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The scientific names of botanical taxa are regulated by the ''[[International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants]]'' (ICN).<ref name=icb>{{Harvnb|Turland|2017}}</ref> As specified by the ICN, the name of an infraspecific taxon is a combination of the name of a species and an '''infraspecific epithet''',<ref name=icb24>{{Harvnb|Turland|2017}}, Art. 24</ref> separated by a connecting term that denotes the rank of the taxon. An example of an infraspecific name is ''Astrophytum myriostigma'' subvar.&nbsp;''glabrum'', the name of a subvariety of the species ''[[Astrophytum myriostigma]]'' (bishop's hat cactus). In the previous example, ''glabrum'' is the infraspecific epithet. Names below the rank of species of cultivated kinds of plants and of animals are regulated by different codes of nomenclature and are formed somewhat differently.{{cn|date=October 2023}} ==Construction of infraspecific names== Article 24 of the ICN describes how infraspecific names are constructed.<ref name="icb24"/> The order of the three parts of an infraspecific name is: :genus name, specific epithet, connecting term indicating the rank (not part of the name, but required), infraspecific epithet. It is customary to italicize all three parts of such a name, but not the connecting term.<ref>See the examples in {{Harvnb|Turland|2017}}, Art. 24</ref> For example: * ''Acanthocalycium klimpelianum'' var. ''macranthum'' :genus name = ''Acanthocalycium'', specific epithet = ''klimpelianum'', connecting term = var. (short for "varietas" or [[variety (botany)|variety]]), infraspecific epithet = ''macranthum'' * ''Astrophytum myriostigma'' subvar. ''glabrum'' :genus name = ''Astrophytum'', specific epithet = ''myriostigma'', connecting term = subvar. (short for "subvarietas" or subvariety), infraspecific epithet = ''glabrum'' The recommended abbreviations for ranks below species are:<ref>{{Harvnb|Turland|2017}}, Art. 4; abbreviations from Recommendation 5A</ref> * [[subspecies]] - recommended abbreviation: subsp. (but "ssp." is also in use although not recognised by Art 26) * varietas ([[variety (botany)|variety]]) - recommended abbreviation: var. * subvarietas ([[Subvariety (botany)|subvariety]]) - recommended abbreviation: subvar. * forma ([[form (botany)|form]]) - recommended abbreviation: f. * subforma (subform) - recommended abbreviation: subf. Although the connecting terms mentioned above are the recommended ones, the ICN allows for other connecting terms in validly published infraspecific taxa. It specifically mentions that Greek letters α, β, γ, etc. can be used in this way in the original document<ref name=icn32.1>{{Harvnb|Turland|2017}}, Note 1 to Art. 32.1</ref> and further ranks may be added without limit.<ref name=icn4.3>{{Harvnb|Turland|2017}}, Art. 4.3 and Art. 2</ref> Names that use these connecting terms are now deprecated (though still legal), but they have an importance because they can be [[basionym]]s of current species. The commonest cases use "β" and "b"; examples mentioned in the ICN are ''Cynoglossum cheirifolium'' β Anchusa (''lanata'')<ref name=icn24.4>{{Harvnb|Turland|2017}}, Art. 24.4 Ex. 9</ref> and ''Polyporus fomentarius'' β ''applanatus''<ref name=B.a.>{{Harvnb|Turland|2017}}, entry ''Boletus applanatus'' of Appendix III</ref> whilst other examples (coming from the fungus database [[Index Fungorum]]) are ''Agaricus plexipes'' b ''fuliginaria''<ref name=IF1>{{cite web |url=http://www.indexfungorum.org/Names/NamesRecord.asp?RecordID=481709 |title=''Agaricus plexipes'' b ''fuliginaria'' page |work=Species Fungorum |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens Kew |access-date=2019-02-21 }}</ref> and ''Peziza capula'' ß ''cernua''.<ref name=IF2>{{cite web |url=http://www.indexfungorum.org/Names/NamesRecord.asp?RecordID=462593 |title=''Peziza capula'' ß ''cernua'' page |work=Species Fungorum |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens Kew |access-date=2019-02-21 }}</ref> The ICN allows the possibility that a [[validly published name]] could have no defined rank and uses "[unranked]" as the connecting term in such cases.<ref name=P.f.>{{Harvnb|Turland|2017}}, for instance ''Agaricus compactus'' [unranked] ''sarcocephalus'' in Art. 50E.Ex 7, or ''Geranium andicola'' [unranked] ''longipedicellatum'' in Art. 37.3.Ex. 5</ref> == Abbreviation of infraspecific names == Like specific epithets, infraspecific epithets cannot be used in isolation as names.