Click flooding detection: The false-positive challenge

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Fraudsters exploit this constraint for their benefit" /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.appsflyer.com/blog/mobile-fraud/click-flooding-detection-false-positive-challenge/" /> <meta property="og:locale" content="en_US" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Click flooding detection and the false-positive challenge" /> <meta property="og:description" content="The false positive test is used by anti-fraud vendors to ensure legitimate activity isn't blocked. Fraudsters exploit this constraint for their benefit" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.appsflyer.com/blog/mobile-fraud/click-flooding-detection-false-positive-challenge/" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="AppsFlyer" /> <meta property="article:published_time" content="2020-06-22T00:00:00+00:00" /> <meta property="article:modified_time" content="2023-08-28T18:38:08+00:00" /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://www.appsflyer.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/click-flooding-detection-false-positive-challenge-og.png" /> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200" /> <meta property="og:image:height" content="630" /> <meta property="og:image:type" content="image/png" /> <meta name="author" content="Jonathan Ydov" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" />  <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//go.appsflyer.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//cdnjs.cloudflare.com' /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="AppsFlyer » Click flooding detection and the false-positive challenge Comments Feed" href="https://www.appsflyer.com/blog/mobile-fraud/click-flooding-detection-false-positive-challenge/feed/" /> <script type="text/javascript"> /* <![CDATA[ */ window._wpemojiSettings = {"baseUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/15.0.3\/72x72\/","ext":".png","svgUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/15.0.3\/svg\/","svgExt":".svg","source":{"concatemoji":"https:\/\/www.appsflyer.com\/wp-includes\/js\/wp-emoji-release.min.js?ver=6.5.5"}}; /*! 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href="https://www.appsflyer.com/products/customer-experience-deep-linking/"> <b class="d-block pb-2">CX & deep linking</b> <span class="d-none d-md-block navbar-nav__item-text"> Boost revenue with exceptional customer experience </span> </a> </li> <li itemprop="name" role="menuitem" class="py-4 py-md-3"> <a itemprop="url" data-aft="internal-link" data-aft-block="main-nav" target="_self" title="Create meaningful conversations with your customers" id="" href="https://www.appsflyer.com/products/audiences/"> <b class="d-block pb-2">Audience segmentation</b> <span class="d-none d-md-block navbar-nav__item-text"> Create meaningful conversations with your customers </span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="mega-menu__col mega-menu__col--layout-2 col-sm flex-column pt-md-55 pb-md-40 order-0 order-md-1 "> <span class="navbar-nav__title d-none d-md-block pt-0 pb-3"> Protect </span> <ul itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" role="menu" class="navbar-nav list-style-none 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href="https://www.appsflyer.com/products/privacy-cloud/"> <b class="d-block pb-2">Privacy Cloud</b> <span class="d-none d-md-block navbar-nav__item-text"> Collaborate with your partners in a privacy-centric way </span> </a> </li> <li itemprop="name" role="menuitem" class="py-4 py-md-3"> <a itemprop="url" data-aft="internal-link" data-aft-block="main-nav" target="_self" title="First-party data monetization that fuels retail media growth" id="" href="https://www.appsflyer.com/products/data-collaboration/"> <b class="d-block pb-2">AppsFlyer Data Collaboration Platform</b> <span class="d-none d-md-block navbar-nav__item-text"> First-party data monetization that fuels retail media growth </span> </a> </li> <li itemprop="name" role="menuitem" class="py-4 py-md-3"> <a itemprop="url" data-aft="internal-link" data-aft-block="main-nav" target="_self" title="Connect to over 10,000 tech and media partners" id="" href="https://www.appsflyer.com/products/integrations/"> <b class="d-block pb-2">Partner marketplace</b> <span class="d-none d-md-block navbar-nav__item-text"> Connect to over 10,000 tech and media partners </span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row mx-0 d-md-flex w-100 ml-md-0 theme-borders--sm theme-borders--top theme-borders--color-1"> <ul data-parent-id="products" class="mega-menu__col--main-links flex-column flex-md-row col align-items-md-center list-style-none d-flex order-1 order-sm-0 ml-md-0 px-0 pt-md-20 pb-25"> <li class="pr-sm-40"> <a class="btn-arrow d-inline-block" href="https://www.appsflyer.com/interactive-product-tours/" data-aft="internal-link" data-aft-block="main-nav" id="" target="_self"> Interactive product tours </a> </li> <li class="pr-sm-40"> <a class="btn-arrow d-inline-block" href="https://www.appsflyer.com/solutions/ios/" data-aft="internal-link" data-aft-block="main-nav" id="" target="_self"> iOS 14+ solutions </a> </li> <li class="pr-sm-40"> <a class="btn-arrow d-inline-block" href="https://www.appsflyer.com/products/apis/" data-aft="internal-link" data-aft-block="main-nav" id="" target="_self"> Data feeds & APIs </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </li> <li itemprop="name" role="menuitem" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom nav-item mega-parent"> <a itemprop="url" title="Solutions" class="nav-link" href="#">Solutions </a> <nav class="mega-menu flex-column fixed-top pb-20 pb-md-0 px-20" data-mega-nav-id="solutions"> <div class="container-fluid pl-40 pl-md-20 ml-md-auto pt-sm-20 pt-md-0 px-md-0 align-items-stretch d-md-block"> <div class="row mx-0"> <div class="mega-menu__cols mega-menu__cols--columns mega-menu__cols--layout-2 row w-100 flex-column flex-md-row justify-content-md-between pl-0 pt-30 pt-sm-0 "> <div class="mega-menu__col mega-menu__col--layout-2 col-sm flex-column pt-md-55 pb-md-40 order-0 order-md-1 "> <span class="navbar-nav__title d-none d-md-block pt-0 pb-3"> Team </span> <ul itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" role="menu" class="navbar-nav list-style-none flex-column"> <li itemprop="name" role="menuitem" class="py-4 py-md-2"> <a itemprop="url" data-aft="internal-link" data-aft-block="main-nav" target="_self" title="" id="" href="https://www.appsflyer.com/solutions/marketing/"> <span class="d-block pb-2">Marketing</span> <span class="d-none d-md-block navbar-nav__item-text"> </span> </a> </li> <li itemprop="name" role="menuitem" class="py-4 py-md-2"> <a itemprop="url" data-aft="internal-link" data-aft-block="main-nav" target="_self" title="" id="" href="https://www.appsflyer.com/solutions/product/"> <span class="d-block pb-2">Product</span> <span class="d-none d-md-block navbar-nav__item-text"> </span> </a> </li> <li itemprop="name" role="menuitem" class="py-4 py-md-2"> <a itemprop="url" data-aft="internal-link" data-aft-block="main-nav" target="_self" title="" id="" href="https://www.appsflyer.com/solutions/data-analytics/"> <span class="d-block pb-2">Data & Analytics</span> <span class="d-none d-md-block navbar-nav__item-text"> </span> </a> </li> <li itemprop="name" role="menuitem" class="py-4 py-md-2"> <a itemprop="url" data-aft="internal-link" data-aft-block="main-nav" target="_self" title="" id="" href="https://www.appsflyer.com/solutions/research-and-development/"> <span class="d-block pb-2">R&D</span> <span class="d-none d-md-block navbar-nav__item-text"> </span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="mega-menu__col mega-menu__col--layout-2 col-sm flex-column pt-md-55 pb-md-40 order-0 order-md-1 "> <span class="navbar-nav__title d-none d-md-block pt-0 pb-3"> Goal </span> <ul itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" role="menu" class="navbar-nav list-style-none flex-column"> <li itemprop="name" role="menuitem" class="py-4 py-md-2"> <a itemprop="url" data-aft="internal-link" data-aft-block="main-nav" target="_self" title="" id="" href="https://www.appsflyer.com/solutions/regain-ios-visibility/"> <span class="d-block pb-2">Regain iOS visibility</span> <span class="d-none d-md-block navbar-nav__item-text"> </span> </a> </li> <li itemprop="name" role="menuitem" class="py-4 py-md-2"> <a itemprop="url" data-aft="internal-link" data-aft-block="main-nav" target="_self" title="" id="" href="https://www.appsflyer.com/solutions/kickstart-app-growth/"> <span class="d-block pb-2">Kickstart app growth</span> <span class="d-none d-md-block navbar-nav__item-text"> </span> </a> </li> <li itemprop="name" role="menuitem" class="py-4 py-md-2"> <a itemprop="url" data-aft="internal-link" data-aft-block="main-nav" target="_self" title="" id="" href="https://www.appsflyer.com/solutions/scale-ua-campaigns/"> <span class="d-block pb-2">Scale user acquisition</span> <span class="d-none d-md-block navbar-nav__item-text"> </span> </a> </li> <li itemprop="name" role="menuitem" class="py-4 py-md-2"> <a itemprop="url" data-aft="internal-link" data-aft-block="main-nav" target="_self" title="" id="" href="https://www.appsflyer.com/solutions/maximize-user-ltv/"> <span class="d-block pb-2">Increase engagement & LTV </span> <span class="d-none d-md-block navbar-nav__item-text"> </span> </a> </li> <li itemprop="name" role="menuitem" class="py-4 py-md-2"> <a itemprop="url" data-aft="internal-link" data-aft-block="main-nav" target="_self" title="" id="" href="https://www.appsflyer.com/solutions/maximize-roas/"> <span class="d-block pb-2">Maximize ROAS</span> <span class="d-none d-md-block navbar-nav__item-text"> </span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="mega-menu__col mega-menu__col--layout-2 