> in 1980.<a href="#cite_note-mohenjodaro.net-65">[64]</a> The site is currently threatened by erosion and improper restoration.<a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a> The cities of the ancient Indus were noted for their <a href="/wiki/Urban_planning" title="Urban planning">urban planning</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baked_brick" class="mw-redirect" title="Baked brick">baked brick</a> houses, elaborate <a href="/wiki/Drainage" title="Drainage">drainage</a> systems, <a href="/wiki/Water_supply" title="Water supply">water supply</a> systems, clusters of large non-residential buildings, and techniques of handicraft and <a href="/wiki/Metallurgy" title="Metallurgy">metallurgy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-68">[b]</a> Mohenjo-daro and <a href="/wiki/Harappa" title="Harappa">Harappa</a> very likely grew to contain between 30,000 and 60,000 individuals,<a href="#cite_note-69">[67]</a> and the civilisation may have contained between one and five million individuals during its florescence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcIntosh2008387-70">[68]</a> A gradual <a href="/wiki/Aridification" title="Aridification">drying</a> of the region during the 3rd millennium BCE may have been the initial stimulus for its urbanisation. Eventually it also reduced the water supply enough to cause the civilisation's demise and to disperse its population to the east. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_period">Historical period</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sindhis&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Historical period">edit</a>]</div> For several centuries in the first millennium BCE and in the first five centuries of the first millennium CE, the western portions of Sindh, the regions on the western flank of the Indus river, were intermittently under Persian,<a href="#cite_note-71">[69]</a> Greek<a href="#cite_note-72">[70]</a> and Kushan rule,<a href="#cite_note-73">[71]</a> first during the Achaemenid dynasty (500–300 BCE) during which it made up part of the easternmost satrapies, then, by Alexander the Great, followed by the Indo-Greeks<a href="#cite_note-74">[72]</a> and still later under the <a href="/wiki/Kushano-Sasanian_Kingdom" title="Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom">Indo-Sassanids</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushans</a>,<a href="#cite_note-75">[73]</a> before the Islamic conquest between the 7th and 10th centuries CE Alexander the Great marched through Punjab and Sindh, down the Indus river, after his conquest of the Persian Empire. The Ror dynasty was a power from the Indian subcontinent that ruled modern-day Sindh and Northwest India from 450 BCE to 489 CE.<a href="#cite_note-76">[74]</a><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sindhi_Foot_Soldiers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Sindhi_Foot_Soldiers.jpg/160px-Sindhi_Foot_Soldiers.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Sindhi_Foot_Soldiers.jpg/241px-Sindhi_Foot_Soldiers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/54/Sindhi_Foot_Soldiers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="301" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>Depiction of two Sindhi <a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">infantry</a> soldiers during <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">medieval</a> times</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval_period">Medieval period</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sindhis&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Medieval period">edit</a>]</div> Sindh was one of the earliest regions to be conquered by the Arabs and influenced by Islam<a href="#cite_note-Gier-77">[75]</a> after 720 CE. Before this period, it was heavily Hindu and <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhist</a>. After 632 CE., it was part of the Islamic empires of the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasid">Abbasids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Umayyid" class="mw-redirect" title="Umayyid">Umayyids</a>. Habbari, <a href="/wiki/Soomra_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Soomra Dynasty">Soomra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samma_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Samma Dynasty">Samma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalhora_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalhora Dynasty">Kalhora</a> dynasties ruled Sindh. After the death of the Islamic prophet <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>, the Arab expansion towards the east reached the Sindh region beyond <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persia</a>. An initial expedition in the region, launched because of the <a href="/wiki/Bawarij" title="Bawarij">Sindhi pirate</a> attacks on Arabs in 711–12, failed.<a href="#cite_note-UNESCO-78">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[77]</a> In 712, when Mohammed Bin Qasim invaded Sindh with 8000 cavalry while also receiving reinforcements, <a href="/wiki/Al-Hajjaj_ibn_Yusuf" title="Al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf">Al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf</a> instructed him not to spare anyone in Debal. According to the Chach Nama, after the Arabs scaled Debal's walls, the besieged denizens opened the gates and pleaded for mercy but Qasim stated he had no orders to spare anyone. The historian <a href="/wiki/Al-Baladhuri" title="Al-Baladhuri">al-Baladhuri</a> stated that after conquest of Debal, Qasim kept slaughtering its inhabitants for three days. The custodians of the Buddhist stupa were killed and the temple was destroyed; 700 women taking shelter there were enslaved. Qasim gave a quarter of the city to Muslims and built a mosque there.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWink2002203-80">[78]</a> At <a href="/wiki/Ror" title="Ror">Ror</a>, 6000 fighting men were massacred with their families enslaved. The massacre at <a href="/wiki/Mansura_(Brahmanabad)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mansura (Brahmanabad)">Brahamanabad</a> has various accounts of 6,000 to 26,000 inhabitants slaughtered.<a href="#cite_note-p._456-81">[79]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PK_Hyderabad_asv2020-02_img24_Tomb_of_Mian_Ghulam_Kalhoro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/PK_Hyderabad_asv2020-02_img24_Tomb_of_Mian_Ghulam_Kalhoro.jpg/220px-PK_Hyderabad_asv2020-02_img24_Tomb_of_Mian_Ghulam_Kalhoro.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/PK_Hyderabad_asv2020-02_img24_Tomb_of_Mian_Ghulam_Kalhoro.jpg/330px-PK_Hyderabad_asv2020-02_img24_Tomb_of_Mian_Ghulam_Kalhoro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/PK_Hyderabad_asv2020-02_img24_Tomb_of_Mian_Ghulam_Kalhoro.jpg/440px-PK_Hyderabad_asv2020-02_img24_Tomb_of_Mian_Ghulam_Kalhoro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4848" data-file-height="4848" /></a><figcaption>Tomb of the Sindhi king, <a href="/wiki/Mian_Ghulam_Shah_Kalhoro" class="mw-redirect" title="Mian Ghulam Shah Kalhoro">Mian Ghulam Shah Kalhoro</a></figcaption></figure> In the late 16th century, Sindh was brought into the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a> by <a href="/wiki/Akbar" title="Akbar">Akbar</a>, himself born in the <a href="/wiki/Rajputana" title="Rajputana">Rajputana kingdom</a> in <a href="/wiki/Umerkot" title="Umerkot">Umerkot</a> in Sindh.<a href="#cite_note-Cambridge-82">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[81]</a> Mughal rule from their provincial capital of <a href="/wiki/Thatta" title="Thatta">Thatta</a> was to last in lower Sindh until the early 18th century, while upper Sindh was ruled by the indigenous Kalhora dynasty, consolidating their rule until the mid-18th century, when the Persian sacking of the Mughal throne in <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a> allowed them to grab the rest of Sindh. It is during this the era that the famous Sindhi <a href="/wiki/Shah_Abdul_Latif_Bhittai" title="Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai">Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai</a> composed his classic Sindhi text <a href="/wiki/Shah_Jo_Risalo" title="Shah Jo Risalo">Shah Jo Risalo</a><a href="#cite_note-Brohī_1998_175-84">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-Burton_1851_410-85">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[84]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indian_(Sind)_helmet,_1700s,_Kalhoro_Period.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Indian_%28Sind%29_helmet%2C_1700s%2C_Kalhoro_Period.jpg/220px-Indian_%28Sind%29_helmet%2C_1700s%2C_Kalhoro_Period.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Indian_%28Sind%29_helmet%2C_1700s%2C_Kalhoro_Period.jpg/330px-Indian_%28Sind%29_helmet%2C_1700s%2C_Kalhoro_Period.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Indian_%28Sind%29_helmet%2C_1700s%2C_Kalhoro_Period.jpg/440px-Indian_%28Sind%29_helmet%2C_1700s%2C_Kalhoro_Period.jpg 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>Sindhi helmet, 1700s, Kalhoro period</figcaption></figure> The Talpur dynasty (Sindhi: ٽالپردور‎‎) succeeded the Kalhoras in 1783 and four branches of the dynasty were established.<a href="#cite_note-87">[85]</a> One ruled lower Sindh from the city of <a href="/wiki/Hyderabad,_Sindh" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyderabad, Sindh">Hyderabad</a>, another ruled over upper Sindh from the city of <a href="/wiki/Khairpur" title="Khairpur">Khairpur</a>, a third ruled around the eastern city of <a href="/wiki/Mirpur_Khas" title="Mirpur Khas">Mirpur Khas</a>, and a fourth was based in <a href="/wiki/Tando_Muhammad_Khan" title="Tando Muhammad Khan">Tando Muhammad Khan</a>. They were ethnically <a href="/wiki/Baloch_people" title="Baloch people">Baloch</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:05-88">[86]</a> and for most of their rule, they were subordinate to the <a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Durrani Empire</a> and were forced to pay tribute to them.<a href="#cite_note-89">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[88]</a> They ruled from 1783 until 1843, when they were in turn defeated by the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Miani" title="Battle of Miani">Battle of Miani</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dubba" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Dubba">Battle of Dubbo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:222-91">[89]</a> The northern Khairpur branch of the Talpur dynasty, however, continued to maintain a degree of sovereignty during British rule as the princely state of Khairpur,<a href="#cite_note-:05-88">[86]</a> whose ruler elected to join the new <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Pakistan" title="Dominion of Pakistan">Dominion of Pakistan</a> in October 1947 as an autonomous region, before being fully amalgamated into <a href="/wiki/West_Pakistan" title="West Pakistan">West Pakistan</a> in 1955. Baloch migrations in the region between 14th and 18th centuries[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] and many Baloch dynasties saw a high Iranic mixture into Sindhis.<a href="#cite_note-:1-92">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-94">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_period">Modern period</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sindhis&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Modern period">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Syud_Sabir_Ali_Shah_of_Tattah_Sheea_Mussulman_Sind.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Syud_Sabir_Ali_Shah_of_Tattah_Sheea_Mussulman_Sind.jpg/220px-Syud_Sabir_Ali_Shah_of_Tattah_Sheea_Mussulman_Sind.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="340" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Syud_Sabir_Ali_Shah_of_Tattah_Sheea_Mussulman_Sind.jpg/330px-Syud_Sabir_Ali_Shah_of_Tattah_Sheea_Mussulman_Sind.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Syud_Sabir_Ali_Shah_of_Tattah_Sheea_Mussulman_Sind.jpg/440px-Syud_Sabir_Ali_Shah_of_Tattah_Sheea_Mussulman_Sind.jpg 2x" data-file-width="453" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>Syed Sabir Ali Shah of <a href="/wiki/Thatta" title="Thatta">Thatta</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Shiite" class="mw-redirect" title="Shiite">Shiite</a> <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslim</a> from Sindh</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="British_rule">British rule</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sindhis&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: British rule">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">British</a> <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a> conquered Sindh in 1843. General <a href="/wiki/Charles_James_Napier" title="Charles James Napier">Charles Napier</a> is said to have reported victory to the Governor General with a one-word telegram, namely "Peccavi" – or "I have sinned" (<a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>),<a href="#cite_note-95">[93]</a> which was later turned into a pun known as "Forgive me for I have Sindh". The British had two objectives in their rule of Sindh: the consolidation of British rule and the use of Sindh as a market for British products and a source of revenue and raw materials. With the appropriate infrastructure in place, the British hoped to exploit Sindh's economic potential.<a href="#cite_note-LongSingh2015-96">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[95]</a> The British incorporated Sindh, some years later after annexing it, into the <a href="/wiki/Bombay_Presidency" title="Bombay Presidency">Bombay Presidency</a>. The distance from the provincial capital, <a href="/wiki/Bombay" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombay">Bombay</a>, led to grievances that Sindh was neglected in contrast to other parts of the Presidency. The merger of Sindh into Punjab province was considered from time to time but was turned down because of British disagreement and Sindhi opposition, both from Muslims and Hindus, to being annexed to Punjab.<a href="#cite_note-LongSingh2015-96">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Post-colonial_era">Post-colonial era</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sindhis&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Post-colonial era">edit</a>]</div> In 1947, violence did not constitute a major part of the Sindhi partition experience, unlike in Punjab. This was in part due to the Sufi-influenced culture of religious tolerance and in part because Sindh was not divided and was instead made part of Pakistan in its entirety. Sindhi Hindus who left generally did so out of a fear of persecution,<a href="#cite_note-99">[97]</a> rather than persecution itself, because of the arrival of Muslim refugees from India. Sindhi Hindus differentiated between the local Sindhi Muslims and the migrant Muslims from India. A large number of Sindhi Hindus travelled to India by sea, to the ports of Bombay, Porbandar, Veraval and Okha.<a href="#cite_note-100">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sindhis&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Demographics">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnicity_and_religion">Ethnicity and religion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sindhis&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Ethnicity and religion">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Sindh" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of Sindh">Demographics of Sindh</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Major_ethnic_groups_of_Pakistan_in_1980.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Major_ethnic_groups_of_Pakistan_in_1980.jpg/220px-Major_ethnic_groups_of_Pakistan_in_1980.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Major_ethnic_groups_of_Pakistan_in_1980.jpg/330px-Major_ethnic_groups_of_Pakistan_in_1980.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Major_ethnic_groups_of_Pakistan_in_1980.jpg/440px-Major_ethnic_groups_of_Pakistan_in_1980.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="928" /></a><figcaption>Sindhi-inhabited areas of Pakistan (yellow) in the early 1980s</figcaption></figure> The two main tribes of Sindh are the <a href="/wiki/Soomro" title="Soomro">Soomro</a>—descendants of the <a href="/wiki/Soomra_dynasty" title="Soomra dynasty">Soomra dynasty</a>, who ruled Sindh during 970–1351 C.E.—and the <a href="/wiki/Samma_(tribe)" title="Samma (tribe)">Samma</a>—descendants of the Samma dynasty, who ruled Sindh during 1351–1521 CE. These tribes belong to the same bloodline. Among other Sindhi <a href="/wiki/Sindhi_Sammat" title="Sindhi Sammat">Sammat</a> and Sindhi <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Rajputs" title="Muslim Rajputs">Rajputs</a> are the <a href="/wiki/Bhutto_(clan)" title="Bhutto (clan)">Bhuttos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kamboh" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamboh">Kambohs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhatti_clan" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhatti clan">Bhattis</a>, Bhanbhros, Mahendros, Buriros, Bhachos, Chohans, Lakha, Sahetas, <a href="/wiki/Lohana" title="Lohana">Lohanas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mohana_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohana (tribe)">Mohano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daher" title="Daher">Dahars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indher" title="Indher">Indhar</a>, Chhachhar, <a href="/wiki/Chachar" title="Chachar">Chachar</a>, Dhareja, <a href="/wiki/Rathore_(Rajput_clan)" title="Rathore (Rajput clan)">Rathores</a>, Dakhan, <a href="/wiki/Langah_(clan)" title="Langah (clan)">Langah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Juneja" title="Juneja">Junejo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mahar_(tribe)" title="Mahar (tribe)">Mahars</a>, etc. One of the oldest Sindhi tribes is the <a href="/wiki/Charan" title="Charan">Charan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-102">[100]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Sindhi-Sipahi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sindhi-Sipahi">Sindhi-Sipahi</a> of Rajasthan and the <a href="/wiki/Sandhai_Muslims" title="Sandhai Muslims">Sandhai Muslims</a> of Gujarat are communities of Sindhi Rajputs settled in India. Closely related to the Sindhi Rajputs are the <a href="/wiki/Sindhi_Jats" title="Sindhi Jats">Sindhi Jats</a>, who are found mainly in the <a href="/wiki/Indus" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus">Indus</a> <a href="/wiki/River_delta" title="River delta">delta</a> region. However, tribes are of little importance in Sindh as compared to in Punjab and Balochistan. Identity in Sindh is mostly based on a common ethnicity and language.<a href="#cite_note-103">[101]</a> Islam in Sindh has a long history, starting with the capture of Sindh by Muhammad Bin Qasim in 712 CE. Over time, the majority of the population in Sindh converted to Islam, especially in rural areas. Today, Muslims make up over 90% of the population, and are more dominant in urban than rural areas. Islam in Sindh has a strong Sufi ethos with numerous Muslim saints and mystics, such as the Sufi poet Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai, having lived in Sindh historically. One popular legend which highlights the strong Sufi presence in Sindh is that 125,000 Sufi saints and mystics are buried on <a href="/wiki/Makli_Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="Makli Hill">Makli Hill</a> near Thatta.<a href="#cite_note-104">[102]</a> The development of Sufism in Sindh was similar to the development of Sufism in other parts of the Muslim world. In the 16th century two Sufi tareeqat (orders)—Qadria and Naqshbandia—were introduced in Sindh.<a href="#cite_note-105">[103]</a> Sufism continues to play an important role in the daily lives of Sindhis.<a href="#cite_note-106">[104]</a> Sindh also has Pakistan's highest percentage of <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Pakistan" title="Hinduism in Pakistan">Hindus</a> overall, which accounts 8.7% of the population, roughly around 4.2 million people,<a href="#cite_note-2017_Census-107">[105]</a> and 13.3% of the province's rural population as per 2017 Pakistani census report. These numbers also include the <a href="/wiki/Scheduled_Castes_and_Scheduled_Tribes" title="Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes">scheduled caste</a> population, which stands at 1.7% of the total in Sindh (or 3.1% in rural areas),<a href="#cite_note-religioninpakistan-108">[106]</a> and is believed to have been under-reported, with some community members instead counted under the main Hindu category.<a href="#cite_note-109">[107]</a> Although <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Hindu_Council" title="Pakistan Hindu Council">Pakistan Hindu Council</a> claimed that there are 6,842,526 Hindus living in Sindh Province covering around 14.29% of the region's population.<a href="#cite_note-110">[108]</a> Umerkot district in the Thar Desert is Pakistan's only Hindu-majority district. The <a href="/wiki/Ramapir_Temple_Tando_Allahyar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramapir Temple Tando Allahyar">Shri Ramapir Temple</a> in Tandoallahyar whose annual festival is the second largest Hindu pilgrimage in Pakistan is in Sindh.<a href="#cite_note-111">[109]</a> Sindh is also the only province in Pakistan to have a separate law for governing <a href="/wiki/Hindu_marriage_laws_in_Pakistan" title="Hindu marriage laws in Pakistan">Hindu marriages</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Shahid-112">[110]</a> Per community estimates, there are approximately 10,000 Sikhs in Sindh.<a href="#cite_note-Tunio-113">[111]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sindhi_Hindus">Sindhi Hindus</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sindhis&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Sindhi Hindus">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Sindhi_Hindus" title="Sindhi Hindus">Sindhi Hindus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Sindh_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Hinduism in Sindh Province">Hinduism in Sindh Province</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sindhis_in_India" title="Sindhis in India">Sindhis in India</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vintage_group_photo_of_Indian_Sindh_people.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Vintage_group_photo_of_Indian_Sindh_people.JPG/220px-Vintage_group_photo_of_Indian_Sindh_people.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Vintage_group_photo_of_Indian_Sindh_people.JPG/330px-Vintage_group_photo_of_Indian_Sindh_people.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Vintage_group_photo_of_Indian_Sindh_people.JPG/440px-Vintage_group_photo_of_Indian_Sindh_people.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1084" data-file-height="752" /></a><figcaption>Vintage group photo of Indian Hindu Sindhi people</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> along with <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> was the predominant religion in Sindh before the Arab Islamic conquest.<a href="#cite_note-MacLean-114">[112]</a> The Chinese Buddhist monk <a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang</a>, who visited the region in the years 630–644, said that Buddhism was declining in the region.<a href="#cite_note-115">[113]</a> While Buddhism declined and ultimately disappeared after the Arab conquest, mainly due to conversion of almost all of the Buddhist population of Sindh to Islam, Hinduism managed to survive as a significant minority through Muslim rule until before the partition of India. Derryl Maclean explains what he calls "the persistence of Hinduism" on the basis of "the radical dissimilarity between the socio-economic bases of Hinduism and Buddhism in Sind": Buddhism in this region was mainly urban and mercantile while Hinduism was rural and non-mercantile, thus the Arabs, themselves urban and mercantile, attracted and converted the Buddhist classes, but for the rural and non-mercantile parts, only interested by the taxes, they promoted a more decentralized authority and appointed <a href="/wiki/Brahmins" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmins">Brahmins</a> for the task, who often just continued the roles they had in the previous Hindu rule.<a href="#cite_note-MacLean-114">[112]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/2017_Census_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="2017 Census of Pakistan">2017 Census of Pakistan</a>, Hindus constituted about 8.7% of the total population of Sindh province, roughly around 4.2 million people.<a href="#cite_note-Pakistan_Census_Data-116">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-sindh2017-117">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-2017_Census-107">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[116]</a> Most of them live in urban areas such as <a href="/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi">Karachi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyderabad,_Sindh" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyderabad, Sindh">Hyderabad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sukkur" title="Sukkur">Sukkur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mirpur_Khas" title="Mirpur Khas">Mirpur Khas</a>. Hyderabad is currently the largest centre of Sindhi Hindus in Pakistan, with 100,000–150,000 living there.<a href="#cite_note-Pakistan_Census_Data-116">[114]</a> The ratio of Hindus in Sindh was higher before the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a> in 1947.<a href="#cite_note-119">[117]</a> Prior to the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a>, around 73% of the population of Sindh was Muslim with almost 26% of the remaining being Hindu.<a href="#cite_note-120">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[119]</a> Hindus in Sindh were concentrated in the urban areas before the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a> in 1947, during which most migrated to modern-day India according to <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Hassan_Dani" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmad Hassan Dani">Ahmad Hassan Dani</a>. In the urban centres of Sindh, Hindus formed the majority of the population before the partition. The cities and towns of Sindh were dominated by the Hindus. In 1941, Hindus were 64% of the total urban population.<a href="#cite_note-122">[120]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/1941_Census_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="1941 Census of India">1941 Census of India</a>, Hindus formed around 74% of the population of <a href="/wiki/Hyderabad,_Sindh" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyderabad, Sindh">Hyderabad</a>, 70% of <a href="/wiki/Sukkur" title="Sukkur">Sukkur</a>, 65% of <a href="/wiki/Shikarpur,_Sindh" title="Shikarpur, Sindh">Shikarpur</a> and about half of <a href="/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi">Karachi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-123">[121]</a> By the <a href="/wiki/1951_Census_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="1951 Census of Pakistan">1951 Census of Pakistan</a>, all of these cities had virtually been emptied of their Hindu population as a result of the partition.<a href="#cite_note-124">[122]</a> Hindus were also spread over the rural areas of Sindh province. <a href="/wiki/Dhatki_language" title="Dhatki language">Thari</a> (a dialect of Sindhi) is spoken in Sindh in Pakistan and Rajasthan in India.<div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 53051.584865439px; border-left-color:Black"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Black"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Black"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 19894.200334598px; border-left-color:Blue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Blue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Blue"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 1709.3952431371px; border-left-color:Red"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Red"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Red"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 144.00982471449px; border-left-color:Green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Green"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> Religion in Sindh according to <a href="/wiki/2017_Census_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="2017 Census of Pakistan">2017 census</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  Islam (90.34%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> (8.73%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> (0.85%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Ahmaddiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmaddiya">Ahmaddiya</a> (0.05%)</div> </div> </div></div><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tomb_of_Bhittai.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d6/Tomb_of_Bhittai.jpeg" decoding="async" width="200" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="165" /></a><figcaption>Grand mausoleum of <a href="/wiki/Shah_Abdul_Latif_Bhittai" title="Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai">Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai</a>, built by <a href="/wiki/Mian_Ghulam_Shah_Kalhoro" class="mw-redirect" title="Mian Ghulam Shah Kalhoro">Mian Ghulam Shah Kalhoro</a> in 1762</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sindhi_Muslims">Sindhi Muslims</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sindhis&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Sindhi Muslims">edit</a>]</div> The connection between Sindh and Islam was established by the initial Muslim missions. According to Derryl N. Maclean, a link between Sindh and Muslims during the Caliphate of Ali can be traced to Hakim ibn Jabalah al-Abdi, a <a href="/wiki/Companions_of_the_Prophet" title="Companions of the Prophet">companion of the Islamic Prophet Muhammad</a>, who traveled across Sind to <a href="/wiki/Makran" title="Makran">Makran</a> in the year 649 CE and presented a report on the area to the Caliph. He supported <a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali</a>, and died in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Camel" title="Battle of the Camel">Battle of the Camel</a> alongside Sindhi <a href="/wiki/Jats" title="Jats">Jats</a>.<a href="#cite_note-125">[123]</a> He was also a poet and few couplets of his poem in praise of Ali ibn Abu Talib have survived, as reported in Chachnama:<a href="#cite_note-126">[124]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <div lang="ar" dir="rtl">ليس الرزيه بالدينار نفقدةان الرزيه فقد العلم والحكموأن أشرف من اودي الزمان بهأهل العفاف و أهل الجود والكريم <a href="#cite_note-127">[125]</a></div> "Oh Ali, owing to your alliance (with the prophet) you are true of high birth, and your example is great, and you are wise and excellent, and your advent has made your age an age of generosity and kindness and brotherly love".<a href="#cite_note-128">[126]</a></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peoples_of_South_Asia_Sindhi_Sumra.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Peoples_of_South_Asia_Sindhi_Sumra.png/220px-Peoples_of_South_Asia_Sindhi_Sumra.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Peoples_of_South_Asia_Sindhi_Sumra.png/330px-Peoples_of_South_Asia_Sindhi_Sumra.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Peoples_of_South_Asia_Sindhi_Sumra.png/440px-Peoples_of_South_Asia_Sindhi_Sumra.png 2x" data-file-width="970" data-file-height="733" /></a><figcaption>Population of Sindhi <a href="/wiki/Soomro" title="Soomro">Soomras</a> with <a href="/wiki/District" title="District">district</a> <a href="/wiki/Border" title="Border">borders</a> of Pakistan (<a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> report, 1987)</figcaption></figure>During the reign of Ali, many Jats came under the influence of Islam.<a href="#cite_note-129">[127]</a> Harith ibn Murrah Al-abdi and Sayfi ibn Fil' al-Shaybani, both officers of Ali's army, attacked Sindhi bandits and chased them to Al-Qiqan (present-day <a href="/wiki/Quetta" title="Quetta">Quetta</a>) in the year 658.<a href="#cite_note-130">[128]</a> Sayfi was one of the seven partisans of Ali who were beheaded alongside <a href="/wiki/Hujr_ibn_%27Adi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hujr ibn 'Adi">Hujr ibn Adi al-Kindi</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[129]</a> in 660 C.E., near Damascus. In 712 C.E., Sindh was incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphate</a>, the Islamic Empire, and became the "Arabian gateway" into India (later to become known as Bab-ul-Islam, the gate of Islam). Sindh produced many Muslim scholars early on, "men whose influence extended to <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> where the people thought highly of their learning", in particular in <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">hadith</a>,<a href="#cite_note-132">[130]</a> with the likes of poet Abu al- 'Ata Sindhi (d. 159) or hadith and <a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">fiqh</a> scholar <a href="/wiki/Abu_Mashar_Sindhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Mashar Sindhi">Abu Mashar Sindhi</a> (d. 160), among many others. Sindhi scholars also translated scientific texts from Sanskrit into Arabic, for instance, the <a href="/wiki/Zij_al-Sindhind" class="mw-redirect" title="Zij al-Sindhind">Zij al-Sindhind</a> in astronomy.<a href="#cite_note-133">[131]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PK_Thatta_asv2020-02_img04_Shah_Jahan_Mosque.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/PK_Thatta_asv2020-02_img04_Shah_Jahan_Mosque.jpg/170px-PK_Thatta_asv2020-02_img04_Shah_Jahan_Mosque.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/PK_Thatta_asv2020-02_img04_Shah_Jahan_Mosque.jpg/255px-PK_Thatta_asv2020-02_img04_Shah_Jahan_Mosque.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/PK_Thatta_asv2020-02_img04_Shah_Jahan_Mosque.jpg/340px-PK_Thatta_asv2020-02_img04_Shah_Jahan_Mosque.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5039" data-file-height="6047" /></a><figcaption>Interior of the <a href="/wiki/Shah_Jahan_Mosque,_Thatta" title="Shah Jahan Mosque, Thatta">Shah Jahan Mosque, Thatta</a>, built during the rule of the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a></figcaption></figure> The majority of Muslim Sindhis follow the <a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a> <a href="/wiki/Hanafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanafi">Hanafi</a> <a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">fiqh</a> with a minority being <a href="/wiki/Shia" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia">Shia</a> <a href="/wiki/Ithna_%27ashariyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ithna 'ashariyah">Ithna 'ashariyah</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a> has left a deep impact on Sindhi Muslims and this is visible through the numerous <a href="/wiki/Dargah" class="mw-redirect" title="Dargah">Sufi shrines</a> which dot the landscape of Sindh. Sindhi <a href="/wiki/Muslim_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim culture">Muslim culture</a> is highly influenced by <a href="/wiki/Sufi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sufi">Sufi</a> doctrines and principles.