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<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Superscripts_that_typically_do_not_extend_above_the_ascender_line"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Superscripts that typically do not extend above the ascender line</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Superscripts_that_typically_do_not_extend_above_the_ascender_line-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Superscripts_that_typically_extend_above_the_ascender_line" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Superscripts_that_typically_extend_above_the_ascender_line"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Superscripts that typically extend above the ascender line</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Superscripts_that_typically_extend_above_the_ascender_line-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alignment_examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> 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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Desktop publishing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Desktop_publishing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-HTML" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#HTML"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>HTML</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-HTML-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-TeX" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#TeX"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>TeX</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-TeX-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unicode" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unicode"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Unicode</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unicode-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-OpenType" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#OpenType"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>OpenType</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-OpenType-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" 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Available in 15 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-15" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">15 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%93_%E0%A6%8A%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF" title="নিম্নলিপি ও ঊর্ধ্বলিপি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নিম্নলিপি ও ঊর্ধ্বলিপি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sn%C3%AD%C5%BEen%C3%BD_a_zv%C3%BD%C5%A1en%C3%BD_text" title="Snížený a zvýšený text – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Snížený a zvýšený text" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub%C3%ADndice_y_super%C3%ADndice" title="Subíndice y superíndice – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Subíndice y superíndice" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B3_%D9%88_%D9%BE%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%86%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="بالانویس و پایین‌نویس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بالانویس و پایین‌نویس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foscript_agus_forscript" title="Foscript agus forscript – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Foscript agus forscript" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B2%A8%EC%9E%90" title="첨자 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="첨자" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apice_e_pedice" title="Apice e pedice – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Apice e pedice" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herufichini_na_herufijuu" title="Herufichini na herufijuu – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Herufichini na herufijuu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B8_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Горен и долен индекс – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Горен и долен индекс" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B7%BB%E3%81%88%E5%AD%97" title="添え字 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="添え字" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subscript_and_superscript" title="Subscript and superscript – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Subscript and superscript" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yl%C3%A4-_ja_alaindeksi" title="Ylä- ja alaindeksi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ylä- ja alaindeksi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="கீழெழுத்தும் மேலெழுத்தும் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கீழெழுத்தும் மேலெழுத்தும்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A2" title="ตัวยกและตัวห้อย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ตัวยกและตัวห้อย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%85%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B9_%D1%96_%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B9_%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Верхній і нижній індекси – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Верхній і нижній індекси" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">A character set slightly below and above the normal line of type, respectively</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1092331828">@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .contains-special-characters{width:22em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right contains-special-characters noprint selfref"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/Help:Special_characters" title="Help:Special characters">special characters</a>.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:Special_characters" title="Help:Special characters">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a>.</div></div> </div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Subscript_superscript_expert.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Subscript_superscript_expert.png/300px-Subscript_superscript_expert.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Subscript_superscript_expert.png/450px-Subscript_superscript_expert.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Subscript_superscript_expert.png/600px-Subscript_superscript_expert.png 2x" data-file-width="652" data-file-height="457" /></a><figcaption>Example of subscript and superscript. In each example the first "2" is professionally designed, and is included as part of the glyph set; the second "2" is a manual approximation using a small version of the standard "2". The visual weight of the first "2" matches the other characters better. (The top typeface is Adobe <a href="/wiki/Garamond" title="Garamond">Garamond</a> Pro; the size of the subscript is about 62% of the original characters, dropped below the baseline by about 16%. The second typeface is <a href="/wiki/Myriad_(typeface)" title="Myriad (typeface)">Myriad</a> Pro; the superscript is about 60% of the original characters, raised by about 44% above the baseline.)</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>subscript</b> or <b>superscript</b> is a character (such as a number or letter) that is set slightly below or above the normal line of type, respectively. It is usually smaller than the rest of the text. Subscripts appear at or below the <a href="/wiki/Baseline_(typography)" title="Baseline (typography)">baseline</a>, while superscripts are above. Subscripts and superscripts are perhaps most often used in <a href="/wiki/Formula" title="Formula">formulas</a>, mathematical <a href="/wiki/Expression_(mathematics)" title="Expression (mathematics)">expressions</a>, and specifications of <a href="/wiki/Chemical_compound" title="Chemical compound">chemical compounds</a> and <a href="/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope">isotopes</a>, but have many other uses as well. </p><p>In professional <a href="/wiki/Typography" title="Typography">typography</a>, subscript and superscript characters are not simply ordinary characters reduced in size; to keep them visually consistent with the rest of the font, typeface designers make them slightly heavier (i.e. medium or bold typography) than a reduced-size character would be. The vertical distance that sub- or superscripted text is moved from the original baseline varies by typeface and by use. </p><p>In typesetting, such types are traditionally called <a href="/wiki/Superior_letter" title="Superior letter">"superior"</a> and "inferior" letters, figures, etc., or just "superiors" and "inferiors". In English, most nontechnical use of superiors is archaic.