col-sm flex-column pt-md-55 pb-md-40 order-0 order-md-1 "> <span class="navbar-nav__title d-none d-md-block pt-0 pb-3"> Industry </span> <ul itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" role="menu" class="navbar-nav list-style-none flex-column"> <li itemprop="name" role="menuitem" class="py-4 py-md-2"> <a itemprop="url" data-aft="internal-link" data-aft-block="main-nav" target="_self" title="" id="" href="https://www.appsflyer.com/solutions/games/"> <span class="d-block pb-2">Gaming</span> <span class="d-none d-md-block navbar-nav__item-text"> </span> </a> </li> <li itemprop="name" role="menuitem" class="py-4 py-md-2"> <a itemprop="url" data-aft="internal-link" data-aft-block="main-nav" target="_self" title="" id="" href="https://www.appsflyer.com/solutions/shopping/"> <span class="d-block pb-2">Shopping</span> <span class="d-none d-md-block navbar-nav__item-text"> </span> </a> </li> <li itemprop="name" role="menuitem" class="py-4 py-md-2"> <a itemprop="url" data-aft="internal-link" data-aft-block="main-nav" target="_self" title="" id="" href="https://www.appsflyer.com/solutions/finance/"> <span class="d-block pb-2">Finance</span> <span class="d-none d-md-block navbar-nav__item-text"> </span> </a> </li> <li itemprop="name" role="menuitem" class="py-4 py-md-2"> <a itemprop="url" data-aft="internal-link" data-aft-block="main-nav" target="_self" title="" id="" href="https://www.appsflyer.com/solutions/food-drink/"> <span class="d-block pb-2">Food & drink</span> <span class="d-none d-md-block navbar-nav__item-text"> </span> </a> </li> <li itemprop="name" role="menuitem" class="py-4 py-md-2"> <a itemprop="url" data-aft="internal-link" data-aft-block="main-nav" target="_self" title="" id="" href="https://www.appsflyer.com/solutions/health-fitness/"> <span class="d-block pb-2">Health & fitness</span> <span class="d-none d-md-block navbar-nav__item-text"> </span> </a> </li> <li itemprop="name" role="menuitem" class="py-4 py-md-2"> <a itemprop="url" data-aft="internal-link" data-aft-block="main-nav" target="_self" title="" id="" href="https://www.appsflyer.com/solutions/travel/"> <span class="d-block pb-2">Travel</span> <span class="d-none d-md-block navbar-nav__item-text"> </span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="mega-menu__col mega-menu__col--layout-2 col-sm flex-column pt-md-55 pb-md-40 order-0 order-md-1 "> <span class="navbar-nav__title d-none d-md-block pt-0 pb-3"> Platform </span> <ul itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" role="menu" class="navbar-nav list-style-none flex-column"> <li itemprop="name" role="menuitem" class="py-4 py-md-2"> <a itemprop="url" data-aft="internal-link" data-aft-block="main-nav" target="_self" title="" id="" href="https://www.appsflyer.com/solutions/ios/"> <span class="d-block pb-2">iOS</span> <span class="d-none d-md-block navbar-nav__item-text"> </span> </a> </li> <li itemprop="name" role="menuitem" class="py-4 py-md-2"> <a itemprop="url" data-aft="internal-link" data-aft-block="main-nav" target="_self" title="" id="" href="https://www.appsflyer.com/solutions/android/"> <span class="d-block pb-2">Android</span> <span class="d-none d-md-block navbar-nav__item-text"> </span> </a> </li> <li itemprop="name" role="menuitem" class="py-4 py-md-2"> <a itemprop="url" data-aft="internal-link" data-aft-block="main-nav" target="_self" title="" id="" href="https://www.appsflyer.com/solutions/pc-console-measurement/"> <span class="d-block pb-2">PC & console</span> <span class="d-none d-md-block navbar-nav__item-text"> </span> </a> </li> <li itemprop="name" role="menuitem" class="py-4 py-md-2"> <a itemprop="url" data-aft="internal-link" data-aft-block="main-nav" target="_self" title="" id="" href="https://www.appsflyer.com/solutions/ctv-ott/"> <span class="d-block pb-2">CTV & OTT</span> <span class="d-none d-md-block navbar-nav__item-text"> </span> </a> </li> <li itemprop="name" role="menuitem" class="py-4 py-md-2"> <a itemprop="url" data-aft="internal-link" data-aft-block="main-nav" target="_self" title="" id="" href="https://www.appsflyer.com/solutions/web-measurement/"> <span class="d-block pb-2">Web</span> <span class="d-none d-md-block navbar-nav__item-text"> </span> </a> </li> <li itemprop="name" role="menuitem" class="py-4 py-md-2"> <a itemprop="url" data-aft="internal-link" data-aft-block="main-nav" target="_self" title="" id="" href="https://www.appsflyer.com/solutions/mobile-measurement/"> <span class="d-block pb-2">Mobile</span> <span class="d-none d-md-block navbar-nav__item-text"> </span> </a> </li> <li itemprop="name" role="menuitem" class="py-4 py-md-2"> <a itemprop="url" data-aft="internal-link" data-aft-block="main-nav" target="_self" title="" id="" href="https://www.appsflyer.com/solutions/web3/"> <span class="d-block pb-2">Web3</span> <span class="d-none d-md-block navbar-nav__item-text"> </span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="mega-menu__col mega-menu__col--layout-2 col-sm flex-column pt-md-55 pb-md-40 order-0 order-md-1 "> <span class="navbar-nav__title d-none d-md-block pt-0 pb-3"> Partnerships </span> <ul itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" role="menu" class="navbar-nav list-style-none flex-column"> <li itemprop="name" role="menuitem" class="py-4 py-md-2"> <a itemprop="url" data-aft="internal-link" data-aft-block="main-nav" target="_self" title="" id="" href="https://www.appsflyer.com/solutions/partners/"> <span class="d-block pb-2">Tech and media partners</span> <span class="d-none d-md-block navbar-nav__item-text"> </span> </a> </li> <li itemprop="name" role="menuitem" class="py-4 py-md-2"> <a itemprop="url" data-aft="internal-link" data-aft-block="main-nav" target="_self" title="" id="" href="https://www.appsflyer.com/solutions/agencies/"> <span class="d-block pb-2">Agency partners</span> <span class="d-none d-md-block navbar-nav__item-text"> </span> </a> </li> <li itemprop="name" role="menuitem" class="py-4 py-md-2"> <a itemprop="url" data-aft="internal-link" data-aft-block="main-nav" target="_self" title="" id="" href="https://www.appsflyer.com/solutions/partner-program/"> <span class="d-block pb-2">Partner Program</span> <span class="d-none d-md-block navbar-nav__item-text"> </span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row mx-0 d-md-flex w-100 ml-md-0 theme-borders--sm theme-borders--top theme-borders--color-1"> <ul data-parent-id="solutions" class="mega-menu__col--main-links flex-column flex-md-row col align-items-md-center list-style-none d-flex order-1 order-sm-0 ml-md-0 px-0 pt-md-20 pb-25"> <li class="pr-sm-40"> <a class="btn-arrow d-inline-block" href="https://www.appsflyer.com/interactive-product-tours/" data-aft="internal-link" data-aft-block="main-nav" id="" target="_self"> Interactive product tours </a> </li> <li class="pr-sm-40"> <a class="btn-arrow d-inline-block" href="https://www.appsflyer.com/customers/" data-aft="internal-link" data-aft-block="main-nav" id="" target="_self"> Customer stories </a> </li> <li class="pr-sm-40"> <a class="btn-arrow d-inline-block" href="https://www.appsflyer.com/appsflyer-advantage/" data-aft="internal-link" data-aft-block="main-nav" id="" target="_self"> The AppsFlyer difference </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </li> <li itemprop="name" role="menuitem" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom nav-item mega-parent"> <a itemprop="url" title="Learn" class="nav-link" href="#">Learn </a> <nav class="mega-menu flex-column fixed-top pb-20 pb-md-0 px-20" data-mega-nav-id="resources"> <div class="container-fluid pl-40 pl-md-20 ml-md-auto pt-sm-20 pt-md-0 px-md-0 align-items-stretch d-md-block"> <div class="row mx-0"> <div class="mega-menu__col mega-menu__col--layout-1 mega-menu__col--main col-md-3 d-none d-md-flex flex-column px-0 pl-sm-0 pt-20 pt-sm-50 pb-0 pb-sm-40 pr-40"> <span class="h4 mb-3 d-none d-sm-block"> Resources </span> <p>Stay informed with industry insights, the latest trends, original content, and all things AppsFlyer</p> </div> <div class="mega-menu__cols mega-menu__cols--columns mega-menu__cols--layout-1 row w-100 flex-column flex-md-row justify-content-md-between pl-0 pt-30 pt-sm-0 col pl-md-70 pr-md-80"> <div class="mega-menu__col mega-menu__col--layout-1 col-sm flex-column pt-md-55 pb-md-40 order-0 order-md-1 pl-md-30"> <span class="navbar-nav__title d-none d-md-block pt-0 pb-3"> Ecosystem </span> <ul itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" role="menu" class="navbar-nav list-style-none flex-column"> <li itemprop="name" role="menuitem" class="py-4 py-md-2"> <a itemprop="url" data-aft="internal-link" data-aft-block="main-nav" target="_self" title="" id="" href="https://www.appsflyer.com/blog/"> <span class="d-block pb-2">Blog</span> <span class="d-none d-md-block navbar-nav__item-text"> </span> </a> </li> <li itemprop="name" role="menuitem" class="py-4 py-md-2"> <a itemprop="url" data-aft="internal-link" data-aft-block="main-nav" target="_self" title="" id="" href="https://www.appsflyer.com/resources/"> <span class="d-block pb-2">Reports & guides</span> <span class="d-none d-md-block navbar-nav__item-text"> </span> </a> </li> <li itemprop="name" role="menuitem" class="py-4 py-md-2"> <a itemprop="url" data-aft="internal-link" data-aft-block="main-nav" target="_self" title="" id="" href="https://www.appsflyer.com/events/"> <span class="d-block pb-2">Events & webinars</span> <span class="d-none d-md-block navbar-nav__item-text"> </span> </a> </li> <li itemprop="name" role="menuitem" class="py-4 py-md-2"> <a itemprop="url" data-aft="internal-link" data-aft-block="main-nav" target="_self" title="" id="" href="https://www.appsflyer.com/resources/templates/"> <span class="d-block pb-2">Tools & templates</span> <span class="d-none d-md-block navbar-nav__item-text"> </span> </a> </li> <li itemprop="name" role="menuitem" class="py-4 py-md-2"> <a