<a href="#cite_note-134">[132]</a> Some of the popular cultural icons are <a href="/wiki/Shah_Abdul_Latif_Bhitai" class="mw-redirect" title="Shah Abdul Latif Bhitai">Shah Abdul Latif Bhitai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lal_Shahbaz_Qalandar" title="Lal Shahbaz Qalandar">Lal Shahbaz Qalandar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jhulelal_(Sufism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jhulelal (Sufism)">Jhulelal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sachal_Sarmast" title="Sachal Sarmast">Sachal Sarmast</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tribes">Tribes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sindhis&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Tribes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Sindhi_tribes" title="List of Sindhi tribes">List of Sindhi tribes</a></div>Major <a href="/wiki/Tribe" title="Tribe">tribes</a> in Sindh include Soomros,<a href="#cite_note-135">[133]</a> Sammas,<a href="#cite_note-136">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-137">[135]</a> Kalhoras,<a href="#cite_note-138">[136]</a> Bhuttos<a href="#cite_note-139">[137]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rajper" title="Rajper">Rajper</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:3-137">[135]</a> all of these tribes have significant influence in Sindh. <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:#A6CEE3; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 45.530476047905px; border-left-color:#B15928"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#B15928"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#B15928"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 27.694866830911px; border-left-color:#6A3D9A"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#6A3D9A"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#6A3D9A"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 10.087101087219px; border-left-color:#FF7F00"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#FF7F00"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#FF7F00"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:97.012659649011px 24.259923079541px 0 0; border-top-color:#E31A1C"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#E31A1C"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:77.846230156702px 62.76913612907px 0 0; border-top-color:#33A02C"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#33A02C"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:24.259923079541px 97.012659649011px 0 0; border-top-color:#1F78B4"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#1F78B4"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> Sindhi castes (1911 Census of <a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">British India</a>)<a href="#cite_note-140">[138]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Lohana (53.9%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Dhed (10.3%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Bhil (6.9%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Kohli (5.5%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Rajput (2.7%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Brahmin (2.5%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Others (18.3%)</div> </div> </div></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Religion </th> <th>Caste </th> <th>Surnames<a href="#cite_note-141">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[140]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslim</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rajput" title="Rajput">Rajput</a>/ <a href="/wiki/Jats" title="Jats">Jats</a>/ <a href="/wiki/Samma_(tribe)" title="Samma (tribe)">Sammat</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Soomra_dynasty" title="Soomra dynasty">Soomros</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samma_(tribe)" title="Samma (tribe)">Samo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalhora_dynasty" title="Kalhora dynasty">Kalhora</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhutto_(clan)" title="Bhutto (clan)">Bhutto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rajper" title="Rajper">Rajper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kamboh" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamboh">Kambohs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhati" title="Bhati">Bhati</a>, Bhanbhros, <a href="/wiki/Detha" title="Detha">Detho</a>, Mahendros, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Buriro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buriro (page does not exist)">Buriro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Unar_tribe" title="Unar tribe">Unar</a>, Dahri, Bhachos, <a href="/wiki/Chauhan_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Chauhan Dynasty">Chohans</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lakha_(tribe)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lakha (tribe) (page does not exist)">Lakha</a>, Sahetas, Kaka, <a href="/wiki/Mohana_(community)" title="Mohana (community)">Mohano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dahar_(tribe)" title="Dahar (tribe)">Dahars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indher" title="Indher">Indhar</a>, Dakhan, <a href="/wiki/Langah_(clan)" title="Langah (clan)">Langah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mahar_(tribe)" title="Mahar (tribe)">Mahar</a>, Chhachhar, <a href="/wiki/Chachar" title="Chachar">Chachar</a>, Halo, <a href="/wiki/Dhareja" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhareja">Dhareja</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jadeja" title="Jadeja">Jadeja</a>, <a href="/wiki/Juneja" title="Juneja">Juneja</a>, <a href="/wiki/Panhwar" title="Panhwar">Panhwar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rathore_(Rajput_clan)" title="Rathore (Rajput clan)">Rathores</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sindhi_Memon" title="Sindhi Memon">Memon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khatri" title="Khatri">Khatri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mahesar" title="Mahesar">Mahesar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thaheem_(tribe)" title="Thaheem (tribe)">Thaheem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palh" title="Palh">Palh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Warya" title="Warya">Warya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abro_(tribe)" title="Abro (tribe)">Abro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theba_(tribe)" title="Theba (tribe)">Thebo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sial_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Sial tribe">Siyal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khaskheli" title="Khaskheli">Khaskheli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palijo" title="Palijo">Palijo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kehar" title="Kehar">Kehar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solangi" title="Solangi">Solangi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johiya" title="Johiya">Joyo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burfat" title="Burfat">Burfat</a>, Ruk, Palari, <a href="/wiki/Palijo" title="Palijo">Palijo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jokhio" title="Jokhio">Jokhio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jakhro" title="Jakhro">Jakhro</a>, Noonari, Narejo, Samejo, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Koreja&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Koreja (page does not exist)">Korejo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sindhi_Shaikh" title="Sindhi Shaikh">Shaikh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naich_clan" class="mw-redirect" title="Naich clan">Naich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sahu" title="Sahu">Sahu/Soho</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jat_Muslim" title="Jat Muslim">Jat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sindhi_Jats" title="Sindhi Jats">Mirjat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khuhro" title="Khuhro">Khuhro</a>, Bhangar, <a href="/wiki/Lasi_people" title="Lasi people">Roonjha</a>, Rajar, Dahri, Mangi, Tunio, Gaho, Ghanghro, <a href="/wiki/Chhutta" title="Chhutta">Chhutto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hingora" title="Hingora">Hingoro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hingorja_(community)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hingorja (community)">Hingorjo</a>, Dayo, <a href="/wiki/Halaypotra" title="Halaypotra">Halaypotro</a>, Phulpotro, <a href="/wiki/Pahor" title="Pahor">Pahore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shoro_(tribe)" title="Shoro (tribe)">Shoro</a>, Arisar, <a href="/wiki/Fazil_Rahu" title="Fazil Rahu">Rahu</a>, Rahujo, Katpar, Pechuho, Bhayo, <a href="/wiki/Atiqa_Odho" title="Atiqa Odho">Odho</a>, Otho, Larak, Mangrio, Bhurt, <a href="/wiki/Bughio" title="Bughio">Bughio</a>, Chang, Chand, Chanar, Hakro, <a href="/wiki/Khokhar" title="Khokhar">Khokhar</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindu</a>/Muslim </td> <td>Sindhi Bhaiband Lohana </td> <td>Aishani, Agahni, Aneja, Anandani, Ambwani, Asija, Bablani, <a href="/wiki/Bajaj_(surname)" title="Bajaj (surname)">Bajaj</a>, Bhagwani, Bhaglani, Bhojwani, <a href="/wiki/Bhagnani" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhagnani">Bhagnani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balani_(surname)" title="Balani (surname)">Balani</a>, Baharwani, <a href="/wiki/Biyani" title="Biyani">Biyani</a>, Bodhani, <a href="/wiki/Channa" title="Channa">Channa</a>, Chothani, Dalwani, <a href="/wiki/Damani_(name)" title="Damani (name)">Damani</a>, Devnani, <a href="/wiki/Dhingra" title="Dhingra">Dhingria</a>, Dolani, Dudeja, Gajwani, Gangwani, Ganglani, Gulrajani, <a href="/wiki/Hiranandani" class="mw-redirect" title="Hiranandani">Hiranandani</a>, Hotwani, Harwani, Jagwani, Jamtani, Jobanputra, Jumani, Kateja, Kodwani, Khabrani, Khanchandani, Khushalani, <a href="/wiki/Lakhani_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Lakhani tribe">Lakhani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lanjwani" title="Lanjwani">Lanjwani</a>, Laungani, Lachhwani, Ludhwani, <a href="/wiki/Lulia" title="Lulia">Lulia</a>, Lokwani, Manghnani, Mamtani, <a href="/wiki/Mirani_(clan)" title="Mirani (clan)">Mirani</a>, Mirpuri, <a href="/wiki/Mirwani" class="mw-redirect" title="Mirwani">Mirwani</a>, Mohinani, Mulchandani, <a href="/wiki/Nihalani" title="Nihalani">Nihalani</a>, Nankani, Nathani, Parwani, Phull, <a href="/wiki/Qaimkhani" title="Qaimkhani">Qaimkhani</a>, Ratlani, Rajpal, Rustamani, Ruprela, Sambhavani, Santdasani, Soneji, <a href="/wiki/Setia" class="mw-redirect" title="Setia">Setia</a>, Sewani, Tejwani, Tilokani, Tirthani, <a href="/wiki/Wassan" title="Wassan">Wassan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vangani" title="Vangani">Vangani</a>, Varlani, Vishnani, Visrani, Virwani and Valbani </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sindhi Amil Lohana </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Advani" title="Advani">Advani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ahuja" title="Ahuja">Ahuja</a>, Ajwani, Bathija, Bhambhani, Bhavnani, Bijlani, Chhablani, <a href="/wiki/Chabria" title="Chabria">Chhabria</a>, Chugani, <a href="/wiki/Dadlani" class="mw-redirect" title="Dadlani">Dadlani</a>, Daryani, <a href="/wiki/Dudani" title="Dudani">Dudani</a>, Essarani, Gabrani, <a href="/wiki/Gidwani" title="Gidwani">Gidwani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hingorani" title="Hingorani">Hingorani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Idnani" class="mw-redirect" title="Idnani">Idnani</a>, Issrani, Jagtiani, <a href="/wiki/Jhangiani" title="Jhangiani">Jhangiani</a>, Kandharani, Karnani, Kewalramani, Khubchandani, Kriplani, <a href="/wiki/Lalwani" title="Lalwani">Lalwani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mahtani" title="Mahtani">Mahtani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Makhija" title="Makhija">Makhija</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malkani" title="Malkani">Malkani</a>, Manghirmalani, Manglani, Manshani, Mansukhani, Mirchandani, <a href="/wiki/Motwani" title="Motwani">Motwani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Makhija" title="Makhija">Mukhija</a>, Panjwani, Punwani, <a href="/wiki/Ramchandani" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramchandani">Ramchandani</a>, Raisinghani, Ramsinghani, Rijhsanghani, <a href="/wiki/Sadarangani" title="Sadarangani">Sadarangani</a>, Shahani, Shahukarani, Shivdasani, Sipahimalani (shortened to Sippy), Sitlani, <a href="/wiki/Sarabhai" title="Sarabhai">Sarabhai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Singhania_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Singhania (disambiguation)">Singhania</a>, Takthani, Thadani, <a href="/wiki/Vaswani" title="Vaswani">Vaswani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wadhwani" title="Wadhwani">Wadhwani</a> Uttamsinghani. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslim</a> /<a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindu</a> </td> <td>Artisan Castes </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kumhar" title="Kumhar">Kumbhar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Machiyar" title="Machiyar">Machhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mallaah" title="Mallaah">Mallah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kori_(caste)" title="Kori (caste)">Kori</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jogi_(caste)" title="Jogi (caste)">Jogi</a>, Drakhan, <a href="/wiki/Mochi_(Muslim)" title="Mochi (Muslim)">Mochi</a> Labano/Chahwan, Patoli, <a href="/wiki/Manganiar" title="Manganiar">Maganhar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chakee" title="Chakee">Chaki</a>. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emigration">Emigration</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sindhis&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Emigration">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sindhi_diaspora" title="Sindhi diaspora">Sindhi diaspora</a></div>The Sindhi <a href="/wiki/Diaspora" title="Diaspora">diaspora</a> is significant. <a href="/wiki/Emigration" title="Emigration">Emigration</a> from the Sindh became mainstream after the 19th century with the <a href="/wiki/British_conquest_of_Sindh" title="British conquest of Sindh">British conquest of Sindh</a>. A number of Sindhi traders emigrated to the <a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[141]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a> in this period.<a href="#cite_note-144">[142]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a>, many Sindhi Hindus emigrated to <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, especially to the United Kingdom,<a href="#cite_note-145">[143]</a> <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle Eastern states</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Some settled in <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>.<a href="#cite_note-146">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-147">[145]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genetics">Genetics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sindhis&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Genetics">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ancestry_proportions_of_1194_individuals.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Ancestry_proportions_of_1194_individuals.png/220px-Ancestry_proportions_of_1194_individuals.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Ancestry_proportions_of_1194_individuals.png/330px-Ancestry_proportions_of_1194_individuals.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Ancestry_proportions_of_1194_individuals.png/440px-Ancestry_proportions_of_1194_individuals.png 2x" data-file-width="2241" data-file-height="385" /></a><figcaption>Sindhi Genetics</figcaption></figure> Sindhis exhibit high frequencies of <a href="/wiki/Allele" title="Allele">allele</a>-<a href="/wiki/Allele_frequency" title="Allele frequency">B</a> cell, which shows similarities with those of Middle-East<a href="#cite_note-148">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[148]</a> having 87% Caucasoid admixture.<a href="#cite_note-151">[149]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ADMIXTURE_analysis_of_Horn_of_Africa_populations_in_a_broad_context.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/ADMIXTURE_analysis_of_Horn_of_Africa_populations_in_a_broad_context.png/223px-ADMIXTURE_analysis_of_Horn_of_Africa_populations_in_a_broad_context.png" decoding="async" width="223" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/ADMIXTURE_analysis_of_Horn_of_Africa_populations_in_a_broad_context.png/335px-ADMIXTURE_analysis_of_Horn_of_Africa_populations_in_a_broad_context.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/ADMIXTURE_analysis_of_Horn_of_Africa_populations_in_a_broad_context.png/446px-ADMIXTURE_analysis_of_Horn_of_Africa_populations_in_a_broad_context.png 2x" data-file-width="4041" data-file-height="3002" /></a><figcaption>Sindhi Genetics</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sindhis&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Culture">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NATIVES_of_SINDE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/NATIVES_of_SINDE.jpg/220px-NATIVES_of_SINDE.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/NATIVES_of_SINDE.jpg/330px-NATIVES_of_SINDE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/NATIVES_of_SINDE.jpg/440px-NATIVES_of_SINDE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="863" data-file-height="924" /></a><figcaption>"Natives of Sinde", in traditional Shalwar</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sindhi_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Sindhi culture">Sindhi culture</a></div>Sindhi culture has its roots in the <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Valley civilization">Indus Valley civilization</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:5-94">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[150]</a> Sindh has been shaped by the largely desert region and the natural resources it had available. The <a href="/wiki/Indus_River" title="Indus River">Indus or Sindhu River</a> that passes through the land, and the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Sea" title="Arabian Sea">Arabian Sea</a> (that defines its borders) also supported the <a href="/wiki/Seamanship" title="Seamanship">seafaring</a> traditions among the local people. The local climate also reflects why the Sindhis have the language,<a href="#cite_note-153">[151]</a> <a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">folklore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">traditions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Customs" title="Customs">customs</a> and lifestyle that are so different from the neighbouring regions. The Sindhi culture is also strongly practiced<a href="#cite_note-154">[152]</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Sindhi_diaspora" title="Sindhi diaspora">Sindhi diaspora</a>. The roots of Sindhi culture go back to the distant past. Archaeological research during 19th and 20th centuries showed the roots of social life, religion and culture of the people of the Sindh:<a href="#cite_note-155">[153]</a> their agricultural practices, traditional arts and crafts, customs and tradition and other parts of social life, going back to a mature <a href="/wiki/Indus_valley_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus valley civilization">Indus Valley Civilization</a> of the third millennium BC.<a href="#cite_note-156">[154]</a> Recent researches have traced the Indus valley civilization to even earlier ancestry.<a href="#cite_note-157">[155]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sindhis&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Language">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi language</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sindhi_Language_Bill,_1972" class="mw-redirect" title="Sindhi Language Bill, 1972">Sindhi Language Bill, 1972</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dodo_Chanesar_Khudabadi_script.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Dodo_Chanesar_Khudabadi_script.png/220px-Dodo_Chanesar_Khudabadi_script.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Dodo_Chanesar_Khudabadi_script.png/330px-Dodo_Chanesar_Khudabadi_script.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Dodo_Chanesar_Khudabadi_script.png/440px-Dodo_Chanesar_Khudabadi_script.png 2x" data-file-width="498" data-file-height="664" /></a><figcaption>Cover of a book containing the epic Dodo Chanesar written in Hatvanki Sindhi or <a href="/wiki/Khudabadi_script" title="Khudabadi script">Khudabadi script</a></figcaption></figure> Sindhi<a href="#cite_note-158">[156]</a> is an <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Aryan language">Indo-Aryan language</a> spoken by about 30 million people in the Pakistani province of Sindh, where it has <a href="/wiki/1972_Sindhi_Language_Bill" title="1972 Sindhi Language Bill">official institutional status</a> and has plans to being promoted further.<a href="#cite_note-159">[157]</a> It is also spoken by a further 4.8 million people in India, where it is a <a href="/wiki/Scheduled_languages_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Scheduled languages of India">scheduled language</a>, without any state-level official status. Despite that there have been online methods for teaching Sindhi.<a href="#cite_note-160">[158]</a> The main writing system is the <a href="/wiki/Perso-Arabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Perso-Arabic">Perso-Arabic</a> script, which accounts for the majority of the Sindhi literature and is the only one currently used in Pakistan. In India, both the Perso-Arabic script and <a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a> are used. At the <a href="/wiki/Festival" title="Festival">occasion</a> of <a href="/wiki/International_Mother_Language_Day" title="International Mother Language Day">'Mother Language Day</a>' in 2023, the <a href="/wiki/Provincial_Assembly_of_Sindh" title="Provincial Assembly of Sindh">Sindh Assembly</a> passed a <a href="/wiki/Unanimity" title="Unanimity">unanimous</a> <a href="/wiki/Resolution_(logic)" title="Resolution (logic)">resolution</a> to extend and increase the <a href="/wiki/Social_status" title="Social status">status</a> of Sindhi as the <a href="/wiki/National_language" title="National language">national language</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-162">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-163">[161]</a> Sindhi is believed to be originated from an older <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan</a> <a href="/wiki/Dialect" title="Dialect">dialect</a> spoken in Indus valley,<a href="#cite_note-164">[162]</a> Sindhi has an attested history from the 10th century CE. Sindhi was one of the first Indo-Aryan languages to encounter influence from <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> following the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_campaigns_in_India" title="Umayyad campaigns in India">Umayyad conquest</a> in 712 CE. A substantial body of Sindhi literature developed during the Medieval period, the most famous of which is the religious and mystic poetry of Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai from the 18th century. Modern Sindhi was promoted under British rule beginning in 1843, which led to the current status of the language in independent Pakistan after 1947. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Sindhi alphabet">Sindhi alphabet</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <a href="/wiki/%D8%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="ا">ا</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="ب">ب</a> <a href="/wiki/%D9%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="ٻ">ٻ</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%80" class="mw-redirect" title="ڀ">ڀ</a> <a href="/wiki/%D9%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="پ">پ</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="ت">ت</a> <a href="/wiki/%D9%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="ٿ">ٿ</a> <a href="/wiki/%D9%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="ٽ">ٽ</a> <a href="/wiki/%D9%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="ٺ">ٺ</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="ث">ث</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="ج">ج</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%84" title="ڄ">ڄ</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%87%DB%81" title="جهہ">جهہ</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%83" class="mw-redirect" title="ڃ">ڃ</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%86" class="mw-redirect" title="چ">چ</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ڇ (page does not exist)">ڇ</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="ح">ح</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="خ">خ</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="د">د</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="ڌ">ڌ</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="ڏ">ڏ</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="ڊ">ڊ</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="ڍ">ڍ</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="ذ">ذ</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="ر">ر</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%99" class="mw-redirect" title="ڙ">ڙ</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="ز">ز</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="س">س</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="ش">ش</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="ص">ص</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="ض">ض</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="ط">ط</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="ظ">ظ</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="ع">ع</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="غ">غ</a> <a href="/wiki/%D9%81" class="mw-redirect" title="ف">ف</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="ڦ">ڦ</a> <a href="/wiki/%D9%82" class="mw-redirect" title="ق">ق</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="ڪ">ڪ</a> <a href="/wiki/Kh%C4%93" title="Khē">ک</a> <a href="/wiki/Gaf" title="Gaf">گ</a> <a href="/wiki/Gueh" title="Gueh">ڳ</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%87%DB%81" title="گهہ">گهہ</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%B1" title="ڱ">ڱ</a> <a href="/wiki/%D9%84" class="mw-redirect" title="ل">ل</a> <a href="/wiki/%D9%85" class="mw-redirect" title="م">م</a> <a href="/wiki/%D9%86" class="mw-redirect" title="ن">ن</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="ڻ">ڻ</a> <a href="/wiki/%D9%88" class="mw-redirect" title="و">و</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="ھ">ھ</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="ء">ء</a> <a href="/wiki/%D9%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="ي">ي</a> </td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <hr />Extended <a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Perso-Arabic script</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Arabic_alphabet" title="History of the Arabic alphabet">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">Transliteration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_diacritics" title="Arabic diacritics">Diacritics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hamza" title="Hamza">Hamza</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Arabic_numerals" title="Eastern Arabic numerals">Numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abjad_numerals" title="Abjad numerals">Numeration</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Arabic-script_sidebar" title="Template:Arabic-script sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Arabic-script_sidebar" title="Template talk:Arabic-script sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Arabic-script_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Arabic-script sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> During British rule in India, a variant of the Persian alphabet was adopted for Sindhi in the 19th century. The script is used in Pakistan and India today. It has a total of 52 letters, augmenting the Persian with <a href="/wiki/Digraph_(orthography)" title="Digraph (orthography)">digraphs</a> and eighteen new letters (<big><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ڄ ٺ ٽ ٿ ڀ ٻ ڙ ڍ ڊ ڏ ڌ ڇ ڃ ڦ ڻ ڱ ڳ ڪ‎</big>) for sounds particular to Sindhi and other Indo-Aryan languages. Some letters that are distinguished in Arabic or Persian are homophones in Sindhi. <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">جهہ‎ </th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ڄ‎ </th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ج‎ </th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">پ‎ </th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ث‎ </th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ٺ‎ </th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ٽ‎ </th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ٿ‎ </th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ت‎ </th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ڀ‎ </th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ٻ‎ </th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ب‎ </th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ا‎ </th></tr> <tr> <td>ɟʱ </td> <td>ʄ </td> <td>ɟ </td> <td>p </td> <td>s </td> <td>ʈʰ </td> <td>ʈ </td> <td>tʰ </td> <td>t </td> <td>bʱ </td> <td>ɓ </td> <td>b </td> <td>ɑː ʔ ∅ </td></tr> <tr> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ڙ‎ </th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ر‎ </th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ذ‎ </th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ڍ‎ </th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ڊ‎ </th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ڏ‎ </th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ڌ‎ </th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">د‎ </th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">خ‎ </th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ح‎ </th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ڇ‎ </th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">چ‎ </th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ڃ‎ </th></tr> <tr> <td>ɽ </td> <td>r </td> <td>z </td> <td>ɖʱ </td> <td>ɖ </td> <td>ɗ </td> <td>dʱ </td> <td>d </td> <td>x </td> <td>h </td> <td>cʰ </td> <td>c </td> <td>ɲ </td></tr> <tr> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ڪ‎ </th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ق‎ </th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ڦ‎ </th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ف‎ </th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">غ‎ </th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ع‎ </th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ظ‎ </th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ط‎ </th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ض‎ </th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ص‎ </th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ش‎ </th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">س‎ </th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ز‎ </th></tr> <tr> <td>k </td> <td>q </td> <td>pʰ </td> <td>f </td> <td>ɣ </td> <td>ɑː oː eː ʔ ∅ </td> <td>z </td> <td>t </td> <td>z </td> <td>s </td> <td>ʂ </td> <td>s </td> <td>z </td></tr> <tr> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ي‎ </th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ء‎ </th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ه‎ </th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">و‎ </th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ڻ‎ </th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ن‎ </th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">م‎ </th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ل‎ </th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ڱ‎ </th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">گهہ‎ </th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ڳ‎ </th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">گ‎ </th> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ک‎ </th></tr> <tr> <td>j iː </td> <td>ʔ ∅ </td> <td>h </td> <td>ʋ ʊ oː ɔː uː </td> <td>ɳ </td> <td>n </td> <td>m </td> <td>l </td> <td>ŋ </td> <td>ɡʱ </td> <td>ɠ </td> <td>ɡ </td> <td>kʰ </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sindhi_alphabet.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Sindhi_alphabet.png/220px-Sindhi_alphabet.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Sindhi_alphabet.png/330px-Sindhi_alphabet.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Sindhi_alphabet.png/440px-Sindhi_alphabet.png 2x" data-file-width="1367" data-file-height="1004" /></a><figcaption>Farsi (perso-Arabic) or Shikarpuri Sindhi.</figcaption></figure> The name "Sindhi" is derived from the Sanskrit síndhu, the original name of the Indus River, along whose delta Sindhi is spoken.<a href="#cite_note-165">[163]</a> Like other languages of the Indo-Aryan family, Sindhi is descended from Old Indo-Aryan (Sanskrit) via Middle Indo-Aryan (<a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pali</a>, secondary Prakrits, and <a href="/wiki/Apabhramsha" class="mw-redirect" title="Apabhramsha">Apabhramsha</a>). 20th century Western scholars such as <a href="/wiki/George_Abraham_Grierson" title="George Abraham Grierson">George Abraham Grierson</a> believed that Sindhi descended specifically from the Vrācaḍa dialect of Apabhramsha (described by <a href="/wiki/Markandeya" title="Markandeya">Markandeya</a> as being spoken in Sindhu-deśa, corresponding to modern Sindh) but later work has shown this to be unlikely.<a href="#cite_note-166">[164]</a> In Pakistan, Sindhi is the first language of 30.26 million people, or 14.6% of the country's population as of the 2017 census. 29.5 million of these are found in Sindh, where they account for 62% of the total population of the province. There are 0.56 million speakers in the province of <a href="/wiki/Balochistan" title="Balochistan">Balochistan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-167">[165]</a> especially in the <a href="/wiki/Kacchi_Plain" title="Kacchi Plain">Kacchi Plain</a> that encompasses the districts of <a href="/wiki/Lasbela_District" title="Lasbela District">Lasbela</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hub_District" title="Hub District">Hub</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kachhi_District" title="Kachhi District">Kachhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sibi_District" title="Sibi District">Sibi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Usta_Muhammad_District" title="Usta Muhammad District">Usta Muhammad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jafarabad_District" title="Jafarabad District">Jafarabad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jhal_Magsi_District" title="Jhal Magsi District">Jhal Magsi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nasirabad_District" title="Nasirabad District">Nasirabad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sohbatpur_District" title="Sohbatpur District">Sohbatpur</a>. In India, there were a total of 1.68 million speakers according to the 2011 census. The states with the largest numbers were Maharashtra (558,000), Rajasthan (354,000), Gujarat (321,000), and <a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a> (244,000).<a href="#cite_note-168">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-169">[c]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traditional_dress">Traditional dress</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sindhis&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Traditional dress">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sindhi_clothing" title="Sindhi clothing">Sindhi clothing</a></div> The traditional <a href="/wiki/Sindhi_clothing" title="Sindhi clothing">Sindhi clothing</a> varies from tribe to tribe but most common are <a href="/wiki/Ghagra_choli" title="Ghagra choli">Ghagra Choli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shalwar_kameez" title="Shalwar kameez">Salwar Cholo</a> and Ghagho, Abho or Jubo (different types of frocks) with <a href="/wiki/Sindhi_Embroideries" class="mw-redirect" title="Sindhi Embroideries">Sindhi embroideries</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shisha_(embroidery)" title="Shisha (embroidery)">mirror work</a> for women and long wide veil is important. Traditional dress for men is the Sindhi version of <a href="/wiki/Shalwar_qameez" class="mw-redirect" title="Shalwar qameez">Shalwar Qameez</a> or <a href="/wiki/Kurta" title="Kurta">Kurta</a> and above kameez or kurta a traditional embroidered or printed <a href="/wiki/Sadri_(clothing)" title="Sadri (clothing)">koti/gidi/sadri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ajrak" title="Ajrak">Ajrak</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sindhi_Lungee" title="Sindhi Lungee">Lungi</a> (shawls) with either Sindhi Patko or <a href="/wiki/Sindhi_cap" title="Sindhi cap">Sindhi topi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-170">[167]</a> Ajrak<a href="#cite_note-171">[168]</a> is added to dress for allure. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sindhis&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Literature">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Sindhi_literature" title="Sindhi literature">Sindhi literature</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sindh_Literature_Festival" title="Sindh Literature Festival">Sindh Literature Festival</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Sindhi_literature" title="Sindhi literature">Sindhi literature</a> is very rich,<a href="#cite_note-172">[169]</a> and is one of the world's oldest literatures. The earliest reference to Sindhi literature is contained in the writings of <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arab</a> historians. It is established that Sindhi was the first eastern language into which the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> was translated,<a href="#cite_note-173">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-174">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-175">[172]</a> in the 8th or 9th century. There is evidence of Sindhi poets reciting their verses before the Muslim <a href="/wiki/Caliphs" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliphs">Caliphs</a> in <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>. It is also recorded that treatises were written in Sindhi on <a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">medicine</a> and history during the 8th and 9th centuries.<a href="#cite_note-176">[173]</a> Sindhi literature is the composition of oral and written scripts and <a href="/wiki/Text_(literary_theory)" title="Text (literary theory)">texts</a> in the Sindhi language in the form of <a href="/wiki/Prose" title="Prose">prose</a>: (romantic tales, and epic stories) and <a href="/wiki/Poetry" title="Poetry">poetry</a>: (Ghazal, Wai and Nazm). The Sindhi language is considered to be one of the oldest languages<a href="#cite_note-177">[174]</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient India">Ancient India</a>, due to the influence of the language of <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Valley">Indus Valley</a> inhabitants. Sindhi literature has developed over a thousand years. According to the historians, <a href="/wiki/Nabi_Bux_Baloch" class="mw-redirect" title="Nabi Bux Baloch">Nabi Bux Baloch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rasool_Bux_Palijo" title="Rasool Bux Palijo">Rasool Bux Palijo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/GM_Syed" class="mw-redirect" title="GM Syed">GM Syed</a>, Sindhi had a great influence on the <a href="/wiki/Hindi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindi language">Hindi language</a> in pre-Islamic times. Nevertheless, after the advent of Islam in eighth century, Arabic language and Persian language influenced the inhabitants of the area and were the official language of the territory through different periods.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sindhis&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Music">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sindhi_music" title="Sindhi music">Sindhi music</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abida_Parveen_in_concert_at_Oslo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Abida_Parveen_in_concert_at_Oslo.jpg/300px-Abida_Parveen_in_concert_at_Oslo.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Abida_Parveen_in_concert_at_Oslo.jpg/450px-Abida_Parveen_in_concert_at_Oslo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Abida_Parveen_in_concert_at_Oslo.jpg/600px-Abida_Parveen_in_concert_at_Oslo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1306" data-file-height="617" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Abida_Parveen" title="Abida Parveen">Abida Parveen</a> is a Pakistani singer of Sindhi descent and an exponent of <a href="/wiki/Sufi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sufi">Sufi</a> music.</figcaption></figure> Music from Sindh is sung and is generally of five genres that originated in Sindh. The first one is the "Baits". The Baits style is vocal music in Sanhoon (low voice) or Graham (high voice). Second is "Waee" instrumental music, which is performed in a variety of ways using a string instrument. Waee is also known as <a href="/wiki/Kafi" title="Kafi">Kafi</a>. Other genres are Lada/Sehra/Geech, Dhammal, Doheera etc.<a href="#cite_note-178">[175]</a> The Sindhi folk musical instruments are <a href="/wiki/Alghoza" title="Alghoza">Algozo</a>, Tamburo, <a href="/wiki/Morsing" title="Morsing">Chung</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ektara" title="Ektara">Yaktaro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dholak" title="Dholak">Dholak</a>, Khartal/Chapri/Dando, Sarangi, Surando, Benjo, <a href="/wiki/Bansuri" title="Bansuri">Bansri</a>, Borindo, <a href="/wiki/Pungi" title="Pungi">Murli/Been</a>, Gharo/Dilo, <a href="/wiki/Tabla" title="Tabla">Tabla</a>, Khamach/khamachi, Narr, <a href="/wiki/Taal_(instrument)" title="Taal (instrument)">Kanjhyun/Talyoon</a>, Duhl Sharnai and Muto, Nagaro, Danburo, <a href="/wiki/Ravanahatha" title="Ravanahatha">Ravanahatha</a> etc.<a href="#cite_note-179">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-180">[177]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dance">Dance</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sindhis&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Dance">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Folk_dances_of_Sindh" title="Folk dances of Sindh">Folk dances of Sindh</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sindhi_Cultural_Dances_In_Pakistan.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Sindhi_Cultural_Dances_In_Pakistan.png/278px-Sindhi_Cultural_Dances_In_Pakistan.png" decoding="async" width="278" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/Sindhi_Cultural_Dances_In_Pakistan.png 1.5x" data-file-width="363" data-file-height="139" /></a><figcaption>Sindhi Ho Jamalo dance performed in Sindh</figcaption></figure> Dances of Sindh include the famous <a href="/wiki/Ho_Jamalo" title="Ho Jamalo">Ho Jamalo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dama_Dam_Mast_Qalandar" title="Dama Dam Mast Qalandar">Dhammal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:04-181">[178]</a> Common dances include Jhumar/Jhumir (different from the Jhumar dance of South Punjab), Kafelo, and Jhamelo. However, none of these have survived as much as Ho Jamalo.<a href="#cite_note-182">[179]</a> In marriages and on other occasions, a special type of song is produced; these are known as Ladas/Sehra/Geech and are sung to celebrate the occasion of marriage, birth and on other special days. They are mostly performed by women.<a href="#cite_note-:04-181">[178]</a> Some popular dances include: <ul><li>Jamalo: The notable Sindhi dance which is celebrated by Sindhis across the world.</li> <li>Jhumar/Jhumir: Performed on weddings and on special occasions.</li> <li>Dhamaal: is a mystical dance performed by Dervish.</li> <li>Chej,<a href="#cite_note-183">[180]</a> Although Chej has seen decline in Sindh it remains popular among Sindhi Hindus and the diaspora.</li> <li>Bhagat: is a dance performed by professionals to entertain visiting people.</li> <li>Doka/Dandio: Dance performed using sticks.</li> <li>Charuri: Performed in thar.</li> <li>Muhana Dance: A dance performed by fishermen and fisherwomen of Sindh.</li> <li>Rasudo: Dance of nangarparker.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Folk_tales">Folk tales</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sindhis&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Folk tales">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sindhi_folklore" title="Sindhi folklore">Sindhi folklore</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ajrak.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Ajrak.jpg/220px-Ajrak.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Ajrak.jpg/330px-Ajrak.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Ajrak.jpg/440px-Ajrak.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4137" data-file-height="1821" /></a><figcaption>A Sindhi Ajrak, which is a traditional and ancient shawl of Sindh</figcaption></figure> Sindhi folklore folk traditions have developed in Sindh over a number of centuries.<a href="#cite_note-184">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-185">[182]</a> Sindh abounds with folklore, in all forms, and colours from such obvious manifestations as the traditional <a href="/wiki/Watayo_Faqir" title="Watayo Faqir">Watayo Faqir</a> tales, <a href="/wiki/Moriro_ain_Mangermachh" title="Moriro ain Mangermachh">The legend of Moriro</a>, the epic tale of <a href="/wiki/Dodo_Chanesar" title="Dodo Chanesar">Dodo Chanesar</a>, to the heroic character of Marui, which distinguishes it among the contemporary folklores of the region. The love story of <a href="/wiki/Sassui_Punhun" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassui Punhun">Sassui</a>, who pines for her lover Punhu, is known and sung in every Sindhi settlement. Examples of the folklore of Sindh include the stories of Umar Marui and Suhuni Mehar. Sindhi folk singers and women play a vital role in transmitting Sindhi folklore. They sang the <a href="/wiki/Sindhi_folk_tales" title="Sindhi folk tales">folktales of Sindh</a> in songs with passion in every village of Sindh. Sindhi folklore has been compiled in a series of forty volumes under <a href="/wiki/Sindhi_Adabi_Board" title="Sindhi Adabi Board">Sindhi Adabi Board</a>'s project of folklore and literature. This valuable project was accomplished by noted Sindhi scholar <a href="/wiki/Nabi_Bux_Khan_Baloch" class="mw-redirect" title="Nabi Bux Khan Baloch">Nabi Bux Khan Baloch</a>. Folk tales such as Dodo Chanesar,<a href="#cite_note-186">[183]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sassui_Punnhun" title="Sassui Punnhun">Sassi Punnu</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:4-185">[182]</a> <a href="/wiki/Momal_Rano" title="Momal Rano">Moomal Rano</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:4-185">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-187">[184]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Umar_Marvi" title="Umar Marvi">Umar Marvi</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-185">[182]</a> are examples of Sindhi folk tales. The most famous Sindhi folk tales are known as the Seven Heroines of Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai. Some notable tales include: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Umar_Marvi" title="Umar Marvi">Umar Marui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sassui_Punhun" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassui Punhun">Sassui Punhun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sohni_Mahiwal" title="Sohni Mahiwal">Sohni Mehar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lilan_Chanesar" title="Lilan Chanesar">Lilan Chanesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noori_Jam_Tamachi" title="Noori Jam Tamachi">Noori Jam Tamachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorath_Rai_Diyach" title="Sorath Rai Diyach">Sorath Rai Diyach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Momal_Rano" title="Momal Rano">Momal Rano</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Festivals">Festivals</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sindhis&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Festivals">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sindhi_Festivals" class="mw-redirect" title="Sindhi Festivals">Sindhi Festivals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sindhi_Cultural_Day" title="Sindhi Cultural Day">Sindhi Cultural Day</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sindhi_Cap_Ajrak.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Sindhi_Cap_Ajrak.jpg/220px-Sindhi_Cap_Ajrak.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Sindhi_Cap_Ajrak.jpg/330px-Sindhi_Cap_Ajrak.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Sindhi_Cap_Ajrak.jpg/440px-Sindhi_Cap_Ajrak.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="428" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ajrak" title="Ajrak">Ajrak</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sindhi_cap" title="Sindhi cap">Sindhi topi</a>, one of the <a href="/wiki/Symbol" title="Symbol">symbols</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sindhi_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Sindhi culture">Sindhi culture</a></figcaption></figure> Sindhis are very festive and like to organize festivals to commemorate their <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">culture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cultural_heritage" title="Cultural heritage">heritage</a>. Most Sindhi celebrate <a href="/wiki/Sindhi_Cultural_Day" title="Sindhi Cultural Day">Sindhi Culture day</a>, which is celebrated regardless of religion to express their love for their culture.<a href="#cite_note-188">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-189">[186]</a> It is observed with great zeal.<a href="#cite_note-190">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-191">[188]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Muslims">Muslims</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sindhis&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Muslims">edit</a>]</div> Sindhi <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslims</a> celebrate Islamic festivals such as <a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Adha" title="Eid al-Adha">Eid-ul-Adha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Fitr" title="Eid al-Fitr">Eid al-Fitr</a>, which are celebrated with zeal and enthusiasm but they are in no way related to Sindhi culture .<a href="#cite_note-:2-192">[189]</a> A festival known as Jashn-e-Larkana is also celebrated by Sindhi Muslims.<a href="#cite_note-:2-192">[189]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hindus">Hindus</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sindhis&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Hindus">edit</a>]</div> Compared to their Muslim counterparts, Hindu festivals are numerous and largely dependent on respective <a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">caste</a>. Many <a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a> have festivals based on a certain deity; common festivals include <a href="/wiki/Cheti_Chand" title="Cheti Chand">Cheti Chand</a> (Sindhi new-year) Teejri, Thadri, Utraan.<a href="#cite_note-193">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-194">[191]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sindhis&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Cuisine">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sindhi_cuisine" title="Sindhi cuisine">Sindhi cuisine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sindhi_Bhee_Ji_Bhaji.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Sindhi_Bhee_Ji_Bhaji.JPG/220px-Sindhi_Bhee_Ji_Bhaji.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Sindhi_Bhee_Ji_Bhaji.JPG/330px-Sindhi_Bhee_Ji_Bhaji.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Sindhi_Bhee_Ji_Bhaji.JPG/440px-Sindhi_Bhee_Ji_Bhaji.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4896" data-file-height="3672" /></a><figcaption>Beeh-ji-Bhaji, which is a <a href="/wiki/Nelumbo_nucifera" title="Nelumbo nucifera">lotus root</a> dish</figcaption></figure> Sindhi cuisine has been influenced by Central Asian, Iranian, and Mughal food traditions.<a href="#cite_note-Reejhsinghani_2004-195">[192]</a> It is mostly a non-vegetarian cuisine,<a href="#cite_note-Reejhsinghani_2004-195">[192]</a> with even Sindhi Hindus widely accepting of meat consumption.<a href="#cite_note-196">[193]</a> The daily food in most Sindhi households consists of <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a>-based flat-bread (<a href="/wiki/Phulka" class="mw-redirect" title="Phulka">mani/roti</a>) and rice accompanied by two dishes, one <a href="/wiki/Gravy" title="Gravy">gravy</a> and one dry with curd, papad or pickle. Freshwater fish and a wide variety of vegetables are usually used in Sindhi cuisine.<a href="#cite_note-197">[194]</a> Restaurants specializing in Sindhi cuisine are rare, although it is found at truck stops in rural areas of Sindh province, and in a few restaurants in urban Sindh.<a href="#cite_note-198">[195]</a> The arrival of Islam within India influenced the local cuisine to a great degree. Since <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslims</a> are forbidden to eat pork or consume alcohol and the <a href="/wiki/Halal" title="Halal">Halal</a> dietary guidelines are strictly observed, Muslim <a href="/wiki/Sindhi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sindhi people">Sindhis</a> focus on ingredients such as <a href="/wiki/Beef" title="Beef">beef</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lamb_and_mutton" title="Lamb and mutton">lamb</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chicken" title="Chicken">chicken</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vegetables" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegetables">vegetables</a> and traditional <a href="/wiki/Fruit" title="Fruit">fruit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dairy_product" title="Dairy product">dairy</a>. Hindu Sindhi cuisine is almost identical with the difference that beef is omitted. The influence of <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asian</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asian</a> and Middle Eastern cuisine in Sindhi food is ubiquitous. Sindhi cuisine was also found in India, where many Sindhi Hindus migrated following the Partition of India in 1947. Before Independence, the State of Sindh was under the Bombay Presidency. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Culture_Day">Culture Day</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sindhis&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Culture Day">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sindhri_Mango.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Sindhri_Mango.JPG/220px-Sindhri_Mango.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Sindhri_Mango.JPG/330px-Sindhri_Mango.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Sindhri_Mango.JPG/440px-Sindhri_Mango.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sindhri" title="Sindhri">Sindhri</a>, famous <a href="/wiki/Mango" title="Mango">mango</a> variety from Pakistan and among the Best <a href="/wiki/Taste" title="Taste">Tasted</a> Mangoes of the World</figcaption></figure> Sindhi Cultural Day (<a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a>: سنڌي ثقافتي ڏھاڙو) is a popular <a href="/wiki/List_of_Sindhi_Hindu_festivals" title="List of Sindhi Hindu festivals">Sindhi cultural festival</a>. It is celebrated with traditional enthusiasm to highlight the centuries-old rich <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Sindh" title="Culture of Sindh">culture of Sindh</a>. The day is celebrated each year in the first week of December on the Sunday.<a href="#cite_note-:12-199">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-:22-200">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-201">[198]</a> It is widely celebrated all over Sindh, and amongst the Sindhi diaspora population around the world.<a href="#cite_note-202">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-203">[200]</a> Sindhis celebrate this day to demonstrate the peaceful identity of Sindhi culture and acquire the attention of the world towards their rich heritage.<a href="#cite_note-204">[201]</a> On this holiday people gather in all major cities of Sindh at press clubs, and other places to arrange various activities. They engage in literary (poetic) gatherings, mach katchehri (gathering in a place and sitting round in a circle and the fire on sticks in the center), musical concerts, seminars, lecture programs and rallies.<a href="#cite_note-205">[202]</a> On the occasion people wearing Ajrak and <a href="/wiki/Sindhi_Topi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sindhi Topi">Sindhi Topi</a>, traditional block printed <a href="/wiki/Shawl" title="Shawl">shawls</a>, attend musical programs and rallies in many cities. Major hallmarks of cities and towns are decorated with Sindhi Ajrak. People across Sindh exchange gifts of Ajrak and Topi at various ceremonies. Even the children and women dress up in Ajrak, assembling at the grand gathering, where famous <a href="/wiki/List_of_Sindhi_singers" title="List of Sindhi singers">Sindhi singers</a> sing <a href="/wiki/Sindhi_songs" class="mw-redirect" title="Sindhi songs">Sindhi songs</a>. The musical performances of the artists inspire the participants to dance to Sindhi tunes and the national song ‘Jeay Sindh Jeay-Sindh Wara Jean’. All political, social and religious organizations of Sindh, besides the Sindh Culture Department and administrations of various schools, colleges and universities, organize a variety of events including seminars, debates, folk music programs, drama and theatric performances, tableaus and literary sittings to mark this annual festivity.<a href="#cite_note-206">[203]</a> Sindhi culture, history and heritage are highlighted at the events.<a href="#cite_note-207">[204]</a><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sindhi_Literature.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Sindhi_Literature.JPG/220px-Sindhi_Literature.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Sindhi_Literature.JPG/330px-Sindhi_Literature.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Sindhi_Literature.JPG/440px-Sindhi_Literature.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_literature" title="Sindhi literature">Sindhi literature</a> festival in <a href="/wiki/Islamabad" title="Islamabad">Islamabad</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poetry">Poetry</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sindhis&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Poetry">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sindhi_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Sindhi poetry">Sindhi poetry</a></div> Prominent in Sindhi culture, poetry continues an oral tradition dating back a thousand years, based on folk tales. Sindhi is one of the major oldest languages of the Indus Valley, having a particular literary colour both in poetry and prose. Sindhi poetry is very rich in thought as well as containing a variety of genres like other developed languages. The poetry of Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai and Sachal Sarmast is very famous throughout Sindh. Since the 1940s, Sindhi poetry has incorporated broader influences, including the sonnet and blank verse. Soon after the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">independence</a> of Pakistan in 1947, these forms were reinforced by <a href="/wiki/Triolet" title="Triolet">Triolet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haiku" title="Haiku">Haiku</a>, <a href="/wiki/Renga" title="Renga">Renga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tanka_(poetry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanka (poetry)">Tanka</a>. At present, these forms continue to co-exist, albeit in a varying degree, with Azad Nazm having an edge over them all. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sindhis&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Notable people">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Sindhi_people" title="List of Sindhi people">List of Sindhi people</a></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Z_A_Bhutto_(President_of_Pakistan).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, ninth prime minister of Pakistan"><img alt="Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, ninth prime minister of Pakistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Z_A_Bhutto_%28President_of_Pakistan%29.jpg/83px-Z_A_Bhutto_%28President_of_Pakistan%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="83" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Z_A_Bhutto_%28President_of_Pakistan%29.jpg/125px-Z_A_Bhutto_%28President_of_Pakistan%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Z_A_Bhutto_%28President_of_Pakistan%29.jpg/167px-Z_A_Bhutto_%28President_of_Pakistan%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1406" data-file-height="2018" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto" title="Zulfikar Ali Bhutto">Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto</a>, ninth prime minister of Pakistan</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Rasul_Bux_Palijo.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rasool Bux Palijo, Sindhi nationalist leader"><img alt="Rasool Bux Palijo, Sindhi nationalist leader" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Rasul_Bux_Palijo.jpg/120px-Rasul_Bux_Palijo.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Rasul_Bux_Palijo.jpg/180px-Rasul_Bux_Palijo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Rasul_Bux_Palijo.jpg/240px-Rasul_Bux_Palijo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="450" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Rasool_Bux_Palijo" title="Rasool Bux Palijo">Rasool Bux Palijo</a>, Sindhi nationalist leader</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Asif_Ali_Zardari_-_2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Asif Ali Zardari, President of Pakistan"><img alt="Asif Ali Zardari, President of Pakistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Asif_Ali_Zardari_-_2009.jpg/89px-Asif_Ali_Zardari_-_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="89" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Asif_Ali_Zardari_-_2009.jpg/134px-Asif_Ali_Zardari_-_2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Asif_Ali_Zardari_-_2009.jpg/179px-Asif_Ali_Zardari_-_2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="327" data-file-height="439" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="/wiki/Asif_Ali_Zardari" title="Asif Ali Zardari">Asif Ali Zardari</a>, President of Pakistan</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Bilawal_Bhutto_2022.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bilawal Bhutto Zardari, Foreign Minister of Pakistan"><img alt="Bilawal Bhutto Zardari, Foreign Minister of Pakistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Bilawal_Bhutto_2022.jpg/104px-Bilawal_Bhutto_2022.jpg" decoding="async" width="104" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Bilawal_Bhutto_2022.jpg/156px-Bilawal_Bhutto_2022.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Bilawal_Bhutto_2022.jpg/208px-Bilawal_Bhutto_2022.jpg 2x" data-file-width="667" data-file-height="771" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Bilawal_Bhutto_Zardari" title="Bilawal Bhutto Zardari">Bilawal Bhutto Zardari</a>, Foreign Minister of Pakistan</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Abdul-Majid_Bhurgri_AKU.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Abdul Majid Bhurgri, Sindhi computer scientist"><img alt="Abdul Majid Bhurgri, Sindhi computer scientist" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Abdul-Majid_Bhurgri_AKU.jpg/120px-Abdul-Majid_Bhurgri_AKU.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Abdul-Majid_Bhurgri_AKU.jpg/180px-Abdul-Majid_Bhurgri_AKU.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Abdul-Majid_Bhurgri_AKU.jpg/240px-Abdul-Majid_Bhurgri_AKU.jpg 2x" data-file-width="447" data-file-height="383" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Abdul-Majid_Bhurgri" title="Abdul-Majid Bhurgri">Abdul Majid Bhurgri</a>, Sindhi computer scientist</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Manu_Bheel.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Manu Bheel former bonded laborer and human rights activist from Sindh[205]"><img alt="Manu Bheel former bonded laborer and human rights activist from Sindh[205]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Manu_Bheel.jpg/93px-Manu_Bheel.jpg" decoding="async" width="93" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Manu_Bheel.jpg/140px-Manu_Bheel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Manu_Bheel.jpg/187px-Manu_Bheel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="450" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Manu_Bheel" title="Manu Bheel">Manu Bheel</a> former bonded laborer and human rights activist from <a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a><a href="#cite_note-208">[205]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Fahad_Mustafa.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Fahad Mustafa, Sindhi actor in Lollywood"><img alt="Fahad Mustafa, Sindhi actor in Lollywood" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Fahad_Mustafa.png/120px-Fahad_Mustafa.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Fahad_Mustafa.png/180px-Fahad_Mustafa.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Fahad_Mustafa.png/240px-Fahad_Mustafa.png 2x" data-file-width="373" data-file-height="365" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Fahad_Mustafa" title="Fahad Mustafa">Fahad Mustafa</a>, Sindhi actor in <a href="/wiki/Lollywood" title="Lollywood">Lollywood</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Shah_Abdul_Latif_Bhitai.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Shah Abdul Latif Bhitati, Sindhi Sufi saint of 18th century"><img alt="Shah Abdul Latif Bhitati, Sindhi Sufi saint of 18th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Shah_Abdul_Latif_Bhitai.jpg/120px-Shah_Abdul_Latif_Bhitai.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Shah_Abdul_Latif_Bhitai.jpg/180px-Shah_Abdul_Latif_Bhitai.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Shah_Abdul_Latif_Bhitai.jpg/240px-Shah_Abdul_Latif_Bhitai.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="1080" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Shah_Abdul_Latif_Bhittai" title="Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai">Shah Abdul Latif Bhitati</a>, Sindhi Sufi saint of 18th century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Abida_Parveen.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Abida Parveen, notable Sufi musician"><img alt="Abida Parveen, notable Sufi musician" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Abida_Parveen.jpg/80px-Abida_Parveen.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Abida_Parveen.jpg/120px-Abida_Parveen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Abida_Parveen.jpg/160px-Abida_Parveen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="5400" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Abida_Parveen" title="Abida Parveen">Abida Parveen</a>, notable Sufi musician</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Lkadvani.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="L. K. Advani, 7th deputy prime minister of India"><img alt="L. K. Advani, 7th deputy prime minister of India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Lkadvani.jpg/90px-Lkadvani.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Lkadvani.jpg/135px-Lkadvani.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Lkadvani.jpg/180px-Lkadvani.jpg 2x" data-file-width="981" data-file-height="1309" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/L._K._Advani" title="L. K. Advani">L. K. Advani</a>, 7th deputy prime minister of India</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Tarun_Tahiliani.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tarun Tahiliani, notable Indian fashion designer"><img alt="Tarun Tahiliani, notable Indian fashion designer" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Tarun_Tahiliani.jpg/70px-Tarun_Tahiliani.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Tarun_Tahiliani.jpg/105px-Tarun_Tahiliani.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Tarun_Tahiliani.jpg/141px-Tarun_Tahiliani.jpg 2x" data-file-width="241" data-file-height="411" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Tarun_Tahiliani" title="Tarun Tahiliani">Tarun Tahiliani</a>, notable Indian fashion designer</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Rueda_de_prensa_de_Felipe_Gonz%C3%A1lez_y_la_primera_ministra_de_Paquist%C3%A1n._Pool_Moncloa._14_de_septiembre_de_1994_(cropped_2).jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="Benazir Bhutto, 11th and 13th prime minister of Pakistan"><img alt="Benazir Bhutto, 11th and 13th prime minister of Pakistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Rueda_de_prensa_de_Felipe_Gonz%C3%A1lez_y_la_primera_ministra_de_Paquist%C3%A1n._Pool_Moncloa._14_de_septiembre_de_1994_%28cropped_2%29.jpeg/90px-Rueda_de_prensa_de_Felipe_Gonz%C3%A1lez_y_la_primera_ministra_de_Paquist%C3%A1n._Pool_Moncloa._14_de_septiembre_de_1994_%28cropped_2%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Rueda_de_prensa_de_Felipe_Gonz%C3%A1lez_y_la_primera_ministra_de_Paquist%C3%A1n._Pool_Moncloa._14_de_septiembre_de_1994_%28cropped_2%29.jpeg/135px-Rueda_de_prensa_de_Felipe_Gonz%C3%A1lez_y_la_primera_ministra_de_Paquist%C3%A1n._Pool_Moncloa._14_de_septiembre_de_1994_%28cropped_2%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Rueda_de_prensa_de_Felipe_Gonz%C3%A1lez_y_la_primera_ministra_de_Paquist%C3%A1n._Pool_Moncloa._14_de_septiembre_de_1994_%28cropped_2%29.jpeg/180px-Rueda_de_prensa_de_Felipe_Gonz%C3%A1lez_y_la_primera_ministra_de_Paquist%C3%A1n._Pool_Moncloa._14_de_septiembre_de_1994_%28cropped_2%29.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="769" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Benazir_Bhutto" title="Benazir Bhutto">Benazir Bhutto</a>, 11th and 13th prime minister of Pakistan</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Gulu_Lalvani_(Horasis_Global_India_Business_Meeting_2010).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gulu Lalvani, Indian Sindhi businessman"><img alt="Gulu Lalvani, Indian Sindhi businessman" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Gulu_Lalvani_%28Horasis_Global_India_Business_Meeting_2010%29.jpg/80px-Gulu_Lalvani_%28Horasis_Global_India_Business_Meeting_2010%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Gulu_Lalvani_%28Horasis_Global_India_Business_Meeting_2010%29.jpg/120px-Gulu_Lalvani_%28Horasis_Global_India_Business_Meeting_2010%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Gulu_Lalvani_%28Horasis_Global_India_Business_Meeting_2010%29.jpg/160px-Gulu_Lalvani_%28Horasis_Global_India_Business_Meeting_2010%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2832" data-file-height="4256" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Gulu_Lalvani" title="Gulu Lalvani">Gulu Lalvani</a>, Indian Sindhi businessman</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Allama_I_I_Kazi_as_Vice_Chancellor_University_of_Sindh.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Imdad Ali, Sindhi philosopher and educationist"><img alt="Imdad Ali, Sindhi philosopher and educationist" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Allama_I_I_Kazi_as_Vice_Chancellor_University_of_Sindh.jpg/90px-Allama_I_I_Kazi_as_Vice_Chancellor_University_of_Sindh.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Allama_I_I_Kazi_as_Vice_Chancellor_University_of_Sindh.jpg/135px-Allama_I_I_Kazi_as_Vice_Chancellor_University_of_Sindh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Allama_I_I_Kazi_as_Vice_Chancellor_University_of_Sindh.jpg/180px-Allama_I_I_Kazi_as_Vice_Chancellor_University_of_Sindh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="2400" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Imdad_Ali_Imam_Ali_Kazi" title="Imdad Ali Imam Ali Kazi">Imdad Ali</a>, Sindhi philosopher and educationist</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Shrine_of_Hazrat_Sachal_Sarmast.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sachal Sarmast, Sindhi legendary poet"><img alt="Sachal Sarmast, Sindhi legendary poet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Shrine_of_Hazrat_Sachal_Sarmast.jpg/120px-Shrine_of_Hazrat_Sachal_Sarmast.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Shrine_of_Hazrat_Sachal_Sarmast.jpg/180px-Shrine_of_Hazrat_Sachal_Sarmast.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Shrine_of_Hazrat_Sachal_Sarmast.jpg/240px-Shrine_of_Hazrat_Sachal_Sarmast.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Sachal_Sarmast" title="Sachal Sarmast">Sachal Sarmast</a>, Sindhi legendary poet</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_a_legendry_Sindhi_poet_Shaikh_Ayaz.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Shaikh Ayaz, Sindhi language poet"><img alt="Shaikh Ayaz, Sindhi language poet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Portrait_of_a_legendry_Sindhi_poet_Shaikh_Ayaz.jpg/90px-Portrait_of_a_legendry_Sindhi_poet_Shaikh_Ayaz.