Psilocybin (Magic Mushrooms) | National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA)

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</nav> </div> <div data-drupal-messages-fallback class="hidden"></div> </div> </div> <div class="content"> <div class="content-inner"> <main role="main" class="main inner"> <a id="main-content" tabindex="-1"></a> <div class="above-content relative"> <div> <div id="block-nidapagetitle"> <h1 class="h1 l-inner-b"> <span>Psilocybin (Magic Mushrooms)</span> </h1> </div> <div class="language-switcher-language-url formats-list-block title-area font-secondary" id="block-languageswitcher-2" role="navigation"> <ul class="links formats-list no-bullets"><li hreflang="es" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/51885" class="formats-list-item language"> <span lang="es"><a href="/es/areas-de-investigacion/la-psilocibina-setas-u-hongos-magicos" class="language-link" hreflang="es" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/51885">En español</a></span> </li></ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="main-wrapper"> <div class="layout-center-content "> <div> <div class="content-river"> <div id="block-nida-vic-adaptive-system-main"> <article data-history-node-id="51885"> <div> <div class="topic-intro-wrapper topic-intro-wrapper--research-topic full-width-wrapper l-section--accent-rt pb-1-2 mb-2-4"> <div class="topic-intro full-width-contents l-inner-sides row-no-wrap-d"> <div class="col-desktop-8 col-12"> <div class="l-card height-100 rt-highlights--wrapper"> <div><h2>Highlights</h2><div class="align-right image-medium"> <div class="media-image"> <div> <div class="visually-hidden">Image</div> <div> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/content_image_medium/public/images/GettyImages-1178534783.optimized.jpg?itok=WatH4GEM" width="426" height="284" alt="Close-up of hands wearing surgical gloves selecting a specimen clipping of psilocybin."> </div> </div> <span class="image-credit"> <div>©Getty Images/<a href="https://www.gettyimages.com/search/photographer?photographer=Moha%20El-Jaw">Moha El-Jaw</a></div> </span> </div> </div> <ul><li>Psilocybin is a chemical in <a href="#what-is-psilocybin">certain types of mushrooms</a> that grow on nearly every continent. The mushrooms have a long history of use in traditional ceremonies. Some people use them recreationally or to try to improve their mental health, although researchers still have much to learn about psilocybin’s potential uses as a medicine.</li><li>Also known as shrooms or magic mushrooms, the mushrooms can cause people to <a href="#effects-psilocybin">experience distorted sights and sounds</a> and lose their sense of time and space. People who take psilocybin may also feel intense emotions ranging from bliss to terror and may have <a href="#is-psilocybin-safe">physical side effects</a> such as increased heart rate or nausea.</li><li>Along with other partners at the National Institutes of Health, NIDA is supporting research into psilocybin as a <a href="#psilocybin-as-medicine">potential clinical treatment</a> for substance use disorders and other mental illnesses.</li></ul></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="content-inner research-topic-inner"> <aside class="layout-sidebar-left" role="complementary"> <h2 class="research-topic-inner--title"><a href="/research-topics/psychedelic-dissociative-drugs">Psychedelic and Dissociative Drugs</a></h2> <div class="research-topic-inner--content"> <div> <div class="visually-hidden">Related Topic Pages</div> <div> <div><span>Psilocybin (Magic Mushrooms)</span></div> <div><a href="/research-topics/psychedelic-dissociative-drugs-medicines">Psychedelic and Dissociative Drugs as Medicines</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </aside> <article class="main"> <div> <div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--accordion paragraph--view-mode--default iq-accordion mb-2-4"> <button class="button button-primary button--small expand" aria-label="Expand All">Expand All</button> <div> <div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--accordion-row iq-accordion--row paragraph--view-mode--default clear-both mt-0-0"> <button id="what-is-psilocybin" class="iq-accordion--heading" aria-expanded="false"><h2>What is psilocybin?</h2><span class="iq-accordion--toggle closed h3"></span></button> <div class="iq-accordion--content" aria-hidden="true"><p>Psilocybin <em>(4-phosphoryloxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine)</em> comes from certain types of mushrooms found on nearly every continent.