itemprop="url" data-aft="internal-link" data-aft-block="main-nav" target="_self" title="" id="" href="https://www.appsflyer.com/benchmarks/"> <span class="d-block pb-2">Industry benchmarks</span> <span class="d-none d-md-block navbar-nav__item-text"> </span> </a> </li> <li itemprop="name" role="menuitem" class="py-4 py-md-2"> <a itemprop="url" data-aft="internal-link" data-aft-block="main-nav" target="_blank" title="" id="" href="/blog/videos/"> <span class="d-block pb-2">Videos</span> <span class="d-none d-md-block navbar-nav__item-text"> </span> </a> </li> <li itemprop="name" role="menuitem" class="py-4 py-md-2"> <a itemprop="url" data-aft="internal-link" data-aft-block="main-nav" target="_self" title="" id="" href="https://www.appsflyer.com/blog/podcasts/"> <span class="d-block pb-2">Podcasts</span> <span class="d-none d-md-block navbar-nav__item-text"> </span> </a> </li> <li itemprop="name" role="menuitem" class="py-4 py-md-2"> <a itemprop="url" data-aft="internal-link" data-aft-block="main-nav" target="_self" title="" id="" href="https://www.appsflyer.com/glossary/"> <span class="d-block pb-2">Glossary</span> <span class="d-none d-md-block navbar-nav__item-text"> </span> </a> </li> <li itemprop="name" role="menuitem" class="py-4 py-md-2"> <a itemprop="url" data-aft="internal-link" data-aft-block="main-nav" target="_self" title="" id="" href="https://www.appsflyer.com/metrics-comparison/"> <span class="d-block pb-2">Metrics comparison</span> <span class="d-none d-md-block navbar-nav__item-text"> </span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="mega-menu__col mega-menu__col--layout-1 col-sm flex-column pt-md-55 pb-md-40 order-0 order-md-1 pl-md-30"> <span class="navbar-nav__title d-none d-md-block pt-0 pb-3"> Customers </span> <ul itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" role="menu" class="navbar-nav list-style-none flex-column"> <li itemprop="name" role="menuitem" class="py-4 py-md-2"> <a itemprop="url" data-aft="internal-link" data-aft-block="main-nav" target="_self" title="" id="" href="https://www.appsflyer.com/customers/"> <span class="d-block pb-2">Customer stories</span> <span class="d-none d-md-block navbar-nav__item-text"> </span> </a> </li> <li itemprop="name" role="menuitem" class="py-4 py-md-2"> <a itemprop="url" data-aft="internal-link" data-aft-block="main-nav" target="_self" title="" id="" href="https://www.appsflyer.com/product-news/"> <span class="d-block pb-2">Product news</span> <span class="d-none d-md-block navbar-nav__item-text"> </span> </a> </li> <li itemprop="name" role="menuitem" class="py-4 py-md-2"> <a itemprop="url" data-aft="internal-link" data-aft-block="main-nav" target="_self" title="" id="" href="https://www.appsflyer.com/use-cases/"> <span class="d-block pb-2">Use cases</span> <span class="d-none d-md-block navbar-nav__item-text"> </span> </a> </li> <li itemprop="name" role="menuitem" class="py-4 py-md-2"> <a itemprop="url" data-aft="internal-link" data-aft-block="main-nav" target="_blank" title="" id="" href="https://support.appsflyer.com/hc/"> <span class="d-block pb-2">Help center</span> <span class="d-none d-md-block navbar-nav__item-text"> </span> </a> </li> <li itemprop="name" role="menuitem" class="py-4 py-md-2"> <a itemprop="url" data-aft="internal-link" data-aft-block="main-nav" target="_blank" title="" id="" href="https://dev.appsflyer.com/"> <span class="d-block pb-2">Developer Hub</span> <span class="d-none d-md-block navbar-nav__item-text"> </span> </a> </li> <li itemprop="name" role="menuitem" class="py-4 py-md-2"> <a itemprop="url" data-aft="internal-link" data-aft-block="main-nav" target="_blank" title="" id="" href="https://elevate.appsflyer.com/learn/signin"> <span class="d-block pb-2">Learning portal</span> <span class="d-none d-md-block navbar-nav__item-text"> </span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="mega-menu__col mega-menu__col--featured theme-borders--md theme-borders--color-1 theme-borders--left col-md-3 d-md-flex flex-column pt-md-55 pl-0 pl-md-50 pr-0 pb-md-40 order-0 order-md-1 "> <div class="d-none d-sm-block"><a href="/resources/reports/creative-optimization"><img style="border-radius: 8px;" src="/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/image-1-1.png" /></a><div class="d-block"><a href="/resources/reports/creative-optimization" class="btn btn-arrow d-inline-block">New data on AI-driven creative</a></div></div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </li> <li itemprop="name" role="menuitem" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom nav-item mega-parent"> <a itemprop="url" title="Company" class="nav-link" href="#">Company </a> <nav class="mega-menu flex-column fixed-top pb-20 pb-md-0 px-20" data-mega-nav-id="about-us"> <div class="container-fluid pl-40 pl-md-20 ml-md-auto pt-sm-20 pt-md-0 px-md-0 align-items-stretch d-md-block"> <div class="row mx-0"> <div class="mega-menu__col mega-menu__col--layout-1 mega-menu__col--main col-md-3 d-none d-md-flex flex-column px-0 pl-sm-0 pt-20 pt-sm-50 pb-0 pb-sm-40 pr-40"> <span class="h4 mb-3 d-none d-sm-block"> Who we are </span> <p>Find out more about our history, our team, what we stand for, and why we do what we do</p> </div> <div class="mega-menu__cols mega-menu__cols--columns mega-menu__cols--layout-1 row w-100 flex-column flex-md-row justify-content-md-between pl-0 pt-30 pt-sm-0 col pl-md-70 pr-md-80"> <div class="mega-menu__col mega-menu__col--layout-1 col-sm flex-column pt-md-55 pb-md-40 order-0 order-md-1 pl-md-30"> <ul itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" role="menu" class="navbar-nav list-style-none flex-column"> <li itemprop="name" role="menuitem" class="py-4 py-md-2"> <a itemprop="url" data-aft="internal-link" data-aft-block="main-nav" target="_self" title="" id="" href="https://www.appsflyer.com/company/about/"> <span class="d-block pb-2">About us</span> <span class="d-none d-md-block navbar-nav__item-text"> </span> </a> </li> <li itemprop="name" role="menuitem" class="py-4 py-md-2"> <a itemprop="url" data-aft="internal-link" data-aft-block="main-nav" target="_self" title="" id="" href="https://www.appsflyer.com/company/newsroom/"> <span class="d-block pb-2">Newsroom</span> <span class="d-none d-md-block navbar-nav__item-text"> </span> </a> </li> <li itemprop="name" role="menuitem" class="py-4 py-md-2"> <a itemprop="url" data-aft="internal-link" data-aft-block="main-nav" target="_self" title="" id="" href="https://www.appsflyer.com/blog/ceo/"> <span class="d-block pb-2">CEO blog spot</span> <span class="d-none d-md-block navbar-nav__item-text"> </span> </a> </li> <li itemprop="name" role="menuitem" class="py-4 py-md-2"> <a itemprop="url" data-aft="internal-link" data-aft-block="main-nav" target="_self" title="" id="" href="https://www.appsflyer.com/trust/"> <span class="d-block pb-2">Trust hub</span> <span class="d-none d-md-block navbar-nav__item-text"> </span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="mega-menu__col mega-menu__col--layout-1 col-sm flex-column pt-md-55 pb-md-40 order-0 order-md-1 pl-md-30"> <ul itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" role="menu" class="navbar-nav list-style-none flex-column"> <li itemprop="name" role="menuitem" class="py-4 py-md-2"> <a itemprop="url" data-aft="internal-link" data-aft-block="main-nav" target="_blank" title="" id="" href="https://careers.appsflyer.com/"> <span class="d-block pb-2">Careers</span> <span class="d-none d-md-block navbar-nav__item-text"> </span> </a> </li> <li itemprop="name" role="menuitem" class="py-4 py-md-2"> <a itemprop="url" data-aft="internal-link" data-aft-block="main-nav" target="_self" title="" id="" href="https://www.appsflyer.com/company/social-impact/"> <span class="d-block pb-2">Social impact</span> <span class="d-none d-md-block navbar-nav__item-text"> </span> </a> </li> <li itemprop="name" role="menuitem" class="py-4 py-md-2"> <a itemprop="url" data-aft="internal-link" data-aft-block="main-nav" target="_self" title="" id="" href="https://www.appsflyer.com/company/contact/"> <span class="d-block pb-2">Contact</span> <span class="d-none d-md-block navbar-nav__item-text"> </span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="mega-menu__col mega-menu__col--featured theme-borders--md theme-borders--color-1 theme-borders--left col-md-3 d-md-flex flex-column pt-md-55 pl-0 pl-md-50 pr-0 pb-md-40 order-0 order-md-1 "> <a href="https://www.appsflyer.com/blog/ceo/" class="navbar-nav__title d-none d-sm-block pb-2" data-aft="internal-link" data-aft-block="main-nav">From our CEO</a> <div> <li class="py-4 py-md-2"> <a class="" data-aft="internal-link" data-aft-block="main-nav" href="https://www.appsflyer.com/blog/ceo/unbiased-independent-ecosystem-future/" target="_self"> The future of our ecosystem and web </a> </li> <li class="py-4 py-md-2"> <a class="" data-aft="internal-link" data-aft-block="main-nav" href="https://www.appsflyer.com/blog/ceo/user-privacy-ios-14-idfa/" target="_self"> On privacy and user experience </a> </li> <li class="py-4 py-md-2"> <a class="" data-aft="internal-link" data-aft-block="main-nav" href="https://www.appsflyer.com/blog/ceo/aggregated-advanced-privacy/" target="_self"> Aggregated advanced privacy </a> </li> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </li> <li itemprop="name" role="menuitem" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom nav-item single-link"> <a itemprop="url" title="Pricing" class="nav-link" href="/pricing/">Pricing </a> </li> </ul> <div class="secondary-nav mb-60 mb-md-0 my-md-0 d-flex flex-column flex-md-row align-items-md-center"> <ul class="navbar-nav lang-switcher list-style-none"> <li class="has-children mega-parent"> <span class="nav-link"> <i class="icon-globe"></i> English </span> <ul class="sub-menu list-style-none"> <li class="px-30" data-in-array="1"> <a