JPL Solar System Dynamics

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="no-js" lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8" /> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" /> <meta name="description" content="SSD provides information related to the orbits, physical characteristics, and discovery circumstances for most known natural bodies in our solar system." /> <link rel="icon" href="data:;base64,iVBORw0KGgo=" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/font-awesome.min.css" />  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/dataTables.bootstrap.min.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/responsive.bootstrap.min.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/styles.css" /> <title>JPL Solar System Dynamics</title> </head> <body> <a class="sr-only sr-only-focusable" href="#main_content">Skip Navigation</a> <div id="banner" class="top-banner"> <img class="img-responsive banner" src="/images/ssd_banner.png" alt="banner" /> <img class="img-responsive banner-small" 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class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown">Planetary<br/>Satellites <span class="caret"></span></a> <ul class="dropdown-menu dropdown-menu-left"> <li><a href="/sats/" class="landing-page-item">Introduction</a></li> <li><a href="/sats/orbits.html" class="">Orbits & Ephemerides</a></li> <li><a href="/sats/phys_par/" class="">Physical Parameters</a></li> <li><a href="/sats/obs_data.html" class="">Observational Data</a></li> <li><a href="/sats/discovery.html" class="">Discovery Circumstances</a></li> </ul> </li>  <li class="dropdown"> <a href="#" class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown">Small Bodies<br/> <span class="caret"></span></a> <ul class="dropdown-menu dropdown-menu-left"> <li><a href="/sb/" class="landing-page-item">Introduction</a></li> <li><a href="/sb/orbits.html" class="">Orbits & Ephemerides</a></li> <li><a href="/tools/sbdb_lookup.html" class="">Database Lookup</a></li> <li><a href="/tools/sbdb_query.html" class="">Database Query</a></li> <li><a href="/tools/mdesign.html" class="">Mission Design</a></li> <li><a href="/tools/sb_ident.html" class="">Identification</a></li> <li><a href="/tools/sbwobs.html" class="">What's Observable?</a></li> <li><a href="/sb/meteor_streams.html" class="">Meteor Streams</a></li> <li><a href="/sb/targets.html" class="">Mission Targets</a></li> <li><a href="/sb/sats.html" class="">Satellites</a></li> <li><a href="/sb/radar.html" class="">Radar Astrometry</a></li> <li><a href="/diagrams/" class="">Diagrams and Charts</a></li> <li><a href="/tools/gravity.html" class="">Gravity Fields</a></li> <li><a href="/sb/great_comets.html" class="">Great Comets</a></li> <li><a href="/sb/neos.html" class="">Near-Earth Objects</a></li> </ul> </li>  <li class="dropdown"> <a href="#" class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown">Tools<br/> <span class="caret"></span></a> <ul class="dropdown-menu"> <li><a href="/tools/" class="landing-page-item">Description of Tools</a></li> <li><a href="/horizons/" class="">Horizons System</a></li> <li><a href="/ephem.html" class="">Download Ephemerides</a></li> <li><a href="/tools/sbdb_lookup.html" class="">Small-Body Database Lookup</a></li> <li><a href="/tools/sbdb_query.html" class="">Small-Body Database Query</a></li> <li><a href="/tools/mdesign.html" class="">Small-Body Mission Design</a></li> <li><a href="/tools/sb_ident.html" class="">Small-Body Identification</a></li> <li><a href="/tools/sbwobs.html" class="">Small-Body Observability</a></li> <li><a href="/tools/orbit_viewer.html" class="">Orbit Viewer</a></li> <li><a href="/tools/gravity.html" class="">Gravity Field Visualization</a></li> <li><a href="/tools/jdc/" class="">JD Date/Time Converter</a></li> <li><a href="/api.html" class="">APIs</a></li> </ul> </li>  <li class="dropdown"> <a href="#" class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown">Extras<br/> <span class="caret"></span></a> <ul class="dropdown-menu"> <li><a href="/extras.html" class="landing-page-item">Description of Extras</a></li> <li><a href="/astro_par.html" class="">Astrodynamic