<sup>1</sup>  The mushrooms, which are also known as shrooms or magic mushrooms, are typically consumed dried or powdered. Psilocybin is part of a group of drugs called psychedelics—or hallucinogens—that have the potential to change a person’s sense of reality, leading them to see, hear, and feel things that are not happening in real life, or to experience reality in a different way.<sup>2</sup></p><p>The mushrooms have a long history of use. There is evidence that indigenous people in Central America used them for healing and spiritual rituals as far back as 3000 B.C.<sup>3</sup>  Scientists began studying psilocybin decades ago, along with related substances like lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), to examine their potential to treat mental illness, including substance use disorders.<sup>2,4</sup></p><p>Now, there is a new surge of interest in discovering how psilocybin works and its potential to help treat conditions such as depression, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), addiction, pain, and neurodegenerative disorders.<sup>5</sup>  Individuals are also curious to see how psilocybin might affect their way of thinking and living. According to a survey published in 2021 of more than 7,000 people, some 7%—or about 500 people—reported having used psilocybin mushrooms in the past year.<sup>6</sup>  People who use them may hope to have an enjoyable, meaningful or spiritual experience, to improve their well-being, or to self-treat a medical disorder such as depression or anxiety.<sup>2,7</sup></p></div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--accordion-row iq-accordion--row paragraph--view-mode--default clear-both mt-0-0"> <button id="psilocybin-in-the-brain" class="iq-accordion--heading" aria-expanded="false"><h2>How does psilocybin work in the brain?</h2><span class="iq-accordion--toggle closed h3"></span></button> <div class="iq-accordion--content" aria-hidden="true"><p>When a person takes psilocybin, their body converts it to another substance, psilocin.<sup>1</sup> Psilocin attaches to and activates receptors, or binding sites, for the brain chemical serotonin, primarily the serotonin 5-hydroxytryptamine 2A (5HT2a) receptor. Researchers think this action is responsible for much of a person’s subjective experience when they take the mushrooms.<sup>4</sup> </p><p>Psilocin activity at the 5HT2a receptor affects how the brain works and how different brain regions communicate with each other. These altered patterns of brain activity contribute to a person’s profound change in consciousness. Some regions increase in activity and connectedness while others decrease.<sup>4</sup> Studies suggest that psilocybin can temporarily disrupt communication among regions of the brain known as the default mode network, which is most active when we self-reflect.<sup>4,8</sup>   Reducing a person’s focus on their self may lead to a greater feeling of openness and increased connectedness to the world.<sup>4</sup></p></div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--accordion-row iq-accordion--row paragraph--view-mode--default clear-both mt-0-0"> <button id="effects-psilocybin" class="iq-accordion--heading" aria-expanded="false"><h2>What are the effects of psilocybin?</h2><span class="iq-accordion--toggle closed h3"></span></button> <div class="iq-accordion--content" aria-hidden="true"><p>Psilocybin has a wide range of potential effects.  A person’s personality and expectations of the experience at the time they take the drug—called the “set”—and the surrounding people and environment—called the “setting”—play a role in how they respond to it.<sup>4,9</sup>  Also important are the amount taken and potency (concentration and strength), as well as a person’s age, unique biology, sex, personality, and history of drug use.<sup>10</sup>  Effects may include:</p><h3>Altered Perception</h3><p>Magic mushrooms typically cause shifts in how a person perceives reality.  People may see colors, shapes, or scenes; hear things that aren’t real; or lose their sense of time and space.<sup>11</sup></p><h3>Mood and Perception</h3><p>Changes A person taking psilocybin may have what’s called a mystical experience, where they enter a dreamlike, euphoric state, perhaps having visions or reliving memories. They may have a different sense of self, feeling that they have no personal boundaries and are one with the universe—what some researchers call “oceanic self-boundlessness”.