<ref name=icbn241>{{Harvnb|Turland|2017}}, Art. 24.1</ref> Thus the name of a particular species of ''[[Acanthocalycium]]'' is ''[[Acanthocalycium klimpelianum]]'', which can be abbreviated to ''A. klimpelianum'' where the context makes the genus clear. The species cannot be referred to as just ''klimpelianum''. In the same way, the name of a particular variety of ''Acanthocalycium klimpelianum'' is ''Acanthocalycium klimpelianum'' var. ''macranthum'', which can be abbreviated to ''A. k.'' var. ''macranthum'' where the context makes the species clear. The variety cannot be referred to as just ''macranthum''. Sometimes more than three parts will be given; strictly speaking, this is not a name, but a [[Scientific classification|classification]]. The ICN gives the example of ''Saxifraga aizoon'' var. ''aizoon'' subvar. ''brevifolia'' f. ''multicaulis'' subf. ''surculosa''; the name of the subform would be ''Saxifraga aizoon'' subf. ''surculosa''.<ref>{{Harvnb|Turland|2017}}, Art. 24.1, Ex. 1</ref> ==Legitimate infraspecific names== For a proposed infraspecific name to be legitimate it must be in accordance with all the rules of the ICN.<ref>{{Harvnb|Turland|2017}}, Appendix I Glossary of terms used and defined in this Code, entry for "legitimate name"</ref> Only some of the main points are described here. A key concept in botanical names is that of a [[type (biology)|type]]. In many cases the type will be a particular preserved specimen stored in a [[herbarium]], although there are other kinds of type. Like other names, an infraspecific name is attached to a type. Whether a plant should be given a particular infraspecific name can then be decided by comparing it to the type.<ref>{{Harvnb|Turland|2017}}, Art. 7</ref> There is no requirement for a species to be divided into infraspecific taxa, of whatever rank; in other words, a species does not have to have subspecies, varieties, forms, etc. However, if infraspecific ranks are created, then the name of the type of the species must repeat the specific epithet as its infraspecific epithet. The type acquires this name automatically as soon as any infraspecific rank is created.<ref name=icbn26>{{Harvnb|Turland|2017}}, Art. 26</ref> As an example, consider ''[[Poa secunda]]'' <small>J.Presl</small>, whose type specimen is in the Wisconsin State Herbarium.<ref name=wsh>{{Citation |title=Wisconsin Botanical Information System: Type Specimens |publisher=Wisconsin State Herbarium, University of Wisconsin |url=http://www.botany.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/searchspecimen.cgi?typeSpecimen=1 |access-date=2011-06-01 }}</ref> * As soon as a subspecies of ''Poa secunda'' was created, then the type specimen of ''P. secunda'' immediately became the type specimen of ''Poa secunda'' subsp. ''secunda''. The name "''Poa secunda'' subsp. ''secunda''" was automatically created (it is an "autonym"). Soreng created the subspecies ''Poa secunda'' subsp. ''juncifolia'' (whose type specimen is also in the Wisconsin State Herbarium),<ref name=wsh/> thereby making the type specimen of ''P. secunda'' also the type specimen of ''Poa secunda'' subsp. ''secunda''. * If in addition to the subspecies any variety of ''Poa secunda'' were to be created, then the type specimen of ''P. secunda'' would automatically become the type specimen of ''Poa secunda'' var. ''secunda''. The type specimen would then have the classification ''Poa secunda'' subsp. ''secunda'' var. ''secunda''. The same epithet can be used again within a species, at whatever level, only if the names with the re-used epithet are attached to the same type.<ref name=icbn26/> Thus there can be a form called ''Poa secunda'' f. ''juncifolia'' as well as the subspecies ''Poa secunda'' subsp. ''juncifolia'' if, and only if, the type specimen of ''Poa secunda'' f. ''juncifolia'' is the same as the type specimen of ''Poa secunda'' subsp. ''juncifolia'' (in other words, if there is a single type specimen whose classification is ''Poa secunda'' subsp. ''juncifolia'' f. ''juncifolia''). If two infraspecific taxa which have different types are accidentally given the same epithet, then a [[Homonym (biology)|homonym]] has been created. The earliest published name is the legitimate one and the other must be changed.<ref name=icbn53>{{Harvnb|Turland|2017}}, Art. 53.3</ref> ==Specifying authors== When indicating authors for infraspecific names, it is possible to show either just the author(s) of the final, infraspecific epithet, or the authors of both the specific and the infraspecific epithets.