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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Historie</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Historie-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Vis/skjul underseksjonen Historie</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Historie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tidlig_bruk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tidlig_bruk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Tidlig bruk</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tidlig_bruk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sliping" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sliping"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Sliping</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sliping-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Moderne_juvelframstilling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Moderne_juvelframstilling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Moderne juvelframstilling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Moderne_juvelframstilling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Edelstener" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Edelstener"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Edelstener</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Edelstener-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Vis/skjul underseksjonen Edelstener</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Edelstener-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Diamant" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diamant"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Diamant</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diamant-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Safir" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Safir"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Safir</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Safir-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rubin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rubin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Rubin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rubin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Smaragd" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Smaragd"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Smaragd</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Smaragd-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Agat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Akvamarin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Akvamarin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Akvamarin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Akvamarin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Amethyst" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Amethyst"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Amethyst</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Amethyst-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citrin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citrin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Citrin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citrin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Granat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Granat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>Granat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Granat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.10</span> <span>Jade</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spinell" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spinell"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.11</span> <span>Spinell</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spinell-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thulitt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thulitt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.12</span> <span>Thulitt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thulitt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Topas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Topas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.13</span> <span>Topas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Topas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turkis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turkis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.14</span> <span>Turkis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turkis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zirkon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zirkon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.15</span> <span>Zirkon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zirkon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rav" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rav"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.16</span> <span>Rav</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rav-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Perle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.17</span> <span>Perle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Perle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Korall" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Korall"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.18</span> <span>Korall</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Korall-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prisvurdering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prisvurdering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Prisvurdering</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prisvurdering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Se_også" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Se_også"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Se også</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Se_også-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referanser" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referanser"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Referanser</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referanser-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eksterne_lenker" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eksterne_lenker"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Eksterne lenker</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eksterne_lenker-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Innhold" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Innholdsfortegnelse" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Vis/skjul innholdsfortegnelsen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Vis/skjul innholdsfortegnelsen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Edelsten</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gå til en artikkel på et annet språk. Tilgjengelig på 93 språk" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-93" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">93 språk</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smykkestein" title="Smykkestein – norsk nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Smykkestein" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norsk nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smykkesten" title="Smykkesten – dansk" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Smykkesten" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="dansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%84delsten" title="Ädelsten – svensk" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ädelsten" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="svensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edelsteen" title="Edelsteen – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Edelsteen" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edelsteine" title="Edelsteine – sveitsertysk" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Edelsteine" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="sveitsertysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%AC%D8%B1_%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%85" title="حجر