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Superior and inferior figures on the baseline are used for <a href="/wiki/Fraction" title="Fraction">fractions</a> and most other purposes, while lowered inferior figures are needed for chemical and mathematical subscripts.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subscript_and_superscript&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sub_super_num_dem.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Sub_super_num_dem.svg/300px-Sub_super_num_dem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Sub_super_num_dem.svg/450px-Sub_super_num_dem.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Sub_super_num_dem.svg/600px-Sub_super_num_dem.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="635" data-file-height="200" /></a><figcaption>The four common locations of subscripts and superscripts. The typeface is Myriad Pro.</figcaption></figure> <p>A single typeface may contain sub- and superscript glyphs at different positions for different uses. The four most common positions are listed here. Because each position is used in different contexts, not all alphanumerics may be available in all positions. For example, subscript letters on the baseline are quite rare, and many typefaces provide only a limited number of superscripted letters. Despite these differences, all reduced-size glyphs go by the same generic terms <i>subscript</i> and <i>superscript</i>, which are synonymous with the terms <i>inferior letter</i> (or <i>number</i>) and <i>superior letter</i> (or <i>number</i>), respectively. Most fonts that contain superscript/subscript will have predetermined size and orientation that is dependent on the design of the font. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subscripts_that_are_dropped_below_the_baseline">Subscripts that are dropped below the baseline</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subscript_and_superscript&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Subscripts that are dropped below the baseline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Subscripts are used in <a href="/wiki/Chemical_formula" title="Chemical formula">chemical formulas</a>. For example, the chemical formula for <a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">glucose</a> is <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">C</a><sub>6</sub><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">H</a><sub>12</sub><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">O</a><sub>6</sub> (meaning that it is a molecule with 6 <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a> atoms, 12 <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> atoms and 6 <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> atoms). The chemical formula of the <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a> molecule, H<sub>2</sub>O, indicates that it contains two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. </p><p>A subscript is also used to distinguish between different versions of a <a href="/wiki/Subatomic_particle" title="Subatomic particle">subatomic particle</a>. Thus electron, muon, and tau <a href="/wiki/Neutrino" title="Neutrino">neutrinos</a> are denoted <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span>ν<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">e</sub></span></span></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span>ν<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">μ</sub></span></span></span> and <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span>ν<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">τ</sub></span></span></span>. A particle may be distinguished by multiple subscripts, such as <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span>Ω<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">−</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">bbb</sub></span></span></span> for the <a href="/wiki/Omega_baryon" title="Omega baryon">triple bottom omega</a> particle. </p><p>Similarly, subscripts are also used frequently in mathematics to define different versions of the same <a href="/wiki/Variable_(mathematics)" title="Variable (mathematics)">variable</a>: for example, in an equation <big><i>x</i><sub>0</sub></big> and <big><i>x</i><sub>f</sub></big> might indicate the initial and final value of <i>x</i>, while <i>v</i><sub>rocket</sub> and <i>v</i><sub>observer</sub> would stand for the velocities of a rocket and an observer. Commonly, variables with a zero in the subscript are referred to as the variable name followed by "<a href="/wiki/Nought" class="mw-redirect" title="Nought">nought</a>" (e.g. v<sub>0</sub> would be read, "v-nought").<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Subscripts are often used to refer to members of a mathematical <a href="/wiki/Sequence" title="Sequence">sequence</a> or <a href="/wiki/Set_(mathematics)" title="Set (mathematics)">set</a> or elements of a vector. For example, in the sequence <i>O</i> = (45, −2, 800), <i>O</i><sub>3</sub> refers to the third member of sequence <i>O</i>, which is 800. </p><p>Also in mathematics and computing, a subscript can be used to represent the <a href="/wiki/Radix" title="Radix">radix</a>, or base, of a written number, especially where multiple bases are used alongside each other. For example, comparing values in <a href="/wiki/Hexadecimal" title="Hexadecimal">hexadecimal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denary" class="mw-redirect" title="Denary">denary</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Octal" title="Octal">octal</a> one might write C<sub>hex</sub> = 12<sub>dec</sub> = 14<sub>oct</sub>. </p><p>Subscripted numbers dropped below the baseline are also used for the <a href="/wiki/Denominator" class="mw-redirect" title="Denominator">denominators</a> of stacked <a href="/wiki/Fraction" title="Fraction">fractions</a>, like this: <span class="texhtml"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214402035">.mw-parser-output .sfrac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .sfrac.tion,.mw-parser-output .sfrac .tion{display:inline-block;vertical-align:-0.5em;font-size:85%;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sfrac .num{display:block;line-height:1em;margin:0.0em 0.1em;border-bottom:1px solid}.mw-parser-output .sfrac .den{display:block;line-height:1em;margin:0.1em 0.1em}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">67</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">68</span></span>⁠</span></span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subscripts_that_are_aligned_with_the_baseline">Subscripts that are aligned with the baseline</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subscript_and_superscript&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Subscripts that are aligned with the baseline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The only common use of these subscripts is for the denominators of diagonal fractions<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, like ½ or the signs for <a href="/wiki/Percent" class="mw-redirect" title="Percent">percent</a> %, <a href="/wiki/Permille" class="mw-redirect" title="Permille">permille</a> ‰, and <a href="/wiki/Basis_point" title="Basis point">basis point</a> ‱. Certain standard abbreviations are also composed as diagonal fractions, such as ℅ (care of), ℀ (account of), ℁ (addressed to the subject), or in Spanish ℆ (cada uno/una, "each one"). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Superscripts_that_typically_do_not_extend_above_the_ascender_line">Superscripts that typically do not extend above the ascender line</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subscript_and_superscript&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Superscripts that typically do not extend above the ascender line"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Superior_letter" title="Superior letter">superior letter</a></div> <p>These superscripts typically share a baseline with <a href="/wiki/Numerator" class="mw-redirect" title="Numerator">numerator</a> digits, the top of which are aligned with the top of the full-height numerals of the base font; lowercase ascenders may extend above. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ordinal_indicator" title="Ordinal indicator">Ordinal indicators</a> are sometimes written as superscripts (1<sup>st</sup>, 2<sup>nd</sup>, 3<sup>rd</sup>, 4<sup>th</sup>, rather than 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th), although many English-language <a href="/wiki/Style_guide" title="Style guide">style guides</a> recommend against this use.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Romance languages use a similar convention, such as 1<sup>er</sup> or 2<sup>e</sup> in French, or 4ª and 4º in <a href="/wiki/Galician_language" title="Galician language">Galician</a> and Italian, or 4.ª and 4.º in Portuguese and Spanish. </p><p>In medieval manuscripts, many superscript as well as subscript signs were used to abbreviate text. From these developed modern <a href="/wiki/Diacritical_mark" class="mw-redirect" title="Diacritical mark">diacritical marks</a> (<a href="/wiki/Glyph" title="Glyph">glyphs</a>, or "accents" placed above or below the letter). Also, in early <a href="/wiki/Middle_High_German" title="Middle High German">Middle High German</a>, <a href="/wiki/Umlaut_(linguistics)" title="Umlaut (linguistics)">umlauts</a> and other modifications to pronunciation would be indicated by superscript letters placed directly above the letter they modified. Thus the modern <a href="/wiki/Umlaut_(diacritic)" title="Umlaut (diacritic)">umlaut</a> <a href="/wiki/%C3%9C" title="Ü">ü</a> was written as uͤ. Both vowels and consonants were used in this way, as in ſheͨzze and boͮsen.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In modern typefaces, these letters are usually smaller than other superscripts, and their baseline is slightly above the base font's midline, making them extend no higher than a typical ordinal indicator. </p><p>Superscripts are used for the standard abbreviations for <a href="/wiki/Service_mark" title="Service mark">service mark</a> (℠) and <a href="/wiki/Trademark" title="Trademark">trademark</a> (™). The signs for <a href="/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">copyright</a> © and <a href="/wiki/Registered_trademark" class="mw-redirect" title="Registered trademark">registered trademark</a> ® are also sometimes superscripted, depending on the typeface or house style. </p><p>On handwritten documents and signs, a monetary amount may be written with the cents value superscripted, as in $8⁰⁰ or 8€⁵⁰. Often the superscripted numbers are underlined: $8<s>⁰⁰</s>, 8€<s>⁵⁰</s>. The <a href="/wiki/Currency_symbol" title="Currency symbol">currency symbol</a> itself may also be superscripted, as in <sup>$</sup>80 or 6<sup>¢</sup>.There is no ruling whether or not these characters need to be supercript, or made smaller than the numbers, or aligned to any of the various guide lines. That of course is decided by the preference of the typographer. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Superscripts_that_typically_extend_above_the_ascender_line">Superscripts that typically extend above the ascender line</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subscript_and_superscript&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Superscripts that typically extend above the ascender line"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Subscript_and_superscript" title="Special:EditPage/Subscript and superscript">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Both low and high superscripts can be used to indicate the presence of a <a href="/wiki/Footnote" class="mw-redirect" title="Footnote">footnote</a> in a document, like this<sup>5</sup> or this.<sup>xi</sup> Any combination of characters can be used for this purpose; in technical writing footnotes are sometimes composed of letters and numbers together, like this.<sup>A.2</sup> The choice of low or high alignment depends on taste, but high-set footnotes tend to be more common, as they stand out more from the text. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a>, high superscripts are used for <a href="/wiki/Exponentiation" title="Exponentiation">exponentiation</a> to indicate that one number or variable is raised to the power of another number or variable. Thus <i>y</i><sup>4</sup> is <i>y</i> raised to the fourth power, 2<sup><i>x</i></sup> is 2 raised to the power of <i>x</i>, and the equation <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/E%3Dmc2" class="mw-redirect" title="E=mc2">E = mc<sup>2</sup></a></span> includes a term for the <a href="/wiki/Speed_of_light" title="Speed of light">speed of light</a> <a href="/wiki/Square_(algebra)" title="Square (algebra)">squared</a>. This led over time to an "<a href="/wiki/Abuse_of_notation" title="Abuse of notation">abuse of notation</a>" whereby superscripts indicate iterative <a href="/wiki/Function_composition" title="Function composition">function composition</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Derivative" title="Derivative">derivatives</a>. In an unrelated use, superscripts also indicate contravariant tensors in <a href="/wiki/Ricci_calculus" title="Ricci calculus">Ricci calculus</a>. </p><p>The charges of <a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">ions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Subatomic_particle" title="Subatomic particle">subatomic particles</a> are also denoted by superscripts. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style><span class="chemf nowrap">Cl<sup class="template-chem2-sup">−</sup></span> is a negatively charged <a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">chlorine</a> atom, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Pb<sup>4+</sup></span> is an atom of <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a> with a positive charge of four, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">e<sup class="template-chem2-sup">−</sup></span> is an <a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">electron</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">e<sup class="template-chem2-sup">+</sup></span> is a <a href="/wiki/Positron" title="Positron">positron</a>, and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">μ<sup class="template-chem2-sup">+</sup></span> is an <a href="/wiki/Antimuon" class="mw-redirect" title="Antimuon">antimuon</a>. </p><p>Atomic <a href="/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope">isotopes</a> are written using superscripts. In symbolic form, the number of <a href="/wiki/Nucleon" title="Nucleon">nucleons</a> is denoted as a superscripted prefix to the <a href="/wiki/Chemical_symbol" title="Chemical symbol">chemical symbol</a> (for example <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">3</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span>He<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">12</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span>C<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">13</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span>C<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">131</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span>I<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span>, and <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">238</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span>U<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span>). The letters <i>m</i> or <i>f</i> may follow the number to indicate metastable or fission <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_isomer" title="Nuclear isomer">isomers</a>, as in <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">58m</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span>Co<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span> or <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">240f</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span>Pu<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span>. </p><p>Subscripts and superscripts can also be used together to give more specific information about <a href="/wiki/Nuclide" title="Nuclide">nuclides</a>. For example, <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">235</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">92</sub></span></span>U<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span> denotes an atom of <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a> with 235 nucleons, 92 of which are <a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">protons</a>. A chemical symbol can be completely surrounded: <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">14</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">6</sub></span></span>C<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2+</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span></span> is a divalent cation of <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a> with 14 nucleons, of which six are protons and 8 are <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutrons</a>, and there are two atoms in this chemical compound. </p><p>The numerators of stacked fractions (such as <span class="texhtml"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">34</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">35</span></span>⁠</span></span>) usually use high-set superscripts, although some specially designed glyphs keep the top of the numerator aligned with the top of the full-height numerals. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alignment_examples">Alignment examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subscript_and_superscript&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Alignment examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Subscript_and_superscript" title="Special:EditPage/Subscript and superscript">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Subscript_superscript_examples.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Subscript_superscript_examples.png/800px-Subscript_superscript_examples.png" decoding="async" width="800" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Subscript_superscript_examples.png/1200px-Subscript_superscript_examples.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Subscript_superscript_examples.png/1600px-Subscript_superscript_examples.png 2x" data-file-width="4213" data-file-height="500" /></a></span> </p><p>This image shows the four common locations for subscripts and superscripts, according to their typical uses. The typeface is <a href="/wiki/Minion_(typeface)" title="Minion (typeface)">Minion</a> Pro, set in Adobe Illustrator. Note that the default superscripting algorithms of most word processors would set the "th" and "lle" too high, and the weight of all the subscript and superscript glyphs would be too light. </p> <table style="float:right; margin:.5em 0 .3em .5em; border:1px solid #aaa; background:#f8f8ff; color:black; padding:.3em; line-height:1.5; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align:center">HTML subscripts and superscripts </th></tr> <tr style="background:#fff; color:#ccc; font-family:serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:300%; vertical-align:middle;"> <th style="width:3.5em; border:1px solid #aaa;">X<sup>6</sup><br />O<sub>8</sub>M </th> <th style="width:3.5em; border:1px solid #aaa;"><i>X</i><sup>6</sup><br /><i>O</i><sub>8</sub><i>M</i> </th></tr> <tr style="font-size:smaller;line-height:normal"> <td style="width:10.5em">Default subscript and superscript rendered in HTML for fonts in normal styles </td> <td style="width:10.5em">Example of possible collision of italic styles in HTML </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Another minor adjustment that is often omitted by renderers is the control of the direction of movement<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (March 2017)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> for superscripts and subscripts, when they do not lie on the baseline. Ideally this should allow for the font, e.g. italics are slanting; most renderers adjust the position only vertically and do not also shift it horizontally. This may create a collision with surrounding letters in the same italic font size. One can see an example of such collision on the right side when rendered in HTML (see the figure on the right). To avoid this, it is often desirable to insert a small positive horizontal margin (or a thin space) (on the left side of the first superscript character), or a negative margin (or a tiny backspace) before a subscript. It is more critical with glyphs from fonts in Oblique styles that are more slanted than those from fonts in Italic style, and some fonts reverse the direction of slanting, so there is no general solution except when the renderer takes into account the font metrics properties that specifies the angle of slanting, </p><p>However the same problem occurs more generally between spans of normal glyphs (non-superscript and non-subscript) when slanting styles are mixed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Software_support">Software support</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subscript_and_superscript&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Software support"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Desktop_publishing">Desktop publishing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subscript_and_superscript&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Desktop publishing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> Many text editing and <a href="/wiki/Word_processing_programs" class="mw-redirect" title="Word processing programs">word processing programs</a> have automatic subscripting and superscripting features, although these programs usually simply use ordinary characters reduced in size and moved up or down – rather than separately designed subscript or superscript glyphs. Professional typesetting programs such as <a href="/wiki/QuarkXPress" title="QuarkXPress">QuarkXPress</a> or <a href="/wiki/Adobe_InDesign" title="Adobe InDesign">Adobe InDesign</a> also have similar features for automatically converting regular type to subscript or superscript. These programs, however, may also offer native OpenType support for the special subscript and superscript glyphs included in many professional typeface packages (such as those shown in the image above). </p><div class="plainlinks selfreference" style="display:inline; font-style: italic;"><i>See also OpenType, below.</i></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Comparison of software support </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Software </th> <th rowspan="2">OpenType support for<br />professional glyphs? </th> <th colspan="4" style="text-align:center;">Default values for glyph transformation (non-professional glyphs) </th> <th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">Keyboard shortcuts </th></tr> <tr> <th>Size </th> <th>Subscript position <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (June 2021)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </th> <th>Superscript position <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (June 2021)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </th> <th>User-modifiable settings? </th> <th>Superscript </th> <th>Subscript </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/OpenOffice.org" title="OpenOffice.org">OpenOffice.org</a> 3.3 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">No </td> <td style="text-align:center;">58% </td> <td style="text-align:center;">−33% </td> <td style="text-align:center;">+33% </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Yes </td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1249182868">.mw-parser-output .keyboard-key{border:1px solid #aaa;border-radius:0.2em;box-shadow:0.1em 0.1em 0.2em rgba(0,0,0,0.1);background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0),var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa),var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0));color:var(--color-base,#202122);padding:0.1em 