data-aft="internal-link" data-aft-block="languge-switcher" target="_self" href="https://www.appsflyer.com/fr">Français</a> </li> <li class="px-30" data-in-array="1"> <a data-aft="internal-link" data-aft-block="languge-switcher" target="_self" href="https://www.appsflyer.com/ja">日本語</a> </li> <li class="px-30" data-in-array="1"> <a data-aft="internal-link" data-aft-block="languge-switcher" target="_self" href="https://www.appsflyer.com/ru">Русский</a> </li> <li class="px-30" data-in-array="1"> <a data-aft="internal-link" data-aft-block="languge-switcher" target="_self" href="https://www.appsflyer.com/es">Español</a> </li> <li class="px-30" data-in-array=""> <a data-aft="internal-link" data-aft-block="languge-switcher" target="_blank" href="https://www.appsflyer-gcr.cn">简体中文</a> </li> <li class="px-30" data-in-array="1"> <a data-aft="internal-link" data-aft-block="languge-switcher" target="_self" href="https://www.appsflyer.com/ko">한국어</a> </li> <li class="px-30" data-in-array="1"> <a data-aft="internal-link" data-aft-block="languge-switcher" target="_self" href="https://www.appsflyer.com/de">Deutsch</a> </li> <li class="px-30" data-in-array="1"> <a data-aft="internal-link" data-aft-block="languge-switcher" target="_self" href="https://www.appsflyer.com/pt/blog/mobile-fraud/click-flooding-detection-false-positive-challenge/">Portuguese</a> </li> <li class="px-30" data-in-array="1"> <a data-aft="internal-link" data-aft-block="languge-switcher" target="_self" href="https://www.appsflyer.com/vi">Tiếng Việt</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class="navbar-nav d-sm-flex flex-sm-row justify-content-sm-between align-items-sm-center list-style-none px-20 px-md-0 mt-auto mb-0 mr-md-auto" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" role="menu"> <li class="secondary-nav__cta mr-sm-3 mr-md-auto my-20 py my-sm-0 d-none d-sm-flex flex-column flex-md-row" itemprop="name" role="menuitem"> <a itemprop="url" class="nav-link d-flex nav-link--login justify-content-center" href="https://hq1.appsflyer.com/auth/login" id="" data-aft="login" data-aft-block="main-nav" target="_blank"> <i class="icon-login"></i> Login </a> </li> <li class="secondary-nav__cta ml-sm-3 ml-md-20 d-flex align-items-end align-items-sm-start align-items-md-center mt-30 mt-sm-0 ml-lg-20" itemprop="name" role="menuitem"> <a itemprop="url" class="btn btn-primary btn-primary--transparent font-weight-bold btn-sm" href="https://www.appsflyer.com/sign-up/" id="" target="_self" data-aft="sign-up-free" data-aft-block="main-nav"> Sign up free </a> </li> <li class="secondary-nav__cta ml-sm-3 d-flex align-items-end align-items-sm-start align-items-md-center mt-sm-0 ml-lg-20" itemprop="name" role="menuitem"> <a itemprop="url" class="btn btn-primary btn-primary--no-line btn-sm" href="https://www.appsflyer.com/start/demo/" id="" target="_self" data-aft="book-demo" data-aft-block="main-nav"> Contact sales </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <button id="navbar-toggler" class="navbar-toggler hamburger" type="button" data-toggle="on" data-target="nav-holder main-nav" aria-controls="main-nav" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Toggle navigation"> <span></span> <span></span> <span></span> </button> </div> </nav> <nav id="main-nav" class="navbar--main py-3 py-md-0 navbar navbar-expand-md navbar-light sps sps--abv sps--learn-section"> <div class="container-fluid px-0"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://www.appsflyer.com"></a> <div id="nav-holder" class="nav-holder flex-column flex-md-row pt-70 pt-md-0 px-md-0 navbar-collapse"> <ul class="main-nav__holder navbar-nav list-style-none mr-md-auto" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" role="menu"> <li itemprop="name" role="menuitem" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom nav-item mega-parent"> <a itemprop="url" title="Platform" class="nav-link" href="#">Platform </a> <nav class="mega-menu flex-column fixed-top pb-20 pb-md-0 px-20" data-mega-nav-id="products"> <div class="container-fluid pl-40 pl-md-20 ml-md-auto pt-sm-20 pt-md-0 px-md-0 align-items-stretch d-md-block"> <div class="row mx-0"> <div class="mega-menu__cols mega-menu__cols--columns mega-menu__cols--layout-2 row w-100 flex-column flex-md-row justify-content-md-between pl-0 pt-30 pt-sm-0 "> <div class="mega-menu__col mega-menu__col--layout-2 col-sm flex-column pt-md-55 pb-md-40 order-0 order-md-1 "> <span class="navbar-nav__title d-none d-md-block pt-0 pb-3"> Measure </span> <ul itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" role="menu" class="navbar-nav list-style-none flex-column"> <li itemprop="name" role="menuitem" class="py-4 py-md-3"> <a itemprop="url" data-aft="internal-link" data-aft-block="main-nav" target="_self" title="Measure every action on mobile, web and CTV" id="" href="https://www.appsflyer.com/products/measurement/"> <b class="d-block pb-2">Measurement suite</b> <span class="d-none d-md-block navbar-nav__item-text"> Measure every action on mobile, web and CTV </span> </a> </li> <li itemprop="name" role="menuitem" class="py-4 py-md-3"> <a itemprop="url" data-aft="internal-link" data-aft-block="main-nav" target="_self" title="Understand your true mobile marketing ROI" id="" href="https://www.appsflyer.com/products/roi-measurement/"> <b class="d-block pb-2">ROI measurement</b> <span class="d-none d-md-block navbar-nav__item-text"> Understand your true mobile marketing ROI </span> </a> </li> <li itemprop="name" role="menuitem" class="py-4 py-md-3"> <a itemprop="url" data-aft="internal-link" data-aft-block="main-nav" target="_self" title="Unlock creative performance with the power of AI" id="" href="https://www.appsflyer.com/products/creative-optimization/"> <b class="d-block pb-2">Creative Optimization</b> <span class="d-none d-md-block navbar-nav__item-text"> Unlock creative performance with the power of AI </span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="mega-menu__col mega-menu__col--layout-2 col-sm flex-column pt-md-55 pb-md-40 order-0 order-md-1 "> <span class="navbar-nav__title d-none d-md-block pt-0 pb-3"> Analyze </span> <ul itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" role="menu" class="navbar-nav list-style-none flex-column"> <li itemprop="name" role="menuitem" class="py-4 py-md-3"> <a itemprop="url" data-aft="internal-link" data-aft-block="main-nav" target="_self" title="Turn insights on campaign performance into action" id="" href="https://www.appsflyer.com/products/marketing-analytics/"> <b class="d-block pb-2">Marketing analytics</b> <span class="d-none d-md-block navbar-nav__item-text"> Turn insights on campaign performance into action </span> </a> </li> <li itemprop="name" role="menuitem" class="py-4 py-md-3"> <a itemprop="url" data-aft="internal-link" data-aft-block="main-nav" target="_self" title="Prove the real value of your marketing campaigns" id="" href="https://www.appsflyer.com/products/incrementality/"> <b class="d-block pb-2">Incrementality</b> <span class="d-none d-md-block navbar-nav__item-text"> Prove the real value of your marketing campaigns </span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="mega-menu__col mega-menu__col--layout-2 col-sm flex-column pt-md-55 pb-md-40 order-0 order-md-1 "> <span class="navbar-nav__title d-none d-md-block pt-0 pb-3"> Engage </span> <ul itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" role="menu" class="navbar-nav list-style-none flex-column"> <li itemprop="name" role="menuitem" class="py-4 py-md-3"> <a itemprop="url" data-aft="internal-link" data-aft-block="main-nav" target="_self" title="Boost revenue with exceptional customer experience" id="" href="https://www.appsflyer.com/products/customer-experience-deep-linking/"> <b class="d-block pb-2">CX & deep linking</b> <span class="d-none d-md-block navbar-nav__item-text"> Boost revenue with exceptional customer experience </span> </a> </li> <li itemprop="name" role="menuitem" class="py-4 py-md-3"> <a itemprop="url" data-aft="internal-link" data-aft-block="main-nav" target="_self" title="Create meaningful conversations with your customers" id="" href="https://www.appsflyer.com/products/audiences/"> <b class="d-block pb-2">Audience segmentation</b> <span class="d-none d-md-block navbar-nav__item-text"> Create meaningful conversations with your customers </span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="mega-menu__col mega-menu__col--layout-2 col-sm flex-column pt-md-55 pb-md-40 order-0 order-md-1 "> <span class="navbar-nav__title d-none d-md-block pt-0 pb-3"> Protect </span> <ul itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" role="menu" class="navbar-nav list-style-none flex-column"> <li itemprop="name" role="menuitem" class="py-4 py-md-3"> <a itemprop="url" data-aft="internal-link" data-aft-block="main-nav" target="_self" title="Protect your marketing budget from mobile ad fraud" id="" href="https://www.appsflyer.com/products/fraud-protection/"> <b class="d-block pb-2">Fraud protection</b> <span class="d-none d-md-block navbar-nav__item-text"> Protect your marketing budget from mobile ad fraud </span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="mega-menu__col mega-menu__col--layout-2 col-sm flex-column pt-md-55 pb-md-40 order-0 order-md-1 "> <span class="navbar-nav__title d-none d-md-block pt-0 pb-3"> Collaborate </span> <ul itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" role="menu" class="navbar-nav list-style-none flex-column"> <li itemprop="name" role="menuitem" class="py-4 py-md-3"> <a itemprop="url" data-aft="internal-link" data-aft-block="main-nav" target="_self" title="Collaborate with your partners in a privacy-centric way" id="" href="https://www.appsflyer.com/products/privacy-cloud/"> <b class="d-block pb-2">Privacy Cloud</b> <span class="d-none d-md-block navbar-nav__item-text"> Collaborate with your partners in a privacy-centric way </span> </a> </li> <li itemprop="name" role="menuitem" class="py-4 