كريم – arabisk" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حجر كريم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xema_(xeolox%C3%ADa)" title="Xema (xeoloxía) – asturisk" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Xema (xeoloxía)" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qiym%C9%99tli_da%C5%9Flar" title="Qiymətli daşlar – aserbajdsjansk" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qiymətli daşlar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="aserbajdsjansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%B0" title="রত্নপাথর – bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রত্নপাথর" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D2%AB%D1%8B%D0%BB_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Аҫыл таштар – basjkirsk" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Аҫыл таштар" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="basjkirsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%9E%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%96" title="Каштоўныя камяні – belarusisk" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Каштоўныя камяні" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarusisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%9E%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%96" title="Каштоўныя камяні – belarusisk (klassisk ortografi)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Каштоўныя камяні" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="belarusisk (klassisk ortografi)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gapong_alahas" title="Gapong alahas – sentralbikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Gapong alahas" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="sentralbikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8A%D0%BA" title="Скъпоценен камък – bulgarsk" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Скъпоценен камък" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgarsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemma" title="Gemma – katalansk" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gemma" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%C4%83_%D1%87%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Пархатарлă чул – tsjuvasjisk" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Пархатарлă чул" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="tsjuvasjisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drahokam" title="Drahokam – tsjekkisk" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Drahokam" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tsjekkisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glain" title="Glain – walisisk" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Glain" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="walisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schmuckstein" title="Schmuckstein – tysk" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schmuckstein" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4%C3%A4riskivi" title="Vääriskivi – estisk" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vääriskivi" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%BF%CE%BB%CF%8D%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B8%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Πολύτιμος λίθος – gresk" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πολύτιμος λίθος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="gresk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemstone" title="Gemstone – engelsk" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Gemstone" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engelsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gema" title="Gema – spansk" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gema" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemo" title="Gemo – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Gemo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harribitxi" title="Harribitxi – baskisk" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Harribitxi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%86%DA%AF" title="گوهرسنگ – persisk" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گوهرسنگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemme" title="Gemme – fransk" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Gemme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="fransk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clocha_l%C3%B3mhara" title="Clocha lómhara – irsk" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Clocha lómhara" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xema_(mineralox%C3%ADa)" title="Xema (mineraloxía) – galisisk" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Xema (mineraloxía)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B3-sa%CC%8Dk" title="Pó-sa̍k – hakka" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Pó-sa̍k" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="hakka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B3%B4%EC%84%9D" title="보석 – koreansk" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="보석" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AA%D5%A5%D6%84_%D6%87_%D5%AF%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AA%D5%A5%D6%84_%D6%84%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Թանկարժեք և կիսաթանկարժեք քարեր – armensk" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Թանկարժեք և կիսաթանկարժեք քարեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8" title="रत्न – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रत्न" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drago_kamenje" title="Drago kamenje – kroatisk" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Drago kamenje" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroatisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemo" title="Gemo – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Gemo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batu_permata" title="Batu permata – indonesisk" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Batu permata" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemma_(mineralogia)" title="Gemma (mineralogia) – italiensk" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Gemma (mineralogia)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%91%D7%9F_%D7%97%D7%9F" title="אבן חן – hebraisk" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אבן חן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebraisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watu_permata" title="Watu permata – javanesisk" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Watu permata" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javanesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%A6_%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%81" title="ರತ್ನದ ಕಲ್ಲು – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ರತ್ನದ ಕಲ್ಲು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BB_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Асыл тастар – kasakhisk" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Асыл тастар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kasakhisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kito_(madini)" title="Kito (madini) – swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kito (madini)" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Py%C3%A8_presye" title="Pyè presye – haitisk" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Pyè presye" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="haitisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BB_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Асыл таштар – kirgisisk" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Асыл таштар" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemma_(lapis)" title="Gemma (lapis) – latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Gemma (lapis)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C4%81rgakmens" title="Dārgakmens – latvisk" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Dārgakmens" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="latvisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eedelsteen" title="Eedelsteen – luxemburgsk" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Eedelsteen" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxemburgsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brangakmenis" title="Brangakmenis – litauisk" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Brangakmenis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litauisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aedelstein" title="Aedelstein – limburgsk" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Aedelstein" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburgsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr%C3%A1gak%C5%91" title="Drágakő – ungarsk" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Drágakő" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungarsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Скапоцен камен – makedonsk" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Скапоцен камен" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedonsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vatosoa" title="Vatosoa – gassisk" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Vatosoa" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="gassisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%82" title="രത്നം – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="രത്നം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0" title="जडजवाहीर – marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="जडजवाहीर" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%87" title="الاحجار الكريمه – egyptisk arabisk" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الاحجار الكريمه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="egyptisk arabisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batu_permata" title="Batu permata – malayisk" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Batu permata" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malayisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C5%8D%CC%A4-si%C5%8Fh" title="Bō̤-siŏh – mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Bō̤-siŏh" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%BB%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%9B%E1%80%90%E1%80%94%E1%80%AC" title="ကျောက်မျက် ရတနာ – burmesisk" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကျောက်မျက် ရတနာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="burmesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vatutalei" title="Vatutalei – fijiansk" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Vatutalei" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="fijiansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edelsteen" title="Edelsteen – nederlandsk" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Edelsteen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederlandsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%80" title="थी – newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="थी" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%9D%E7%9F%B3" title="宝石 – japansk" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="宝石" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhagaa_gati_jabeessa" title="Dhagaa gati jabeessa – oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Dhagaa gati jabeessa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javohirlar" title="Javohirlar – usbekisk" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Javohirlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="usbekisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%97" title="ਨਗ – panjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਨਗ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="panjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DA%AF_%D9%BE%D8%AA%DA%BE%D8%B1" title="نگ پتھر – vestpunjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="نگ پتھر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="vestpunjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamienie_jubilerskie" title="Kamienie jubilerskie – polsk" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kamienie jubilerskie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gema_(mineralogia)" title="Gema (mineralogia) – portugisisk" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Gema (mineralogia)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piatr%C4%83_pre%C8%9Bioas%C4%83" title="Piatră prețioasă – rumensk" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Piatră prețioasă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umi%C3%B1a" title="Umiña – quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Umiña" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Драгоценные камни – russisk" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Драгоценные камни" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%AB%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A" title="මැණික් – singalesisk" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="මැණික්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="singalesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewel" title="Jewel – enkel engelsk" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Jewel" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="enkel engelsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drahokam" title="Drahokam – slovakisk" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Drahokam" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovakisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragulj" title="Dragulj – slovensk" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Dragulj" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%9A%D0%B5" title="Драго камење – serbisk" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Драго камење" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragulj" title="Dragulj – serbokroatisk" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Dragulj" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroatisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalokivi" title="Jalokivi – finsk" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Jalokivi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batong-hiyas" title="Batong-hiyas – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Batong-hiyas" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="இரத்தினக்கல் – tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இரத்தினக்கல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%82" title="రత్నం – telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="రత్నం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4" title="รัตนชาติ – thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="รัตนชาติ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/De%C4%9Ferli_ta%C5%9F" title="Değerli taş – tyrkisk" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Değerli taş" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="tyrkisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%86%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Дорогоцінне каміння – ukrainsk" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Дорогоцінне каміння" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%A7%DB%81%D8%B1" title="سنگ جواہر – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سنگ جواہر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Ngọc – vietnamesisk" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ngọc" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djowion" title="Djowion – vallonsk" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Djowion" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="vallonsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%9D%E7%9F%B3" title="宝石 – wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="宝石" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%99%D7%93%D7%9C%D7%A9%D7%98%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9F" title="איידלשטיין – jiddisk" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="איידלשטיין" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="jiddisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AF%B6%E7%9F%B3" title="寶石 – kantonesisk" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="寶石" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AF%B6%E7%9F%B3" title="寶石 – kinesisk" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="寶石" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kinesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batu_mulio" title="Batu mulio – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Batu mulio" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B4%B0%E2%B4%B1%E2%B5%94%E2%B5%A5%E2%B5%95%E2%B5%93" title="ⴰⴱⵔⵥⵕⵓ – standard marrokansk tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⴰⴱⵔⵥⵕⵓ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="standard marrokansk tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q83437#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Rediger lenker til artikkelen på andre språk" class="wbc-editpage">Rediger lenker</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Navnerom"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Edelsten" title="Vis innholdssiden [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artikkel</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Diskusjon:Edelsten" rel="discussion" title="Diskusjon om innholdssiden [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Diskusjon</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Bytt språkvariant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">norsk bokmål</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Visninger"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Edelsten"><span>Les</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edelsten&veaction=edit" title="Rediger siden [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Rediger</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edelsten&action=edit" title="Rediger kildekoden for denne siden [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Rediger kilde</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edelsten&action=history" title="Tidligere sideversjoner av denne siden [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Vis historikk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Sideverktøy"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Verktøy" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Verktøy</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Verktøy</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">flytt til sidefeltet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">skjul</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Flere alternativer" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Handlinger </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Edelsten"><span>Les</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edelsten&veaction=edit" title="Rediger siden [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Rediger</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edelsten&action=edit" title="Rediger kildekoden for denne siden [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Rediger kilde</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edelsten&action=history"><span>Vis historikk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Generelt </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesial:Lenker_hit/Edelsten" title="Liste over alle wikisider som lenker hit [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Lenker hit</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesial:Relaterte_endringer/Edelsten" rel="nofollow" title="Siste endringer i sider som blir lenket fra denne siden [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Relaterte endringer</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=no" title="Last opp filer [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Last opp fil</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edelsten&oldid=24390765" title="Permanent lenke til denne versjonen av siden"><span>Permanent lenke</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edelsten&action=info" title="Mer informasjon om denne siden"><span>Sideinformasjon</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesial:Siteringshjelp&page=Edelsten&id=24390765&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informasjon om hvordan denne siden kan siteres"><span>Siter denne siden</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesial:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fno.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FEdelsten"><span>Hent forkortet URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesial:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fno.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FEdelsten"><span>Last ned QR-kode</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Skriv ut / eksporter </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesial:DownloadAsPdf&page=Edelsten&action=show-download-screen"><span>Last ned som PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edelsten&printable=yes" title="Utskriftsvennlig versjon av denne siden [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Utskriftsvennlig versjon</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> På andre prosjekter </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Gemstones" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q83437" title="Lenke til koblet dataregisterelement [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata-element</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Sideverktøy"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Utseende"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Utseende</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">flytt til sidefeltet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">skjul</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Fra Wikipedia, den frie encyklopedi</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Omdirigert fra «<a href="/w/index.php?title=Juvel&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Juvel">Juvel</a>»)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="nb" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Gem.pebbles.800pix.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Gem.pebbles.800pix.jpg/350px-Gem.pebbles.800pix.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="359" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Gem.pebbles.800pix.jpg/525px-Gem.pebbles.800pix.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/Gem.pebbles.800pix.jpg 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="574" /></a><figcaption>Polerte smykkesteiner. Øvre rad: Turkis, hematitt, krysokoll, tigerøye. Andre rad: Kvarts, turmalin, karneol, svovelkis, sugilitt. Tredje rad: Malakitt, rosekvarts, snøfnugg obsidian, rubin, moseagat. Nedre rad: Jaspis, ametyst, agat, lasurstein.<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23957101">.mw-parser-output .byline{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .byline .hidden{display:none}</style><div class="byline"><span class="hidden"> </span>Foto: Adrian Pingstone </div></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Edelstener</b> (fra <a href="/wiki/Middelnedertysk" title="Middelnedertysk">middelnedertysk</a> <i>edelsten</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> er sjeldne <a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">mineral</a><a href="/wiki/Krystall" title="Krystall">krystaller</a> som kuttes og poleres som anvendt til <a href="/wiki/Smykke" title="Smykke">smykker</a> og pyntegjenstander.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Det er bare vakre og forholdsvis harde mineraler som kalles edelstener. Mindre harde og mer vanlige mineraler som brukes til samme formål kalles gjerne <b>halvedelstener</b> (eller smykkestener). Grensene mellom edelstener og halvedelstener er ikke klart definert. Slipte edelstener kalles gjerne <b>juveler</b> (via tysk <i>Juwel</i>, middelnedertysk og nederlandsk <i>juweel</i>, fra gammelfransk <i>joël</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Imidlertid brukes visse bergarter (som <a href="/wiki/Lasurstein" title="Lasurstein">lasurstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Opal" title="Opal">opal</a> og <a href="/wiki/Obsidian" title="Obsidian">obsidian</a>) og noen ganger organiske materialer som ikke er mineraler (som <a href="/wiki/Rav" title="Rav">rav</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jet_(lignitt)" title="Jet (lignitt)">jet</a> og <a href="/wiki/Perle" title="Perle">perle</a>) også til smykker og anses derfor ofte også for å være edelstener. </p><p>Jo hardere edelstenen er, desto mer bestandig er den. De fleste edelstener er harde, men noen myke mineraler brukes i smykker på grunn av deres glans eller andre fysiske egenskaper som har <a href="/wiki/Estetikk" title="Estetikk">estetisk</a> verdi. Sjeldenhet og beryktethet er andre egenskaper som gir verdi til edelstener. Edelstener finnes over hele verden. Industrien for fargede edelstener (dette betyr alt annet enn <a href="/wiki/Diamant" title="Diamant">diamanter</a>) for tiden anslått å være rundt 10–12 milliarder amerikanske dollar.