{{Citation needed|date=June 2011}} Examples: * ''Adenia aculeata'' subsp. ''inermis'' de Wilde **This identifies de Wilde as the author who published this name for the subspecies (i.e. who created the epithet ''inermis''). Note that here it was decided not to indicate authority for the species. * ''Pinus nigra'' J.F.Arnold subsp. ''salzmannii'' (Dunal) Franco **Here, J.F.Arnold is the author who gave the species, [[European black pine]], its botanical name ''Pinus nigra''; Dunal is the author who was the first to publish the epithet ''salzmanii'' for this taxon (as the species ''Pinus salzmanii''); Franco is the author who reduced the taxon to a subspecies of ''Pinus nigra''. ==Difference from zoological nomenclature== In [[International Code of Zoological Nomenclature|zoological nomenclature]], names of taxa below species rank are formed somewhat differently, using a [[trinomen]] or 'trinomial name'. No connecting term is required as there is only one rank below species, the [[subspecies]]. ==Difference from prokaryotic nomenclature== The ''[[Prokaryotic Code]]'' was split from the ICN in 1975. This nomenclature only governs one infraspecific rank, the subspecies, but allows a number of ''infrasubspecific subdivisions'' to be used. The authorship is to be specified in the form "''Bacillus subtilis'' subsp. ''spizizenii'' Nakamura ''et al.'' 1999.", i.e. with only the infraspecific author.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Oren |first1=Aharon |last2=Arahal |first2=David R. |last3=Göker |first3=Markus |last4=Moore |first4=Edward R. B. |last5=Rossello-Mora |first5=Ramon |last6=Sutcliffe |first6=Iain C. |title=International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes. Prokaryotic Code (2022 Revision) |journal=International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology |date=1 May 2023 |volume=73 |issue=5a |doi=10.1099/ijsem.0.005585|doi-access=free|hdl=10261/338243 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>{{rp|Rules 13&ndash;4; Appendix 10}} ==Cultivated plants== The ''ICN'' does not regulate the names of cultivated plants, of [[cultivar]]s, i.e. plants specifically created for use in agriculture or horticulture. Such names are regulated by the ''[[International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants]]'' (ICNCP). Although logically below the rank of species (and hence "infraspecific"), a [[cultivar]] name may be attached to any scientific name at the genus level or below. The minimum requirement is to specify a genus name.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Brickell, C.D. |author2=Alexander, C. |author3=David, J.C. |author4=Hetterscheid, W.L.A. |author5=Leslie, A.C. |author6=Malecot, V. |author7=Jin, X. |author8=Editorial committee |author9=Cubey, J.J. |year=2009 |title=International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP or Cultivated Plant Code) incorporating the Rules and Recommendations for naming plants in cultivation, Eighth Edition, Adopted by the International Union of Biological Sciences International Commission for the Nomenclature of Cultivated Plants |publisher=International Association for Plant Taxonomy and International Society for Horticultural Science |url=http://www.actahort.org/chronica/pdf/sh_10.pdf}}</ref> For example, ''Achillea'' 'Cerise Queen' is a cultivar; ''Pinus nigra'' 'Arnold Sentinel' is a cultivar of the species ''P.&nbsp;nigra'' (which is propagated vegetatively, by [[cloning]]). ==See also== * ''[[International Code of Zoological Nomenclature]]'' * ''[[International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants]]'' * [[Cultivar]] * [[Strain (biology)]] * [[Race (biology)]] * [[Variant (biology)]] * ''[[Forma specialis]]'', an informal naming system for parasites that is included in the botanical code of nomenclature * [[Pathovar]], a system for naming parasitic bacteria == References == {{Reflist}} == Bibliography == * {{citation |editor-last=Turland |editor-first=N.J. |display-editors=etal |year=2017 |volume=Regnum Vegetabile 154 |title=International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code) adopted by the Nineteenth International Botanical Congress Shenzhen, China, July 2017 |edition=electronic |location=Glashütten |publisher=International Association for Plant Taxonomy |url=http://www.iapt-taxon.org/nomen/main.php |access-date=2019-02-21 }} {{Taxonomic ranks}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Infraspecific Name}} [[Category:Botanical nomenclature]] [[Category:Plant taxonomy]] [[Category:Biology 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