py-md-3"> <a itemprop="url" data-aft="internal-link" data-aft-block="main-nav" target="_self" title="First-party data monetization that fuels retail media growth" id="" href="https://www.appsflyer.com/products/data-collaboration/"> <b class="d-block pb-2">AppsFlyer Data Collaboration Platform</b> <span class="d-none d-md-block navbar-nav__item-text"> First-party data monetization that fuels retail media growth </span> </a> </li> <li itemprop="name" role="menuitem" class="py-4 py-md-3"> <a itemprop="url" data-aft="internal-link" data-aft-block="main-nav" target="_self" title="Connect to over 10,000 tech and media partners" id="" href="https://www.appsflyer.com/products/integrations/"> <b class="d-block pb-2">Partner marketplace</b> <span class="d-none d-md-block navbar-nav__item-text"> Connect to over 10,000 tech and media partners </span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row mx-0 d-md-flex w-100 ml-md-0 theme-borders--sm theme-borders--top theme-borders--color-1"> <ul data-parent-id="products" class="mega-menu__col--main-links flex-column flex-md-row col align-items-md-center list-style-none d-flex order-1 order-sm-0 ml-md-0 px-0 pt-md-20 pb-25"> <li class="pr-sm-40"> <a class="btn-arrow d-inline-block" href="https://www.appsflyer.com/interactive-product-tours/" data-aft="internal-link" data-aft-block="main-nav" id="" target="_self"> Interactive product tours </a> </li> <li class="pr-sm-40"> <a class="btn-arrow d-inline-block" href="https://www.appsflyer.com/solutions/ios/" data-aft="internal-link" data-aft-block="main-nav" id="" target="_self"> iOS 14+ solutions </a> </li> <li class="pr-sm-40"> <a class="btn-arrow d-inline-block" href="https://www.appsflyer.com/products/apis/" data-aft="internal-link" data-aft-block="main-nav" id="" target="_self"> Data feeds & APIs </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </li> <li itemprop="name" role="menuitem" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom nav-item mega-parent"> <a itemprop="url" title="Solutions" class="nav-link" href="#">Solutions </a> <nav class="mega-menu flex-column fixed-top pb-20 pb-md-0 px-20" data-mega-nav-id="solutions"> <div class="container-fluid pl-40 pl-md-20 ml-md-auto pt-sm-20 pt-md-0 px-md-0 align-items-stretch d-md-block"> <div class="row mx-0"> <div class="mega-menu__cols mega-menu__cols--columns mega-menu__cols--layout-2 row w-100 flex-column flex-md-row justify-content-md-between pl-0 pt-30 pt-sm-0 "> <div class="mega-menu__col mega-menu__col--layout-2 col-sm flex-column pt-md-55 pb-md-40 order-0 order-md-1 "> <span class="navbar-nav__title d-none d-md-block pt-0 pb-3"> Team </span> <ul itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" role="menu" class="navbar-nav list-style-none flex-column"> <li itemprop="name" role="menuitem" class="py-4 py-md-2"> <a itemprop="url" data-aft="internal-link" data-aft-block="main-nav" target="_self" title="" id="" href="https://www.appsflyer.com/solutions/marketing/"> <span class="d-block pb-2">Marketing</span> <span class="d-none d-md-block navbar-nav__item-text"> </span> </a> </li> <li itemprop="name" role="menuitem" class="py-4 py-md-2"> <a itemprop="url" data-aft="internal-link" data-aft-block="main-nav" target="_self" title="" id="" href="https://www.appsflyer.com/solutions/product/"> <span class="d-block pb-2">Product</span> <span class="d-none d-md-block navbar-nav__item-text"> </span> </a> </li> <li itemprop="name" role="menuitem" class="py-4 py-md-2"> <a itemprop="url" data-aft="internal-link" data-aft-block="main-nav" target="_self" title="" id="" href="https://www.appsflyer.com/solutions/data-analytics/"> <span class="d-block pb-2">Data & Analytics</span> <span class="d-none d-md-block navbar-nav__item-text"> </span> </a> </li> <li itemprop="name" role="menuitem" class="py-4 py-md-2"> <a itemprop="url" data-aft="internal-link" data-aft-block="main-nav" target="_self" title="" id="" href="https://www.appsflyer.com/solutions/research-and-development/"> <span class="d-block pb-2">R&D</span> <span class="d-none d-md-block navbar-nav__item-text"> </span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="mega-menu__col mega-menu__col--layout-2 col-sm flex-column pt-md-55 pb-md-40 order-0 order-md-1 "> <span class="navbar-nav__title d-none d-md-block pt-0 pb-3"> Goal </span> <ul itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" role="menu" class="navbar-nav list-style-none flex-column"> <li itemprop="name" role="menuitem" class="py-4 py-md-2"> <a itemprop="url" data-aft="internal-link" data-aft-block="main-nav" target="_self" title="" id="" href="https://www.appsflyer.com/solutions/regain-ios-visibility/"> <span class="d-block pb-2">Regain iOS visibility</span> <span class="d-none d-md-block navbar-nav__item-text"> </span> </a> </li> <li itemprop="name" role="menuitem" class="py-4 py-md-2"> <a itemprop="url" data-aft="internal-link" data-aft-block="main-nav" target="_self" title="" id="" href="https://www.appsflyer.com/solutions/kickstart-app-growth/"> <span class="d-block pb-2">Kickstart app growth</span> <span class="d-none d-md-block navbar-nav__item-text"> </span> </a> </li> <li itemprop="name" role="menuitem" class="py-4 py-md-2"> <a itemprop="url" data-aft="internal-link" data-aft-block="main-nav" target="_self" title="" id="" href="https://www.appsflyer.com/solutions/scale-ua-campaigns/"> <span class="d-block pb-2">Scale user acquisition</span> <span class="d-none d-md-block navbar-nav__item-text"> </span> </a> </li> <li itemprop="name" role="menuitem" class="py-4 py-md-2"> <a itemprop="url" data-aft="internal-link" data-aft-block="main-nav" target="_self" title="" id="" href="https://www.appsflyer.com/solutions/maximize-user-ltv/"> <span class="d-block pb-2">Increase engagement & LTV </span> <span class="d-none d-md-block navbar-nav__item-text"> </span> </a> </li> <li itemprop="name" role="menuitem" class="py-4 py-md-2"> <a itemprop="url" data-aft="internal-link" data-aft-block="main-nav" target="_self" title="" id="" href="https://www.appsflyer.com/solutions/maximize-roas/"> <span class="d-block pb-2">Maximize ROAS</span> <span class="d-none d-md-block navbar-nav__item-text"> </span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="mega-menu__col mega-menu__col--layout-2 col-sm flex-column pt-md-55 pb-md-40 order-0 order-md-1 "> <span class="navbar-nav__title d-none d-md-block pt-0 pb-3"> Industry </span> <ul itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" role="menu" class="navbar-nav list-style-none flex-column"> <li itemprop="name" role="menuitem" class="py-4 py-md-2"> <a itemprop="url" data-aft="internal-link" data-aft-block="main-nav" target="_self" title="" id="" href="https://www.appsflyer.com/solutions/games/"> <span class="d-block pb-2">Gaming</span> <span class="d-none d-md-block navbar-nav__item-text"> </span> </a> </li> <li itemprop="name" role="menuitem" class="py-4 py-md-2"> <a itemprop="url" data-aft="internal-link" data-aft-block="main-nav" target="_self" title="" id="" href="https://www.appsflyer.com/solutions/shopping/"> <span class="d-block pb-2">Shopping</span> <span class="d-none d-md-block navbar-nav__item-text"> </span> </a> </li> <li itemprop="name" role="menuitem" class="py-4 py-md-2"> <a itemprop="url" data-aft="internal-link" data-aft-block="main-nav" target="_self" title="" id="" href="https://www.appsflyer.com/solutions/finance/"> <span class="d-block pb-2">Finance</span> <span class="d-none d-md-block navbar-nav__item-text"> </span> </a> </li> <li itemprop="name" role="menuitem" class="py-4 py-md-2"> <a itemprop="url" data-aft="internal-link" data-aft-block="main-nav" target="_self" title="" id="" href="https://www.appsflyer.com/solutions/food-drink/"> <span class="d-block pb-2">Food & drink</span> <span class="d-none d-md-block navbar-nav__item-text"> </span> </a> </li> <li itemprop="name" role="menuitem" class="py-4 py-md-2"> <a itemprop="url" data-aft="internal-link" data-aft-block="main-nav" target="_self" title="" id="" href="https://www.appsflyer.com/solutions/health-fitness/"> <span class="d-block pb-2">Health & fitness</span> <span class="d-none d-md-block navbar-nav__item-text"> </span> </a> </li> <li itemprop="name" role="menuitem" class="py-4 py-md-2"> <a itemprop="url" data-aft="internal-link" data-aft-block="main-nav" target="_self" title="" id="" href="https://www.appsflyer.com/solutions/travel/"> <span class="d-block pb-2">Travel</span> <span class="d-none d-md-block navbar-nav__item-text"> </span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="mega-menu__col mega-menu__col--layout-2 col-sm flex-column pt-md-55 pb-md-40 order-0 order-md-1 "> <span class="navbar-nav__title d-none d-md-block pt-0 pb-3"> Platform </span> <ul itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" role="menu" class="navbar-nav list-style-none flex-column"> <li itemprop="name" role="menuitem" class="py-4 py-md-2"> <a itemprop="url" data-aft="internal-link" data-aft-block="main-nav" target="_self" title="" id="" href="https://www.appsflyer.com/solutions/ios/"> <span class="d-block pb-2">iOS</span> <span class="d-none d-md-block navbar-nav__item-text"> </span> </a> </li> <li itemprop="name" role="menuitem" class="py-4 py-md-2"> <a itemprop="url" data-aft="internal-link" data-aft-block="main-nav" target="_self" title="" id="" href="https://www.appsflyer.com/solutions/android/"> <span class="d-block pb-2">Android</span> <span class="d-none d-md-block navbar-nav__item-text"> </span> </a> </li> <li itemprop="name" role="menuitem" class="py-4 py-md-2"> <a itemprop="url" data-aft="internal-link" data-aft-block="main-nav" target="_self" title="" id="" href="https://www.appsflyer.com/solutions/pc-console-measurement/"> <span class="d-block pb-2">PC & console</span> <span class="d-none d-md-block navbar-nav__item-text"> </span> </a> </li> <li itemprop="name" role="menuitem" class="py-4 