0.3em;font-family:inherit;font-size:0.85em}</style><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">Ctrl</kbd>+<kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">⇧ Shift</kbd>+<kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">P</kbd> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249182868"><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">Ctrl</kbd>+<kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">⇧ Shift</kbd>+<kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">B</kbd> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/LibreOffice" title="LibreOffice">LibreOffice</a> 5.3 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Yes<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">58% </td> <td style="text-align:center;">−33% </td> <td style="text-align:center;">+33% </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Yes </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249182868"><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">Ctrl</kbd>+<kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">⇧ Shift</kbd>+<kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">P</kbd> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249182868"><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">Ctrl</kbd>+<kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">⇧ Shift</kbd>+<kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">B</kbd> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Word" title="Microsoft Word">Microsoft Word</a> 2015 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Yes </td> <td style="text-align:center;">50% </td> <td style="text-align:center;">−14.1% </td> <td style="text-align:center;">+40% </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Manual<sup id="cite_ref-manual_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-manual-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249182868"><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">Ctrl</kbd>+<kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">⇧ Shift</kbd>+<kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">=</kbd> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249182868"><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">Ctrl</kbd>+<kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">=</kbd> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Adobe_Illustrator" title="Adobe Illustrator">Adobe Illustrator</a> CS3 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Yes </td> <td style="text-align:center;">58.3% </td> <td style="text-align:center;">−33.3% </td> <td style="text-align:center;">+33.3% </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Yes </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Adobe_Photoshop" title="Adobe Photoshop">Adobe Photoshop</a> CS3 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Ordinal_indicator" title="Ordinal indicator">Ordinal indicators</a> only<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="https://helpx.adobe.com/photoshop/using/fonts.html#opentype_fonts suggests that automatic application of superscript to ordinal indicators *does* happen, but it *does not* say that superscript and subscript glyphs cannot be used. (May 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">58.3% </td> <td style="text-align:center;">−33.3% </td> <td style="text-align:center;">+33.3% </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Manual<sup id="cite_ref-manual_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-manual-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249182868"><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">Alt</kbd>+<kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">Ctrl</kbd>+<kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">⇧ Shift</kbd>+<kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">=</kbd> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249182868"><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">Ctrl</kbd>+<kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">⇧ Shift</kbd>+<kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">=</kbd> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/LaTeX" title="LaTeX">LaTeX</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Yes (using <a href="/wiki/XeLaTeX" class="mw-redirect" title="XeLaTeX">XeLaTeX</a> or <a href="/wiki/LuaTeX" title="LuaTeX">LuaTeX</a> only) </td> <td style="text-align:center;">≈70%<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">−14%<sup id="cite_ref-nominal_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nominal-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">+25%<sup id="cite_ref-nominal_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nominal-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Manual<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="8">Notes: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Available by typing a syntax consisting font name, feature tag and its value into Font Name area.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-manual-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-manual_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-manual_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Default subscript and superscript options can be overcome by manually changing the font size and raising/lowering text.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dependent on <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/LaTeX/Mathematics" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:LaTeX/Mathematics">math mode</a>; differs for subsub- and supersuper-scripts.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nominal-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nominal_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nominal_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Nominal values; dependent on <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/TeX/fontdimen" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:TeX/fontdimen">fontdimen</a> parameters (16 and 17).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Changing <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/TeX/fontdimen" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:TeX/fontdimen">fontdimen</a> values requires some skill the textual commands can be modified to use the \raisebox command.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="HTML">HTML</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subscript_and_superscript&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: HTML"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/HyperText_Markup_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="HyperText Markup Language">HTML</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wiki_syntax" class="mw-redirect" title="Wiki syntax">Wiki syntax</a>, subscript text is produced by putting it inside the tags <code><sub></code> and <code></sub></code>. Similarly, superscripts are produced with <code><sup></code> and <code></sup></code>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The exact size and position of the resulting characters will vary by font and browser, but are usually reduced to around 75% original size. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="TeX">TeX</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subscript_and_superscript&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: TeX"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/TeX" title="TeX">TeX</a>'s mathematics mode (as used in <a href="/wiki/MediaWiki" title="MediaWiki">MediaWiki</a>), subscripts are typeset with the <a href="/wiki/Underscore" title="Underscore">underscore</a>, while superscripts are made with the <a href="/wiki/Caret" title="Caret">caret</a>. Thus <code>$X_{ab}$</code> produces <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X_{ab}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>X</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>a</mi> <mi>b</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X_{ab}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/64d43c2a08bc982964fed5c135afd55f8e4295d6" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.732ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X_{ab}}"></span>, and <code>$X^{ab}$</code> produces <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X^{ab}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mi>X</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>a</mi> <mi>b</mi> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X^{ab}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/88a99ca4a2b4636a5c2ba9c5ac423a6abdf79c7a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.804ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X^{ab}}"></span>. </p><p>In LaTeX text mode the math method above is inappropriate, as letters will be in math italic, so the command <code>n\textsuperscript{th}</code> will give n<sup>th</sup> and <code>A\textsubscript{base}</code> will give A<sub>base</sub> (textual <i>sub</i>scripts are rare, so <code>\textsubscript</code> is not built-in, but requires the <i>fixltx2e</i> package). As in other systems, when using UTF-8 encoding, the masculine º and feminine ª ordinal indicators can be used as characters, with no need to use a command. </p><p>In line with its origin as a superscript circle, the <a href="/wiki/Degree_symbol" title="Degree symbol">degree symbol</a> (°) is composed by a superscript <a href="/wiki/Composition_operator" title="Composition operator">circle operator</a> (∘). <code>^{\circ}</code>. </p><p>Superscripts and subscripts of arbitrary height can be done with the <code>\raisebox{<dimen>}{<text>}</code> command: the first argument is the amount to raise, and the second is the text; a negative first argument will lower the text. In this case the text is not resized automatically, so a sizing command can be included, e.g. <code>go\raisebox{1ex}{\large home}</code>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unicode">Unicode</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subscript_and_superscript&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Unicode"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Unicode_subscripts_and_superscripts" title="Unicode subscripts and superscripts">Unicode subscripts and superscripts</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> defines subscript and superscript characters in several areas; in particular, it has a full set of superscript and subscript digits. Owing to the popularity of using these characters to make fractions, most modern fonts render most or all of these as cap height superscripts and baseline subscripts. The same font may align letters and numbers in different ways. Other than numbers, the set of super- and subscript letters and other symbols is incomplete and somewhat random, and many fonts do not contain them. Because of these inconsistencies, these glyphs may not be suitable for some purposes (see <i>Uses</i>, above). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="OpenType">OpenType</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subscript_and_superscript&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: OpenType"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several advanced features of <a href="/wiki/OpenType#Advanced_typography" title="OpenType">OpenType</a> typefaces are supported for professionally designed subscript and superscript glyphs. Exactly which glyphs are included varies by typeface; some have only basic support for numerals, while others contain a full set of letters, numerals, and punctuation. They can be available via activating <code>subs</code> or <code>sups</code> feature tag. These feature tags can be turned on if software environment support optional features. In addition, some other typefaces placed them in a Unicode <a href="/wiki/Private_Use_Areas#Unicode_PUA_blocks" title="Private Use Areas">Private Use Area</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subscript_and_superscript&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_notation" title="Mathematical notation">Mathematical notation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_letter" title="Superior letter">Superior letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furigana" title="Furigana">Furigana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruby_character" title="Ruby character">Ruby character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typesetting" title="Typesetting">Typesetting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typeface" title="Typeface">Font</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superscripts_and_Subscripts_(Unicode_block)" class="mw-redirect" title="Superscripts and Subscripts (Unicode block)">Superscripts and Subscripts (Unicode block)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicode_subscripts_and_superscripts" title="Unicode subscripts and superscripts">Unicode subscripts and superscripts</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subscript_and_superscript&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bringhurst 2005, pp. 311–312.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bringhurst 2005, p. 309.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vocabulary.com/articles/wc/your-head-will-spin-naught-aught-and-ought/">"Your Head Will Spin: "Naught," "Aught," and "Ought"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-11-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Your+Head+Will+Spin%3A+%22Naught%2C%22+%22Aught%2C%22+and+%22Ought%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vocabulary.com%2Farticles%2Fwc%2Fyour-head-will-spin-naught-aught-and-ought%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubscript+and+superscript" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://publish.ucc.ie/doc/wordedit?sectoc=5#noautostyle">"UCC EPU: Editing Word files for publication: Making the best of what Word provides"</a>. <i>Academic and Collaborative Technologies Unit</i>. <b>2007</b>. Publish.ucc.ie. 2011-07-03. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140103094337/http://publish.ucc.ie/doc/wordedit?sectoc=5#noautostyle">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-01-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-01-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Academic+and+Collaborative+Technologies+Unit&rft.atitle=UCC+EPU%3A+Editing+Word+files+for+publication%3A+Making+the+best+of+what+Word+provides&rft.volume=2007&rft.date=2011-07-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpublish.ucc.ie%2Fdoc%2Fwordedit%3Fsectoc%3D5%23noautostyle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubscript+and+superscript" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarc_Wilhelm_KüsterIsabel_Wojtovicz2000" class="citation web cs1">Marc Wilhelm Küster; Isabel Wojtovicz (14 September 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070612090836/http://std.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc2/wg2/docs/n2266.pdf">"Diacritics for medieval studies"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-03-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Diacritics+for+medieval+studies&rft.date=2000-09-14&rft.au=Marc+Wilhelm+K%C3%BCster&rft.au=Isabel+Wojtovicz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstd.dkuug.dk%2FJTC1%2FSC2%2FWG2%2Fdocs%2Fn2266.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubscript+and+superscript" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ask.libreoffice.org/en/question/82052/opentype-features-now-enabled-documentation/">"Opentype features now enabled? Documentation?"</a>. 