Parameters</a></li> <li><a href="/diagrams/" class="">Diagrams and Charts</a></li> <li><a href="/obs_data.html" class="">Observational Data</a></li> <li><a href="/tools/periodic_orbits.html" class="">Three-Body Periodic Orbits</a></li> <li><a href="/tools/orbit_diagram.html" class="">Custom Orbit Visualization</a></li> <li><a href="/api.html" class="">APIs</a></li> <li><a href="/doc/" class="">Technical Documents</a></li> <li><a href="/discovery.html" class="">Discovery Circumstances</a></li> <li><a href="/announcements/" class="">Announcements</a></li> <li><a href="/email_list.html" class="">Email Lists</a></li> <li><a href="/glossary/" class="">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/links.html" class="">Related Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/faq.html" class="">FAQ</a></li> <li><a href="/sitemap.html" class="">Sitemap</a></li> <li><a href="/contact/" class="">Contact Us</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav>   <div 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The top menus will not function without it and most tools will also not work. </p> <p> If you do not know how to enable JavaScript in your web browser, you should be able find instructions by searching the web for "enable javascript in my browser" (or similar). </p> </div> </noscript> <h1 class="sr-only">JPL Solar System Dynamics</h1> <div ng-app="ssdHome" ng-controller="ssdHomeCtrl"> <div class="ssd-exec-summary text-center"> SSD provides information related to the orbits, physical characteristics, and discovery circumstances for most known natural bodies in our solar system. <hr/> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-4 col-md-4 col-lg-3 space-below"> <div class="home-sbdb-lookup-form"> <form name="sbLookupForm"> <label id="sb_lookup_form" class="sr-only">Lookup the Specified Small-Body</label> <input type="text" class="form-control" name="sstr" ng-model="sstr" placeholder="Lookup small-body" aria-labelledby="sb_lookup_form" pattern="^[0-9,A-Z,a-z,_ \~\.\-*?\/]+$|[A-Z,a-z][A-Z,a-z, \.'~\-]+$" ng-keyup="sbLookupForm.$valid && $event.keyCode == 13 && sbLookupValidate(sstr)" /> </form> </div> <h4 class="quick-links">Quick Links</h4> <ul class="nav nav-pills nav-stacked quick-links"> <li><a href="/horizons/">Horizons System</a></li> <li><a href="/tools/gravity.html">Gravity Field Visualization</a></li> <li><a href="/tools/sbdb_lookup.html">Small-Body Database Lookup</a></li> <li><a href="/tools/sbdb_query.html">Small-Body Database Query</a></li> <li><a href="/sb/sats.html">Small-Body Satellites</a></li> <li><a href="/astro_par.html">Astrodynamic Parameters</a></li> <li><a href="/glossary/">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/faq.html">FAQ</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-8 col-md-8 col-lg-9"> <div object-count></div> <div statistics></div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-12"> <div announcements></div> </div> </div> </div>  <div id="footer" class="container-fluid footer"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-5 col-xs-12"> <img class="ssd-logo" src="/images/ssd_logo.png" alt="SSD Logo" /> </div> <div class="col-sm-3 col-xs-12"> <div class="link-inv"> <a href="/sitemap.html"><i class="fa-fw fa fa-list-alt"></i> Site Map</a> </div> <div class="link-inv"> <a href="https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/caltechjpl-privacy-policies-and-important-notices"><i class="fa-fw fa fa-user-secret"></i> Privacy</a> </div> <div class="link-inv"> <a href="https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/jpl-image-use-policy"><i class="fa-fw fa fa-picture-o"></i> Image Policy</a> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-4 col-xs-12"> <div class=" link-inv"> <a href="/contact/"><i class="fa-fw fa fa-envelope"></i> Contact Us</a> </div> <div class="text-smaller"> <span class="footer-label text-nowrap">Site Manager:</span> <span class="text-nowrap">Ryan Park</span> </div> <div class="text-smaller2"> <span class="footer-label text-nowrap">Site Design:</span> <span class="text-nowrap">Alan B. 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JPL Solar System Dynamics