py-md-2"> <a itemprop="url" data-aft="internal-link" data-aft-block="main-nav" target="_self" title="" id="" href="https://www.appsflyer.com/solutions/ctv-ott/"> <span class="d-block pb-2">CTV & OTT</span> <span class="d-none d-md-block navbar-nav__item-text"> </span> </a> </li> <li itemprop="name" role="menuitem" class="py-4 py-md-2"> <a itemprop="url" data-aft="internal-link" data-aft-block="main-nav" target="_self" title="" id="" href="https://www.appsflyer.com/solutions/web-measurement/"> <span class="d-block pb-2">Web</span> <span class="d-none d-md-block navbar-nav__item-text"> </span> </a> </li> <li itemprop="name" role="menuitem" class="py-4 py-md-2"> <a itemprop="url" data-aft="internal-link" data-aft-block="main-nav" target="_self" title="" id="" href="https://www.appsflyer.com/solutions/mobile-measurement/"> <span class="d-block pb-2">Mobile</span> <span class="d-none d-md-block navbar-nav__item-text"> </span> </a> </li> <li itemprop="name" role="menuitem" class="py-4 py-md-2"> <a itemprop="url" data-aft="internal-link" data-aft-block="main-nav" target="_self" title="" id="" href="https://www.appsflyer.com/solutions/web3/"> <span class="d-block pb-2">Web3</span> <span class="d-none d-md-block navbar-nav__item-text"> </span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="mega-menu__col mega-menu__col--layout-2 col-sm flex-column pt-md-55 pb-md-40 order-0 order-md-1 "> <span class="navbar-nav__title d-none d-md-block pt-0 pb-3"> Partnerships </span> <ul itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" role="menu" class="navbar-nav list-style-none flex-column"> <li itemprop="name" role="menuitem" class="py-4 py-md-2"> <a itemprop="url" data-aft="internal-link" data-aft-block="main-nav" target="_self" title="" id="" href="https://www.appsflyer.com/solutions/partners/"> <span class="d-block pb-2">Tech and media partners</span> <span class="d-none d-md-block navbar-nav__item-text"> </span> </a> </li> <li itemprop="name" role="menuitem" class="py-4 py-md-2"> <a itemprop="url" data-aft="internal-link" data-aft-block="main-nav" target="_self" title="" id="" href="https://www.appsflyer.com/solutions/agencies/"> <span class="d-block pb-2">Agency partners</span> <span class="d-none d-md-block navbar-nav__item-text"> </span> </a> </li> <li itemprop="name" role="menuitem" class="py-4 py-md-2"> <a itemprop="url" data-aft="internal-link" data-aft-block="main-nav" target="_self" title="" id="" href="https://www.appsflyer.com/solutions/partner-program/"> <span class="d-block pb-2">Partner Program</span> <span class="d-none d-md-block navbar-nav__item-text"> </span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row mx-0 d-md-flex w-100 ml-md-0 theme-borders--sm theme-borders--top theme-borders--color-1"> <ul data-parent-id="solutions" class="mega-menu__col--main-links flex-column flex-md-row col align-items-md-center list-style-none d-flex order-1 order-sm-0 ml-md-0 px-0 pt-md-20 pb-25"> <li class="pr-sm-40"> <a class="btn-arrow d-inline-block" href="https://www.appsflyer.com/interactive-product-tours/" data-aft="internal-link" data-aft-block="main-nav" id="" target="_self"> Interactive product tours </a> </li> <li class="pr-sm-40"> <a class="btn-arrow d-inline-block" href="https://www.appsflyer.com/customers/" data-aft="internal-link" data-aft-block="main-nav" id="" target="_self"> Customer stories </a> </li> <li class="pr-sm-40"> <a class="btn-arrow d-inline-block" href="https://www.appsflyer.com/appsflyer-advantage/" data-aft="internal-link" data-aft-block="main-nav" id="" target="_self"> The AppsFlyer difference </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </li> <li itemprop="name" role="menuitem" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom nav-item mega-parent"> <a itemprop="url" title="Learn" class="nav-link" href="#">Learn </a> <nav class="mega-menu flex-column fixed-top pb-20 pb-md-0 px-20" data-mega-nav-id="resources"> <div class="container-fluid pl-40 pl-md-20 ml-md-auto pt-sm-20 pt-md-0 px-md-0 align-items-stretch d-md-block"> <div class="row mx-0"> <div class="mega-menu__col mega-menu__col--layout-1 mega-menu__col--main col-md-3 d-none d-md-flex flex-column px-0 pl-sm-0 pt-20 pt-sm-50 pb-0 pb-sm-40 pr-40"> <span class="h4 mb-3 d-none d-sm-block"> Resources </span> <p>Stay informed with industry insights, the latest trends, original content, and all things AppsFlyer</p> </div> <div class="mega-menu__cols mega-menu__cols--columns mega-menu__cols--layout-1 row w-100 flex-column flex-md-row justify-content-md-between pl-0 pt-30 pt-sm-0 col pl-md-70 pr-md-80"> <div class="mega-menu__col mega-menu__col--layout-1 col-sm flex-column pt-md-55 pb-md-40 order-0 order-md-1 pl-md-30"> <span class="navbar-nav__title d-none d-md-block pt-0 pb-3"> Ecosystem </span> <ul itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" role="menu" class="navbar-nav list-style-none flex-column"> <li itemprop="name" role="menuitem" class="py-4 py-md-2"> <a itemprop="url" data-aft="internal-link" data-aft-block="main-nav" target="_self" title="" id="" href="https://www.appsflyer.com/blog/"> <span class="d-block pb-2">Blog</span> <span class="d-none d-md-block navbar-nav__item-text"> </span> </a> </li> <li itemprop="name" role="menuitem" class="py-4 py-md-2"> <a itemprop="url" data-aft="internal-link" data-aft-block="main-nav" target="_self" title="" id="" href="https://www.appsflyer.com/resources/"> <span class="d-block pb-2">Reports & guides</span> <span class="d-none d-md-block navbar-nav__item-text"> </span> </a> </li> <li itemprop="name" role="menuitem" class="py-4 py-md-2"> <a itemprop="url" data-aft="internal-link" data-aft-block="main-nav" target="_self" title="" id="" href="https://www.appsflyer.com/events/"> <span class="d-block pb-2">Events & webinars</span> <span class="d-none d-md-block navbar-nav__item-text"> </span> </a> </li> <li itemprop="name" role="menuitem" class="py-4 py-md-2"> <a itemprop="url" data-aft="internal-link" data-aft-block="main-nav" target="_self" title="" id="" href="https://www.appsflyer.com/resources/templates/"> <span class="d-block pb-2">Tools & templates</span> <span class="d-none d-md-block navbar-nav__item-text"> </span> </a> </li> <li itemprop="name" role="menuitem" class="py-4 py-md-2"> <a itemprop="url" data-aft="internal-link" data-aft-block="main-nav" target="_self" title="" id="" href="https://www.appsflyer.com/benchmarks/"> <span class="d-block pb-2">Industry benchmarks</span> <span class="d-none d-md-block navbar-nav__item-text"> </span> </a> </li> <li itemprop="name" role="menuitem" class="py-4 py-md-2"> <a itemprop="url" data-aft="internal-link" data-aft-block="main-nav" target="_blank" title="" id="" href="/blog/videos/"> <span class="d-block pb-2">Videos</span> <span class="d-none d-md-block navbar-nav__item-text"> </span> </a> </li> <li itemprop="name" role="menuitem" class="py-4 py-md-2"> <a itemprop="url" data-aft="internal-link" data-aft-block="main-nav" target="_self" title="" id="" href="https://www.appsflyer.com/blog/podcasts/"> <span class="d-block pb-2">Podcasts</span> <span class="d-none d-md-block navbar-nav__item-text"> </span> </a> </li> <li itemprop="name" role="menuitem" class="py-4 py-md-2"> <a itemprop="url" data-aft="internal-link" data-aft-block="main-nav" target="_self" title="" id="" href="https://www.appsflyer.com/glossary/"> <span class="d-block pb-2">Glossary</span> <span class="d-none d-md-block navbar-nav__item-text"> </span> </a> </li> <li itemprop="name" role="menuitem" class="py-4 py-md-2"> <a itemprop="url" data-aft="internal-link" data-aft-block="main-nav" target="_self" title="" id="" href="https://www.appsflyer.com/metrics-comparison/"> <span class="d-block pb-2">Metrics comparison</span> <span class="d-none d-md-block navbar-nav__item-text"> </span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="mega-menu__col mega-menu__col--layout-1 col-sm flex-column pt-md-55 pb-md-40 order-0 order-md-1 pl-md-30"> <span class="navbar-nav__title d-none d-md-block pt-0 pb-3"> Customers </span> <ul itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" role="menu" class="navbar-nav list-style-none flex-column"> <li itemprop="name" role="menuitem" class="py-4 py-md-2"> <a itemprop="url" data-aft="internal-link" data-aft-block="main-nav" target="_self" title="" id="" href="https://www.appsflyer.com/customers/"> <span class="d-block pb-2">Customer stories</span> <span class="d-none d-md-block navbar-nav__item-text"> </span> </a> </li> <li itemprop="name" role="menuitem" class="py-4 py-md-2"> <a itemprop="url" data-aft="internal-link" data-aft-block="main-nav" target="_self" title="" id="" href="https://www.appsflyer.com/product-news/"> <span class="d-block pb-2">Product news</span> <span class="d-none d-md-block navbar-nav__item-text"> </span> </a> </li> <li itemprop="name" role="menuitem" class="py-4 py-md-2"> <a itemprop="url" data-aft="internal-link" data-aft-block="main-nav" target="_self" title="" id="" href="https://www.appsflyer.com/use-cases/"> <span class="d-block pb-2">Use cases</span> <span class="d-none d-md-block navbar-nav__item-text"> </span> </a> </li> <li itemprop="name" role="menuitem" class="py-4 py-md-2"> <a itemprop="url" data-aft="internal-link" data-aft-block="main-nav" target="_blank" title="" id="" href="https://support.appsflyer.com/hc/"> <span class="d-block pb-2">Help center</span> <span class="d-none d-md-block navbar-nav__item-text"> </span> </a> </li> <li itemprop="name" role="menuitem" class="py-4 py-md-2"> <a itemprop="url" data-aft="internal-link" data-aft-block="main-nav" target="_blank" title="" id="" href="https://dev.appsflyer.com/"> <span class="d-block pb-2">Developer Hub</span> <span class="d-none d-md-block navbar-nav__item-text"> </span> </a> </li> <li itemprop="name" role="menuitem" class="py-4 py-md-2"> <a