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Portrait_of_a_legendry_Sindhi_poet_Shaikh_Ayaz.jpg/135px-Portrait_of_a_legendry_Sindhi_poet_Shaikh_Ayaz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Portrait_of_a_legendry_Sindhi_poet_Shaikh_Ayaz.jpg/181px-Portrait_of_a_legendry_Sindhi_poet_Shaikh_Ayaz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="482" data-file-height="640" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Shaikh_Ayaz" title="Shaikh Ayaz">Shaikh Ayaz</a>, Sindhi language poet</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Kumail_Nanjiani_by_Gage_Skidmore_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kumail Nanjiani, American Sindhi comedian and actor"><img alt="Kumail Nanjiani, American Sindhi comedian and actor" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Kumail_Nanjiani_by_Gage_Skidmore_2.jpg/87px-Kumail_Nanjiani_by_Gage_Skidmore_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="87" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Kumail_Nanjiani_by_Gage_Skidmore_2.jpg/131px-Kumail_Nanjiani_by_Gage_Skidmore_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Kumail_Nanjiani_by_Gage_Skidmore_2.jpg/175px-Kumail_Nanjiani_by_Gage_Skidmore_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2634" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Kumail_Nanjiani" title="Kumail Nanjiani">Kumail Nanjiani</a>, American Sindhi comedian and actor</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:SunilVaswani.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sunil Vaswani, Indian billionaire businessman"><img alt="Sunil Vaswani, Indian billionaire businessman" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/SunilVaswani.jpg/120px-SunilVaswani.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/SunilVaswani.jpg/180px-SunilVaswani.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/SunilVaswani.jpg/240px-SunilVaswani.jpg 2x" data-file-width="863" data-file-height="761" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Sunil_Vaswani" title="Sunil Vaswani">Sunil Vaswani</a>, Indian billionaire businessman</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Hansika_Motwani_celebrates_her_birthday_at_Arth_Bar_(06)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hansika Motwani, Indian actress"><img alt="Hansika Motwani, Indian actress" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Hansika_Motwani_celebrates_her_birthday_at_Arth_Bar_%2806%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/115px-Hansika_Motwani_celebrates_her_birthday_at_Arth_Bar_%2806%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="115" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Hansika_Motwani_celebrates_her_birthday_at_Arth_Bar_%2806%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/173px-Hansika_Motwani_celebrates_her_birthday_at_Arth_Bar_%2806%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Hansika_Motwani_celebrates_her_birthday_at_Arth_Bar_%2806%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/231px-Hansika_Motwani_celebrates_her_birthday_at_Arth_Bar_%2806%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="302" data-file-height="314" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Hansika_Motwani" title="Hansika Motwani">Hansika Motwani</a>, Indian actress</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Tamannaah_promoting_Baahubali_in_June_2015.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tamannaah Bhatia, Indian actress"><img alt="Tamannaah Bhatia, Indian actress" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Tamannaah_promoting_Baahubali_in_June_2015.jpg/93px-Tamannaah_promoting_Baahubali_in_June_2015.jpg" decoding="async" width="93" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Tamannaah_promoting_Baahubali_in_June_2015.jpg/140px-Tamannaah_promoting_Baahubali_in_June_2015.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Tamannaah_promoting_Baahubali_in_June_2015.jpg/186px-Tamannaah_promoting_Baahubali_in_June_2015.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="515" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Tamannaah_Bhatia" title="Tamannaah Bhatia">Tamannaah Bhatia</a>, Indian actress</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Ranveer_Singh_in_2023_(1)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ranveer Singh, Indian actor"><img alt="Ranveer Singh, Indian actor" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Ranveer_Singh_in_2023_%281%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/92px-Ranveer_Singh_in_2023_%281%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="92" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Ranveer_Singh_in_2023_%281%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/138px-Ranveer_Singh_in_2023_%281%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Ranveer_Singh_in_2023_%281%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/184px-Ranveer_Singh_in_2023_%281%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="308" data-file-height="402" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ranveer_Singh" title="Ranveer Singh">Ranveer Singh</a>, Indian actor</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Kiara_Advani_snapped_at_the_screening_of_Shershaah_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kiara Advani, Indian actress"><img alt="Kiara Advani, Indian actress" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Kiara_Advani_snapped_at_the_screening_of_Shershaah_%28cropped%29.jpg/96px-Kiara_Advani_snapped_at_the_screening_of_Shershaah_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Kiara_Advani_snapped_at_the_screening_of_Shershaah_%28cropped%29.jpg/144px-Kiara_Advani_snapped_at_the_screening_of_Shershaah_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Kiara_Advani_snapped_at_the_screening_of_Shershaah_%28cropped%29.jpg/192px-Kiara_Advani_snapped_at_the_screening_of_Shershaah_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="1350" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Kiara_Advani" title="Kiara Advani">Kiara Advani</a>, Indian actress</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sindhis&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheti_Chand" title="Cheti Chand">Cheti Chand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanakpanthi" title="Nanakpanthi">Nanakpanthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Nanak_Jayanti" class="mw-redirect" title="Guru Nanak Jayanti">Guru Nanak Jayanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhudesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sindhudesh">Sindhudesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_nationalism" title="Sindhi nationalism">Sindhi nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhis_in_India" title="Sindhis in India">Sindhis in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Sindh_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Hinduism in Sindh Province">Hinduism in Sindh Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhis_in_India#Sindhi_Sikhs" title="Sindhis in India">Sindhi Sikhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandhai_Muslims" title="Sandhai Muslims">Sandhai Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sindhi_people" title="List of Sindhi people">List of Sindhi people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulhasnagar" title="Ulhasnagar">Ulhasnagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_names" title="Sindhi names">Sindhi names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_Pathan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sindhi Pathan">Sindhi Pathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_Baloch" class="mw-redirect" title="Sindhi Baloch">Sindhi Baloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_bhagat" title="Sindhi bhagat">Sindhi bhagat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_Memon" title="Sindhi Memon">Sindhi Memon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sammat" class="mw-redirect" title="Sammat">Sammat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandhai_Muslims" title="Sandhai Muslims">Sandhai Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language_media_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sindhi language media in Pakistan">Sindhi language media in Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi-language_media" title="Sindhi-language media">Sindhi-language media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sindhi-language_newspapers" title="List of Sindhi-language newspapers">List of Sindhi-language newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_Language_Authority" title="Sindhi Language Authority">Sindhi Language Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_Adabi_Board" title="Sindhi Adabi Board">Sindhi Adabi Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_Adabi_Sangat" title="Sindhi Adabi Sangat">Sindhi Adabi Sangat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_folk_tales" title="Sindhi folk tales">Sindhi folk tales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_folklore" title="Sindhi folklore">Sindhi folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_music" title="Sindhi music">Sindhi music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sindhi_singers" title="List of Sindhi singers">List of Sindhi singers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_music_videos" class="mw-redirect" title="Sindhi music videos">Sindhi music videos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Sindhi poetry">Sindhi poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_paintings_of_Sindh" title="Tomb paintings of Sindh">Tomb paintings of Sindh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sindhi_singers" title="List of Sindhi singers">List of Sindhi singers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sindhi_festivals" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Sindhi festivals">List of Sindhi festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Sindhi culture">Sindhi culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_biryani" title="Sindhi biryani">Sindhi biryani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_Camp" title="Sindhi Camp">Sindhi Camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_cap" title="Sindhi cap">Sindhi cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_Cultural_Day" title="Sindhi Cultural Day">Sindhi Cultural Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_cinema" title="Sindhi cinema">Sindhi cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_colony" class="mw-redirect" title="Sindhi colony">Sindhi colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_cuisine" title="Sindhi cuisine">Sindhi cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_High_School,_Hebbal" title="Sindhi High School, Hebbal">Sindhi High School, Hebbal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanisation_of_Sindhi" title="Romanisation of Sindhi">Romanisation of Sindhi</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sindhis&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> Ethnic Sindhis in India who no longer speak the language are not included in this number. Includes 1 million Kutchi speakers.<a href="#cite_note-eth2-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> These covered <a href="/wiki/Carnelian" title="Carnelian">carnelian</a> products, seal carving, work in <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">bronze</a>, lead, and tin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright2009115–125-67">[66]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> This is the number of people who identified their language as "Sindhi"; it does not include speakers of related languages, like <a href="/wiki/Kutchi_language" title="Kutchi language">Kutchi</a>. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sindhis&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/pakistan/">"Pakistan"</a>. 17 August 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210322084620/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/pakistan/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 March 2021. Retrieved 11 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pakistan&rft.date=2022-08-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fpakistan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dawn.com/news/1624375">"Pakistan's population is 207.68m, shows 2017 census result"</a>. 19 May 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221017131612/https://www.dawn.com/news/1624375">Archived</a> from the original on 17 October 2022. Retrieved 25 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pakistan%27s+population+is+207.68m%2C+shows+2017+census+result&rft.date=2021-05-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2Fnews%2F1624375&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-eth2-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-eth2_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eth2_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eth2_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eth2_3-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEberhardSimonsFennig2024" class="citation book cs1">Eberhard, David M.; Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D., eds. 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Govt schools to learn about Sindhi deities, personalities"</a>. 23 May 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230718114204/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/govt-schools-in-up-to-teach-about-sindhi-deities-personalities-and-freedom-fighters-from-this-academic-session-in-prayagraj-101684852049571.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 July 2023. Retrieved 3 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Now%2C+class+6th+%26+8th+students+of+U.P.+Govt+schools+to+learn+about+Sindhi+deities%2C+personalities&rft.date=2023-05-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2Fcities%2Fothers%2Fgovt-schools-in-up-to-teach-about-sindhi-deities-personalities-and-freedom-fighters-from-this-academic-session-in-prayagraj-101684852049571.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language-2011/Statement-1.pdf">"Scheduled Languages in descending order of speaker's strength – 2011"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Registrar_General_and_Census_Commissioner_of_India" title="Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India">Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India</a>. 29 June 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181114073426/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language-2011/Statement-1.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 14 November 2018. Retrieved 10 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Scheduled+Languages+in+descending+order+of+speaker%27s+strength+%E2%80%93+2011&rft.pub=Registrar+General+and+Census+Commissioner+of+India&rft.date=2018-06-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.censusindia.gov.in%2F2011Census%2FLanguage-2011%2FStatement-1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-eTH-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-eTH_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eTH_7-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/snd/">"Sindhi | Ethnologue"</a>. Ethnologue.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ethnologue&rft.atitle=Sindhi+%7C+Ethnologue&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Flanguage%2Fsnd%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.ophrd.gov.pk/SiteImage/Downloads/Year-Book-2017-18.pdf">http://www.ophrd.gov.pk/SiteImage/Downloads/Year-Book-2017-18.pdf</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210421101336/http://www.ophrd.gov.pk/SiteImage/Downloads/Year-Book-2017-18.pdf">Archived</a> 21 April 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs">bare URL PDF</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-SJ-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SJ_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SJ_9-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaller2005" class="citation journal cs1">Haller, Dieter (June 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177/1463499605050868">"Let it flow: Economy, spirituality and gender in the Sindhi network"</a>. Anthropological Theory. 5 (2). Sage Publications: 155. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1463499605050868">10.1177/1463499605050868</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1463-4996">1463-4996</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anthropological+Theory&rft.atitle=Let+it+flow%3A+Economy%2C+spirituality+and+gender+in+the+Sindhi+network&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=155&rft.date=2005-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1463499605050868&rft.issn=1463-4996&rft.aulast=Haller&rft.aufirst=Dieter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1177%2F1463499605050868&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201126180419/https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=ASIAN%2BALONE%2BOR%2BIN%2BANY%2BCOMBINATION%2BBY%2BSELECTED%2BGROUPS&tid=ACSDT1Y2019.B02018&hidePreview=true">"Explore Census Data"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=ASIAN%2BALONE%2BOR%2BIN%2BANY%2BCOMBINATION%2BBY%2BSELECTED%2BGROUPS&tid=ACSDT1Y2019.B02018&hidePreview=true">the original</a> on 26 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Explore+Census+Data&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.census.gov%2Fcedsci%2Ftable%3Fq%3DASIAN%252BALONE%252BOR%252BIN%252BANY%252BCOMBINATION%252BBY%252BSELECTED%252BGROUPS%26tid%3DACSDT1Y2019.B02018%26hidePreview%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/17/country/GB/">"United Kingdom"</a>. Ethnologue. 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Retrieved 11 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Census+Profile%2C+2016+Census+%E2%80%93+Canada+%5BCountry%5D+and+Canada+%5BCountry%5D&rft.date=2017-02-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.gc.ca%2Fcensus-recensement%2F2016%2Fdp-pd%2Fprof%2Fdetails%2Fpage.cfm%3FLang%3DE%26Geo1%3DPR%26Code1%3D01%26Geo2%3DPR%26Code2%3D01%26Data%3DCount%26SearchText%3D01%26SearchType%3DBegins%26SearchPR%3D01%26B1%3DAll%26Custom%3D%26TABID%3D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-encyclopedia_sindhis-15"><a href="#cite_ref-encyclopedia_sindhis_15-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210507065744/https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/sindhis">"Sindhis"</a>. 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Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789812307996" title="Special:BookSources/9789812307996"><bdi>9789812307996</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230312183254/https://books.google.com/books?id=39lJz_L4MdUC">Archived</a> from the original on 12 March 2023. Retrieved 15 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rising+India+and+Indian+Communities+in+East+Asia&rft.pub=Institute+of+Southeast+Asian+Studies&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9789812307996&rft.aulast=Kesavapany&rft.aufirst=K.&rft.au=Mani%2C+A.&rft.au=Ramasamy%2C+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D39lJz_L4MdUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFealyRicci2019" class="citation book cs1">Fealy, Greg; Ricci, Ronit (2019). Contentious belonging: the place of minorities in Indonesia. ISEAS publishing. p. 215. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789814843492" title="Special:BookSources/9789814843492"><bdi>9789814843492</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contentious+belonging%3A+the+place+of+minorities+in+Indonesia&rft.pages=215&rft.pub=ISEAS+publishing&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9789814843492&rft.aulast=Fealy&rft.aufirst=Greg&rft.au=Ricci%2C+Ronit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/sindhis">"Archived copy"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210507065744/https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/sindhis">Archived</a> from the original on 7 May 2021. Retrieved 10 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Fhumanities%2Fencyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps%2Fsindhis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhis" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_19-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButt1998" class="citation book cs1">Butt, Rakhio (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=G-VjAAAAMAAJ&q=sindhi+language">Papers on Sindhi Language & Linguistics</a>. Institute of Sindhology, University of Sindh. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789694050508" title="Special:BookSources/9789694050508"><bdi>9789694050508</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230312183243/https://books.google.com/books?id=G-VjAAAAMAAJ&q=sindhi+language">Archived</a> from the original on 12 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Papers+on+Sindhi+Language+%26+Linguistics&rft.pub=Institute+of+Sindhology%2C+University+of+Sindh&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9789694050508&rft.aulast=Butt&rft.aufirst=Rakhio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DG-VjAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dsindhi%2Blanguage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiraj" class="citation book cs1">Siraj, Amjad. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://library.sindhila.org/kitab?number=50&view=1364">Sindhi Language</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sindhi_Language_Authority" title="Sindhi Language Authority">Sindhi Language Authority</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-969-625-082-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-969-625-082-1"><bdi>978-969-625-082-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231102135933/https://library.sindhila.org/kitab?number=50&view=1364">Archived</a> from the original on 2 November 2023. Retrieved 7 June 2023. <q>Cultural and territorial proximity has a major influence on the similarities of languages. There was a time when Sindh was a sovereign country and was a lot bigger than its present geographical boundaries. It included parts of present-day Punjab and Bahawalpur, Lasbela (Balochistan), Kachh (India) and some southern parts of present day Balochistan. That is why Sindhi has very deep relations with languages of these regions. In fact one can say that the dialects and sub- dialects of this region ie Punjabi, Multani, Seraiki, Kachhi etc are greatly influenced by Sindhi and in a way can be considered akin to it. In addition to the local languages, Sindhi is also closely related to languages of the neighbouring regions. In the pre-historic and even the historic period, for a long time India was a common social and political entity, and in this period the court languages, indigenous as well as foreign, must have influenced the regional languages.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sindhi+Language&rft.pub=Sindhi+Language+Authority&rft.isbn=978-969-625-082-1&rft.aulast=Siraj&rft.aufirst=Amjad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flibrary.sindhila.org%2Fkitab%3Fnumber%3D50%26view%3D1364&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaiz2021" class="citation book cs1">Faiz, Asma (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rM1TEAAAQBAJ&q=greater+sindh">In Search of Lost Glory: Sindhi Nationalism in Pakistan</a>. Hurst Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78738-632-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78738-632-7"><bdi>978-1-78738-632-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230312183306/https://books.google.com/books?id=rM1TEAAAQBAJ&q=greater+sindh">Archived</a> from the original on 12 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Search+of+Lost+Glory%3A+Sindhi+Nationalism+in+Pakistan&rft.pub=Hurst+Publishers&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-78738-632-7&rft.aulast=Faiz&rft.aufirst=Asma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrM1TEAAAQBAJ%26q%3Dgreater%2Bsindh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wwf.org.pk/foreverindus/ie_people_culture.php">"Culture"</a>. www.wwf.org.pk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230104064752/https://www.wwf.org.pk/foreverindus/ie_people_culture.php">Archived</a> from the original on 4 January 2023. Retrieved 4 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.wwf.org.pk&rft.atitle=Culture&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wwf.org.pk%2Fforeverindus%2Fie_people_culture.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKalhoro2018" class="citation book cs1">Kalhoro, Zulfiqar Ali (2018). Archaeology, Art and Religion in Sindh. Sindh: Culture Department, Government of Sindh. p. 17. <q>Sindh's rich cultural and religious diversity makes it unique in Pakistan. In past few decades, there has been a growing interest in the archaeology of Sindh by both local and international scholars.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archaeology%2C+Art+and+Religion+in+Sindh&rft.place=Sindh&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Culture+Department%2C+Government+of+Sindh&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Kalhoro&rft.aufirst=Zulfiqar+Ali&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gtr.ukri.org/project/438D25C7-5334-4E3B-B844-94D9696BDAE8">"The Sindh diaspora: India and the United Kingdom"</a>. UK Research and Innovation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230119183358/https://gtr.ukri.org/project/438D25C7-5334-4E3B-B844-94D9696BDAE8">Archived</a> from the original on 19 January 2023. Retrieved 19 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UK+Research+and+Innovation&rft.atitle=The+Sindh+diaspora%3A+India+and+the+United+Kingdom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgtr.ukri.org%2Fproject%2F438D25C7-5334-4E3B-B844-94D9696BDAE8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavidAbbasiAli2022" class="citation book cs1">David, Maya Khemlani; Abbasi, Muhammad Hassan Abbasi; Ali, Hina Muhammad (January 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/357477372">Young Sindhi Muslims in Cultural Maintenance in the Face of Language Shift</a>. <q>Despite a shift away from habitual use of Sindhi language, they have maintained their cultural values and norms.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Young+Sindhi+Muslims+in+Cultural+Maintenance+in+the+Face+of+Language+Shift&rft.date=2022-01&rft.aulast=David&rft.aufirst=Maya+Khemlani&rft.au=Abbasi%2C+Muhammad+Hassan+Abbasi&rft.au=Ali%2C+Hina+Muhammad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F357477372&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thewire.in/books/sindhi-diaspora-multiple-identities-india-spain-south-america">"Excerpt: For Some Sindhi Diaspora Members, Navigating Multiple Identities Is Not a Problem"</a>. The Wire. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230119182059/https://thewire.in/books/sindhi-diaspora-multiple-identities-india-spain-south-america">Archived</a> from the original on 19 January 2023. Retrieved 19 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Wire&rft.atitle=Excerpt%3A+For+Some+Sindhi+Diaspora+Members%2C+Navigating+Multiple+Identities+Is+Not+a+Problem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthewire.in%2Fbooks%2Fsindhi-diaspora-multiple-identities-india-spain-south-america&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://languagemanuals.weebly.com/uploads/4/8/5/3/4853169/sindhi.pdf">Sindhi Manual: Language and Culture</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211220184041/http://languagemanuals.weebly.com/uploads/4/8/5/3/4853169/sindhi.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 20 December 2021. Retrieved 16 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sindhi+Manual%3A+Language+and+Culture&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flanguagemanuals.weebly.com%2Fuploads%2F4%2F8%2F5%2F3%2F4853169%2Fsindhi.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWestphal-HellbuschWestphal1986" class="citation book cs1">Westphal-Hellbusch, Sigrid; Westphal, Heinz (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XKQfAAAAMAAJ">The Jat of Pakistan</a>. Lok Virsa. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230225181534/https://books.google.com/books?id=XKQfAAAAMAAJ&newbks=0&hl=en">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2023. Retrieved 25 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jat+of+Pakistan&rft.pub=Lok+Virsa&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Westphal-Hellbusch&rft.aufirst=Sigrid&rft.au=Westphal%2C+Heinz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXKQfAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJahaniKornTitus2008" class="citation book cs1">Jahani, Carina; Korn, Agnes; Titus, Paul Brian (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nNoRAQAAMAAJ">The Baloch and Others: Linguistic, Historical and Socio-political Perspectives on Pluralism in Balochistan</a>. Reichert Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-89500-591-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-89500-591-6"><bdi>978-3-89500-591-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230225181534/https://books.google.com/books?id=nNoRAQAAMAAJ&newbks=0&hl=en">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2023. Retrieved 25 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Baloch+and+Others%3A+Linguistic%2C+Historical+and+Socio-political+Perspectives+on+Pluralism+in+Balochistan&rft.pub=Reichert+Verlag&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-3-89500-591-6&rft.aulast=Jahani&rft.aufirst=Carina&rft.au=Korn%2C+Agnes&rft.au=Titus%2C+Paul+Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnNoRAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMahajan2007" class="citation book cs1">Mahajan, V. D. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nMWSQuf4oSIC&dq=Sindh+was+isolated&pg=RA1-PA25">History of Medieval India</a>. S. Chand Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-219-0364-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-219-0364-6"><bdi>978-81-219-0364-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230213180059/https://books.google.com/books?id=nMWSQuf4oSIC&dq=Sindh+was+isolated&pg=RA1-PA25">Archived</a> from the original on 13 February 2023. Retrieved 30 January 2023. <q>Sindh was isolated from the rest of India and consequently nobody took any interest in Sindh and the same was conquered by the Arabs.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Medieval+India&rft.pub=S.+Chand+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-81-219-0364-6&rft.aulast=Mahajan&rft.aufirst=V.+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnMWSQuf4oSIC%26dq%3DSindh%2Bwas%2Bisolated%26pg%3DRA1-PA25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPithawala2018" class="citation book cs1">Pithawala, M. B. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sanipanhwar.com/Historical%20Geography%20of%20Sindh-1.pdf">Historical Geography of Sindh</a> (PDF). University of London: Sani Panhwar Publishers. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230604102846/https://www.sanipanhwar.com/Historical%20Geography%20of%20Sindh-1.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 4 June 2023. Retrieved 4 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Geography+of+Sindh&rft.place=University+of+London&rft.pub=Sani+Panhwar+Publishers&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Pithawala&rft.aufirst=M.+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sanipanhwar.com%2FHistorical%2520Geography%2520of%2520Sindh-1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicolini2004" class="citation book cs1">Nicolini, Beatrice (1 January 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kVwhcDDhHQkC&q=jadgal">Makran, Oman, and Zanzibar: Three-Terminal Cultural Corridor in the Western Indian Ocean, 1799-1856</a>. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-13780-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-13780-6"><bdi>978-90-04-13780-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Makran%2C+Oman%2C+and+Zanzibar%3A+Three-Terminal+Cultural+Corridor+in+the+Western+Indian+Ocean%2C+1799-1856&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2004-01-01&rft.isbn=978-90-04-13780-6&rft.aulast=Nicolini&rft.aufirst=Beatrice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkVwhcDDhHQkC%26q%3Djadgal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhan2004" class="citation book cs1">Khan, Hussain Ahmad (1 August 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nV71AwAAQBAJ&q=sindhis+of+bahawalpur">Re-Thinking Punjab: The Construction of Siraiki Identity</a>. Research and Publication Centre, National College of Arts, Lahore. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-969-8623-09-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-969-8623-09-8"><bdi>978-969-8623-09-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Re-Thinking+Punjab%3A+The+Construction+of+Siraiki+Identity&rft.pub=Research+and+Publication+Centre%2C+National+College+of+Arts%2C+Lahore&rft.date=2004-08-01&rft.isbn=978-969-8623-09-8&rft.aulast=Khan&rft.aufirst=Hussain+Ahmad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnV71AwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dsindhis%2Bof%2Bbahawalpur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIbbetsonMaclagan1990" class="citation book cs1">Ibbetson, Sir Denzil; Maclagan (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1QmrSwFYe60C&q=sindhi">Glossary of the Tribes and Castes of the Punjab and North West Frontier Province</a>. Asian Educational Services. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-206-0505-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-206-0505-3"><bdi>978-81-206-0505-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Glossary+of+the+Tribes+and+Castes+of+the+Punjab+and+North+West+Frontier+Province&rft.pub=Asian+Educational+Services&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-81-206-0505-3&rft.aulast=Ibbetson&rft.aufirst=Sir+Denzil&rft.au=Maclagan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1QmrSwFYe60C%26q%3Dsindhi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDADUZEN2018" class="citation book cs1">DADUZEN, Dayal N. Harjani aka (19 July 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J4ZlDwAAQBAJ&q=sindhi+in+kutch">Sindhi Roots & Rituals - Part 1</a>. Notion Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-64249-289-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-64249-289-7"><bdi>978-1-64249-289-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sindhi+Roots+%26+Rituals+-+Part+1&rft.pub=Notion+Press&rft.date=2018-07-19&rft.isbn=978-1-64249-289-7&rft.aulast=DADUZEN&rft.aufirst=Dayal+N.+Harjani+aka&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ4ZlDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dsindhi%2Bin%2Bkutch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaiz2021" class="citation book cs1">Faiz, Asma (9 December 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rM1TEAAAQBAJ">In Search of Lost Glory: Sindhi Nationalism in Pakistan</a>. Hurst Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78738-632-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78738-632-7"><bdi>978-1-78738-632-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Search+of+Lost+Glory%3A+Sindhi+Nationalism+in+Pakistan&rft.pub=Hurst+Publishers&rft.date=2021-12-09&rft.isbn=978-1-78738-632-7&rft.aulast=Faiz&rft.aufirst=Asma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrM1TEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeumanChaudhuriKothari2005" class="citation book cs1">Neuman, Daniel M.; Chaudhuri, Shubha; Kothari, Komal (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b30HAQAAMAAJ">Bards, Ballads and Boundaries: An Ethnographic Atlas of Music Traditions in West Rajasthan</a>. Seagull. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-905422-07-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-905422-07-4"><bdi>978-1-905422-07-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bards%2C+Ballads+and+Boundaries%3A+An+Ethnographic+Atlas+of+Music+Traditions+in+West+Rajasthan&rft.pub=Seagull&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-905422-07-4&rft.aulast=Neuman&rft.aufirst=Daniel+M.&rft.au=Chaudhuri%2C+Shubha&rft.au=Kothari%2C+Komal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Db30HAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhavnani2014" class="citation book cs1">Bhavnani, Nandita (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WJQ5swEACAAJ">The Making of Exile: Sindhi Hindus and the Partition of India</a>. Tranquebar Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-84030-33-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-84030-33-9"><bdi>978-93-84030-33-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+Exile%3A+Sindhi+Hindus+and+the+Partition+of+India&rft.pub=Tranquebar+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-93-84030-33-9&rft.aulast=Bhavnani&rft.aufirst=Nandita&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWJQ5swEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFalzon2004" class="citation book cs1">Falzon, Mark-Anthony (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ljbS-I5Y8WMC&q=sindhis+of+rajasthan">Cosmopolitan Connections: The Sindhi Diaspora, 1860-2000</a>. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-14008-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-14008-0"><bdi>978-90-04-14008-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cosmopolitan+Connections%3A+The+Sindhi+Diaspora%2C+1860-2000&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-90-04-14008-0&rft.aulast=Falzon&rft.aufirst=Mark-Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DljbS-I5Y8WMC%26q%3Dsindhis%2Bof%2Brajasthan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dailytimes.com.pk/642130/hindus-under-the-official-muslims-of-pakistan/">"Hindus under the official Muslims of Pakistan"</a>. Daily Times. 17 July 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230101154155/https://dailytimes.com.pk/642130/hindus-under-the-official-muslims-of-pakistan/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2023. Retrieved 1 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Daily+Times&rft.atitle=Hindus+under+the+official+Muslims+of+Pakistan&rft.date=2020-07-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdailytimes.com.pk%2F642130%2Fhindus-under-the-official-muslims-of-pakistan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2019" class="citation web cs1">Singh, Rajkumar (11 November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://southasiajournal.net/religious-profile-of-todays-pakistani-sindh-province/">"Religious profile of today's Pakistani Sindh Province"</a>. South Asia Journal. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230101154149/http://southasiajournal.net/religious-profile-of-todays-pakistani-sindh-province/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2023. Retrieved 1 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=South+Asia+Journal&rft.atitle=Religious+profile+of+today%27s+Pakistani+Sindh+Province&rft.date=2019-11-11&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Rajkumar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsouthasiajournal.net%2Freligious-profile-of-todays-pakistani-sindh-province%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epw.in/journal/2006/52/discussion/rss-and-sindhi-hindus.html">"RSS and Sindhi Hindus"</a>. Economic & Political Weekly. 41 (52). 30 December 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230122123721/https://www.epw.in/journal/2006/52/discussion/rss-and-sindhi-hindus.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 January 2023. Retrieved 22 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economic+%26+Political+Weekly&rft.atitle=RSS+and+Sindhi+Hindus&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=52&rft.date=2006-12-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.epw.in%2Fjournal%2F2006%2F52%2Fdiscussion%2Frss-and-sindhi-hindus.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tribune.com.pk/story/388663/who-orchestrated-the-exodus-of-sindhi-hindus-after-partition">"Who orchestrated the exodus of Sindhi Hindus after Partition?"</a>. The Express Tribune. 4 June 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220123163428/https://tribune.com.pk/story/388663/who-orchestrated-the-exodus-of-sindhi-hindus-after-partition">Archived</a> from the original on 23 January 2022. Retrieved 22 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Express+Tribune&rft.atitle=Who+orchestrated+the+exodus+of+Sindhi+Hindus+after+Partition%3F&rft.date=2012-06-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftribune.com.pk%2Fstory%2F388663%2Fwho-orchestrated-the-exodus-of-sindhi-hindus-after-partition&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indianexpress.com/article/research/karachi-bakery-sweets-partition-sindh-sindhi-migration-7069175/">"Shortchanged by Partition, why Sindhis hold Karachi especially dear"</a>. The Indian Express. 26 November 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230122123713/https://indianexpress.com/article/research/karachi-bakery-sweets-partition-sindh-sindhi-migration-7069175/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 January 2023. Retrieved 22 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=Shortchanged+by+Partition%2C+why+Sindhis+hold+Karachi+especially+dear&rft.date=2020-11-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findianexpress.com%2Farticle%2Fresearch%2Fkarachi-bakery-sweets-partition-sindh-sindhi-migration-7069175%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGanesan2019" class="citation web cs1">Ganesan, Nikita Puri and Ranjita (8 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/india-s-sindhi-community-is-flourishing-but-the-going-isn-t-always-easy-119030801169_1.html">"India's Sindhi community is flourishing but the going isn't always easy"</a>. www.business-standard.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230122123713/https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/india-s-sindhi-community-is-flourishing-but-the-going-isn-t-always-easy-119030801169_1.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 January 2023. Retrieved 22 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.business-standard.com&rft.atitle=India%27s+Sindhi+community+is+flourishing+but+the+going+isn%27t+always+easy&rft.date=2019-03-08&rft.aulast=Ganesan&rft.aufirst=Nikita+Puri+and+Ranjita&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.business-standard.com%2Farticle%2Fcurrent-affairs%2Findia-s-sindhi-community-is-flourishing-but-the-going-isn-t-always-easy-119030801169_1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPioneer" class="citation web cs1">Pioneer, The. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dailypioneer.com/2019/columnists/scattered-sindhi-society.html">"Scattered Sindhi society"</a>. The Pioneer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230122123710/https://www.dailypioneer.com/2019/columnists/scattered-sindhi-society.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 January 2023. Retrieved 22 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Pioneer&rft.atitle=Scattered+Sindhi+society&rft.aulast=Pioneer&rft.aufirst=The&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailypioneer.com%2F2019%2Fcolumnists%2Fscattered-sindhi-society.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dailytimes.com.pk/341601/most-billionaires-in-india-today-once-resided-in-pakistans-sindh/">"Most billionaires in India today once resided in Pakistan's Sindh"</a>. Daily Times. 7 January 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200507172647/https://dailytimes.com.pk/341601/most-billionaires-in-india-today-once-resided-in-pakistans-sindh/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 May 2020. 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The Wire. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230122123713/https://thewire.in/politics/after-partition-displacement-of-sindhis-turned-into-determination-and-enterprise">Archived</a> from the original on 22 January 2023. 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Retrieved 3 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Statesman&rft.atitle=Bhagwat+lauds+contribution+of+Sindhis+to+the+nation&rft.date=2023-04-01&rft.aulast=Service&rft.aufirst=Statesman+News&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestatesman.com%2Findia%2Fbhagwat-lauds-contribution-of-sindhis-to-the-nation-1503168237.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census2011.com.in">"2011 Census of India"</a>. 2011. 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Retrieved 11 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.straitstimes.com&rft.atitle=Sindhi+community+has+contributed+to+Singapore%3A+PM+Lee+%7C+The+Straits+Times&rft.date=2022-03-13&rft.aulast=Auto&rft.aufirst=Hermes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.straitstimes.com%2Fsingapore%2Fpolitics%2Fsindhi-community-has-contributed-to-singapore-pm-lee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanyal,_Sanjeev2013" class="citation book cs1">Sanyal, Sanjeev (10 July 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/855957425">Land of the seven rivers : a brief history of India's geography</a>. Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-342093-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-342093-4"><bdi>978-0-14-342093-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/855957425">855957425</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Land+of+the+seven+rivers+%3A+a+brief+history+of+India%27s+geography&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2013-07-10&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F855957425&rft.isbn=978-0-14-342093-4&rft.au=Sanyal%2C+Sanjeev&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F855957425&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mohenjodaro.net-65"><a href="#cite_ref-mohenjodaro.net_65-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mohenjodaro.net/mohenjodaroessay.html">"Mohenjo-Daro: An Ancient Indus Valley Metropolis"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151124083819/http://www.mohenjodaro.net/mohenjodaroessay.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 November 2015. Retrieved 13 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mohenjo-Daro%3A+An+Ancient+Indus+Valley+Metropolis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mohenjodaro.net%2Fmohenjodaroessay.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-18491900">"Mohenjo Daro: Could this ancient city be lost forever?"</a>. BBC News. 26 June 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230113135016/https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-18491900">Archived</a> from the original on 13 January 2023. Retrieved 22 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Mohenjo+Daro%3A+Could+this+ancient+city+be+lost+forever%3F&rft.date=2012-06-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fmagazine-18491900&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright2009115–125-67"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright2009115–125_67-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWright2009">Wright 2009</a>, pp. 115–125. </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDyson2018">Dyson 2018</a>, p. 29 "Mohenjo-daro and Harappa may each have contained between 30,000 and 60,000 people (perhaps more in the former case). Water transport was crucial for the provisioning of these and other cities. That said, the vast majority of people lived in rural areas. At the height of the Indus valley civilization the subcontinent may have contained 4-6 million people." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcIntosh2008387-70"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcIntosh2008387_70-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcIntosh2008">McIntosh 2008</a>, p. 387: "The enormous potential of the greater Indus region offered scope for huge population increase; by the end of the Mature Harappan period, the Harappans are estimated to have numbered somewhere between 1 and 5 million, probably well below the region's carrying capacity." </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharar1907" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sharar, ʻAbdulḥalīm (1907). A History of Sindh: Volume I <bdi lang="ur">تارىخ سندھ</bdi> (in Urdu). Lucknow, India: Dilgudaz Press. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2021666208">2021666208</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Sindh%3A+Volume+I+%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%89%D8%AE+%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%BE&rft.place=Lucknow%2C+India&rft.pub=Dilgudaz+Press&rft.date=1907&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2021666208&rft.aulast=Sharar&rft.aufirst=%CA%BBAbdul%E1%B8%A5al%C4%ABm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiagi2007" class="citation book cs1">Biagi, Paolo (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sanipanhwar.com/With%20Alexander%20in%20India%20and%20Central%20Asia.pdf">With Alexander in India and Central Asia: Moving East and Back to West</a> (PDF). Malta: Oxbow Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78570-584-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78570-584-7"><bdi>978-1-78570-584-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230623114258/http://sanipanhwar.com/With%20Alexander%20in%20India%20and%20Central%20Asia.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 23 June 2023. Retrieved 23 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=With+Alexander+in+India+and+Central+Asia%3A+Moving+East+and+Back+to+West&rft.place=Malta&rft.pub=Oxbow+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-78570-584-7&rft.aulast=Biagi&rft.aufirst=Paolo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsanipanhwar.com%2FWith%2520Alexander%2520in%2520India%2520and%2520Central%2520Asia.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDayal2018" class="citation book cs1">Dayal, N. Harjani (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J4ZlDwAAQBAJ&dq=sindh+under+greek+rule&pg=PT131">Sindhi Roots & Rituals – Part 1</a>. Notion Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-64249-289-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-64249-289-7"><bdi>978-1-64249-289-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230213182728/https://books.google.com/books?id=J4ZlDwAAQBAJ&dq=sindh+under+greek+rule&pg=PT131">Archived</a> from the original on 13 February 2023. <q>Kings and conquerors invade time and again, for a gain in Sindh</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sindhi+Roots+%26+Rituals+%E2%80%93+Part+1&rft.pub=Notion+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-64249-289-7&rft.aulast=Dayal&rft.aufirst=N.+Harjani&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ4ZlDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dsindh%2Bunder%2Bgreek%2Brule%26pg%3DPT131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ.C2017" class="citation book cs1">J.C, Aggarwal (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CUZ_EAAAQBAJ&dq=indo+greek+rule+in+sindh&pg=PA172">S. Chand's Simplified Course in Ancient Indian History</a>. S. Chand Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-219-1853-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-219-1853-4"><bdi>978-81-219-1853-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230213182731/https://books.google.com/books?id=CUZ_EAAAQBAJ&dq=indo+greek+rule+in+sindh&pg=PA172">Archived</a> from the original on 13 February 2023. <q>The dynasty founded by Demetrius ruled over East Punjab and Sindh and the other founded by Eucratides ruled over some parts of West Punjab</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=S.+Chand%27s+Simplified+Course+in+Ancient+Indian+History&rft.pub=S.+Chand+Publishing&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-81-219-1853-4&rft.aulast=J.C&rft.aufirst=Aggarwal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCUZ_EAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dindo%2Bgreek%2Brule%2Bin%2Bsindh%26pg%3DPA172&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gDWFAAAAIAAJ&q=kushan+rule+in+sindh">1998 District Census Report of Sindh</a>. Population Census Organisation, Statistics Division, Government of Pakistan. 1999. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230213182729/https://books.google.com/books?id=gDWFAAAAIAAJ&q=kushan+rule+in+sindh">Archived</a> from the original on 13 February 2023. <q>After the death of Ashoka, ... in the Parethian Empire. Sindh then remained under the dynasties of Kushan and Sassanid.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1998+District+Census+Report+of+Sindh&rft.pub=Population+Census+Organisation%2C+Statistics+Division%2C+Government+of+Pakistan&rft.date=1999&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgDWFAAAAIAAJ%26q%3Dkushan%2Brule%2Bin%2Bsindh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKessler" class="citation web cs1">Kessler, Peter L. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyfiles.co.uk/KingListsFarEast/IndiaSindh.htm">"Kingdoms of the Indus / Sindh"</a>. www.historyfiles.co.uk. Kingdoms of South Asia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210115172636/https://www.historyfiles.co.uk/KingListsFarEast/IndiaSindh.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2021. Retrieved 15 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.historyfiles.co.uk&rft.atitle=Kingdoms+of+the+Indus+%2F+Sindh&rft.aulast=Kessler&rft.aufirst=Peter+L&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyfiles.co.uk%2FKingListsFarEast%2FIndiaSindh.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gier-77"><a href="#cite_ref-Gier_77-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGier2006" class="citation conference cs1">Gier, Nicholas F. 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Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521663700" title="Special:BookSources/9780521663700"><bdi>9780521663700</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230312183300/https://books.google.com/books?id=jtsMLNmMzbkC&pg=PA39">Archived</a> from the original on 12 March 2023. Retrieved 25 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Southeast+Asia+by+Nicholas+Tarling+p.39&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780521663700&rft.aulast=Tarling&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjtsMLNmMzbkC%26pg%3DPA39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924052446/http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/01475176655936417554480/p0000002.htm">"Hispania [Publicaciones periódicas]. Volume 74, Number 3, September 1991 – Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes"</a>. cervantesvirtual.com. 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Retrieved 27 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cervantesvirtual.com&rft.atitle=Hispania+%5BPublicaciones+peri%C3%B3dicas%5D.+Volume+74%2C+Number+3%2C+September+1991+%E2%80%93+Biblioteca+Virtual+Miguel+de+Cervantes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cervantesvirtual.com%2Fservlet%2FSirveObras%2F01475176655936417554480%2Fp0000002.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brohī_1998_175-84"><a href="#cite_ref-Brohī_1998_175_84-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrohī1998" class="citation book cs1">Brohī, ʻAlī Aḥmad (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0gBuAAAAMAAJ&q=Kalhoras+a+local+Sindhi+tribe+of+Channa+origin">The Temple of Sun God: Relics of the Past</a>. Sangam Publications. p. 175. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230225114400/https://books.google.com/books?id=0gBuAAAAMAAJ&q=Kalhoras+a+local+Sindhi+tribe+of+Channa+origin">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2023. Retrieved 25 February 2023. <q>Kalhoras a local Sindhi tribe of Channa origin...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Temple+of+Sun+God%3A+Relics+of+the+Past&rft.pages=175&rft.pub=Sangam+Publications&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Broh%C4%AB&rft.aufirst=%CA%BBAl%C4%AB+A%E1%B8%A5mad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0gBuAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DKalhoras%2Ba%2Blocal%2BSindhi%2Btribe%2Bof%2BChanna%2Borigin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burton_1851_410-85"><a href="#cite_ref-Burton_1851_410_85-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurton1851" class="citation book cs1">Burton, Sir Richard Francis (1851). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RZQMzQLsyk0C&dq=They+were+originally+Channa+Sindhis+,+and+therefore+converted+Hindoos&pg=PA410">Sindh, and the Races that Inhabit the Valley of the Indus</a>. W. H. Allen. p. 410. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230225114359/https://books.google.com/books?id=RZQMzQLsyk0C&dq=They+were+originally+Channa+Sindhis+,+and+therefore+converted+Hindoos&pg=PA410">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2023. Retrieved 25 February 2023. <q>Kalhoras ... were originally Channa Sindhis, and therefore converted Hindoos.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sindh%2C+and+the+Races+that+Inhabit+the+Valley+of+the+Indus&rft.pages=410&rft.pub=W.+H.+Allen&rft.date=1851&rft.aulast=Burton&rft.aufirst=Sir+Richard+Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRZQMzQLsyk0C%26dq%3DThey%2Bwere%2Boriginally%2BChanna%2BSindhis%2B%2C%2Band%2Btherefore%2Bconverted%2BHindoos%26pg%3DPA410&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVerkaaik2004" class="citation book cs1">Verkaaik, Oskar (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/migrantsmilitant0000verk">Migrants and Militants: Fun and Urban Violence in Pakistan</a>. Princeton University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/migrantsmilitant0000verk/page/94">94</a>, 99. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-69111-709-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-69111-709-6"><bdi>978-0-69111-709-6</bdi></a>. <q>The area of the Hindu-built mansion Pakka Qila was built in 1768 by the Kalhora kings, a local dynasty of Arab origin that ruled Sindh independently from the decaying Moghul Empire beginning in the mid-eighteenth century.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Migrants+and+Militants%3A+Fun+and+Urban+Violence+in+Pakistan&rft.pages=94%2C+99&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-69111-709-6&rft.aulast=Verkaaik&rft.aufirst=Oskar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmigrantsmilitant0000verk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dailytimes.com.pk/230879/history-of-khairpur-and-the-royal-talpurs-of-sindh/">"History of Khairpur and the royal Talpurs of Sindh"</a>. Daily Times. 21 April 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221224091549/https://dailytimes.com.pk/230879/history-of-khairpur-and-the-royal-talpurs-of-sindh/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 December 2022. Retrieved 6 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Daily+Times&rft.atitle=History+of+Khairpur+and+the+royal+Talpurs+of+Sindh&rft.date=2018-04-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdailytimes.com.pk%2F230879%2Fhistory-of-khairpur-and-the-royal-talpurs-of-sindh%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:05-88">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:05_88-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:05_88-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSolomonBond2006" class="citation book cs1">Solomon, R. V.; Bond, J. W. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=47sfj8DUwNgC&dq=talpur+sindh&pg=PA337">Indian States: A Biographical, Historical, and Administrative Survey</a>. Asian Educational Services. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-206-1965-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-206-1965-4"><bdi>978-81-206-1965-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230312183249/https://books.google.com/books?id=47sfj8DUwNgC&dq=talpur+sindh&pg=PA337">Archived</a> from the original on 12 March 2023. Retrieved 25 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+States%3A+A+Biographical%2C+Historical%2C+and+Administrative+Survey&rft.pub=Asian+Educational+Services&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-81-206-1965-4&rft.aulast=Solomon&rft.aufirst=R.+V.&rft.au=Bond%2C+J.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D47sfj8DUwNgC%26dq%3Dtalpur%2Bsindh%26pg%3DPA337&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaloch1987" class="citation book cs1">Baloch, Inayatullah (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ox0NAAAAIAAJ&q=talpurs+vassals">The Problem of "Greater Baluchistan": A Study of Baluch Nationalism</a>. Steiner Verlag Wiesbaden. p. 121. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783515049993" title="Special:BookSources/9783515049993"><bdi>9783515049993</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230116205837/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ox0NAAAAIAAJ&q=talpurs+vassals">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2023. Retrieved 25 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Problem+of+%22Greater+Baluchistan%22%3A+A+Study+of+Baluch+Nationalism&rft.pages=121&rft.pub=Steiner+Verlag+Wiesbaden&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=9783515049993&rft.aulast=Baloch&rft.aufirst=Inayatullah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOx0NAAAAIAAJ%26q%3Dtalpurs%2Bvassals&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZiad2021" class="citation book cs1">Ziad, Waleed (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W-ZFEAAAQBAJ&dq=durranis+talpur&pg=PA53">Hidden Caliphate: Sufi Saints Beyond the Oxus and Indus</a>. Harvard University Press. p. 53. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674248816" title="Special:BookSources/9780674248816"><bdi>9780674248816</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230116205835/https://books.google.com/books?id=W-ZFEAAAQBAJ&dq=durranis+talpur&pg=PA53">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2023. Retrieved 25 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hidden+Caliphate%3A+Sufi+Saints+Beyond+the+Oxus+and+Indus&rft.pages=53&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9780674248816&rft.aulast=Ziad&rft.aufirst=Waleed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW-ZFEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Ddurranis%2Btalpur%26pg%3DPA53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:222-91"><a href="#cite_ref-:222_91-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.talpur.org/Home/historical-background">"The Royal Talpurs of Sindh – Historical Background"</a>. www.talpur.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200211070731/http://www.talpur.org/Home/historical-background">Archived</a> from the original on 11 February 2020. Retrieved 23 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.talpur.org&rft.atitle=The+Royal+Talpurs+of+Sindh+%E2%80%93+Historical+Background&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.talpur.org%2FHome%2Fhistorical-background&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-92"><a href="#cite_ref-:1_92-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmed2021" class="citation web cs1">Ahmed, Ashfaq (7 December 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gulfnews.com/uae/indian-pakistani-expats-together-celebrate-sindhi-cultural-day-with-fanfare-in-dubai-1.84205842">"Indian and Pakistani Sindhi expats together celebrate Sindhi Cultural Day with fanfare in Dubai"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220722131021/https://gulfnews.com/uae/indian-pakistani-expats-together-celebrate-sindhi-cultural-day-with-fanfare-in-dubai-1.84205842">Archived</a> from the original on 22 July 2022. Retrieved 22 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Indian+and+Pakistani+Sindhi+expats+together+celebrate+Sindhi+Cultural+Day+with+fanfare+in+Dubai&rft.date=2021-12-07&rft.aulast=Ahmed&rft.aufirst=Ashfaq&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgulfnews.com%2Fuae%2Findian-pakistani-expats-together-celebrate-sindhi-cultural-day-with-fanfare-in-dubai-1.84205842&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaher2014" class="citation web cs1">Maher, Mahim (27 March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tribune.com.pk/story/688234/from-zardaris-to-makranis-how-the-baloch-came-to-sindh">"From Zardaris to Makranis: How the Baloch came to Sindh"</a>. The Express Tribune. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190607102652/https://tribune.com.pk/story/688234/from-zardaris-to-makranis-how-the-baloch-came-to-sindh/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 June 2019. Retrieved 10 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Express+Tribune&rft.atitle=From+Zardaris+to+Makranis%3A+How+the+Baloch+came+to+Sindh&rft.date=2014-03-27&rft.aulast=Maher&rft.aufirst=Mahim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftribune.com.pk%2Fstory%2F688234%2Ffrom-zardaris-to-makranis-how-the-baloch-came-to-sindh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-94">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_94-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_94-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheikh2013" class="citation book cs1">Sheikh, Muhammad Ali (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smiu.edu.pk/pdf/Sindh-through-the-Centuries.pdf">A Monograph on Sindh through centuries</a> (PDF). SMI University Press Karachi. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220108022937/https://www.smiu.edu.pk/pdf/Sindh-through-the-Centuries.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 8 January 2022. Retrieved 11 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Monograph+on+Sindh+through+centuries&rft.pub=SMI+University+Press+Karachi&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Sheikh&rft.aufirst=Muhammad+Ali&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smiu.edu.pk%2Fpdf%2FSindh-through-the-Centuries.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRatcliffe2011" class="citation book cs1">Ratcliffe, Susan (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KRiFmlT2cdIC&dq=forgive+me+for+i+have+sindh+peccavi&pg=PA404">Concise Oxford Dictionary of Quotations</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-956707-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-956707-2"><bdi>978-0-19-956707-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230213182728/https://books.google.com/books?id=KRiFmlT2cdIC&dq=forgive+me+for+i+have+sindh+peccavi&pg=PA404">Archived</a> from the original on 13 February 2023. p. 404: <q>[S]upposedly sent by Napier to Lord Ellenborough; peccavi = I have sinned / in <a href="/wiki/Punch_(magazine)" title="Punch (magazine)">Punch</a> on 18 May 1844.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Concise+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Quotations&rft.pages=404&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-19-956707-2&rft.aulast=Ratcliffe&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKRiFmlT2cdIC%26dq%3Dforgive%2Bme%2Bfor%2Bi%2Bhave%2Bsindh%2Bpeccavi%26pg%3DPA404&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LongSingh2015-96">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LongSingh2015_96-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LongSingh2015_96-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLongSinghSamadTalbot2015" class="citation book cs1">Long, Roger D.; Singh, Gurharpal; Samad, Yunas; Talbot, Ian (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nzivCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA102">State and Nation-Building in Pakistan: Beyond Islam and Security</a>. Routledge. p. 102. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-44820-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-44820-4"><bdi>978-1-317-44820-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=State+and+Nation-Building+in+Pakistan%3A+Beyond+Islam+and+Security&rft.pages=102&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-317-44820-4&rft.aulast=Long&rft.aufirst=Roger+D.&rft.au=Singh%2C+Gurharpal&rft.au=Samad%2C+Yunas&rft.au=Talbot%2C+Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnzivCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA102&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSodharMemonMahesar2015" class="citation magazine cs1">Sodhar, Muhammad Qasim; Memon, Ghulam Rashid; Mahesar, Ghulam Akbar (July–December 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sujo.usindh.edu.pk/index.php/Grassroots/article/download/1917/1607/">"British annexation of Sindh: The Opium Economy Factor"</a>. Grassroots Journal. Vol. 49. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200725135109/https://sujo.usindh.edu.pk/index.php/Grassroots/article/download/1917/1607/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 July 2020. Retrieved 15 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Grassroots+Journal&rft.atitle=British+annexation+of+Sindh%3A+The+Opium+Economy+Factor&rft.volume=49&rft.date=2015-07%2F2015-12&rft.aulast=Sodhar&rft.aufirst=Muhammad+Qasim&rft.au=Memon%2C+Ghulam+Rashid&rft.au=Mahesar%2C+Ghulam+Akbar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsujo.usindh.edu.pk%2Findex.php%2FGrassroots%2Farticle%2Fdownload%2F1917%2F1607%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKheraKhan1941" class="citation book cs1">Khera, P. N.; Khan, Shafaat Ahmed (1941). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sanipanhwar.com/British%20Policy%20Towards%20Sindh%20upto%20its%20Annexation%201843-Final.pdf">British Policy towards Sindh upto Annexation</a> (PDF). India: Sani Panhwar Publishers. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230603102602/http://sanipanhwar.com/British%20Policy%20Towards%20Sindh%20upto%20its%20Annexation%201843-Final.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 3 June 2023. Retrieved 14 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Policy+towards+Sindh+upto+Annexation&rft.place=India&rft.pub=Sani+Panhwar+Publishers&rft.date=1941&rft.aulast=Khera&rft.aufirst=P.+N.&rft.au=Khan%2C+Shafaat+Ahmed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sanipanhwar.com%2FBritish%2520Policy%2520Towards%2520Sindh%2520upto%2520its%2520Annexation%25201843-Final.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhavnani2014" class="citation book cs1">Bhavnani, Nandita (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WJQ5swEACAAJ&q=partition+in+sindh">The Making of Exile: Sindhi Hindus and the Partition of India</a>. Tranquebar Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-84030-33-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-84030-33-9"><bdi>978-93-84030-33-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230213182728/https://books.google.com/books?id=WJQ5swEACAAJ&q=partition+in+sindh">Archived</a> from the original on 13 February 2023. <q>Finally, it was when they became victims of the Karachi pogrom of January 1948 that Sindhi Hindus felt compelled to migrate to India.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+Exile%3A+Sindhi+Hindus+and+the+Partition+of+India&rft.pub=Tranquebar+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-93-84030-33-9&rft.aulast=Bhavnani&rft.aufirst=Nandita&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWJQ5swEACAAJ%26q%3Dpartition%2Bin%2Bsindh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKumarKothari2016" class="citation journal cs1">Kumar, Priya; Kothari, Rita (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00856401.2016.1244752">"Sindh, 1947 and Beyond"</a>. South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies. 39 (4): 776–777. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00856401.2016.1244752">10.1080/00856401.2016.1244752</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:151354587">151354587</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+Asia%3A+Journal+of+South+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=Sindh%2C+1947+and+Beyond&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=776-777&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00856401.2016.1244752&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A151354587%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Kumar&rft.aufirst=Priya&rft.au=Kothari%2C+Rita&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F00856401.2016.1244752&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAggarwal2022" class="citation web cs1">Aggarwal, Saaz (13 August 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scroll.in/article/1030368/the-story-of-sindh-and-how-its-refugees-rebuilt-their-lives-and-india-after-partition">"How refugees from Sindh rebuilt their lives – and India – after Partition"</a>. Scroll.in. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221010101523/https://scroll.in/article/1030368/the-story-of-sindh-and-how-its-refugees-rebuilt-their-lives-and-india-after-partition">Archived</a> from the original on 10 October 2022. Retrieved 10 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Scroll.in&rft.atitle=How+refugees+from+Sindh+rebuilt+their+lives+%E2%80%93+and+India+%E2%80%93+after+Partition&rft.date=2022-08-13&rft.aulast=Aggarwal&rft.aufirst=Saaz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscroll.in%2Farticle%2F1030368%2Fthe-story-of-sindh-and-how-its-refugees-rebuilt-their-lives-and-india-after-partition&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKamphorst2008" class="citation book cs1">Kamphorst, Janet (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://site.ebrary.com/id/10314656">In praise of death: history and poetry in medieval Marwar (South Asia)</a>. Leiden: Leiden University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-485-0603-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-485-0603-3"><bdi>978-90-485-0603-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/614596834">614596834</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230312183302/https://about.proquest.com/en/products-services/ebooks-main">Archived</a> from the original on 12 March 2023. 