<sup>4,6</sup>  This experience can be blissful, but it may also be frightening, and cause fear or panic.</p><h3>Physical Effects</h3><p>Psilocybin can cause many effects, some of them unpleasant.  See “<a href="#is-psilocybin-safe">Is psilocybin safe?</a>” for more information.</p></div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--accordion-row iq-accordion--row paragraph--view-mode--default clear-both mt-0-0"> <button id="people-use-psilocybin" class="iq-accordion--heading" aria-expanded="false"><h2>Why do people use psilocybin?</h2><span class="iq-accordion--toggle closed h3"></span></button> <div class="iq-accordion--content" aria-hidden="true"><p>People have been using mushrooms that contain psilocybin for thousands of years, including in religious rituals. Today, some people use the mushrooms in the hopes of having a unique, interesting, enlightening, and/or spiritual experience. Others take very small amounts of the substance regularly, a practice called microdosing, trying to improve their mental state and productivity.<sup>12</sup></p><p>Researchers are testing psilocybin’s potential to treat mental health disorders like substance use disorders, depression, anxiety, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Some people report taking magic mushrooms on their own hoping to achieve the same results, though additional research is needed to support this outcome.</p></div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--accordion-row iq-accordion--row paragraph--view-mode--default clear-both mt-0-0"> <button id="is-psilocybin-safe" class="iq-accordion--heading" aria-expanded="false"><h2>Is psilocybin safe?</h2><span class="iq-accordion--toggle closed h3"></span></button> <div class="iq-accordion--content" aria-hidden="true"><p>Psilocybin has a low level of toxicity, which means that it has a low potential of causing potentially fatal events like breathing problems or a heart attack.<sup>1</sup> However, studies show there are health risks associated with taking psilocybin, particularly when unsupervised and outside of a research study and clinical supervision. These include:</p><h3>Dangerous Behavior</h3><p>People may do things that put themselves or others at risk of physical harm after taking mushrooms in an unsupervised environment—driving dangerously or walking in traffic, for example—as they may be less aware of their physical surroundings<sup>13</sup> and have an impairment in their ability to think clearly.</p><h3>Physical Side Effects</h3><p>Psilocybin typically raises blood pressure and heart rate, which may be dangerous for people with heart conditions. People may also experience side effects like agitation, confusion, vomiting or nausea, which may be severe and require medical attention.<sup>14</sup>  With more public interest and, in some areas, fewer legal restrictions on psilocybin use, exposures reported to poison control centers have increased over the past few years.<sup>15</sup></p><p>There is also the risk of misidentifying mushrooms and taking a toxic mushroom instead of one containing psilocybin.<sup>16</sup>  According to the U.S. Centers for Disease Controls and Prevention (CDC), some commercial products such as candies marketed as containing psilocybin have also been found to contain toxic chemicals and <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/environmental-health-studies/outbreak-investigation-diamond-shruumz-products/index.html">have caused severe illness</a>.</p><h3>Fear</h3><p>Some people who take psilocybin have extreme fear, anxiety, panic, or paranoia as they experience its hallucinogenic effects, which is known as a “bad trip.”<sup>17</sup></p><h3>Mental Health Issues</h3><p>The risk of mental health problems such as psychosis or suicidality in supervised clinical settings among people who participate in research on psilocybin is low. However, poor mental health outcomes may be more likely with use outside of clinical settings. For more information, see “<a href="/research-topics/psychedelic-dissociative-drugs#mental-illness" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="8b0eaf5a-3505-45d9-9a21-3f27340c82f6" data-entity-substitution="canonical">What is the relationship between psychedelic and dissociative drugs and mental illness?