itemprop="url" data-aft="internal-link" data-aft-block="main-nav" target="_blank" title="" id="" href="https://elevate.appsflyer.com/learn/signin"> <span class="d-block pb-2">Learning portal</span> <span class="d-none d-md-block navbar-nav__item-text"> </span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="mega-menu__col mega-menu__col--featured theme-borders--md theme-borders--color-1 theme-borders--left col-md-3 d-md-flex flex-column pt-md-55 pl-0 pl-md-50 pr-0 pb-md-40 order-0 order-md-1 "> <div class="d-none d-sm-block"><a href="/resources/reports/creative-optimization"><img style="border-radius: 8px;" src="/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/image-1-1.png" /></a><div class="d-block"><a href="/resources/reports/creative-optimization" class="btn btn-arrow d-inline-block">New data on AI-driven creative</a></div></div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </li> <li itemprop="name" role="menuitem" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom nav-item mega-parent"> <a itemprop="url" title="Company" class="nav-link" href="#">Company </a> <nav class="mega-menu flex-column fixed-top pb-20 pb-md-0 px-20" data-mega-nav-id="about-us"> <div class="container-fluid pl-40 pl-md-20 ml-md-auto pt-sm-20 pt-md-0 px-md-0 align-items-stretch d-md-block"> <div class="row mx-0"> <div class="mega-menu__col mega-menu__col--layout-1 mega-menu__col--main col-md-3 d-none d-md-flex flex-column px-0 pl-sm-0 pt-20 pt-sm-50 pb-0 pb-sm-40 pr-40"> <span class="h4 mb-3 d-none d-sm-block"> Who we are </span> <p>Find out more about our history, our team, what we stand for, and why we do what we do</p> </div> <div class="mega-menu__cols mega-menu__cols--columns mega-menu__cols--layout-1 row w-100 flex-column flex-md-row justify-content-md-between pl-0 pt-30 pt-sm-0 col pl-md-70 pr-md-80"> 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position-relative"> <img loading="eager" fetchpriority="high" src="https://www.appsflyer.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/click-flooding-detection-false-positive-challenge.png" alt="click flooding detection false positive challenge" title="click flooding detection false positive challenge" width="1200" height="1200" /> </figure> </div> <aside class="section-single-post__details col-12 order-1 order-sm-1 mt-20 mt-sm-40 mb-20 mb-sm-4"> <ul class="list-style-none theme-borders--color-2 theme-borders--top theme-borders--bottom d-flex justify-content-between justify-content-md-start my-0 py-1"> <li class="pl-0 text-dark d-flex flex-column flex-md-row"> <span class="section-single-post__details--published">Jun 22, 2020</span> </li> <li class="pl-0 text-dark mr-0 ml-0 ml-md-auto"> 6 min read</li> </ul> </aside> </header> <div class="d-block d-lg-flex justify-content-start section-single-post__content-holder pt-sm-40 px-0"> <aside class="section-single-post__sidebar d-md-block pb-sm-50 px-md-0"> <div class="section-single-post__sidebar-holder section-single-post__sidebar-holder--no-bg"> <nav class=""> <h6 class="section-single-post__sidebar-holder-title"> What's inside?</h6> <div id="guide-toc" class="section-guide__toc sidebar-nav sidebar-nav--toc sidebar-nav--with-border d-flex flex-column"> <div class="sidebar-nav__holder border-radius pb-5 pb-md-0 mb-40 mb-md-0"><button class="navbar-toggler navbar--categories-close ico-close d-md-none btn-icon" type="button" data-toggle="on" data-target="guide-toc guide-nav" aria-controls="section-guide__toc" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Toggle categories"></button> <ol id="toc-index" class="toc sidebar-nav__group list-style-none flex-column mt-0 ml-4 ml-md-0 mt-md-0 mb-0"> <li class="sidebar-nav__item my-0 ml-0 pl-md-2 pl-0 pr-30 pr-md-0 py-2 active"> <a href="#heading-id-1" class="d-flex flex-column"> The False Positive test </a> </li> <li class="sidebar-nav__item my-0 ml-0 pl-md-2 pl-0 pr-30 pr-md-0 py-2 "> <a href="#heading-id-2" class="d-flex flex-column"> An opportunistic point of view </a> </li> <li class="sidebar-nav__item my-0 ml-0 pl-md-2 pl-0 pr-30 pr-md-0 py-2 "> <a href="#heading-id-3" class="d-flex flex-column"> Hyper active devices </a> </li> <li class="sidebar-nav__item my-0 ml-0 pl-md-2 pl-0 pr-30 pr-md-0 py-2 "> <a href="#heading-id-4" class="d-flex flex-column"> Flooding away </a> </li> <li class="sidebar-nav__item my-0 ml-0 pl-md-2 pl-0 pr-30 pr-md-0 py-2 "> <a href="#heading-id-5" class="d-flex flex-column"> Sneaking under the radar </a> </li> <li class="sidebar-nav__item my-0 ml-0 pl-md-2 pl-0 pr-30 pr-md-0 py-2 "> <a href="#heading-id-6" class="d-flex flex-column"> An unforgiving approach </a> </li> </ol> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </aside> <div class="section-single-post__content toc__group"> <div class="section-single-post__body section-single-post__body--default"> <p>Fraud is bad but false positives can be worse.</p> <p>But are they?</p> <p>Unlike true positive cases, where real fraud is identified and blocked, a false positive case allegedly penalizes legitimate sources. This could potentially harm an advertiser’s relationship with its quality media partners rather than protect them from malicious ones.</p> <p>Any responsible fraud solution should aim for the lowest false positive rate possible, in order to maintain its integrity and credibility, while protecting their client’s best interest.</p> <p>Sounds like a simple thing to do, right?</p> <p>Well… partially.</p> <h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-is-the-false-positive-test">What is the False Positive test?</h2> <p>To understand the False Positive test and its repercussions we must first understand the concept of Precision and Recall – two highly important data analytics KPIs – particularly in fraud detection.</p> <figure class="wp-block-image alignnone size-full wp-image-1237007 is-style-full-width popup-image"><a href="https://www.appsflyer.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/false-positive-test-diagram.png"><img decoding="async" src="https://www.appsflyer.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/false-positive-test-diagram.png" alt="false positive test - diagram" class="wp-image-1237007"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption"><em>False positive test – diagram</em></figcaption></figure> <p>The false positive test sets the allowed <strong>precision</strong> level for our fraud detection algorithm. The higher precision level is – the more conservative the fraud detection becomes.</p> <p>A lower precision rate, on the other hand, may result in an increase of total traffic detected, but at the cost of higher false positive rates.</p> <p>Each fraud rule or machine learning algorithm eventually includes a false positive threshold that could be tuned higher or lower based on multiple variables and needs.</p> <p>The key is finding the right balance between detecting as many <a href="https://www.appsflyer.com/glossary/mobile-ad-fraud/">mobile ad fraud</a> incidents as possible, while maintaining a high enough precision level.</p> <section class="inline-cta py-30 mb-30 mb-sm-0 pt-md-80"> <div class="container"> <div class="row border-radius section-bg border-radius--type-2 section-bg--blue-1 text-center flex-column justify-content-center align-items-center mx-md-0 section-bg--no-shape"> <div class="col-md-12 py-35 py-md-50 text-decoration-none"> <span class="text-light title-type-1 text-uppercase"> Guide </span> <h3 class="text-light pt-3 pb-0 px-0"> The marketer’s field guide to mobile ad fraud </h3> <a href="https://www.appsflyer.com/resources/guides/mobile-ad-fraud-for-marketers/" target="" class="inline-cta__button d-inline-block text-light btn-arrow btn-arrow--white pt-2" data-aft="internal-link" data-aft-block="inline-cta"> Learn more </a> </div> </div> </div> </section> <h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-an-opportunistic-point-of-view">An opportunistic point of view</h2> <p>Most marketers act with some restraint and self reflection, which builds their credibility. Unfortunately, fraudsters will note this as an open opportunity.</p> <p>We know that fraudsters are always on the lookout for loopholes to exploit in order to gain the occasional advantage over the market. This typically refers to technical loopholes but rest assured that ethical boundaries pose a very big opportunity as well.</p> <p>It’s become common practice for fraudsters to examine the changes and updates made by fraud prevention vendors and optimize their activity to by-pass detection logic and thresholds.</p> <p>A relatively simple loophole to exploit is taking advantage of the false positive test limitation, at which you will see fraudsters deliberately mixing legitimate installs into the fraud mix.</p> <p>Don’t confuse this with an attempt to improve their traffic in any way, but rather look at this tactic at face value. The goal here is to whitewash poor quality traffic. Any legitimate traffic or install coming in is meant to be later used as a counterclaim whenever other, fraudulent, parts of their activity is blocked.</p> <h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hyper-active-devices">Hyper active devices</h2> <p><a href="https://www.appsflyer.com/glossary/click-flooding/">Click flooding</a> can be generated by a single device, sending multiple (sometimes thousands) clicks a day. The example below displays identical <a href="https://www.appsflyer.com/glossary/idfa/">IDFA</a> for all reported actions – indicating that the same device is being used. </p> <p>The event_time column displays that all clicks (1,645 total, as shown below the table) were reported on the same day. Repeating similar IPs can help identify that this is the same physical device. However, the OS version and User agent are not the same for all clicks. This means that someone forged these values artificially.</p> <figure class="wp-block-image alignnone wp-image-1233625 is-style-full-width popup-image"><a href="https://www.appsflyer.