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Pakistan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210227055506/https://tribune.com.pk/story/2232679/1-shikarpurs-sikhs-serve-humanity-beyond-religion?amp=1">Archived</a> from the original on 27 February 2021. Retrieved 2 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Express+Tribune&rft.atitle=Shikarpur%27s+Sikhs+serve+humanity+beyond+religion&rft.date=2020-05-31&rft.aulast=Tunio&rft.aufirst=Hafeez&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftribune.com.pk%2Fstory%2F2232679%2F1-shikarpurs-sikhs-serve-humanity-beyond-religion%2F%3Famp%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MacLean-114">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MacLean_114-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MacLean_114-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacLean1989" class="citation book cs1">MacLean, Derryl L. (1989). Religion and Society in Arab Sind. BRILL. pp. 12–14, 77–78. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-040-8551-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-040-8551-0"><bdi>978-90-040-8551-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+and+Society+in+Arab+Sind&rft.pages=12-14%2C+77-78&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-90-040-8551-0&rft.aulast=MacLean&rft.aufirst=Derryl+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> Shu Hikosaka, G. John Samuel, Can̲ārttanam Pārttacārati (ed.), Buddhist themes in modern Indian literature, Inst. of Asian Studies, 1992, p. 268 </li> <li id="cite_note-Pakistan_Census_Data-116">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pakistan_Census_Data_116-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pakistan_Census_Data_116-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/other/yearbook2011/Population/16-16.pdf">"Pakistan Census Data"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181226143838/http://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/other/yearbook2011/Population/16-16.pdf%20">Archived</a> from the original on 26 December 2018. Retrieved 6 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pakistan+Census+Data&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.gov.pk%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fother%2Fyearbook2011%2FPopulation%2F16-16.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sindh2017-117"><a href="#cite_ref-sindh2017_117-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2017/tables/pakistan/Table09n.pdf">"TABLE 9 - POPULATION BY SEX, RELIGION AND RURAL/URBAN"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220809195627/https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2017/tables/pakistan/Table09n.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 August 2022. Retrieved 23 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=TABLE+9+-+POPULATION+BY+SEX%2C+RELIGION+AND+RURAL%2FURBAN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.gov.pk%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fpopulation%2F2017%2Ftables%2Fpakistan%2FTable09n.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/197657-Scheduled-castes-have-a-separate-box-for-them-but-only-if-anybody-knew">"Scheduled castes have a separate box for them, but only if anybody knew"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210125125937/https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/197657-Scheduled-castes-have-a-separate-box-for-them-but-only-if-anybody-knew">Archived</a> from the original on 25 January 2021. Retrieved 19 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Scheduled+castes+have+a+separate+box+for+them%2C+but+only+if+anybody+knew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenews.com.pk%2Fprint%2F197657-Scheduled-castes-have-a-separate-box-for-them-but-only-if-anybody-knew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/224030-Partition-and-the-other-Sindhi">"Partition and the "other" Sindhi"</a>. www.thenews.com.pk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170817055934/https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/224030-Partition-and-the-other-Sindhi">Archived</a> from the original on 17 August 2017. Retrieved 17 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.thenews.com.pk&rft.atitle=Partition+and+the+%22other%22+Sindhi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenews.com.pk%2Fprint%2F224030-Partition-and-the-other-Sindhi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMehtab_Ali_Shah1997" class="citation book cs1">Mehtab Ali Shah (1997). The foreign policy of Pakistan: ethnic impacts on diplomacy, 1971–1994. London: I B Tauris and Co Ltd. p. 46.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+foreign+policy+of+Pakistan%3A+ethnic+impacts+on+diplomacy%2C+1971%E2%80%931994&rft.place=London&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=I+B+Tauris+and+Co+Ltd&rft.date=1997&rft.au=Mehtab+Ali+Shah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> Rahimdad Khan Molai Shedai; Janet ul Sindh; 3rd edition, 1993; Sindhi Adbi Board, Jamshoro; page no: 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> Proceedings of the First Congress of Pakistan History & Culture held at the University of Islamabad, April 1973, Volume 1, University of Islamabad Press, 1975 </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210815164109/http://piketty.pse.ens.fr/files/ideologie/data/CensusIndia/CensusIndia1941/Census%20of%20India%201941.pdf">"INDIA – Part I – Tables"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/1941_Census_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="1941 Census of India">Census of India 1941</a>. p. 90. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://piketty.pse.ens.fr/files/ideologie/data/CensusIndia/CensusIndia1941/Census%20of%20India%201941.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 15 August 2021. Retrieved 10 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Census+of+India+1941&rft.atitle=INDIA+%E2%80%93+Part+I+%E2%80%93+Tables&rft.pages=90&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpiketty.pse.ens.fr%2Ffiles%2Fideologie%2Fdata%2FCensusIndia%2FCensusIndia1941%2FCensus%2520of%2520India%25201941.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/7452/1/1422_1951_POP.pdf">"Population According to Religion"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/1951_Census_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="1951 Census of Pakistan">Census of Pakistan, 1951</a>. p. 8,22. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210309190410/http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/7452/1/1422_1951_POP.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 March 2021. Retrieved 10 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Census+of+Pakistan%2C+1951&rft.atitle=Population+According+to+Religion&rft.pages=8%2C22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flsi.gov.in%3A8081%2Fjspui%2Fbitstream%2F123456789%2F7452%2F1%2F1422_1951_POP.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> M. Ishaq, "Hakim Bin Jabala – An Heroic Personality of Early Islam", Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society, pp. 145–50, (April 1955). </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> Derryl N. Maclean," Religion and Society in Arab Sind", p. 126, BRILL, (1989) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-08551-3" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-08551-3">90-04-08551-3</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> چچ نامہ، سندھی ادبی بورڈ، صفحہ 102، جامشورو، (2018) </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> Mirza Kalichbeg Fredunbeg, "The Chachnama", p. 43, The Commissioner's Press, Karachi (1900). </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> Ibn Athir, Vol. 3, pp. 45–46, 381, as cited in: S. A. N. Rezavi, "The Shia Muslims", in History of Science, Philosophy and Culture in Indian Civilization, Vol. 2, Part. 2: "Religious Movements and Institutions in Medieval India", Chapter 13, Oxford University Press (2006). </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> Ibn Sa'd, 8:346. The raid is noted by Baâdhurî, "fatooh al-Baldan" p. 432, and Ibn Khayyât, Ta'rîkh, 1:173, 183–84, as cited in: Derryl N. Maclean," Religion and Society in Arab Sind", p. 126, BRILL, (1989) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-08551-3" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-08551-3">90-04-08551-3</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> Tabarî, 2:129, 143, 147, as cited in: Derryl N. Maclean," Religion and Society in Arab Sind", p. 126, Brill, (1989) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-08551-3" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-08551-3">90-04-08551-3</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> Mazheruddin Siddiqui, "Muslim culture in Pakistan and India" in <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_W._Morgan" title="Kenneth W. Morgan">Kenneth W. Morgan</a>, Islam, the Straight Path: Islam Interpreted by Muslims, Motilal Banarsidass Publ., 1987, p. 299 </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> Ahmed Abdulla, The historical background of Pakistan and its people, Tanzeem Publishers, 1973, p. 109 </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> Ansari, Sarah FD. Sufi saints and state power: the pirs of Sind, 1843–1947. No. 50. Cambridge University Press, 1992. </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiddiqui" class="citation conference cs1">Siddiqui, Habibullah. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uok.edu.pk/faculties/sindhi/docs/soomroEng.pdf">The Soomras of Sindh: their origin, main characteristics and rule. – an overview (general survey) (1025 – 1351 AD)</a> (PDF). Literary Conference on Soomra Period in Sindh. p. 1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230603002419/https://uok.edu.pk/faculties/sindhi/docs/soomroEng.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 3 June 2023. Retrieved 29 May 2023. <q>Soomra is a prominent historical race, but the available historical studies on Sindh are bereft of its history in full detail and continuum. The history of Sindh has many a vacuum, which have to be bridged. Historically, Soomras are the first to wrest Sindh from the Arab rule.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=conference&rft.jtitle=Literary+Conference+on+Soomra+Period+in+Sindh&rft.atitle=The+Soomras+of+Sindh%3A+their+origin%2C+main+characteristics+and+rule.+%E2%80%93+an+overview+%28general+survey%29+%281025+%E2%80%93+1351+AD%29&rft.pages=1&rft.aulast=Siddiqui&rft.aufirst=Habibullah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fuok.edu.pk%2Ffaculties%2Fsindhi%2Fdocs%2FsoomroEng.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPanhwar2003" class="citation book cs1">Panhwar, M. H. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.panhwar.net/AN%20ILLUSTRATED%20HISTORICAL%20ATLAS%20OS%20SOOMRA%20KINGDOM%20OF%20SINDH.pdf">Historical Atlas of Soomra Kingdom of Sindh (1011–1351 AD)</a> (PDF). Karachi: Soomra National Council. p. 74. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230529084404/http://www.panhwar.net/AN%20ILLUSTRATED%20HISTORICAL%20ATLAS%20OS%20SOOMRA%20KINGDOM%20OF%20SINDH.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 29 May 2023. Retrieved 29 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Atlas+of+Soomra+Kingdom+of+Sindh+%281011%E2%80%931351+AD%29&rft.place=Karachi&rft.pages=74&rft.pub=Soomra+National+Council&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Panhwar&rft.aufirst=M.+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.panhwar.net%2FAN%2520ILLUSTRATED%2520HISTORICAL%2520ATLAS%2520OS%2520SOOMRA%2520KINGDOM%2520OF%2520SINDH.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-137">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_137-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_137-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLari1993" class="citation book cs1">Lari, Suhail Zaheer (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sanipanhwar.com/A%20History%20of%20Sindh%20by%20Suhail%20Zaheer%20Lari.pdf">A History of Sindh</a> (PDF). p. 42. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230529084406/https://www.sanipanhwar.com/A%20History%20of%20Sindh%20by%20Suhail%20Zaheer%20Lari.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 29 May 2023. Retrieved 29 May 2023 – via Sani Panhwar Publishers. <q>The Sammas were once, the owners of the land throughout Sindh, and formed the majority of the population of Sindh</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Sindh&rft.pages=42&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Lari&rft.aufirst=Suhail+Zaheer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sanipanhwar.com%2FA%2520History%2520of%2520Sindh%2520by%2520Suhail%2520Zaheer%2520Lari.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sindh.gov.pk/history">"History of Sindh"</a>. Government of Sindh. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180507035158/http://sindh.gov.pk/history">Archived</a> from the original on 7 May 2018. Retrieved 29 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Government+of+Sindh&rft.atitle=History+of+Sindh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sindh.gov.pk%2Fhistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaseer1979" class="citation book cs1">Taseer, Salman (3 September 1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sanipanhwar.com/Bhutto%20a%20political%20biography.pdf">Bhutto a Political Biography</a> (PDF). Sindh. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780903729482" title="Special:BookSources/9780903729482"><bdi>9780903729482</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230529084405/https://sanipanhwar.com/Bhutto%20a%20political%20biography.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 29 May 2023. Retrieved 29 May 2023 – via Sani Panhwar Publishers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bhutto+a+Political+Biography&rft.place=Sindh&rft.date=1979-09-03&rft.isbn=9780903729482&rft.aulast=Taseer&rft.aufirst=Salman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsanipanhwar.com%2FBhutto%2520a%2520political%2520biography.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhis" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://piketty.pse.ens.fr/files/ideologie/data/CensusIndia/CensusIndia1911/1911%20-%20India%20-%20Vol%20II%20(HQ).pdf">"Census of India, 1911"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230504105231/http://piketty.pse.ens.fr/files/ideologie/data/CensusIndia/CensusIndia1911/1911%20-%20India%20-%20Vol%20II%20(HQ).pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 4 May 2023. Retrieved 4 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Census+of+India%2C+1911&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpiketty.pse.ens.fr%2Ffiles%2Fideologie%2Fdata%2FCensusIndia%2FCensusIndia1911%2F1911%2520-%2520India%2520-%2520Vol%2520II%2520%28HQ%29.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFU.T_Thakur1959" class="citation book cs1">U.T Thakur (1959). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.548293">Sindhi Culture</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sindhi+Culture&rft.date=1959&rft.au=U.T+Thakur&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.548293&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnsari1901" class="citation book cs1">Ansari, Sheikh Sadik Ali Sher Ali (1901). The Musalman Races found in Sind, Baluchistan and Afghanistan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Musalman+Races+found+in+Sind%2C+Baluchistan+and+Afghanistan.&rft.date=1901&rft.aulast=Ansari&rft.aufirst=Sheikh+Sadik+Ali+Sher+Ali&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKamalakaran2022" class="citation web cs1">Kamalakaran, Ajay (21 September 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scroll.in/magazine/1033151/in-the-story-of-sindhi-migration-canary-islands-played-a-small-but-important-role">"In the story of Sindhi migration, Canary Islands played a small but important role"</a>. Scroll.in. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230113140518/https://scroll.in/magazine/1033151/in-the-story-of-sindhi-migration-canary-islands-played-a-small-but-important-role">Archived</a> from the original on 13 January 2023. Retrieved 13 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Scroll.in&rft.atitle=In+the+story+of+Sindhi+migration%2C+Canary+Islands+played+a+small+but+important+role&rft.date=2022-09-21&rft.aulast=Kamalakaran&rft.aufirst=Ajay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscroll.in%2Fmagazine%2F1033151%2Fin-the-story-of-sindhi-migration-canary-islands-played-a-small-but-important-role&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeck2004" class="citation book cs1">Peck, James (2004). Hindus on a rock. United Kingdom: Oxford Brookes University. <q>The Sindhis of Gibraltar derive their traditions from being part of the global Sindhi sect that originates from the Sindh region of Pakistan. Theologically associated with Hinduism and Sikhism, Sindhis held many important jobs before and during British colonial rule of the Sindh region especially as merchants trading across the British Empire.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindus+on+a+rock&rft.place=United+Kingdom&rft.pub=Oxford+Brookes+University&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Peck&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid2001" class="citation book cs1">David, Maya Khemlani (2001). The Sindhi Hindus of London. Malaysia: University of Malaya.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sindhi+Hindus+of+London&rft.place=Malaysia&rft.pub=University+of+Malaya&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=David&rft.aufirst=Maya+Khemlani&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRitu_Hemnani2019" class="citation web cs1">Ritu Hemnani (15 August 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scmp.com/lifestyle/family-relationships/article/3022689/hindus-sindh-who-fled-india-hong-kong-partition">"They made a life in Hong Kong: Hindus on India's partition"</a>. South China Morning Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230115112425/https://www.scmp.com/lifestyle/family-relationships/article/3022689/hindus-sindh-who-fled-india-hong-kong-partition">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2023. Retrieved 15 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=South+China+Morning+Post&rft.atitle=They+made+a+life+in+Hong+Kong%3A+Hindus+on+India%27s+partition&rft.date=2019-08-15&rft.au=Ritu+Hemnani&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmp.com%2Flifestyle%2Ffamily-relationships%2Farticle%2F3022689%2Fhindus-sindh-who-fled-india-hong-kong-partition&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sindhishongkong.com/home">"Homepage of Sindhi Association of Hongkong & China"</a>. sindhishongkong.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230115112431/https://sindhishongkong.com/home">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2023. Retrieved 15 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sindhishongkong.com&rft.atitle=Homepage+of+Sindhi+Association+of+Hongkong+%26+China&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsindhishongkong.com%2Fhome&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPapihaDekaChakraborty1998" class="citation conference cs1">Papiha, Surinder Singh; Deka, Ranjan; Chakraborty, Ranajit (26 July – 1 August 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UUiuFvYath0C">Genomic Diversity: Applications in Human Population Genetics</a>. Symposium on Molecular Anthropology in the Twenty-First Century, Held During the 14th International Congress of the Association of Anthropological and Ethnological Sciences. Williamsburg, Virginia: Springer Science & Business Media. p. 86. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-46295-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-46295-5"><bdi>978-0-306-46295-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231102135939/https://books.google.com/books?id=UUiuFvYath0C">Archived</a> from the original on 2 November 2023. Retrieved 21 May 2023. <q>The other two northern populations (Kalasha and Hazara) and the four southern populations (Baloch, Brahui, Makrani and the Sindhis) exhibited high frequency of Allele-B. Similar high frequencies have been found in European, Middle Eastern and North African populations.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=conference&rft.jtitle=Symposium+on+Molecular+Anthropology+in+the+Twenty-First+Century%2C+Held+During+the+14th+International+Congress+of+the+Association+of+Anthropological+and+Ethnological+Sciences&rft.atitle=Genomic+Diversity%3A+Applications+in+Human+Population+Genetics&rft.pages=86&rft.date=1998-07-26%2F1998-08-01&rft.isbn=978-0-306-46295-5&rft.aulast=Papiha&rft.aufirst=Surinder+Singh&rft.au=Deka%2C+Ranjan&rft.au=Chakraborty%2C+Ranajit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUUiuFvYath0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYasminRakhaNoreenSalahuddin2017" class="citation journal cs1">Yasmin, Memona; Rakha, Allah; Noreen, Saadia; Salahuddin, Zeenat (1 May 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1344622316301407">"Mitochondrial control region diversity in Sindhi ethnic group of Pakistan"</a>. Legal Medicine. 26: 11–13. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.legalmed.2017.02.001">10.1016/j.legalmed.2017.02.001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1344-6223">1344-6223</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28549541">28549541</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231121072323/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1344622316301407">Archived</a> from the original on 21 November 2023. Retrieved 21 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Legal+Medicine&rft.atitle=Mitochondrial+control+region+diversity+in+Sindhi+ethnic+group+of+Pakistan&rft.volume=26&rft.pages=11-13&rft.date=2017-05-01&rft.issn=1344-6223&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28549541&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.legalmed.2017.02.001&rft.aulast=Yasmin&rft.aufirst=Memona&rft.au=Rakha%2C+Allah&rft.au=Noreen%2C+Saadia&rft.au=Salahuddin%2C+Zeenat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS1344622316301407&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdnanRakhaNazirRehman2019" class="citation journal cs1">Adnan, Atif; Rakha, Allah; Nazir, Shahid; Rehman, Ziaur (September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/336141950">"Genetic characterization of 15 autosomal STRs in the Interior Sindhi Population of Pakistan and their phylogenetic relationship with other populations"</a>. ResearchGate: 5 – via International Journal of Immunogenetics.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ResearchGate&rft.atitle=Genetic+characterization+of+15+autosomal+STRs+in+the+Interior+Sindhi+Population+of+Pakistan+and+their+phylogenetic+relationship+with+other+populations&rft.pages=5&rft.date=2019-09&rft.aulast=Adnan&rft.aufirst=Atif&rft.au=Rakha%2C+Allah&rft.au=Nazir%2C+Shahid&rft.au=Rehman%2C+Ziaur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F336141950&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaakLazaridisPattersonRohland2015" class="citation journal cs1">Haak, Wolfgang; Lazaridis, Iosif; Patterson, Nick; Rohland, Nadin; Mallick, Swapan; Llamas, Bastien; Brandt, Guido; Nordenfelt, Susanne; Harney, Eadaoin; Stewardson, Kristin; Fu, Qiaomei; Mittnik, Alissa; Bánffy, Eszter; Economou, Christos; Francken, Michael (2 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5048219">"Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe"</a>. Nature. 522 (7555): 207–211. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1502.02783">1502.02783</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015Natur.522..207H">2015Natur.522..207H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature14317">10.1038/nature14317</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1476-4687">1476-4687</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5048219">5048219</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25731166">25731166</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Massive+migration+from+the+steppe+was+a+source+for+Indo-European+languages+in+Europe&rft.volume=522&rft.issue=7555&rft.pages=207-211&rft.date=2015-03-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5048219%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015Natur.522..207H&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1502.02783&rft.issn=1476-4687&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature14317&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25731166&rft.aulast=Haak&rft.aufirst=Wolfgang&rft.au=Lazaridis%2C+Iosif&rft.au=Patterson%2C+Nick&rft.au=Rohland%2C+Nadin&rft.au=Mallick%2C+Swapan&rft.au=Llamas%2C+Bastien&rft.au=Brandt%2C+Guido&rft.au=Nordenfelt%2C+Susanne&rft.au=Harney%2C+Eadaoin&rft.au=Stewardson%2C+Kristin&rft.au=Fu%2C+Qiaomei&rft.au=Mittnik%2C+Alissa&rft.au=B%C3%A1nffy%2C+Eszter&rft.au=Economou%2C+Christos&rft.au=Francken%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5048219&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaheen2018" class="citation book cs1">Shaheen, Yussouf (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sindhculture.gov.pk/book_covers/pdf/the-story-of-ancient-indian-people-yussuf-shaheen.pdf">The Story Of The Ancient Indus People</a> (PDF). Karachi, Sindh: Culture and Tourism Department, Government of Sindh. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220714211938/http://sindhculture.gov.pk/book_covers/pdf/the-story-of-ancient-indian-people-yussuf-shaheen.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 14 July 2022. Retrieved 16 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Story+Of+The+Ancient+Indus+People&rft.place=Karachi%2C+Sindh&rft.pub=Culture+and+Tourism+Department%2C+Government+of+Sindh&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Shaheen&rft.aufirst=Yussouf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsindhculture.gov.pk%2Fbook_covers%2Fpdf%2Fthe-story-of-ancient-indian-people-yussuf-shaheen.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShahriarBughio2014" class="citation book cs1">Shahriar, Ambreen; Bughio, Faraz Ali (June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/311310636">Restraints of language and culture of Sindh: An historical perspective</a>. Vol. 48. Grassroots Journal.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Restraints+of+language+and+culture+of+Sindh%3A+An+historical+perspective&rft.pub=Grassroots+Journal&rft.date=2014-06&rft.aulast=Shahriar&rft.aufirst=Ambreen&rft.au=Bughio%2C+Faraz+Ali&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F311310636&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gulfnews.com/uae/love-for-sindhi-language-brings-together-indian-and-pakistani-expats-in-dubai-1.94017444">"Love for Sindhi language brings together Indian and Pakistani expats in Dubai"</a>. gulfnews.com. 25 February 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230228115401/https://gulfnews.com/uae/love-for-sindhi-language-brings-together-indian-and-pakistani-expats-in-dubai-1.94017444">Archived</a> from the original on 28 February 2023. Retrieved 28 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gulfnews.com&rft.atitle=Love+for+Sindhi+language+brings+together+Indian+and+Pakistani+expats+in+Dubai&rft.date=2023-02-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgulfnews.com%2Fuae%2Flove-for-sindhi-language-brings-together-indian-and-pakistani-expats-in-dubai-1.94017444&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDootio2018" class="citation news cs1">Dootio, Mazhar Ali (6 December 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dailytimes.com.pk/330107/sindhi-culture-and-its-importance/">"Sindhi culture and its importance"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Daily_Times_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Daily Times Pakistan">Daily Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221222151601/https://dailytimes.com.pk/330107/sindhi-culture-and-its-importance/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 December 2022. Retrieved 22 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+Times&rft.atitle=Sindhi+culture+and+its+importance&rft.date=2018-12-06&rft.aulast=Dootio&rft.aufirst=Mazhar+Ali&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdailytimes.com.pk%2F330107%2Fsindhi-culture-and-its-importance%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharmaSharma1997" class="citation book cs1">Sharma, Ram Nath; Sharma, Rajendra K. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dDrYsjGq35wC&dq=sindhi+culture+third+millennium+bc&pg=PA173">Anthropology</a>. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7156-673-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7156-673-0"><bdi>978-81-7156-673-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230215031919/https://books.google.com/books?id=dDrYsjGq35wC&dq=sindhi+culture+third+millennium+bc&pg=PA173">Archived</a> from the original on 15 February 2023. Retrieved 30 January 2023. <q>The cultural marks of the Bronze Age are found in Baluchistan, Makran, Khurram, Jhalwan and Sindh</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anthropology&rft.pub=Atlantic+Publishers+%26+Dist&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-81-7156-673-0&rft.aulast=Sharma&rft.aufirst=Ram+Nath&rft.au=Sharma%2C+Rajendra+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdDrYsjGq35wC%26dq%3Dsindhi%2Bculture%2Bthird%2Bmillennium%2Bbc%26pg%3DPA173&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhang2019" class="citation news cs1">Zhang, Sarah (5 September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2019/09/indus-valley-civilization-dna-has-long-eluded-researchers/597481/">"A Burst of Clues to South Asians' Genetic Ancestry"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221222151601/https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2019/09/indus-valley-civilization-dna-has-long-eluded-researchers/597481/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 December 2022. Retrieved 22 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=A+Burst+of+Clues+to+South+Asians%27+Genetic+Ancestry&rft.date=2019-09-05&rft.aulast=Zhang&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fscience%2Farchive%2F2019%2F09%2Findus-valley-civilization-dna-has-long-eluded-researchers%2F597481%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> Laurie Bauer, 2007, The Linguistics Student's Handbook, Edinburgh </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gulfnews.com/world/asia/pakistan/pakistan-sindh-cm-launches-website-aimed-at-digitising-rare-sindhi-language-books-1.93288993">"Pakistan: Sindh CM launches website aimed at digitising rare Sindhi language books"</a>. Gulf News. 18 January 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230202103446/https://gulfnews.com/world/asia/pakistan/pakistan-sindh-cm-launches-website-aimed-at-digitising-rare-sindhi-language-books-1.93288993">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2023. Retrieved 2 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gulf+News&rft.atitle=Pakistan%3A+Sindh+CM+launches+website+aimed+at+digitising+rare+Sindhi+language+books&rft.date=2023-01-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgulfnews.com%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Fpakistan%2Fpakistan-sindh-cm-launches-website-aimed-at-digitising-rare-sindhi-language-books-1.93288993&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aninews.in/news/business/business/indias-first-sindhi-ott-app-launch-sindhiplex20230123183556/">"India's first Sindhi OTT App launch - SINDHIPLEX"</a>. ANI News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230202103448/https://www.aninews.in/news/business/business/indias-first-sindhi-ott-app-launch-sindhiplex20230123183556/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2023. Retrieved 2 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ANI+News&rft.atitle=India%27s+first+Sindhi+OTT+App+launch+-+SINDHIPLEX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aninews.in%2Fnews%2Fbusiness%2Fbusiness%2Findias-first-sindhi-ott-app-launch-sindhiplex20230123183556%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tribune.com.pk/story/2402560/members-decry-delay-in-declaring-sindhi-a-national-language">"Members decry delay in declaring Sindhi a national language"</a>. The Express Tribune. 21 February 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230312183256/https://tribune.com.pk/story/2402560/members-decry-delay-in-declaring-sindhi-a-national-language">Archived</a> from the original on 12 March 2023. Retrieved 23 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Express+Tribune&rft.atitle=Members+decry+delay+in+declaring+Sindhi+a+national+language&rft.date=2023-02-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftribune.com.pk%2Fstory%2F2402560%2Fmembers-decry-delay-in-declaring-sindhi-a-national-language&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiddiqui2023" class="citation web cs1">Siddiqui, Tahir (22 February 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dawn.com/news/1738443">"Govt, opposition demand national language status for Sindhi"</a>. DAWN.COM. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230223164153/https://www.dawn.com/news/1738443">Archived</a> from the original on 23 February 2023. Retrieved 23 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DAWN.COM&rft.atitle=Govt%2C+opposition+demand+national+language+status+for+Sindhi&rft.date=2023-02-22&rft.aulast=Siddiqui&rft.aufirst=Tahir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2Fnews%2F1738443&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aninews.in/news/world/asia/pakistan-members-of-sindh-assembly-demand-national-language-status-for-sindhi20230223134703/">"Pakistan: Members of Sindh Assembly demand national language status for Sindhi"</a>. ANI News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230223164153/https://www.aninews.in/news/world/asia/pakistan-members-of-sindh-assembly-demand-national-language-status-for-sindhi20230223134703/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 February 2023. Retrieved 23 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ANI+News&rft.atitle=Pakistan%3A+Members+of+Sindh+Assembly+demand+national+language+status+for+Sindhi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aninews.in%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Fpakistan-members-of-sindh-assembly-demand-national-language-status-for-sindhi20230223134703%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllana2009" class="citation book cs1">Allana, Ghulam Ali (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dokumen.tips/documents/sindhi-language-and-litrature-at-a-glance.html">Sindhi Language and Literature at a Glance</a> (1st ed.). <a href="/wiki/Sindhi_Language_Authority" title="Sindhi Language Authority">Sindhi Language Authority</a>. p. 5. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231102135938/https://dokumen.tips/documents/sindhi-language-and-litrature-at-a-glance.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 November 2023. Retrieved 7 June 2023. <q>Sindhi language originated from some old Indo-Aryan dialect, spoken in the region of lower Indus valley, at the time of compilation of Vedas or Perhaps some centuries before that.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sindhi+Language+and+Literature+at+a+Glance&rft.pages=5&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Sindhi+Language+Authority&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Allana&rft.aufirst=Ghulam+Ali&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdokumen.tips%2Fdocuments%2Fsindhi-language-and-litrature-at-a-glance.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.languagesgulper.com/eng/Sindhi.html">"Sindhi"</a>. The Languages Gulper. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131228023030/http://www.languagesgulper.com/eng/Sindhi.