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kunnskapen om edelstener kalles <a href="/wiki/Gemmologi" title="Gemmologi">gemmologi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historie">Historie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edelsten&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Rediger avsnitt: Historie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edelsten&action=edit&section=1" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Historie"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tidlig_bruk">Tidlig bruk</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edelsten&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Rediger avsnitt: Tidlig bruk" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edelsten&action=edit&section=2" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Tidlig bruk"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Bague_%C3%A0_cabochon,_Syrie_-_btv1b100604001_(1_of_8).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Bague_%C3%A0_cabochon%2C_Syrie_-_btv1b100604001_%281_of_8%29.jpg/250px-Bague_%C3%A0_cabochon%2C_Syrie_-_btv1b100604001_%281_of_8%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Bague_%C3%A0_cabochon%2C_Syrie_-_btv1b100604001_%281_of_8%29.jpg/375px-Bague_%C3%A0_cabochon%2C_Syrie_-_btv1b100604001_%281_of_8%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Bague_%C3%A0_cabochon%2C_Syrie_-_btv1b100604001_%281_of_8%29.jpg/500px-Bague_%C3%A0_cabochon%2C_Syrie_-_btv1b100604001_%281_of_8%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2818" data-file-height="2109" /></a><figcaption>Tradisjonell ring med <a href="/wiki/Cabochon" title="Cabochon">cabochon</a>-slepet <a href="/wiki/Safir" title="Safir">safir</a> fra Syria</figcaption></figure> <p>Edelstenens historie går flere tusen år tilbake i tiden, da de ble båret som <a href="/wiki/Amulett" title="Amulett">amuletter</a> for bl.a. å holde onde makter borte. Etter hvert ble edelstenene, fordi de var både vakre og sjeldne, et symbol på rikdom, status og makt. I tidligere tider fattet <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B8der" title="Jøder">jødene</a> forskjellige stener inn i yppersteprestens brystplate. Stentypene og hvilken plassering de hadde er nøye beskrevet i <a href="/wiki/Det_gamle_testamente" class="mw-redirect" title="Det gamle testamente">Det gamle testamente</a>. Hver sten hadde sin bestemte betydning. På grunn av deres åndelige kraft og betydning ble edelstener senere fattet inn i kors og kalker. Biskoper og paver brukte også ringer med edelstener. Romerne fattet stener på sine sverd og andre våpen som beskyttelse i krig. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sliping">Sliping</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edelsten&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Rediger avsnitt: Sliping" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edelsten&action=edit&section=3" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Sliping"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Lizunova-556ct-cushion-parti-sapphire-3_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Lizunova-556ct-cushion-parti-sapphire-3_%281%29.jpg/250px-Lizunova-556ct-cushion-parti-sapphire-3_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Lizunova-556ct-cushion-parti-sapphire-3_%281%29.jpg/500px-Lizunova-556ct-cushion-parti-sapphire-3_%281%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="901" /></a><figcaption>Moderne ring med <a href="/wiki/Briljant" title="Briljant">briljanttslepen</a> pute av <a href="/wiki/Safir" title="Safir">safir</a></figcaption></figure> <p>De flotteste og hardeste edelstenene er de dyreste og mest ettertraktede, særlig <a href="/wiki/Diamant" title="Diamant">diamant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Topas" title="Topas">topas</a> og <a href="/wiki/Rubin" title="Rubin">rubin</a>. Det er vanlig å slipe eller polere stenene for å få fram <a href="/wiki/Glans" title="Glans">glans</a> og farge. Ubehandlede kan de se ut som vanlige «gråsteiner». Fra de tidligste tider ble disse steinene slipt til <a href="/wiki/Cabochon" title="Cabochon">cabochoner</a>, med runde eller til avrundete former. Dette er fortsatt vanlig å gjøre med halvedelstener i en del tradisjonelle smykker verden over. Under <a href="/wiki/Den_nederlandske_gullalderen" title="Den nederlandske gullalderen">den nederlandske gullalderen</a> begynte belgiske smykkemakere å kutte edelstenene, ikke bare slipe dem runde, mulignes for å etterlikne krystallers naturlige former. Først på 1700-tallet ble <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fasettsliping&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fasettsliping (ikke skrevet ennå)">fasettsliping</a> med minst 58 fasetter (<a href="/wiki/Briljant" title="Briljant">briljant</a>) utviklet i Italia. Den moderne briljantslipingen som brukes i dag ble utviklet i 1910.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Moderne_juvelframstilling">Moderne juvelframstilling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edelsten&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Rediger avsnitt: Moderne juvelframstilling" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edelsten&action=edit&section=4" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Moderne juvelframstilling"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Behandling av edelstener er et håndverksfag som for noen stentypers vedkommende utøves relativt få steder i verden. For eksempel finnes en høy prosent av verdens diamantslipere i Amsterdam, med de fleste samlet i noen få kvartaler av byen. En norsk diamantsliper driver forøvrig sitt verksted på <a href="/wiki/Svalbard" title="Svalbard">Svalbard</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Edelstener">Edelstener</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edelsten&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Rediger avsnitt: Edelstener" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edelsten&action=edit&section=5" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Edelstener"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Grensene mellom edelstener og halvedelstener (smykkestener) er ikke klart definert men de mest kjente edelstenene er: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diamant" title="Diamant">Diamant</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rubin" title="Rubin">Rubin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safir" title="Safir">Safir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smaragd" title="Smaragd">Smaragd</a></li></ul> <p>Når det gjelder halvedelstener er listen veldig lang, man har for eksempel: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r24577446">.mw-parser-output .kolonner+ul,.mw-parser-output .kolonner+ol,.mw-parser-output ul.kolonner,.mw-parser-output ol.kolonner{column-width:18rem}.mw-parser-output .kolonner+ul li,.mw-parser-output .kolonner+ol li,.mw-parser-output ul.kolonner li,.mw-parser-output ol.kolonner li{break-inside:avoid}.mw-parser-output .kolonner.following-list-style-type-lower-alpha+ol{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .kolonner.following-list-style-type-upper-alpha+ol{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .kolonner.following-list-style-type-lower-roman+ol{list-style-type:lower-roman}.mw-parser-output .kolonner.following-list-style-type-upper-roman+ol{list-style-type:upper-roman}</style><div