</a>”</p></div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--accordion-row iq-accordion--row paragraph--view-mode--default clear-both mt-0-0"> <button id="is-psilocybin-addictive" class="iq-accordion--heading" aria-expanded="false"><h2>Is psilocybin addictive? Do people experience psilocybin-related withdrawal?</h2><span class="iq-accordion--toggle closed h3"></span></button> <div class="iq-accordion--content" aria-hidden="true"><p>Research to date suggests that use of psilocybin does not typically lead to addiction.<sup>2,18</sup>  To be diagnosed with a substance use disorder, a person must meet specific diagnostic criteria for continued substance use despite negative consequences.</p><p>The <em>Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition</em> (DSM-5)—a reference text professionals use to diagnose substance use disorders and other psychiatric disorders—does not include substance use criteria specifically related to psilocybin, though it includes diagnoses of phencyclidine (PCP) use disorder and “other hallucinogen use disorder”. For more information, see “<a href="/research-topics/psychedelic-dissociative-drugs#experience-withdrawal" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="8b0eaf5a-3505-45d9-9a21-3f27340c82f6" data-entity-substitution="canonical">Are psychedelic and dissociative drugs addictive?</a>”</p></div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--accordion-row iq-accordion--row paragraph--view-mode--default clear-both mt-0-0"> <button id="psilocybin-pregnancy" class="iq-accordion--heading" aria-expanded="false"><h2>How does psilocybin affect pregnancy?</h2><span class="iq-accordion--toggle closed h3"></span></button> <div class="iq-accordion--content" aria-hidden="true"><p class="MsoNormal">There is no data on the safety of taking psilocybin during pregnancy, for either a mother or a developing baby. People should consult their health provider before taking any drug during pregnancy.<o:p></o:p></p></div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--accordion-row iq-accordion--row paragraph--view-mode--default clear-both mt-0-0"> <button id="psilocybin-microdosing" class="iq-accordion--heading" aria-expanded="false"><h2>What is psilocybin microdosing?</h2><span class="iq-accordion--toggle closed h3"></span></button> <div class="iq-accordion--content" aria-hidden="true"><p class="MsoNormal">Microdosing means regularly taking a very small amount of a hallucinogenic substance, usually 5-10% of a typical recreational dose, low enough so that people do not experience hallucinogenic effects. Some people microdose psilocybin hoping that it will improve mental health issues like depression, anxiety, and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Though some people claim psilocybin has improved their symptoms, research to date has not established that microdosing is safe or effective.<sup>11</sup>  <sup><o:p></o:p></sup></p></div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--accordion-row iq-accordion--row paragraph--view-mode--default clear-both mt-0-0"> <button id="psilocybin-as-medicine" class="iq-accordion--heading" aria-expanded="false"><h2>Could psilocybin be used as medicine?</h2><span class="iq-accordion--toggle closed h3"></span></button> <div class="iq-accordion--content" aria-hidden="true"><p>Researchers are investigating psilocybin as a potential treatment for many health disorders.  These include:</p><h3>Substance Use Disorders</h3><p>Preliminary research indicates that psilocybin may be helpful in treating substance use disorders, including tobacco use disorder.<sup>19,20</sup> NIDA is funding a <a href="https://reporter.nih.gov/search/y9Btz_n3EECPj-66w05XNA/project-details/10669236#publications">large, multi-site study</a> on the effectiveness of psilocybin versus a nicotine patch, in combination with therapy, to help people stop smoking.</p><h3>Depression and Anxiety</h3><p>There is evidence that psilocybin may be an effective treatment for depression and anxiety disorders.<sup>21,22</sup> To support further research, the FDA granted Breakthrough Therapy designation for a few formulations of psilocybin being studied for safety and efficacy as a medical treatment for depression.</p><h3>Anxiety Related to Illness and End-of-Life</h3><p>Research suggests that some psychedelics can reduce anxiety and depression in people with cancer, and can promote well-being, quality of life, and acceptance of their illness and related issues.