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 December 2013. Retrieved 29 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Languages+Gulper&rft.atitle=Sindhi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.languagesgulper.com%2Feng%2FSindhi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWadhwani1981" class="citation journal cs1">Wadhwani, Y. K. (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/42931119.pdf">"The Origin of the Sindhi Language"</a> (PDF). Bulletin of the Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute. 40: 192–201. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42931119">42931119</a>. Retrieved 9 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Deccan+College+Post-Graduate+and+Research+Institute&rft.atitle=The+Origin+of+the+Sindhi+Language&rft.volume=40&rft.pages=192-201&rft.date=1981&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F42931119%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Wadhwani&rft.aufirst=Y.+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fpdf%2F42931119.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dawn.com/news/1410447">"CCI defers approval of census results until elections"</a>. Dawn. 28 May 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200620161758/https://www.dawn.com/news/1410447/cci-defers-approval-of-census-results-until-elections">Archived</a> from the original on 20 June 2020. Retrieved 29 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dawn&rft.atitle=CCI+defers+approval+of+census+results+until+elections&rft.date=2018-05-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2Fnews%2F1410447&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhis" class="Z3988"> The numbers have been calculated based on the percentages and the population totals. For example, the figure of 30.26 million is calculated from the reported 14.57% for the speakers of Sindhi and the 207.685 million total population of Pakistan. </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOffice_of_the_Registrar_General_&_Census_Commissioner,_India" class="citation web cs1">Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10191">"C-16: Population by mother tongue, India - 2011"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221014173010/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10191">Archived</a> from the original on 14 October 2022. Retrieved 29 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=C-16%3A+Population+by+mother+tongue%2C+India+-+2011&rft.au=Office+of+the+Registrar+General+%26+Census+Commissioner%2C+India&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcensusindia.gov.in%2Fnada%2Findex.php%2Fcatalog%2F10191&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManian2011" class="citation book cs1">Manian, Ranjini (9 February 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EGrkVPcDLrEC&dq=Both+Sindhi+women+and+men+wear+the+Shalwar+Qameez+or+the+Kurta+with+Pyjama&pg=PA252">Doing Business in India For Dummies</a>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-05163-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-05163-4"><bdi>978-1-118-05163-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230215031921/https://books.google.com/books?id=EGrkVPcDLrEC&dq=Both+Sindhi+women+and+men+wear+the+Shalwar+Qameez+or+the+Kurta+with+Pyjama&pg=PA252">Archived</a> from the original on 15 February 2023. Retrieved 30 January 2023. <q>Gujarati, Marathi, Punjabi, and Sindhi. As far as dress is concerned, women in the north wear Sari and Shalwar Kameez, Chudidar-Kurta, and Lehenga-Kurta Men wear Pyjama-Kurta and Dhoti-Kurta</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Doing+Business+in+India+For+Dummies&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2011-02-09&rft.isbn=978-1-118-05163-4&rft.aulast=Manian&rft.aufirst=Ranjini&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEGrkVPcDLrEC%26dq%3DBoth%2BSindhi%2Bwomen%2Band%2Bmen%2Bwear%2Bthe%2BShalwar%2BQameez%2Bor%2Bthe%2BKurta%2Bwith%2BPyjama%26pg%3DPA252&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBilgrami2000" class="citation book cs1">Bilgrami, Noor Jehan (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://core.ac.uk/reader/188084480">Ajrak: Cloth from Soil of Sindh</a>. University of Nebraska, United States of America: Textile Society of America. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230606101028/https://core.ac.uk/reader/188084480">Archived</a> from the original on 6 June 2023. Retrieved 6 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ajrak%3A+Cloth+from+Soil+of+Sindh&rft.place=University+of+Nebraska%2C+United+States+of+America&rft.pub=Textile+Society+of+America&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Bilgrami&rft.aufirst=Noor+Jehan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcore.ac.uk%2Freader%2F188084480&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeena" class="citation book cs1">Meena, R. P. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tde8DwAAQBAJ&dq=sindhi+literature+is+very+rich&pg=PT20">Art, Culture and Heritage of India: for Civil Services Examination</a>. New Era Publication. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230215031921/https://books.google.com/books?id=tde8DwAAQBAJ&dq=sindhi+literature+is+very+rich&pg=PT20">Archived</a> from the original on 15 February 2023. Retrieved 30 January 2023. <q>Sindhi literature is very rich and oldest literature in the world's literatures</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Art%2C+Culture+and+Heritage+of+India%3A+for+Civil+Services+Examination&rft.pub=New+Era+Publication&rft.aulast=Meena&rft.aufirst=R.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dtde8DwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dsindhi%2Bliterature%2Bis%2Bvery%2Brich%26pg%3DPT20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRahman1999" class="citation book cs1">Rahman, Tariq (1999). The Teaching of Sindhi and Sindhi Ethnicity. p. 1. <q>Sindhi is one of the most ancient languages of India. Indeed, the first language Muslims (Arabs) came in contact with when they entered India in large numbers was Sindhi. Thus several Arab writers mention that Sindhi was the language of people in al-Mansura, the capital of Sind. Indeed, the Rajah of Alra called Mahraj, whose kingdom was situated between Kashmir and Punjab, requested Amir Abdullah bin Umar, the ruler of al-Mansura, to send him someone to translate the Quran into his language around 882. The language is called 'Hindi' by Arab historians (in this case the author of Ajaib ul Hind) who often failed to distinguish between the different languages of India and put them all under the generic name of 'Hindi'. However, Syed Salman Nadwi, who calls this the first translation of the Quran into any Indian language suggests that this language might be Sindhi.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Teaching+of+Sindhi+and+Sindhi+Ethnicity&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Rahman&rft.aufirst=Tariq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnwar2016" class="citation web cs1">Anwar, Tauseef (29 December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pakpedia.pk/sindhi-culture/">"Sindhi Culture"</a>. PakPedia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230104064755/https://www.pakpedia.pk/sindhi-culture/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 January 2023. Retrieved 4 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PakPedia&rft.atitle=Sindhi+Culture&rft.date=2016-12-29&rft.aulast=Anwar&rft.aufirst=Tauseef&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pakpedia.pk%2Fsindhi-culture%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarjani2018" class="citation book cs1">Harjani, Dayal N. (19 July 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J4ZlDwAAQBAJ&dq=It+is+established+that+Sindhi+was+the+first+eastern+language+into+which+the+Quran+was+translated&pg=PT194">Sindhi Roots & Rituals - Part 1</a>. Notion Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-64249-289-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-64249-289-7"><bdi>978-1-64249-289-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230215031923/https://books.google.com/books?id=J4ZlDwAAQBAJ&dq=It+is+established+that+Sindhi+was+the+first+eastern+language+into+which+the+Quran+was+translated&pg=PT194">Archived</a> from the original on 15 February 2023. Retrieved 30 January 2023. <q>They were the first Muslims to translate the Quran into the Sindhi language</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sindhi+Roots+%26+Rituals+-+Part+1&rft.pub=Notion+Press&rft.date=2018-07-19&rft.isbn=978-1-64249-289-7&rft.aulast=Harjani&rft.aufirst=Dayal+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ4ZlDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3DIt%2Bis%2Bestablished%2Bthat%2BSindhi%2Bwas%2Bthe%2Bfirst%2Beastern%2Blanguage%2Binto%2Bwhich%2Bthe%2BQuran%2Bwas%2Btranslated%26pg%3DPT194&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7kArAAAAMAAJ&q=It+is+also+recorded+that+treatises+were+written+in+Sindhi+on+astronomy,+medicine+and+history+during+the+8th+and+9th+centuries.">Sind Through the Centuries: An Introduction to Sind, a Progressive Province of Pakistan</a>. Publicity and Publication Committee, Sind Through the Centuries Seminar. 1975. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230215031920/https://books.google.com/books?id=7kArAAAAMAAJ&q=It+is+also+recorded+that+treatises+were+written+in+Sindhi+on+astronomy,+medicine+and+history+during+the+8th+and+9th+centuries.">Archived</a> from the original on 15 February 2023. Retrieved 30 January 2023. <q>During the long period of history, Sindhi language has absorbed influences of the old Iranian language during, It is also recorded that treatises were written in Sindhi on Astronomy, Medicine</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sind+Through+the+Centuries%3A+An+Introduction+to+Sind%2C+a+Progressive+Province+of+Pakistan&rft.pub=Publicity+and+Publication+Committee%2C+Sind+Through+the+Centuries+Seminar&rft.date=1975&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7kArAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DIt%2Bis%2Balso%2Brecorded%2Bthat%2Btreatises%2Bwere%2Bwritten%2Bin%2BSindhi%2Bon%2Bastronomy%2C%2Bmedicine%2Band%2Bhistory%2Bduring%2Bthe%2B8th%2Band%2B9th%2Bcenturies.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMukherjee2020" class="citation web cs1">Mukherjee, Sibasis (May 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/341767214">"Sindhi Language and its History"</a>. ResearchGate. Retrieved 7 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ResearchGate&rft.atitle=Sindhi+Language+and+its+History&rft.date=2020-05&rft.aulast=Mukherjee&rft.aufirst=Sibasis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F341767214&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sindhishaan.com/article/music/musi_01_02a.html">"Sindhi Music"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230111210838/https://sindhishaan.com/article/music/musi_01_02a.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2023. Retrieved 11 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sindhi+Music&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsindhishaan.com%2Farticle%2Fmusic%2Fmusi_01_02a.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hareemsoomro.wordpress.com/tag/sindhi-music-instruments/">"Indigenous Sindhi Music Instruments"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230111204456/https://hareemsoomro.wordpress.com/tag/sindhi-music-instruments/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2023. Retrieved 11 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Indigenous+Sindhi+Music+Instruments&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhareemsoomro.wordpress.com%2Ftag%2Fsindhi-music-instruments%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p0232qrd">"Sindhi music on the streets of Karachi"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160927153049/http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p0232qrd">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2016. Retrieved 10 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Sindhi+music+on+the+streets+of+Karachi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fprogrammes%2Fp0232qrd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:04-181">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:04_181-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:04_181-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sindhikhazana.com/sindhi-dance-and-music/">"An Introduction To Sindhi Dance And Music"</a>. Sindhi Khazana. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230109132201/https://sindhikhazana.com/sindhi-dance-and-music/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 January 2023. Retrieved 9 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sindhi+Khazana&rft.atitle=An+Introduction+To+Sindhi+Dance+And+Music&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsindhikhazana.com%2Fsindhi-dance-and-music%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReejhsinghani2004" class="citation book cs1">Reejhsinghani, Aroona (2004). Essential Sindhi Culturebook. Penguin Books India. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-303201-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-303201-4"><bdi>978-0-14-303201-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essential+Sindhi+Culturebook&rft.pub=Penguin+Books+India&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-14-303201-4&rft.aulast=Reejhsinghani&rft.aufirst=Aroona&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thesindhuworld.com/sindhi-folk-dance-chhej/">"Sindhi Folk Dance Chhej - The Sindhu World Dance of Unity: Sindhi Group Dance: Cheti Chand: Bahrana: Jhulelal"</a>. thesindhuworld.com. 9 April 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230109132247/https://thesindhuworld.com/sindhi-folk-dance-chhej/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 January 2023. Retrieved 9 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=thesindhuworld.com&rft.atitle=Sindhi+Folk+Dance+Chhej+-+The+Sindhu+World+Dance+of+Unity%3A+Sindhi+Group+Dance%3A+Cheti+Chand%3A+Bahrana%3A+Jhulelal&rft.date=2021-04-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthesindhuworld.com%2Fsindhi-folk-dance-chhej%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoctor2012" class="citation book cs1">Doctor, Roma (2012). Folklore: Sindhi Folklore, An Introductory Survey. Taylor Francis. p. 223. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0015587X.1985.9716351">10.1080/0015587X.1985.9716351</a>. <q>The folklore of Sindh, like all other folklore, is the result of an interaction of cultural, geographical and religious factors. An analytical diachronic study shows Sindhi folklore to have evolved as a result of three specific factors: (1) The impact of region or geographical location of people. (2) Religion, i.e. the interaction of Hindu and Muslim ideologies on the religious and philosophical plane. (3) The opposition Oral Register vs Written Register and the subsequent inner opposition Narrative vs Incantatory/Recitatory within the Oral Register.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Folklore%3A+Sindhi+Folklore%2C+An+Introductory+Survey&rft.pages=223&rft.pub=Taylor+Francis&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F0015587X.1985.9716351&rft.aulast=Doctor&rft.aufirst=Roma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-185">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_185-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_185-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_185-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_185-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLalwani2018" class="citation journal cs1">Lalwani, Tamana (March 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://episteme.net.in/content/73/3824/attachments/5-Sindhi.pdf">"Sindhi Folklore and Sindhi Folk Tales"</a> (PDF). Episteme. 6 (4). Badlapur: Bharat College of Arts and Commerce. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2278-8794">2278-8794</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230610113218/https://episteme.net.in/content/73/3824/attachments/5-Sindhi.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 10 June 2023. Retrieved 10 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Episteme&rft.atitle=Sindhi+Folklore+and+Sindhi+Folk+Tales&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=4&rft.date=2018-03&rft.issn=2278-8794&rft.aulast=Lalwani&rft.aufirst=Tamana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fepisteme.net.in%2Fcontent%2F73%2F3824%2Fattachments%2F5-Sindhi.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tribune.com.pk/story/377454/the-legend-of-dodo-chanesar">"The legend of Dodo Chanesar"</a>. The Express Tribune. 11 May 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220411100931/https://tribune.com.pk/story/377454/the-legend-of-dodo-chanesar">Archived</a> from the original on 11 April 2022. Retrieved 30 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Express+Tribune&rft.atitle=The+legend+of+Dodo+Chanesar&rft.date=2012-05-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftribune.com.pk%2Fstory%2F377454%2Fthe-legend-of-dodo-chanesar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sindhisangat.com/images/moomalrano.pdf">"Legendary Folk Tales of Sindh - Moomal Rano"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220705012112/https://www.sindhisangat.com/images/moomalrano.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 5 July 2022. Retrieved 30 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Legendary+Folk+Tales+of+Sindh+-+Moomal+Rano&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sindhisangat.com%2Fimages%2Fmoomalrano.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/913864-three-day-sindhi-culture-day-family-festival-kicks-off">"Three-day Sindhi Culture Day family festival kicks off"</a>. www.thenews.com.pk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230112095845/https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/913864-three-day-sindhi-culture-day-family-festival-kicks-off">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2023. Retrieved 12 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.thenews.com.pk&rft.atitle=Three-day+Sindhi+Culture+Day+family+festival+kicks+off&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenews.com.pk%2Fprint%2F913864-three-day-sindhi-culture-day-family-festival-kicks-off&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nation.com.pk/23-Dec-2022/sindhi-cultural-day">"Sindhi Cultural Day"</a>. The Nation. 23 December 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230112095847/https://www.nation.com.pk/23-Dec-2022/sindhi-cultural-day">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2023. Retrieved 12 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Nation&rft.atitle=Sindhi+Cultural+Day&rft.date=2022-12-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nation.com.pk%2F23-Dec-2022%2Fsindhi-cultural-day&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.dailypakistan.com.pk/04-Dec-2022/sindhis-celebrate-culture-day-across-the-province-with-traditional-zeal">"Sindh Cultural Day being celebrated today across Pakistan"</a>. Daily Pakistan Global. 4 December 2022. Retrieved 12 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Daily+Pakistan+Global&rft.atitle=Sindh+Cultural+Day+being+celebrated+today+across+Pakistan&rft.date=2022-12-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.dailypakistan.com.pk%2F04-Dec-2022%2Fsindhis-celebrate-culture-day-across-the-province-with-traditional-zeal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhis" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReport2022" class="citation web cs1">Report, Dawn (5 December 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dawn.com/news/1724663">"Sindhi Culture Day observed with zeal in province"</a>. DAWN.COM. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230112095846/https://www.dawn.com/news/1724663">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2023. Retrieved 12 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DAWN.COM&rft.atitle=Sindhi+Culture+Day+observed+with+zeal+in+province&rft.date=2022-12-05&rft.aulast=Report&rft.aufirst=Dawn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2Fnews%2F1724663&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-192">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_192-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_192-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.travel-culture.com/festivals.shtml">"Festivals In Pakistan List of cultural events"</a>. Travel and Culture Services. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230112095848/https://www.travel-culture.com/festivals.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2023. Retrieved 12 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Travel+and+Culture+Services&rft.atitle=Festivals+In+Pakistan+List+of+cultural+events&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.travel-culture.com%2Ffestivals.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.culturopedia.com/sindhi-festivals/">"Sindhi Festivals"</a>. Culturopedia. 7 April 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230112111359/https://www.culturopedia.com/sindhi-festivals/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2023. Retrieved 12 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Culturopedia&rft.atitle=Sindhi+Festivals&rft.date=2020-04-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.culturopedia.com%2Fsindhi-festivals%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thesindhuworld.com/sindhi-festivals/">"Sindhi Festivals - The Sindhu World Sindhi Cultural Heritage: Sindhi Folk Dance: Celebration"</a>. thesindhuworld.com. 8 May 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230112095846/https://thesindhuworld.com/sindhi-festivals/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2023. Retrieved 12 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=thesindhuworld.com&rft.atitle=Sindhi+Festivals+-+The+Sindhu+World+Sindhi+Cultural+Heritage%3A+Sindhi+Folk+Dance%3A+Celebration&rft.date=2021-05-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthesindhuworld.com%2Fsindhi-festivals%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reejhsinghani_2004-195">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Reejhsinghani_2004_195-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reejhsinghani_2004_195-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReejhsinghani2004" class="citation book cs1">Reejhsinghani, Aroona (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ym9IWIZELc8C&q=sindhi+cuisine&pg=PA27">Essential Sindhi Cookbook</a>. Penguin Books India. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-303201-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-303201-4"><bdi>978-0-14-303201-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221215183322/https://books.google.com/books?id=ym9IWIZELc8C&q=sindhi+cuisine&pg=PA27">Archived</a> from the original on 15 December 2022. Retrieved 15 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essential+Sindhi+Cookbook&rft.pub=Penguin+Books+India&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-14-303201-4&rft.aulast=Reejhsinghani&rft.aufirst=Aroona&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dym9IWIZELc8C%26q%3Dsindhi%2Bcuisine%26pg%3DPA27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKentKassam2013" class="citation book cs1">Kent, Eliza F.; Kassam, Tazim R. (12 July 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iYOiAgAAQBAJ&q=sindhi+hindu+meat+eating&pg=PA164">Lines in Water: Religious Boundaries in South Asia</a>. Syracuse University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8156-5225-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8156-5225-0"><bdi>978-0-8156-5225-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221215183323/https://books.google.com/books?id=iYOiAgAAQBAJ&q=sindhi+hindu+meat+eating&pg=PA164">Archived</a> from the original on 15 December 2022. Retrieved 15 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lines+in+Water%3A+Religious+Boundaries+in+South+Asia&rft.pub=Syracuse+University+Press&rft.date=2013-07-12&rft.isbn=978-0-8156-5225-0&rft.aulast=Kent&rft.aufirst=Eliza+F.&rft.au=Kassam%2C+Tazim+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiYOiAgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dsindhi%2Bhindu%2Bmeat%2Beating%26pg%3DPA164&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReejhsinghani2004" class="citation book cs1">Reejhsinghani, Aroona (4 August 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DfkUBrC7dWQC&q=sindhi+cuisine+tomato&pg=PT32">The Essential Sindhi Cookbook</a>. Penguin UK. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-5118-094-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-5118-094-4"><bdi>978-93-5118-094-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221215183323/https://books.google.com/books?id=DfkUBrC7dWQC&q=sindhi+cuisine+tomato&pg=PT32">Archived</a> from the original on 15 December 2022. Retrieved 15 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Essential+Sindhi+Cookbook&rft.pub=Penguin+UK&rft.date=2004-08-04&rft.isbn=978-93-5118-094-4&rft.aulast=Reejhsinghani&rft.aufirst=Aroona&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDfkUBrC7dWQC%26q%3Dsindhi%2Bcuisine%2Btomato%26pg%3DPT32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJillani2019" class="citation web cs1">Jillani, Maryam (2 April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dawn.com/news/1473441">"Sindhi food: A vibrant cuisine hidden from the Pakistani and Indian public"</a>. DAWN.COM. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221215183322/https://www.dawn.com/news/1473441">Archived</a> from the original on 15 December 2022. Retrieved 20 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DAWN.COM&rft.atitle=Sindhi+food%3A+A+vibrant+cuisine+hidden+from+the+Pakistani+and+Indian+public&rft.date=2019-04-02&rft.aulast=Jillani&rft.aufirst=Maryam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2Fnews%2F1473441&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-199"><a href="#cite_ref-:12_199-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/577523-sindhi-culture-day-completes-first-decade-of-celebrations-with-great-gusto">"Sindhi Culture Day completes first decade of celebrations with great gusto"</a>. www.thenews.com.pk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220204193801/https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/577523-sindhi-culture-day-completes-first-decade-of-celebrations-with-great-gusto">Archived</a> from the original on 4 February 2022. Retrieved 6 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.thenews.com.pk&rft.atitle=Sindhi+Culture+Day+completes+first+decade+of+celebrations+with+great+gusto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenews.com.pk%2Fprint%2F577523-sindhi-culture-day-completes-first-decade-of-celebrations-with-great-gusto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhis" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nation.com.pk/04-Dec-2022/sindhi-culture-day-being-celebrated-across-sindh-today">"Sindhi Culture Day being celebrated across Sindh today"</a>. The Nation. 4 December 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230103065045/https://www.nation.com.pk/04-Dec-2022/sindhi-culture-day-being-celebrated-across-sindh-today">Archived</a> from the original on 3 January 2023. Retrieved 4 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Nation&rft.atitle=Sindhi+Culture+Day+being+celebrated+across+Sindh+today&rft.date=2022-12-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nation.com.pk%2F04-Dec-2022%2Fsindhi-culture-day-being-celebrated-across-sindh-today&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:22-200"><a href="#cite_ref-:22_200-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2022/12/03/sindhi-culture-day-being-celebrated-across-sindh-today/">"Sindhi Culture Day being celebrated across Sindh today"</a>. Pakistan Today. 3 December 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221205231918/https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2022/12/03/sindhi-culture-day-being-celebrated-across-sindh-today/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 December 2022. Retrieved 4 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pakistan+Today&rft.atitle=Sindhi+Culture+Day+being+celebrated+across+Sindh+today&rft.date=2022-12-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pakistantoday.com.pk%2F2022%2F12%2F03%2Fsindhi-culture-day-being-celebrated-across-sindh-today%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.radio.gov.pk/04-12-2022/sindhi-cultural-day-being-celebrated-today">"Sindhi Cultural Day being celebrated today"</a>. www.radio.gov.pk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221205012222/https://www.radio.gov.pk/04-12-2022/sindhi-cultural-day-being-celebrated-today">Archived</a> from the original on 5 December 2022. Retrieved 4 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.radio.gov.pk&rft.atitle=Sindhi+Cultural+Day+being+celebrated+today&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.radio.gov.pk%2F04-12-2022%2Fsindhi-cultural-day-being-celebrated-today&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.app.com.pk/national/pm-felicitates-sindh-people-on-culture-day-celebrations/">"PM felicitates Sindh people on culture day celebrations"</a>. Associated Press of Pakistan. 4 December 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221204114151/https://www.app.com.pk/national/pm-felicitates-sindh-people-on-culture-day-celebrations/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 December 2022. Retrieved 12 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Associated+Press+of+Pakistan&rft.atitle=PM+felicitates+Sindh+people+on+culture+day+celebrations&rft.date=2022-12-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.app.com.pk%2Fnational%2Fpm-felicitates-sindh-people-on-culture-day-celebrations%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikitechlibrary.com/news/2022/12/456450-canadian-pm-justin-trudeau-sends-heartfelt-greetings-on-sindhi-cultural-day/">"Canadian PM Justin Trudeau sends heartfelt greetings on Sindhi Cultural Day"</a>. WikiTech Library. 4 December 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221204164541/https://wikitechlibrary.com/news/2022/12/456450-canadian-pm-justin-trudeau-sends-heartfelt-greetings-on-sindhi-cultural-day/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 December 2022. Retrieved 4 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WikiTech+Library&rft.atitle=Canadian+PM+Justin+Trudeau+sends+heartfelt+greetings+on+Sindhi+Cultural+Day&rft.date=2022-12-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwikitechlibrary.com%2Fnews%2F2022%2F12%2F456450-canadian-pm-justin-trudeau-sends-heartfelt-greetings-on-sindhi-cultural-day%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldsindhicongress.org/category/community/cultural-activity/">"Cultural Activity Archives - World Sindhi Congress World Sindhi Congress"</a>. World Sindhi Congress. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201027060018/http://www.worldsindhicongress.org/category/community/cultural-activity/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 October 2020. Retrieved 21 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Sindhi+Congress&rft.atitle=Cultural+Activity+Archives+-+World+Sindhi+Congress+World+Sindhi+Congress&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldsindhicongress.org%2Fcategory%2Fcommunity%2Fcultural-activity%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAPP2016" class="citation news cs1">APP (4 December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/169748-Sindhi-Culture-Day-celebrated-in-Sindh">"Sindhi Culture Day celebrated in Sindh"</a>. The News International. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161206191445/https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/169748-Sindhi-Culture-Day-celebrated-in-Sindh">Archived</a> from the original on 6 December 2016. Retrieved 7 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Sindhi+Culture+Day+celebrated+in+Sindh&rft.date=2016-12-04&rft.au=APP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenews.com.pk%2Flatest%2F169748-Sindhi-Culture-Day-celebrated-in-Sindh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHasan2022" class="citation web cs1">Hasan, Shazia (14 May 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dawn.com/news/1689498">"Showcasing local cultures, Sindh Craft Festival gets under way"</a>. DAWN.COM. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221204112957/https://www.dawn.com/news/1689498">Archived</a> from the original on 4 December 2022. Retrieved 4 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DAWN.COM&rft.atitle=Showcasing+local+cultures%2C+Sindh+Craft+Festival+gets+under+way&rft.date=2022-05-14&rft.aulast=Hasan&rft.aufirst=Shazia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2Fnews%2F1689498&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gulfnews.com/world/asia/pakistan/pakistan-sindh-cm-celebrates-sindhi-culture-day-with-students-1.92467558">"Pakistan: Sindh CM celebrates Sindhi Culture Day with students"</a>. gulfnews.com. 3 December 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221220093111/https://gulfnews.com/world/asia/pakistan/pakistan-sindh-cm-celebrates-sindhi-culture-day-with-students-1.92467558">Archived</a> from the original on 20 December 2022. Retrieved 4 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gulfnews.com&rft.atitle=Pakistan%3A+Sindh+CM+celebrates+Sindhi+Culture+Day+with+students&rft.date=2022-12-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgulfnews.com%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Fpakistan%2Fpakistan-sindh-cm-celebrates-sindhi-culture-day-with-students-1.92467558&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://idsn.org/pakistan-manu-bheel-sindh-province/">"Pakistan: Manu Bheel, Sindh Province"</a>. The International Dalit Solidarity Network. Retrieved 23 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+International+Dalit+Solidarity+Network&rft.atitle=Pakistan%3A+Manu+Bheel%2C+Sindh+Province&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fidsn.org%2Fpakistan-manu-bheel-sindh-province%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhis" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sindhis&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRahman1999" class="citation cs2">Rahman, Tariq (1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sanipanhwar.com/Language_Politics_and_Power_in_Pakistan.pdf">Language Politics and Power in Pakistan: The Case of Sindh and Sindhi</a> (PDF), Sani Panhwar Publishers</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+Politics+and+Power+in+Pakistan%3A+The+Case+of+Sindh+and+Sindhi&rft.pub=Sani+Panhwar+Publishers&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Rahman&rft.aufirst=Tariq&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsanipanhwar.com%2FLanguage_Politics_and_Power_in_Pakistan.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKalichbeg1902" class="citation cs2">Kalichbeg, Mirza (1902), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/library/e-books/History_of_Sind.pdf">History of Sind Vol. 2</a> (PDF), Karachi Commissioner's Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Sind+Vol.+2&rft.pub=Karachi+Commissioner%27s+Press&rft.date=1902&rft.aulast=Kalichbeg&rft.aufirst=Mirza&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsahitya-akademi.gov.in%2Flibrary%2Fe-books%2FHistory_of_Sind.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllana2010" class="citation cs2">Allana, G. A. (2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sujo.usindh.edu.pk/index.php/IRJAH/article/view/1220/1015">"Sindhi Society and Culture"</a>, International Research Journal of Arts & Humanities (Irjah), 40, Department of Culture, Government of Sindh</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Research+Journal+of+Arts+%26+Humanities+%28Irjah%29&rft.atitle=Sindhi+Society+and+Culture&rft.volume=40&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Allana&rft.aufirst=G.