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Identical-device-click-report.png"><img decoding="async" src="https://www.appsflyer.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Identical-device-click-report.png" alt="Identical device click report" class="wp-image-1233625"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Identical device click report</figcaption></figure> <p>Can “legitimate” installs generated by such sources still be referred to as legitimate?</p> <p>Click flooding, as a general tactic, relies on massive click volumes populated with real device details. However, these details are often obtained using illegitimate means, such as malware on user devices, or even purchased through the dark-net.</p> <p>This means that even so called “legitimate” installs are often organic installs that the advertiser never should have paid for – these users went through the install process organically without ever encountering an ad.</p> <p>What would be the right approach in this case? Should we block the IP from providing additional clicks or perhaps the IDFA from gaining credit for further attributions.</p> <p>Whatever our solution is, it won’t be error-free, some risks have to be taken.</p> <h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-flooding-away">Flooding away</h2> <p>A different, more conservative tactic is based on statistical models that indicate chances of conversion per certain amount of clicks.</p> <p>As a result, advertisers are bombarded by a host of clicks for the remote chance of them converting into an app install. Fraudsters could populate fake click information and communicate it to advertisers on behalf of users who have no idea that this is being carried out.</p> <figure class="wp-block-image alignnone wp-image-1233354 is-style-full-width popup-image"><a href="https://www.appsflyer.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Click-flooding.png"><img decoding="async" src="https://www.appsflyer.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Click-flooding.png" alt="Click flooding" class="wp-image-1233354"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Click flooding</figcaption></figure> <p>Another tactic is firing click URLs for every ad impression. Users may be exposed to real ads, but no ad clicks are actually made. A user is very likely to view the ad several times, thus increasing the chances for their “clicks” to convert. Once users eventually download the app, the fraudster wins attribution for an organic install.</p> <p>Creating and delivering these fake clicks costs almost nothing for fraudsters or their operation, and they don’t mind the low conversion rates, as profitability is high.</p> <h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sneaking-under-the-radar">Sneaking under the radar</h2> <p>A similar, but more sophisticated method of click flooding is the break-up attempts of click floods into smaller sites – each associated with a lower number of clicks.</p> <p>This could make each individual site seem “innocent” when examined independently.</p> <p>However, when looking at the bigger picture this is no different than the example stated above.</p> <p>The number of clicks associated with each of these sites is actually a great example of the BI carried out by fraudsters, to test anti-fraud thresholds, and optimize their traffic distribution towards a number that would keep them unsuspected below respective radars.</p> <figure class="wp-block-image alignnone wp-image-1233362 is-style-full-width popup-image"><a href="https://www.appsflyer.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Micro-site-click-flooding.png"><img decoding="async" src="https://www.appsflyer.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Micro-site-click-flooding.png" alt="Micro site click flooding" class="wp-image-1233362"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Micro site click flooding</figcaption></figure> <p>Most of these sites will present very low conversion rates; however, the ones that will convert will present better potential <a href="https://www.appsflyer.com/glossary/conversion-rate/">conversion rates</a> and will be used as an optimization life-line, presenting these few “good” channels as a means to keep their activity on-going.</p> <p>When media partners split a single site ID name into thousands of meaningless names – it reflects badly for AppsFlyer, but more so to the advertiser – making it harder for them to accurately measure and further improve successful campaigns. Or alternatively, ditch poor performing sources. </p> <p>Considering that most of these sites will only have a few installs during their lifetime, studying their methods has become almost impossible.</p> <p><mark>This is where AppsFlyer’s <a href="https://www.appsflyer.com/products/fraud-protection/">post attribution fraud detection</a> comes into play, as these low scale sites are almost impossible to block in real-time. A retrospective algorithm can trace back this activity and assign it to fraud trends that aren’t applicable to real time detection with high precision.</mark></p> <p>Some <a href="https://www.appsflyer.com/glossary/ad-network/">ad networks</a> who gained a reputation of deliberately manipulating this parameter are treated with more extreme measures. Examining their traffic on a less granular level – meaning these small sites will be aggregated by their prefix name, as well as other similar parameters – they will be “judged” together and blocked in real time.</p> <p>We’re aware that a few “legitimate” sites may be affected by these actions as they’re mixed into a cluster of fraudulent small sites. While we work hard on mitigating this edge case as much as possible, the logic shown above highlights just how needed these actions are.</p> <section class="newsletter-subscription-form newsletter-subscription-form--inline mt-20 mb-20 mt-sm-3 mb-sm-50 d-flex flex-column text-center"> <div class="container "> <div class="row mx-0 mx-sm-0 theme-borders theme-borders--color-1 theme-borders--top theme-borders--bottom"> <div class="newsletter-subscription-form__holder px-0 px-sm-20 d-flex flex-column m-auto"> <header class="pt-40 d-flex flex-column align-items-center"> <img decoding="async" loading="lazy" class="newsletter-subscription-form__logo" src="https://www.appsflyer.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/logo-the-flyer.svg" alt="" title="" width="504" height="132" /> <h3 class="newsletter-subscription-form__title font-weight-bold pt-4 pb-20"> Get the latest marketing news and expert insights delivered to your inbox </h3> </header> <footer class="newsletter-subscription-form__footer pb-40 w-100 d-flex justify-content-center"> <a href="#" class="btn btn-sm btn-primary btn-primary--no-line btn-primary--no-line popup-newsletter-subscription" target="_self" data-aft="newsletter-popup" data-aft-block="newsletter-subscription-form">Subscribe</a> </footer> </div> </div> </div> </section> <h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-an-unforgiving-approach">An unforgiving approach</h2> <p>Does the above suggest that we’re abandoning the false positive test?</p> <p>Of course not.</p> <p>As mentioned earlier, the false positive test is crucial in order to maintain ecosystem integrity, and a reliable fraud protection mechanism. However, we’re not going to accept whitewashing and a cynical use of low scale “quality” traffic as an excuse to keep harmful sources active. </p> <p>This is a great example of a case where we’re willing to lower our precision rate standards, become more permissive and block more fraudulent installs.</p> <p>Click flood blocking (among other types of fraud) doesn’t happen instantaneously, it requires time, and carefully examine each and every publisher independently. To do so at scale, we’re constantly improving our cluster blocking mechanism – allowing fraud detection when insufficient information is gathered on the install level.</p> <p>AppsFlyer will not tolerate abusive behavior from specific media sources that can be harmful both to the ecosystem, and more specifically to our customers.</p> <p>Our goal is to catch fraudulent attempts from various sources earlier, faster, and more effectively.</p> </div> <footer class="section-single-post__author-box pt-20 px-0 mx-0 pb-70 pb-md-0"> <section class="author-box mt-sm-3 mx-0"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col d-flex flex-column flex-md-row align-items-start py-30 px-0"> <figure class="author-box__image"> <img class="bg-image" src="https://www.appsflyer.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Tal-Florentin.jpg"/> </figure> <div class="author-box__content pt-20 pt-md-0 pl-md-30 pr-sm-3"> <h3 class="pb-1 mb-0">Tal Florentin</h3> <div class="author-box__text"> Tal Florentin is a dedicated anti-fraud data scientist working on the Protect360 team. Prior to joining AppsFlyer, Tal worked in both the advertising and finance industries, helping businesses better understand and improve their performance. </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <div class="section-single-post__content social-sharing social-sharing__footer social-sharing--dark d-flex flex-column pt-65 ml-0 ml-md-n20 text-center pb-md-30"> <h2 class="pb-0 pb-md-3"><span class="px-20 ml-sm-50 ml-md-0">Share this article</span> </h2> <ul class="mt-3 d-flex justify-content-center flex-row align-items-center list-style-none mb-0"> <li class="py-3 pl-0 py-md-1 pr-md-10"> <a class="m-0 copy-to-clipboard position-relative" data-clipboard-text="https://www.appsflyer.com/blog/mobile-fraud/click-flooding-detection-false-positive-challenge/" href="#"> <i class="icon-link"></i> </a> </li> <li class="py-3 pl-0 py-md-1 pr-md-10"> <a class="m-0" 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