<sup>23,24,25</sup> The National Cancer Institute, part of the National Institutes of Health, is <a href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05398484">funding a follow-up multi-site clinical trial</a> to investigate the use of psilocybin to treat cancer-related mental health issues.</p></div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--accordion-row iq-accordion--row paragraph--view-mode--default clear-both mt-0-0"> <button id="NIDA-research-on-psilocybin" class="iq-accordion--heading" aria-expanded="false"><h2>How is NIDA supporting research on psilocybin?</h2><span class="iq-accordion--toggle closed h3"></span></button> <div class="iq-accordion--content" aria-hidden="true"><p>NIDA is conducting and supporting preclinical (laboratory) research into psilocybin’s effects on the brain and body, and whether there are similar substances that may have the same benefits without side-effects such as hallucinations. The institute also supports clinical investigations into psilocybin as a therapeutic substance. These include studies on its effectiveness and safety as a treatment for substance use disorders and to help people quit smoking.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal">Find out more about NIDA-supported studies <a href="https://reporter.nih.gov/search/9It4P2ODPEeoRPx7-tjCKQ/projects">related to psilocybin</a>.<o:p></o:p></p></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--summary-cards-row-of-2 paragraph--view-mode--default l-section"> <div class="l-inner-b card-grid"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mb-3-6"><div class="views-element-container" id="block-views-block-latest-from-nida-block-16"> <h2>Latest from NIDA</h2> <div><div class="media-list js-view-dom-id-b9fd8eceb48b50bd93f95101c2d53cf869b4b46f82c97f63eda36bd14f789ca4"> <div class="media-list-item "> <article data-history-node-id="53356"> <div class="media-item row v-align-middle"> <div class="media-item-image col-4"> <a href="/news-events/news-releases/2024/08/cannabis-and-hallucinogen-use-among-adults-remained-at-historic-highs-in-2023"> <div><div class="featured-card"> <div> <div class="visually-hidden">Image</div> <div> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/featured_card/public/images/gettyimages-1464577957.optimized.jpg?h=199d8c1f&itok=BgcvmZqU" width="600" height="400" alt="Young woman thoughtfully looking around while moving up on an escalator in a subway station" /> </div> </div> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="media-item-content col-8"> <div class="tags tag-newspaper"><a href="/news-events/news-releases">News Release</a></div> <h3 class="media-item-title"> <a href="/news-events/news-releases/2024/08/cannabis-and-hallucinogen-use-among-adults-remained-at-historic-highs-in-2023" rel="bookmark"> <span>Cannabis and hallucinogen use among adults remained at historic highs in 2023</span> </a> </h3> <div class="media-item-blurb text-small desktop-only"> <span class="meta-data date text-small"> <time datetime="2024-08-29T12:00:00Z">August 29, 2024</time> </span> |  Vaping among younger adults and binge drinking among mid-life adults also maintained historically high levels </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div class="media-list-item "> <article data-history-node-id="51942"> <div class="media-item row v-align-middle"> <div class="media-item-image col-4"> <a href="/news-events/news-releases/2024/02/law-enforcement-seizures-of-psilocybin-mushrooms-rose-dramatically-between-2017-2022"> <div><div class="featured-card"> <div> <div class="visually-hidden">Image</div> <div> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/featured_card/public/images/gettyimages-1293020642.optimized.jpg?h=4c1fc98e&itok=fwqaqzKi" width="600" height="400" alt="Woman looking up into the sky above the tree tops of a cypress forest." /> </div> </div> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="media-item-content col-8"> <div class="tags tag-newspaper"><a href="/news-events/news-releases">News Release</a></div> <h3 class="media-item-title"> <a href="/news-events/news-releases/2024/02/law-enforcement-seizures-of-psilocybin-mushrooms-rose-dramatically-between-2017-2022" rel="bookmark"> <span>Law enforcement seizures of psilocybin mushrooms rose dramatically between 2017-2022</span> </a> </h3> <div class="media-item-blurb text-small desktop-only"> <span class="meta-data date