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(27 September 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.psu.edu/symbolcodes/accents/math/mathchart/#super">"Math Unicode Entities"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Penn_State_College_of_Information_Sciences_and_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Penn State College of Information Sciences and Technology">Information Sciences and Technology</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_State_University" title="Pennsylvania State University">Pennsylvania State University</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Information+Sciences+and+Technology&rft.atitle=Math+Unicode+Entities&rft.date=2016-09-27&rft.aulast=Pyatt&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsites.psu.edu%2Fsymbolcodes%2Faccents%2Fmath%2Fmathchart%2F%23super&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubscript+and+superscript" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subscript_and_superscript&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bringhurst,_Robert" class="mw-redirect" title="Bringhurst, Robert">Bringhurst, Robert</a> (2005), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Elements_of_Typographic_Style" title="The Elements of Typographic Style">The Elements of Typographic Style</a></i>, 3rd ed., Vancouver: Hartley and Marks, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88179-205-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-88179-205-5">0-88179-205-5</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subscript_and_superscript&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Subscript" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Appendix:Subscript">Appendix:Subscript</a></b></i> or <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Superscript" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Appendix:Superscript">Appendix:Superscript</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Superscript" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Superscript">Superscript</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media 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(typography)">Column</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Even_working" title="Even working">Even working</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margin_(typography)" title="Margin (typography)">Margin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Page_numbering" title="Page numbering">Page numbering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_size" title="Paper size">Paper size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagination" title="Pagination">Pagination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pull_quote" title="Pull quote">Pull quote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recto_and_verso" title="Recto and verso">Recto and verso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intentionally_blank_page" title="Intentionally blank page">Intentionally blank page</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Paragraph" title="Paragraph">Paragraph</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Typographic_alignment" title="Typographic alignment">Alignment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leading" title="Leading">Leading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Line_length" title="Line length">Line length</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_(typography)" title="River (typography)">River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runaround_(typography)" title="Runaround (typography)">Runaround</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Widows_and_orphans" title="Widows and orphans">Widows and orphans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Runt_(typography)" class="mw-redirect" title="Runt (typography)">runt</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glyph" title="Glyph">Character</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Typeface_anatomy" title="Typeface anatomy">Typeface anatomy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counter_(typography)" title="Counter (typography)">Counter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">Diacritics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dingbat" title="Dingbat">Dingbat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glyph" title="Glyph">Glyph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ink_trap" title="Ink trap">Ink trap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligature_(writing)" title="Ligature (writing)">Ligature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotated_letter" title="Rotated letter">Rotation</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Subscript and superscript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swash_(typography)" title="Swash (typography)">Swash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Text_figures" title="Text figures">Text figures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tittle" title="Tittle">Tittle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Capitalization" title="Capitalization">Capitalization</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All_caps" title="All caps">All caps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camel_case" title="Camel case">Camel case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Initial" title="Initial">Initial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letter_case" title="Letter case">Letter case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_caps" title="Small caps">Small caps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snake_case" title="Snake case">Snake case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Title_case" title="Title case">Title case</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Emphasis_(typography)" title="Emphasis (typography)">Visual distinction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blackboard_bold" title="Blackboard bold">Blackboard bold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emphasis_(typography)" title="Emphasis (typography)">Bold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_printing" title="Color printing">Color printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italic_type" title="Italic type">Italics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblique_type" title="Oblique type">Oblique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underscore" title="Underscore">Underline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitespace_character" title="Whitespace character">Whitespace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Horizontal aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Figure_space" title="Figure space">Figure space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerning" title="Kerning">Kerning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letter-spacing" class="mw-redirect" title="Letter-spacing">Letter-spacing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitch_(typewriter)" title="Pitch (typewriter)">Pitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentence_spacing" title="Sentence spacing">Sentence spacing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thin_space" title="Thin space">Thin space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Word_spacing" title="Word spacing">Word spacing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Vertical aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ascender_(typography)" title="Ascender (typography)">Ascender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baseline_(typography)" title="Baseline (typography)">Baseline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_height_(typography)" title="Body height (typography)">Body height</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cap_height" title="Cap height">Cap height</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Descender" title="Descender">Descender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mean_line" title="Mean line">Mean line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overshoot_(typography)" title="Overshoot (typography)">Overshoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-height" title="X-height">x-height</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Typeface" title="Typeface">Typeface<br /> classifications</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Roman_type" title="Roman type">Roman type</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serif" title="Serif">Serif</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antiqua_(typeface_class)" title="Antiqua (typeface class)">Antiqua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didone_(typography)" title="Didone (typography)">Didone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slab_serif" title="Slab serif">slab serif</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sans-serif" title="Sans-serif">Sans-serif</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Blackletter" title="Blackletter">Blackletter type</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fraktur" title="Fraktur">Fraktur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotunda_(script)" title="Rotunda (script)">Rotunda</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Schwabacher" title="Schwabacher">Schwabacher</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_type" title="Gaelic type">Gaelic type</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insular_script" title="Insular script">Insular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncial_script" title="Uncial script">Uncial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Specialist</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Record_type" title="Record type">Record type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Display_typeface" title="Display typeface">Display typeface</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Script_typeface" title="Script typeface">script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fat_face" title="Fat face">fat face</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse-contrast_typefaces" title="Reverse-contrast typefaces">reverse-contrast</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Punctuation" title="Punctuation">Punctuation</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_typographical_symbols_and_punctuation_marks" title="List of typographical symbols and punctuation marks">List</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bullet_(typography)" title="Bullet (typography)">Bullet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dash" title="Dash">Dash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanging_punctuation" title="Hanging punctuation">Hanging punctuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyphen" title="Hyphen">Hyphen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hyphen-minus" title="Hyphen-minus">minus sign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpunct" title="Interpunct">Interpunct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_(punctuation)" title="Space (punctuation)">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertical_bar" title="Vertical bar">Vertical bar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Typesetting" title="Typesetting">Typesetting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Etaoin_shrdlu" title="Etaoin shrdlu">Etaoin shrdlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Font" title="Font">Font</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_font" title="Computer font">computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monospaced_font" title="Monospaced font">monospaced</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Font_catalog" title="Font catalog">Font catalog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/For_position_only" title="For position only">For position only</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letterpress_printing" title="Letterpress printing">Letterpress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorem_ipsum" title="Lorem ipsum">Lorem ipsum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microprinting" title="Microprinting">Microprinting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microtypography" title="Microtypography">Microtypography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movable_type" title="Movable type">Movable type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangram" title="Pangram">Pangram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phototypesetting" title="Phototypesetting">Phototypesetting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punchcutting" title="Punchcutting">Punchcutting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reversing_type" title="Reversing type">Reversing type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sort_(typesetting)" title="Sort (typesetting)">Sort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_color" title="Type color">Type color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_design" title="Type design">Type design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typeface" title="Typeface">Typeface</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_typefaces" title="List of typefaces">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Typographic_unit" title="Typographic unit">Typographic units</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agate_(typography)" title="Agate (typography)">Agate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero_(typography)" title="Cicero (typography)">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Em_(typography)" title="Em (typography)">Em</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/En_(typography)" title="En (typography)">En</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metric_typographic_units" title="Metric typographic units">Metric units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pica_(typography)" title="Pica (typography)">Pica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point_(typography)" title="Point (typography)">Point</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_point-size_names" title="Traditional point-size names">traditional point-size names</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twip" title="Twip">Twip</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Digital typography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Character_encoding" title="Character encoding">Character encoding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Font_hinting" title="Font hinting">Hinting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Font_rasterization" title="Font rasterization">Rasterization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_typographic_features" title="List of typographic features">Typographic features</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_typography" title="Web typography">Web typography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9zier_curve#Fonts" title="Bézier curve">Bézier curves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desktop_publishing" title="Desktop publishing">Desktop publishing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Typography in other<br />writing systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_typography" title="Arabic typography">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_typography" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrillic typography">Cyrillic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PT_Fonts" title="PT Fonts">PT Fonts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_typography" title="East Asian typography">East Asian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_typography" title="Thai typography">Thai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Fonts" title="National Fonts">National Fonts</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Penmanship" title="Penmanship">Penmanship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Handwriting" title="Handwriting">Handwriting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handwriting_script" title="Handwriting script">Handwriting script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calligraphy" title="Calligraphy">Calligraphy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Style_guide" title="Style guide">Style guide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_design" title="Type design">Type design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_foundry" title="Type foundry">Type foundry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Western_typography" title="History of Western typography">History of Western typography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property_protection_of_typefaces" title="Intellectual property protection of typefaces">Intellectual property protection of typefaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_lettering" title="Technical lettering">Technical lettering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vox-ATypI_classification" title="Vox-ATypI classification">Vox-ATypI classification</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related template</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Navbox_punctuation" title="Template:Navbox punctuation">Punctuation and 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