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsujo.usindh.edu.pk%2Findex.php%2FIRJAH%2Farticle%2Fview%2F1220%2F1015&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDyson2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tim_Dyson" title="Tim Dyson">Dyson, Tim</a> (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3TRtDwAAQBAJ">A Population History of India: From the First Modern People to the Present Day</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-882905-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-882905-8"><bdi>978-0-19-882905-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Population+History+of+India%3A+From+the+First+Modern+People+to+the+Present+Day&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-19-882905-8&rft.aulast=Dyson&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3TRtDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcIntosh2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jane_McIntosh" title="Jane McIntosh">McIntosh, Jane</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1AJO2A-CbccC">The Ancient Indus Valley: New Perspectives</a>. <a href="/wiki/ABC-Clio" title="ABC-Clio">ABC-Clio</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-907-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-907-2"><bdi>978-1-57607-907-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ancient+Indus+Valley%3A+New+Perspectives&rft.pub=ABC-Clio&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-907-2&rft.aulast=McIntosh&rft.aufirst=Jane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1AJO2A-CbccC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWink2002" class="citation cs2">Wink, André (2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g2m7_R5P2oAC&pg=PA203">Al-Hind, the Making of the Indo-Islamic World: Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam 7Th-11th Centuries</a>, BRILL, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-391-04173-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-391-04173-8"><bdi>0-391-04173-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Al-Hind%2C+the+Making+of+the+Indo-Islamic+World%3A+Early+Medieval+India+and+the+Expansion+of+Islam+7Th-11th+Centuries&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-391-04173-8&rft.aulast=Wink&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg2m7_R5P2oAC%26pg%3DPA203&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rita_P._Wright" title="Rita P. Wright">Wright, Rita P.</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gAgFPQAACAAJ">The Ancient Indus: Urbanism, Economy, and Society</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press_%26_Assessment" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge University Press & Assessment">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-57219-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-57219-4"><bdi>978-0-521-57219-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved 29 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ancient+Indus%3A+Urbanism%2C+Economy%2C+and+Society&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-521-57219-4&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Rita+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgAgFPQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhis" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sindhis&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSyed1995" class="citation book cs1">Syed, G. M. (1995). The Case of Sindh: G.M. Sayed's Deposition for the Court. University of Michigan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789695621875" title="Special:BookSources/9789695621875"><bdi>9789695621875</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Case+of+Sindh%3A+G.M.+Sayed%27s+Deposition+for+the+Court&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9789695621875&rft.aulast=Syed&rft.aufirst=G.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMahirchand_Advani1919" class="citation book cs1">Mahirchand Advani, Bherumal (1919). Amilan-Jo-Ahwal.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Amilan-Jo-Ahwal&rft.date=1919&rft.aulast=Mahirchand+Advani&rft.aufirst=Bherumal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoivin2007" class="citation book cs1">Boivin, Michael (2007). Sindh through History and Representations: French Contributions to Sindhi Studies (1st ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195475036" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195475036"><bdi>978-0195475036</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sindh+through+History+and+Representations%3A+French+Contributions+to+Sindhi+Studies&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0195475036&rft.aulast=Boivin&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhuhro1999" class="citation book cs1">Khuhro, Hamida (1999). The Making of Modern Sindh: British Policy and Social Change in the Nineteenth Century (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195790085" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195790085"><bdi>978-0195790085</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+Modern+Sindh%3A+British+Policy+and+Social+Change+in+the+Nineteenth+Century&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0195790085&rft.aulast=Khuhro&rft.aufirst=Hamida&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAggarwal2012" class="citation book cs1">Aggarwal, Saaz (November 2012). Sindh: Stories from a Vanished Homeland. Black and White Fountain. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8192272856" title="Special:BookSources/978-8192272856"><bdi>978-8192272856</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sindh%3A+Stories+from+a+Vanished+Homeland&rft.pub=Black+and+White+Fountain&rft.date=2012-11&rft.isbn=978-8192272856&rft.aulast=Aggarwal&rft.aufirst=Saaz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaikh2013" class="citation book cs1">Shaikh, Muhammad Ali (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smiu.edu.pk/pdf/Sindh-through-the-Centuries.pdf">A Monograph on Sindh through Centuries</a> (PDF). SMI University Press, Karachi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-969-9874-01-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-969-9874-01-7"><bdi>978-969-9874-01-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220108022937/https://www.smiu.edu.pk/pdf/Sindh-through-the-Centuries.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 8 January 2022. Retrieved 11 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Monograph+on+Sindh+through+Centuries&rft.pub=SMI+University+Press%2C+Karachi&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-969-9874-01-7&rft.aulast=Shaikh&rft.aufirst=Muhammad+Ali&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smiu.edu.pk%2Fpdf%2FSindh-through-the-Centuries.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASindhis" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sindhis&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thesindhuworld.com">Virtual Home of Global Sindhi Community Everything about Sindhis</a></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output 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title="Hindkowans">Hindkowans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Kohistani_people" title="Indus Kohistani people">Indus Kohistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalash_people" title="Kalash people">Kalash</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalkoti_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kalkoti people (page does not exist)">Kalkoti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmiris" title="Kashmiris">Kashmiris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kho_people" title="Kho people">Kho</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kolai_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kolai people (page does not exist)">Kolai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koli_people" title="Koli people">Koli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladakhi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Ladakhi people">Ladakhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lori_people" title="Lori people">Lori</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Makrani_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Makrani people (page does not exist)">Makrani</a></li> <li><a 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href="/wiki/Pahari_people_(Kashmir)" title="Pahari people (Kashmir)">Paharis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palula_people" title="Palula people">Palula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamiris" title="Pamiris">Pamiris</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yidgha-Munji_people" title="Yidgha-Munji people">Munji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarikoli_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarikoli people">Sariquli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shughni_people" title="Shughni people">Shughnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakhi_people" title="Wakhi people">Wakhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yidgha-Munji_people" title="Yidgha-Munji people">Yidgha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtuns" title="Pashtuns">Pashtuns</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ormur" title="Ormur">Ormur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tareen" title="Tareen">Spin Tareen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabis" title="Punjabis">Punjabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purigpa" title="Purigpa">Purigpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajasthani_people" title="Rajasthani people">Rajasthani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thari_people" title="Thari people">Thari</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvi_(caste)" title="Salvi (caste)">Salvi Mewar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraiki_people" title="Saraiki people">Saraiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shina_people" title="Shina people">Shina</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shumashti_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shumashti people (page does not exist)">Shumashti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddi" title="Siddi">Siddi</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sindhis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jadgal_people" title="Jadgal people">Jadgal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutchi_people" title="Kutchi people">Kutchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lasi_people" title="Lasi people">Lasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meghwar_Bhil" class="mw-redirect" title="Meghwar Bhil">Meghwar Bhil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memon_people" title="Memon people">Memons</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajiks_in_Pakistan" title="Tajiks in Pakistan">Tajik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torwali_people" title="Torwali people">Torwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_in_Pakistan" title="Kyrgyz in Pakistan">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmens_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkmens in Pakistan">Turkmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Pakistan" title="Turks in Pakistan">Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghurs_in_Pakistan" title="Uyghurs in Pakistan">Uyghurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbeks_in_Pakistan" title="Uzbeks in Pakistan">Uzbek</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Immigration_to_Pakistan" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Immigration_to_Pakistan" title="Template:Immigration to Pakistan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Immigration_to_Pakistan" title="Template talk:Immigration to Pakistan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Immigration_to_Pakistan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Immigration to Pakistan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Immigration_to_Pakistan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Pakistan" title="Immigration to Pakistan">Immigration to Pakistan</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americans_in_Pakistan" title="Americans in Pakistan">Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadians_in_Pakistan" title="Canadians in Pakistan">Canadians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghans_in_Pakistan" title="Afghans in Pakistan">Afghans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengalis_in_Pakistan" title="Bengalis in Pakistan">Bengalis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rohingya_refugees_in_Pakistan" title="Rohingya refugees in Pakistan">Rohingya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stranded_Pakistanis" class="mw-redirect" title="Stranded Pakistanis">Biharis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Pakistan" title="Indians in Pakistan">Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldivians_in_Pakistan" title="Maldivians in Pakistan">Maldivians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalis_in_Pakistan" title="Nepalis in Pakistan">Nepalis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rest of Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabs_in_Pakistan" title="Arabs in Pakistan">Arabs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palestinians_in_Pakistan" title="Palestinians in Pakistan">Palestinians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenis_in_Pakistan" title="Yemenis in Pakistan">Yemenis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Pakistan" title="Armenians in Pakistan">Armenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Pakistan" title="Chinese people in Pakistan">Chinese</a> (<a href="/wiki/Uyghurs_in_Pakistan" title="Uyghurs in Pakistan">Uyghurs</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipinos_in_Pakistan" title="Filipinos in Pakistan">Filipinos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesians_in_Pakistan" title="Indonesians in Pakistan">Indonesians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranians_in_Pakistan" title="Iranians in Pakistan">Iranians</a></li> <li>Japanese</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Pakistan" title="Kurds in Pakistan">Kurds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajiks_in_Pakistan" title="Tajiks in Pakistan">Tajiks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Pakistan" title="Turks in Pakistan">Turks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_in_Pakistan" title="Kyrgyz in Pakistan">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_in_Pakistan" title="Turkmen in Pakistan">Turkmen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbeks_in_Pakistan" title="Uzbeks in Pakistan">Uzbeks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Europeans_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Europeans in Pakistan">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Britons_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Britons in Pakistan">Britons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_people_in_Pakistan" title="French people in Pakistan">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans_in_Pakistan" title="Germans in Pakistan">Germans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_people_in_Pakistan" title="Polish people in Pakistan">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_people_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese people in Pakistan">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Pakistan" title="Russians in Pakistan">Russians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Somalis_in_Pakistan" title="Somalis in Pakistan">Somalis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australians_in_Pakistan" title="Australians in Pakistan">Australians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Sindh&#124;link=Sindh_Province_of_Sindh_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sindh_topics" title="Template:Sindh topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sindh_topics" title="Template talk:Sindh topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sindh_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sindh topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Sindh&#124;link=Sindh_Province_of_Sindh_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh"><img alt="Sindh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_Sindh.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sindh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_Sindh.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sindh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_Sindh.svg/45px-Flag_of_Sindh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Administrative_units_of_Pakistan" title="Administrative units of Pakistan">Province</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sindh" title="History of Sindh">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Indus Valley Civilisation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mohenjo-daro" title="Mohenjo-daro">Mohenjo-daro</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhu_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Sindhu kingdom">Sindhu kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rai_dynasty" title="Rai dynasty">Rai dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahir_of_Aror" title="Dahir of Aror">Brahman dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ab-ul-Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Ba'ab-ul-Islam">Muslim caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soomra_dynasty" title="Soomra dynasty">Soomra dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samma_dynasty" title="Samma dynasty">Samma dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalhora_dynasty" title="Kalhora dynasty">Kalhora dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talpur" title="Talpur">Talpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sind_Province_(1936%E2%80%931955)" title="Sind Province (1936–1955)">British period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cultural_heritage_sites_in_Sindh" title="List of cultural heritage sites in Sindh">Cultural heritage sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Sindh" title="Government of Sindh">Government</a> and <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics_of_Sindh" title="Category:Politics of Sindh">politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_Assembly_of_Sindh" title="Provincial Assembly of Sindh">Provincial Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Minister_of_Sindh" title="Chief Minister of Sindh">Chief Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Sindh" title="Governor of Sindh">Governor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindh_Archives" title="Sindh Archives">Sindh Archives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_commissioners_and_governors_of_Sind_(British_India)" title="List of commissioners and governors of Sind (British India)">Commissioners of Sind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutto_family" title="Bhutto family">Bhutto family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindh_Police" title="Sindh Police">Sindh Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindh_High_Court" title="Sindh High Court">Sindh High Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindh_Information_Department" title="Sindh Information Department">Sindh Information Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindh_Coastal_Development_Authority" title="Sindh Coastal Development Authority">Sindh Coastal Development Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Sindh" title="Economy of Sindh">Economy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Sindh" title="Culture of Sindh">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_workies" title="Sindhi workies">Sindh workies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajrak" title="Ajrak">Ajrak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_cap" title="Sindhi cap">Sindhi cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_Cultural_Day" title="Sindhi Cultural Day">Sindhi Cultural Day</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sindhis</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Sindhi_people" title="List of Sindhi people">List</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_diaspora" title="Sindhi diaspora">Sindhi diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_nationalism" title="Sindhi nationalism">Sindhi nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_literature" title="Sindhi literature">Sindhi literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_Adabi_Board" title="Sindhi Adabi Board">Sindhi Adabi Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhology" title="Sindhology">Sindhology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Sindhi poetry">Sindhi poetry</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Sindhi-language_poets" title="List of Sindhi-language poets">Sindhi poets</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_folklore" title="Sindhi folklore">Sindhi folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_folk_tales" title="Sindhi folk tales">Sindhi folk tales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_bhagat" title="Sindhi bhagat">Sindhi bhagat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sassui_Punnhun" title="Sassui Punnhun">Sassui Punnhun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_music" title="Sindhi music">Sindhi music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_cuisine" title="Sindhi cuisine">Sindhi cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_cinema" title="Sindhi cinema">Sindhi cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sindhi-language_films" title="List of Sindhi-language films">List of Sindhi-language films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi-language_media" title="Sindhi-language media">Sindhi media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sindhi_tribes" title="Category:Sindhi tribes">Sindhi tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sindhi_Hindu_festivals" title="List of Sindhi Hindu festivals">List of Sindhi Hindu festivals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheti_Chand" title="Cheti Chand">Cheti Chand</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Sindh" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Sindh">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Sindh_by_population" title="List of cities in Sindh by population">List of cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Pakistan#Sindh" title="Districts of Pakistan">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tehsils_of_Sindh" title="List of tehsils of Sindh">List of talukas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Sindh" title="Climate of Sindh">Climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Karachi" title="Climate of Karachi">Karachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Hyderabad,_Sindh" title="Climate of Hyderabad, Sindh">Hyderabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Nawabshah" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Nawabshah">Nawabshah</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Sindh" title="Fauna of Sindh">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Places_of_historical_interest_in_Sindh" class="mw-redirect" title="Places of historical interest in Sindh">Historical places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_River" title="Indus River">Indus River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makran" title="Makran">Makran</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Karachi" title="Education in Karachi">Education in Karachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Sindhology" title="Institute of Sindhology">Institute of Sindhology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Sindh" title="University of Sindh">UoS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Karachi" title="University of Karachi">UoK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindh_Madressatul_Islam_University" title="Sindh Madressatul Islam University">SMIU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehran_University_of_Engineering_%26_Technology" title="Mehran University of Engineering & Technology">MUET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinnah_Sindh_Medical_University" title="Jinnah Sindh Medical University">JSMU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liaquat_University_of_Medical_%26_Health_Sciences" title="Liaquat University of Medical & Health Sciences">LUMHS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindh_Agriculture_University" title="Sindh Agriculture University">SAU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindh_Museum" title="Sindh Museum">Sindh Museum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sindh_cricket_team" title="Sindh cricket team">Sindh cricket team</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sindh_Premier_League" title="Sindh Premier League">Domestic league</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malakhra" title="Malakhra">Malakhra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Flora & fauna</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_Sindhi" title="Red Sindhi">Red Sindhi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Sindhi media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi-language_media" title="Sindhi-language media">Sindhi-language media</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Sindhi websites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_Wikipedia" title="Sindhi Wikipedia">Sindhi Wikipedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Sindhiana" title="Encyclopedia Sindhiana">Encyclopedia Sindhiana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Sindh" title="Tourism in Sindh">Sindh tourism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sindh_Tourism_Development_Corporation" title="Sindh Tourism Development Corporation">Sindh Tourism Development Corporation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sindhi_nationalism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#990000; color:white;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sindhi_nationalism" title="Template:Sindhi nationalism"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sindhi_nationalism" title="Template talk:Sindhi nationalism"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sindhi_nationalism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sindhi nationalism"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sindhi_nationalism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_nationalism" title="Sindhi nationalism">Sindhi nationalism</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#990000; color:white;"><div>Active since 1972</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#990000; color:white;;width:1%">Historical States of Sindh</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sindhu_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Sindhu kingdom">Sindhu kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sind_Province_(1936%E2%80%9355)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sind Province (1936–55)">Sind Province (1936–55)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sind_Division" title="Sind Division">Sind Division</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="11" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Sindhi_Nationalist_flag_waving.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Sindhi_Nationalist_flag_waving.png/130px-Sindhi_Nationalist_flag_waving.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Sindhi_Nationalist_flag_waving.png/195px-Sindhi_Nationalist_flag_waving.png 1.5x, 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href="/wiki/Chandar_of_Sindh" title="Chandar of Sindh">Chandar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agham_Lohana" title="Agham Lohana">Agham Lohana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahir_of_Aror" title="Dahir of Aror">Dahir of Aror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jam_Unar" title="Jam Unar">Jam Unar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jam_Tamachi" title="Jam Tamachi">Jam Tamachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jam_Raidhan" title="Jam Raidhan">Jam Raidhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jam_Sanjar" title="Jam Sanjar">Jam Sanjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultans_of_Sindh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultans of Sindh">Sultans of Sindh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jam_Nizamuddin_II" title="Jam Nizamuddin II">Jam Nizamuddin II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jam_Feroz" title="Jam Feroz">Jam Feroz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noor_Mohammad_Kalhoro" title="Noor Mohammad Kalhoro">Noor Mohammad Kalhoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mian_Ghulam_Shah_Kalhoro" class="mw-redirect" title="Mian Ghulam Shah Kalhoro">Mian Ghulam Shah Kalhoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mian_Sarfraz_Kalhoro_(Khudayar_Khan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mian Sarfraz Kalhoro (Khudayar Khan)">Mian Sarfraz Kalhoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoshu_Sheedi" title="Hoshu Sheedi">Gernal Hosh Mohammad Sheedi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibghatullah_Shah_Rashidi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sibghatullah Shah Rashidi">Sibghatullah Shah Rashidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubaidullah_Sindhi" title="Ubaidullah Sindhi">Molana Ubaidullah Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Shah_Ghazi" title="Abdullah Shah Ghazi">Abdullah Shah Ghazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir_Sher_Muhammad_Talpur" title="Mir Sher Muhammad Talpur">Mir Sher Muhammad Talpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dodo_Bin_Khafef_Soomro_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Dodo Bin Khafef Soomro III">Dodo Bin Khafef Soomro III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dollah_Darya_Khan" title="Dollah Darya Khan">Dollah Darya Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah_Inayat_Shaheed" title="Shah Inayat Shaheed">Shah_Inayat_Shaheed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makhdoom_Bilawal" title="Makhdoom Bilawal">Makhdoom Bilawal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir_Nasir_Khan_Talpur" class="mw-redirect" title="Mir Nasir Khan Talpur">Mir Nasir Khan Talpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir_Sher_Muhammad_Talpur" title="Mir Sher Muhammad Talpur">Mir Sher Muhammad Talpur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#990000; color:white;;width:1%">Modern figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G._M._Syed" title="G. M. Syed">G. M. Syed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasul_Bux_Palejo" class="mw-redirect" title="Rasul Bux Palejo">Rasul Bux Palejo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto" title="Zulfikar Ali Bhutto">Zulfikar Ali Bhutto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayaz_Latif_Palijo" title="Ayaz Latif Palijo">Ayaz Latif Palijo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyder_Bux_Jatoi" title="Hyder Bux Jatoi">Baba-e-Sindh Comrade Hyder Bux Jatoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashir_Qureshi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bashir Qureshi">Bashir Qureshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qadir_Magsi" title="Qadir Magsi">Qadir Magsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shafi_Muhammad_Burfat" title="Shafi Muhammad Burfat">Shafi Muhammad Burfat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Wahid_Aresar" title="Abdul Wahid Aresar">Abdul Wahid Aresar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muzafar_Bhutto" title="Muzafar Bhutto">Muzafar Bhutto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sajjad_Shar" title="Sajjad Shar">Sajjad Shar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumtaz_Bhutto" title="Mumtaz Bhutto">Mumtaz Bhutto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safdar_Sarki" title="Safdar Sarki">Safdar Sarki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarina_Baloch" title="Zarina Baloch">Zarina Baloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ibrahim_Joyo" title="Muhammad Ibrahim Joyo">Muhammad Ibrahim Joyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benazir_Bhutto" title="Benazir Bhutto">Benazir Bhutto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulfiqar_Shah" title="Zulfiqar Shah">Zulfiqar Shah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#990000; color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Sindh" title="Culture of Sindh">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sindhis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Sindh" title="Culture of Sindh">Culture of Sindh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajrak" title="Ajrak">Ajrak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_cap" title="Sindhi cap">Sindhi cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_Cultural_Day" title="Sindhi Cultural Day">Sindh Culture Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sindhi_tribes" title="Category:Sindhi tribes">Sindhi tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malakhra" title="Malakhra">Malakhra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sassui_Punnhun" title="Sassui Punnhun">Sassui Punnhun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhudesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sindhudesh">Sindhudesh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#990000; color:white;;width:1%">Poets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shah_Abdul_Latif_Bhittai" title="Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai">Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sachal_Sarmast" title="Sachal Sarmast">Sachal Sarmast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajal_Bewas" title="Tajal Bewas">Tajal Bewas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaikh_Ayaz" title="Shaikh Ayaz">Shaikh Ayaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sami_(poet)" title="Sami (poet)">Sami</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#990000; color:white;;width:1%">Contemporary controversies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sindhudesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sindhudesh">Sindhudesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalabagh_Dam" title="Kalabagh Dam">Kalabagh Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_abuses_in_Sindh" title="Human rights abuses in Sindh">Human rights abuses in Sindh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#990000; color:white;;width:1%">Battles and conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rasil" title="Battle of Rasil">Battle of Rasil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debal" title="Debal">Debal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fatehpur_(1519)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Fatehpur (1519)">Battle of Fatehpur (1519)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hyderabad" title="Battle of Hyderabad">Battle of Hyderabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Miani" title="Battle of Miani">Battle of Miani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Halani" title="Battle of Halani">Battle of Halani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kachhi" title="Battle of Kachhi">Battle of Kachhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Sindh" title="Insurgency in Sindh">Insurgency in Sindh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#990000; color:white;;width:1%">Political parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awami_Tahreek" title="Awami Tahreek">Awami Tahreek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeay_Sindh_Muttahida_Mahaz" title="Jeay Sindh Muttahida Mahaz">Jeay Sindh Muttahida Mahaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeay_Sindh_Qaumi_Mahaz" title="Jeay Sindh Qaumi Mahaz">Jeay Sindh Qaumi Mahaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindh_Taraqi_Pasand_Party" title="Sindh Taraqi Pasand Party">Sindh Taraqi Pasand Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindh_United_Party" title="Sindh United Party">Sindh United Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindh_Hari_Committee" title="Sindh Hari Committee">Sindh Hari Committee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#990000; color:white;;width:1%">Student organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jeay_Sindh_Students%27_Federation" title="Jeay Sindh Students' Federation">Jeay Sindh Students' Federation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#990000; color:white;;width:1%">Militant Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sindhudesh_Liberation_Army" title="Sindhudesh Liberation Army">Sindhudesh Liberation Army</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#990000; color:white;;width:1%">Non profit organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Sindhi_Congress" title="World Sindhi Congress">World Sindhi Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Sindhi_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="World Sindhi Institute">World Sindhi Institute</a></li></ul> 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