text-small"> <time datetime="2024-02-06T12:00:00Z">February 6, 2024</time> </span> |  NIH-supported research highlights need to better understand psilocybin in context of growing psychedelic use </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div class="media-list-item "> <article data-history-node-id="51532"> <div class="media-item row v-align-middle"> <div class="media-item-image col-4"> <a href="/news-events/nida-asks/can-science-keep-up-with-designer-drugs"> <div><div class="featured-card"> <div> <div class="visually-hidden">Image</div> <div> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/featured_card/public/images/whackamolecropped.jpg?h=10d202d3&itok=n9l8isve" width="600" height="400" alt="Close-up of a brightly lit whack-a-mole carnival game." /> </div> </div> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="media-item-content col-8"> <div class="tags tag-nidaasks"><a href="/news-events/nida-asks">NIDA Asks</a></div> <h3 class="media-item-title"> <a href="/news-events/nida-asks/can-science-keep-up-with-designer-drugs" rel="bookmark"> <span>Can science keep up with designer drugs?</span> </a> </h3> <div class="media-item-blurb text-small desktop-only"> <span class="meta-data date text-small"> <time datetime="2023-10-23T12:00:00Z">October 23, 2023</time> </span> |  What’s really in bath salts, N-bombs, and synthetic opioids? What are the health risks of taking these drugs? </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <footer> <a href="/search?sort=_score&language=en&research_topic=Hallucinogens%2CPsilocybin%2CPsychedelics" class="button button-primary-alt button--small">View More</a> </footer> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--full-width-text paragraph--view-mode--default l-inner-b"> <h2 class="h2 pb-1-2"> Find More Resources on Psilocybin </h2> <div><ul><li><a href="https://www.dea.gov/sites/default/files/2020-06/Psilocybin-2020.pdf">Information about psilocybin</a> from the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA).</li><li><a href="https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/psilocybin-for-mental-health-and-addiction-what-you-need-to-know">Psilocybin for mental health and addiction</a> on the National Institute for Complementary and Integrative Health website.</li></ul></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="iq-accordion iq-accordion--references clear-both mb-2-4 pt-0-6"> <button id="references" class="iq-accordion--heading" aria-expanded="false"><h2>References</h2><span class="iq-accordion--toggle closed h3"></span></button> <div class="iq-accordion--content" aria-hidden="true"> <div><ol><li>Geiger HA, Wurst MG, Daniels RN. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29956917/">DARK Classics in Chemical Neuroscience: Psilocybin</a>. <em>ACS Chem Neurosci</em>. 2018;9(10):2438-2447. doi:10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00186</li><li>Nichols DE. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26841800/">Psychedelics</a> [published correction appears in Pharmacol Rev. 2016 Apr;68(2):356. doi: 10.1124/pr.114.011478err]. <em>Pharmacol Rev</em>. 2016;68(2):264-355. doi:10.1124/pr.115.011478</li><li>Carod-Artal FJ. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21893367/">Hallucinogenic drugs in pre-Columbian Mesoamerican cultures</a>. <em>Neurologia</em>. 2015;30(1):42-49. doi:10.1016/j.nrl.2011.07.003</li><li>Vollenweider FX, Smallridge JW. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9110100/">Classic Psychedelic Drugs: Update on Biological Mechanisms</a>. <em>Pharmacopsychiatry</em>. 2022;55(3):121-138. doi:10.1055/a-1721-2914</li><li>Johnson MW, Griffiths RR. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28585222/">Potential Therapeutic Effects of Psilocybin</a>. <em>Neurotherapeutics</em>. 2017;14(3):734-740. doi:10.1007/s13311-017-0542-y</li><li>Matzopoulos R, Morlock R, Morlock A, Lerer B, Lerer L. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8761614/">Psychedelic Mushrooms in the USA: Knowledge, Patterns of Use, and Association With Health Outcomes</a> [published correction appears in Front Psychiatry. 2022 Mar 23;13:877390. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.877390]. <em>Front Psychiatry</em>. 2022;12:780696. Published 2022 Jan 3. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.780696</li><li>Soares CM, Leite Â, Pinto M. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35574941/">Self-Care Practices with Psychedelics - A Qualitative Study of Users' Perspectives</a>. <em>J Psychoactive Drug</em>s. 2023;55(2):159-169. doi:10.1080/02791072.2022.2071134</li><li>Smigielski L, Scheidegger M, Kometer M, Vollenweider FX. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30965131/">Psilocybin-assisted mindfulness training modulates self-consciousness and brain default mode network connectivity with lasting effects</a>. <em>Neuroimage</em>. 2019;196:207-215. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.04.009</li><li>Reiff CM, Richman EE, Nemeroff CB, et al. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32098487/">Psychedelics and Psychedelic-Assisted Psychotherapy</a>. <em>Am J Psychiatry</em>. 2020;177(5):391-410. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2019.19010035</li><li>Studerus E, Gamma A, Kometer M, Vollenweider FX. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22363492/">Prediction of psilocybin response in healthy volunteers</a>. <em>PLoS One</em>. 2012;7(2):e30800. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0030800</li><li>Johnson MW, Hendricks PS, Barrett FS, Griffiths RR. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30521880/">Classic psychedelics: An integrative review of epidemiology, therapeutics, mystical experience, and brain network function</a>. <em>Pharmacol Ther</em>. 2019;197:83-102. doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.11.010</li><li>Kuypers KP, Ng L, Erritzoe D, et al. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31303095/">Microdosing psychedelics: More questions than answers? An overview and suggestions for future research</a>. <em>J Psychopharmacol</em>. 2019;33(9):1039-1057. doi:10.1177/0269881119857204</li><li>Carbonaro TM, Bradstreet MP, Barrett FS, et al. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5551678/">Survey study of challenging experiences after ingesting psilocybin mushrooms: Acute and enduring positive and negative consequences</a>. <em>J Psychopharmacol</em>. 2016;30(12):1268-1278. doi:10.1177/0269881116662634</li><li>van Amsterdam J, Opperhuizen A, van den Brink W. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21256914/">Harm potential of magic mushroom use: a review</a>. <em>Regul Toxicol Pharmacol</em>. 2011;59(3):423-429. doi:10.1016/j.yrtph.2011.01.006</li><li>Farah R, Kerns AF, Murray AC, Holstege C<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38416101/">P. Psilocybin Exposures Reported to U.S. Poison Centers: National Trends Over a Decade</a>. <em>J Adolesc Health</em>. 2024;74(5):1053-1056. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2024.01.027</li><li>Franz M, Regele H, Kirchmair M, et al. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8941602/">Magic mushrooms: hope for a 'cheap high' resulting in end-stage renal failure</a>. <em>Nephrol Dial Transplant</em>. 1996;11(11):2324-2327. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.ndt.a027160</li><li>Johnson M, Richards W, Griffiths R. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3056407/">Human hallucinogen research: guidelines for safety</a>. <em>J Psychopharmacol</em>. 2008;22(6):603-620. doi:10.1177/0269881108093587</li><li>Johnson MW, Griffiths RR, Hendricks PS, Henningfield JE. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6791528/">The abuse potential of medical psilocybin according to the 8 factors of the Controlled Substances Act</a>. <em>Neuropharmacology</em>. 2018;142:143-166. doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.05.012</li><li>van der Meer PB, Fuentes JJ, Kaptein AA, et al. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9947277/">Therapeutic effect of psilocybin in addiction: A systematic review</a>. <em>Front Psychiatry</em>. 2023;14:1134454. Published 2023 Feb 9. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1134454</li><li>Bogenschutz MP, Ross S, Bhatt S, et al. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36001306/">Percentage of Heavy Drinking Days Following Psilocybin-Assisted Psychotherapy vs Placebo in the Treatment of Adult Patients With Alcohol Use Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial</a> [published correction appears in JAMA Psychiatry. 2022 Sep 14. doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2022.2982]. <em>JAMA Psychiatry</em>. 2022;79(10):953-962. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2022.2096</li><li>Castro Santos H, Gama Marques J. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33884324/">What is the clinical evidence on psilocybin for the treatment of psychiatric disorders? A systematic review</a>. <em>Porto Biomed J</em>. 2021;6(1):e128. Published 2021 Feb 11. doi:10.1097/j.pbj.0000000000000128</li><li>Goldberg SB, Pace BT, Nicholas CR, Raison CL, Hutson PR. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31931272/">The experimental effects of psilocybin on symptoms of anxiety and depression: A meta-analysis</a>. <em>Psychiatry Res</em>. 2020;284:112749. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112749</li><li>Griffiths RR, Johnson MW, Carducci MA, et al. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27909165/">Psilocybin produces substantial and sustained decreases in depression and anxiety in patients with life-threatening cancer: A randomized double-blind trial</a>. <em>J Psychopharmacol</em>. 2016;30(12):1181-1197. doi:10.1177/0269881116675513</li><li>Schimmers N, Breeksema JJ, Smith-Apeldoorn SY, Veraart J, van den Brink W, Schoevers RA. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34812901/">Psychedelics for the treatment of depression, anxiety, and existential distress in patients with a terminal illness: a systematic review [published correction appears in Psychopharmacology</a> (Berl). 2023 Aug;240(8):1823. doi: 10.1007/s00213-023-06406-7]. <em>Psychopharmacology</em> (Berl). 2022;239(1):15-33. doi:10.1007/s00213-021-06027-y</li><li>White CM, Weisman N, Dalo J. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36635883/">Psychedelics for Patients With Cancer: A Comprehensive Literature Review</a>. <em>Ann Pharmacother</em>. 2023;57(9):1062-1075. doi:10.1177/10600280221144055</li></ol></div> </div> </div> </article> <aside class="layout-sidebar-right article-aside" role="complementary"> <div class="citation-block" id="block-citation"> <div class="citation"> <button class="citation-header button button-primary-alt button--small" aria-expanded="false" tabindex="0"> <span class="pointer-background"><i class="fas fa-quote-left"></i> Cite this article</span> </button> <div class="citation-content"> <div class="tabs-wrapper"> <button class="tab-button active button button-secondary-alt button--small" data-click="selectme1">APA Style</button> <button class="tab-button button button-secondary-alt button--small" data-click="selectme2">MLA Style</button> <button class="tab-button button button-secondary-alt button--small" data-click="selectme3">AMA Style</button> </div> <div id="selectme1" class="selectme"> <p> NIDA. 2024, January 24. 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Poison control can be reached at <a href="tel:1-800-222-1222" style="color:#A42629; border-color:#A42629;">1-800-222-1222</a> or <a href="https://www.poison.org" style="color:#A42629; border-color:#A42629;">www.poison.org</a>. </li> <li><strong>Are you or someone you know experiencing a substance use and/or mental health crisis or any other kind of emotional distress?</strong> Please <strong>call or text 988</strong> or chat <a href="https://www.988lifeline.org" style="color:#A42629; border-color:#A42629;">www.988lifeline.org</a> to reach the 988 Suicide & Crisis Lifeline. 988 connects you with a trained crisis counselor who can help.</li> </ul> <h3>FIND TREATMENT:</h3> <ul style="margin-left:1.3rem;"> <li>For referrals to substance use and mental health treatment programs, call the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Administration (SAMHSA) National Helpline at <a href="tel:1-800-6620-4357" style="color:#A42629; border-color:#A42629;">1-800-662-HELP (4357)</a> or visit <a href="https:///www.findtreatment.gov" style="color:#A42629; border-color:#A42629;">www.FindTreatment.gov</a> to find a qualified healthcare provider in your area.</li> <li>For other personal medical advice, please speak to a qualified health professional. Find more health resources on <a href="https://www.usa.gov/health" style="color:#A42629; border-color:#A42629;">USA.gov</a>.</li> </ul> <h3>DISCLAIMER:</h3> <p><em>The emergency and referral resources listed above are available to individuals located in the United States and are not operated by the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA). NIDA is a biomedical research organization and does not provide personalized medical advice, treatment, counseling, or legal consultation. 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