class="kolonner multicol ve-conditional-display-block"></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agat" title="Agat">Agat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akvamarin" title="Akvamarin">Akvamarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ametrin" title="Ametrin">Ametrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ametyst" title="Ametyst">Ametyst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apatitt" title="Apatitt">Apatitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beryll" title="Beryll">Beryll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citrin" title="Citrin">Citrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granat_(mineral)" title="Granat (mineral)">Granat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hematitt" title="Hematitt">Hematitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jade" title="Jade">Jade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaspis" title="Jaspis">Jaspis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalsedon" title="Kalsedon">Kalsedon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korund" title="Korund">Korund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lasurstein" title="Lasurstein">Lasurstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A5nestein" title="Månestein">Månestein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nefritt_(krystall)" title="Nefritt (krystall)">Nefritt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onyx" title="Onyx">Onyx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opal" title="Opal">Opal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peridot" title="Peridot">Peridot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrop" title="Pyrop">Pyrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosenkvarts" title="Rosenkvarts">Rosenkvarts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B8ykkvarts" title="Røykkvarts">Røykkvarts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodalitt" title="Sodalitt">Sodalitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinell" title="Spinell">Spinell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzanitt" title="Tanzanitt">Tanzanitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thulitt" title="Thulitt">Thulitt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tiger%C3%B8ye&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tigerøye (ikke skrevet ennå)">Tigerøye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topas" title="Topas">Topas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkis_(edelsten)" title="Turkis (edelsten)">Turkis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turmalin" title="Turmalin">Turmalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zirkon" title="Zirkon">Zirkon</a></li></ul> <p>Det er også noen materialer som ikke er steiner men allikevel regnes som smykkesteiner, man har for eksempel: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korallrev" title="Korallrev">Korall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perle" title="Perle">Perle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rav" title="Rav">Rav</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Diamant">Diamant</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edelsten&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Rediger avsnitt: Diamant" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edelsten&action=edit&section=6" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Diamant"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Diamater har alltid vært de mest populære edelstenene. Den er verdens hardeste mineral og er laget av karbon som oppstår ved stort trykk. <a href="/wiki/Cullinandiamanten" title="Cullinandiamanten">Cullinan</a> var verdens største <a href="/wiki/Diamant" title="Diamant">diamant</a> (3.106,75 <a href="/wiki/Karat_(masseenhet)" title="Karat (masseenhet)">karat</a>) når den ble funnet i Premier Mine, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8r-Afrika" title="Sør-Afrika">Sør-Afrika</a>, i 1905. Den ble delt og den største delen (Great Star of Africa 530,2 karat) er montert i et av <a href="/wiki/Septer" title="Septer">septrene</a> i <a href="/wiki/De_britiske_kronjuvelene" class="mw-redirect" title="De britiske kronjuvelene">de britiske kronjuvelene</a>. Den ble slått av Golden Jubilee (545,67 karat) i 1985 som ble funnet i samme gruve. </p><p>De største forekomstene av diamanter finnes i sentrale og sørlige Afrika, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russland" title="Russland">Russland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brasil" title="Brasil">Brasil</a> og <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> Det er ingen større forekomster av diamanter i Norge men det er funnet noen små flere steder i landet som Karasjok-området, <a href="/wiki/Pasvikelva" title="Pasvikelva">Pasvikelva</a> og <a href="/wiki/Hallingdal" title="Hallingdal">Hallingdal</a>. I dag er det er teknisk mulig å fremstille diamant kunstig. </p><p>En diamants farge, klarhet, slip og vekt bestemmer stenens verdi. De finnes i alle farger, noen mer sjeldne enn andre. Med en lupe kan en øvet fagmann se urenheter, desto færre urenheter en sten har, jo mer verdifull er den. En diamantsliper bestemmer slipeformen, den vanligste slipeformen er en rund briljant med 57 fasetter, andre slipeformer er briljantslip, dråpeformetslip, ovalslip, prinsesseslip, navettslip, hjerteslip, smaragdslip og baguettslip. Slipekvaliten klassifiseres som (engelsk) <i>poor</i> (p), <i>fair</i> [f], <i>good</i> [g], <i>very good</i> [vg] og <i>excellent</i> [e]. Slipekvaliteten har stor innvirkning på prisen. Karat er vektenheten for en diamant (forkores <i>ct</i>), en karat tilsvarer 0,2 gram og jo større en diamant er desto mer sjelden er den. </p><p>I dag er diamanten populær i forlovelsesringer, en praksis som kan spores tilbake til bryllupet til Maximilian I og Maria av Burgund i 1477. Også i gifteringer er det blitt mer vanlig å ha diamanter. Diamanter brukes i alle typer smykker som halssmykker, armbånd og øreringer. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Safir">Safir</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edelsten&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Rediger avsnitt: Safir" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edelsten&action=edit&section=7" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Safir"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Safir er en av de fire mest ettertraktede edelstenene på grunn av sin skjønnhet og sjeldenhet. Den er en gjennomsiktig varietet av mineralet <a href="/wiki/Korund" title="Korund">korund</a> som opptrer i mange farger bortsett fra rød og mørk rosa, for da vil den heller kalles rubin. Safirer blir ofte assosiert med den dype blåfargen, men finnes også i andre farger. Allerede i oldtiden var den en viktig edelsten for kongelige og adelsmenn, i <a href="/wiki/Hellas" title="Hellas">Hellas</a> og <a href="/wiki/Roma" title="Roma">Roma</a> var safiren en viktig edelsten for å beskytte mot skade og gi visdom og innsikt. Safiren assosieres ofte med himmelen og himmellegemene. </p><p>Safirer kommer særlig fra <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madagaskar" title="Madagaskar">Madagaskar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> og <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>. I Norge er den kjent som en sjeldenhet, men er funnet i en rubinforekomst i <a href="/wiki/Agder" title="Agder">Agder</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rubin">Rubin</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edelsten&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Rediger avsnitt: Rubin" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edelsten&action=edit&section=8" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Rubin"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Som safiren er rubinen en korund-variant, den består av aluminiumoksid med små spor av krom- og jernoksid som gir den den røde fargen. Rubiner har vært ettertraktet i tusenvis av år, ordet for rubin på sanskrit er ratnaraj, som betyr "kongen av edelstener". Den dyprøde Burmarubinen, som ofte blir betegnet som dueblodsrød, er den mest verdifulle. </p><p>Mest kjente lokaliteter er <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>, Thailand og <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a>. I Norge ble en forekomst av rubin oppdaget i 1956 i <a href="/wiki/Froland" title="Froland">Froland</a> i Agder. Den inneholdt purpurrøpde krystaller av en uvanlig størreIse, dessverre viste det seg at krystallene hadde små sprekker og innslutninger. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Smaragd">Smaragd</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edelsten&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Rediger avsnitt: Smaragd" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edelsten&action=edit&section=9" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Smaragd"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Smaragden er en type <a href="/wiki/Beryll" title="Beryll">beryll</a>, med en blågrønne farge. Fargen kommer fra krom og noen ganger fra vanadium. De har blitt verdsatt gjennom historien, og noen historikere hevder at egypterne hadde smaragdgruver så tidlig som 3500 f.Kr. </p><p>De største forekomstene er i <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>, Brasil, Zambia, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, Madagaskar og Russland. <a href="/wiki/Nord-Europa" title="Nord-Europa">Nord-Europas</a> eneste <a href="/wiki/Smaragdgruvene_ved_Minnesund" title="Smaragdgruvene ved Minnesund">smaragdgruver var ved Minnesund</a> i <a href="/wiki/Akershus" title="Akershus">Akershus</a>. Det var gruvedrift etter smaragd fra 1899 til 1909, åpnet av engelskmannen Edward Aston som bodde på gården med sin familie mens han arbeidet i <a href="/wiki/Gull" title="Gull">gullgruvene</a> på <a href="/wiki/Eidsvoll" title="Eidsvoll">Eidsvoll</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Agat">Agat</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edelsten&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Rediger avsnitt: Agat" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edelsten&action=edit&section=10" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Agat"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Agat består av tynne parallelle og forskjellig fargede lag, som danner konsentriske eller uregelmessige mønstre. Den vanligste fargen er grå nyanser, men noen ganger er den ensfarget. Det kan være mer eller mindre gjennomsiktig. </p><p>Agat forekomster finnes i Brasil, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skottland" title="Skottland">Skottland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a> og <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>. I Norge finnes den steder som <a href="/wiki/Nedre_Eiker" title="Nedre Eiker">Nedre Eiker</a> i <a href="/wiki/Buskerud" title="Buskerud">Buskerud</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trysil" title="Trysil">Trysil</a> i <a href="/wiki/Innlandet" title="Innlandet">Innlandet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eidanger" title="Eidanger">Eidanger</a> og i <a href="/wiki/Holmestrand" title="Holmestrand">Holmestrand</a> i <a href="/wiki/Vestfold" title="Vestfold">Vestfold</a>. Agat kan også bli funnet i bekker </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Akvamarin">Akvamarin</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edelsten&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Rediger avsnitt: Akvamarin" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edelsten&action=edit&section=11" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Akvamarin"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Akvamarin er et krystallisert beryllium-mineral. Navnet betyr sjøvann, og kommer fra fargen som strekker seg fra dyp blå til grønn. Jo mørkere blå jo mer verdifull. </p><p>Kjente områder hvor akvamarinen finnes er Brasil, Zambia og <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>. I Norge forekommer mineralet blant annet i <a href="/wiki/Hurum" title="Hurum">Hurum</a> i Buskerud og på <a href="/wiki/Iveland" title="Iveland">Iveland</a> i Agder. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Amethyst">Amethyst</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edelsten&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Rediger avsnitt: Amethyst" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edelsten&action=edit&section=12" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Amethyst"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ametyst er en lilla variant og den mest ettertraktede varianten av <a href="/wiki/Kvarts" title="Kvarts">kvarts</a>. Ametyster finnes vanligvis i <a href="/wiki/Pegmatitt" title="Pegmatitt">pegmatitter</a>, i hulrom, druser, sprekker og geoder. Geologisk forekommer de i både gamle og unge bergarter. </p><p>Ametyst hentes ut i land som Uruguay og Brasil. I Norge er ametyst funnet på en rekke lokaliteter, blant annet på <a href="/wiki/Stange" title="Stange">Stange</a> i <a href="/wiki/Innlandet" title="Innlandet">Innlandet</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Citrin">Citrin</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edelsten&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Rediger avsnitt: Citrin" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edelsten&action=edit&section=13" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Citrin"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Citrin er en gul til brun <a href="/wiki/Kvarts" title="Kvarts">kvarts</a>. Den er allment benyttet som en diamant i fasettslipt form og er den mest verdifulle kvartsperlen som brukes i smykker. Nesten alle citrinstener på markedet er varmebehandlet <a href="/wiki/Ametyst" title="Ametyst">ametyst</a>. Naturlig citrin er gul til oransje og forekommer i mye lysere fargetoner enn varmebehandlet materiale, som er mørk oransje-brun til rødbrunt. Citrin kan også være produsert av varmebehandlet <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B8ykkvarts" title="Røykkvarts">røykkvarts</a>. </p><p>Man utvinner citrin i land som Uruguay. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Granat">Granat</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edelsten&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Rediger avsnitt: Granat" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edelsten&action=edit&section=14" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Granat"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Granat er en mineralgruppe som har vært brukt siden <a href="/wiki/Bronsealderen" title="Bronsealderen">bronsealderen</a>. Granatkrystaller er som regel rødlige, men finnes også i alle andre farger som oransje, gul, grønn, blå, lilla, rosa og brun. Navnet granat stammer fra det latinske <i>granatus</i>, som sannsynligvis er en referanse til <a href="/wiki/Punica_granatum" class="mw-redirect" title="Punica granatum">Punica granatum</a>, siden de likner noen granatkrystaller i form, størrelse og farge. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Tsjekkoslovakia" title="Tsjekkoslovakia">Tsjekkoslovakia</a> og Madagaskar er blant landene som utvinner granat, i Norge finnes den en lang rekke seder. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Jade">Jade</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edelsten&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Rediger avsnitt: Jade" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edelsten&action=edit&section=15" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Jade"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jade finnes i mange farger, vanligst er det grønne og oransje varianter, men det finnes også hvite, gule, røde og blå. Den er en hard og seig bergart noe som gjør den spesielt egnet til utskjæringer. Jade er ikke spesielt kostbart, men er en vakker smykkesten som særlig er populær i Kina. Jade er sterkt knyttet til asiatisk kultur, historie og tradisjon. </p><p>Hovedsakelig finnes jade i <a href="/wiki/Kina" title="Kina">Kina</a>, Myanmar og <a href="/wiki/Mellom-Amerika" title="Mellom-Amerika">Mellom-Amerika</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Spinell">Spinell</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edelsten&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Rediger avsnitt: Spinell" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edelsten&action=edit&section=16" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Spinell"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Spinell er et veldig hardt mineral som består av magnesiumaluminat, noen ganger med innblanding av krom og jern. Den har gitt navn til <i>spinellgruppen</i>, med lignende type struktur og krystallstruktur. Den mest ettertraktede fargen er rød, i tillegg forekommer gule, blå og grønne spineller og en sort variant, som kalles pleonast eller ceylonitt. </p><p>De viktigste funnstedene er i Myanmar, Sri Lanka og Thailand. I Norge er den kun funnet i <a href="/wiki/Modum" title="Modum">Modum</a> og <a href="/wiki/Jotunheimen" title="Jotunheimen">Jotunheimen</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Thulitt">Thulitt</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edelsten&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Rediger avsnitt: Thulitt" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edelsten&action=edit&section=17" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Thulitt"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Thulitt er en <a href="/wiki/Mangan" title="Mangan">manganrik</a> ugjennomsiktig rødrosa variant av <a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">mineralet</a> <a href="/wiki/Zoisitt" title="Zoisitt">zoisitt</a>. Den ble oppdaget i <a href="/wiki/Sauland" title="Sauland">Sauland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vestfold_og_Telemark" title="Vestfold og Telemark">Vestfold og Telemark</a> i 1820. </p><p>Thulitt er uoffisielt blitt blitt kåret til <i>Norges nasjonalstein</i>. </p><p>Den finnes i Australia, Sør-Afrika og <a href="/wiki/%C3%98sterrike" title="Østerrike">Østerrike</a>, og i Norge er den funnet en rekke steder. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Topas">Topas</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edelsten&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Rediger avsnitt: Topas" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edelsten&action=edit&section=18" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Topas"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Topas er en hard, gjennomsiktig, krystallinsk <a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">mineral</a> bestående av <a href="/wiki/Fluor" title="Fluor">fluorholdig</a> <a href="/wiki/Aluminiumsilikat" title="Aluminiumsilikat">aluminiumsilikat</a>. Den er som regel fargeløs, eller lyseblå, men forekommer også i gule til oransjebrune, rødlige og rosa. Topas er et hydrotermalt mineral, som vanligvis finnes i granitter, granittpegmatitter og rhyolitter, i sedimentære bergarter og enkelte ganger i høymetamorfe bergarter. </p><p>Så Topas finnes i Tyskland, USA og Sør-Amerika og en rekke steder i Norge. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Turkis">Turkis</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edelsten&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Rediger avsnitt: Turkis" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edelsten&action=edit&section=19" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Turkis"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Turkis er et blå- til grønnfarget <a href="/wiki/Krystallin" title="Krystallin">kryptokrystallint</a>, den finnes bare noen få steder i verden. Fargen varierer fra intens mellomblå til grønnblå noen inneholder mørkebrune striper. </p><p>Det meste av verdens turkis produksjon foregår i det sørvestlige <a href="/wiki/USA" title="USA">USA</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Zirkon">Zirkon</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edelsten&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Rediger avsnitt: Zirkon" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edelsten&action=edit&section=20" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Zirkon"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Zirkon er et <a href="/wiki/Silikat" title="Silikat">silikatmineral</a> av <a href="/wiki/Zirkonium" title="Zirkonium">zirkonium</a>. Man finner zirkon som fargeløse, gule, grå, røde, grønne, brune eller sorte varianter. Blå varianter forekommer ikke i naturen, men kan lages kunstig. </p><p>Zikon finner man i land som Australia, Sør-Afrika, India, Brasil, Thailand og <a href="/wiki/Ukraina" title="Ukraina">Ukraina</a>. Den finnes også flere steder i Norge som ved <a href="/wiki/Langesundsfjorden" title="Langesundsfjorden">Langesundsfjorden</a> og i <a href="/wiki/Krager%C3%B8" title="Kragerø">Kragerø</a> i <a href="/wiki/Telemark" title="Telemark">Telemark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iveland" title="Iveland">Iveland</a> og <a href="/wiki/Evje" title="Evje">Evje</a> i <a href="/wiki/Agder" title="Agder">Agder</a>, <a href="/wiki/T%C3%B8rdal" title="Tørdal">Tørdal</a> i <a href="/wiki/Telemark" title="Telemark">Telemark</a> og <a href="/wiki/Seiland" title="Seiland">Seiland</a> i <a href="/wiki/Finnmark" title="Finnmark">Finnmark</a>.   </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rav">Rav</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edelsten&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Rediger avsnitt: Rav" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edelsten&action=edit&section=21" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Rav"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rav er forstenet <a href="/wiki/Harpiks" title="Harpiks">harpiks</a> (gjerne kvae fra <a href="/wiki/Bartr%C3%A6r" title="Bartrær">bartrær</a>). For at rav skal dannes, må harpiksen ende i havet og ligge der i minst 30–50 millioner år. Etter denne lange perioden uten <a href="/wiki/Oksygen" title="Oksygen">oksygen</a>, og under trykk, forandrer plantesaften seg, og <a href="/wiki/Olje" title="Olje">oljeinnholdet</a> reduseres slik at ravet dannes. I motsetning til andre materialer er ofte urent rav mer verdifullt, siden urenhetene ofte består av insekter eller barnåler som ble innkapslet for millioner av år siden. Omtrent 3500 arter av insekter og edderkoppdyr er registrert fra baltisk rav. Ved sliping til smykker varmes ravet opp, slik at det blir mykere. Oppvarmingen kan også forårsake fargeendringer. Rav betraktes som en smykkesten. </p><p>Man finner <a href="/wiki/Baltikum" title="Baltikum">baltisk</a> rav i området rundt <a href="/wiki/%C3%98stersj%C3%B8en" title="Østersjøen">Østersjøen</a>. Andre kjente ravforekomster er i <a href="/wiki/Den_dominikanske_republikk" title="Den dominikanske republikk">Den dominikanske republikk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chiapas" title="Chiapas">Chiapas</a> i <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a> USA, Myanmar, <a href="/wiki/Oise" title="Oise">Oise</a> <a href="/wiki/Frankrike" title="Frankrike">Frankrike</a> og i <a href="/wiki/Libanon" title="Libanon">Libanon</a>. Rav er også funnet i Norge, selv om det er sjeldent. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Perle">Perle</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edelsten&veaction=edit&section=22" title="Rediger avsnitt: Perle" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edelsten&action=edit&section=22" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Perle"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Perle er en <a href="/wiki/Kalk" title="Kalk">kalkdannelse</a> som oppstår hos <a href="/wiki/Muslinger" title="Muslinger">muslinger</a> når et <a href="/wiki/Sand" title="Sand">sandkorn</a> eller lignende fremmedlegeme trenger inn mellom skalldelene. Selve perlen består av det samme materialet som dannes på <a href="/wiki/Muslingskall" title="Muslingskall">muslingskallets</a> innside - <a href="/wiki/Perlemor" title="Perlemor">perlemor</a>. Tilnærmet perfekte perler er runde og har en <a href="/wiki/Irisering" title="Irisering">iriserende</a> glans, og menneskeheten har gjennom <a href="/wiki/%C3%85rtusen" class="mw-redirect" title="Årtusen">årtusener</a> latt seg tiltrekke av denne spesielle glansen som perler har. Verdens trolig største perle, «<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pearl_of_Puerto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pearl of Puerto (ikke skrevet ennå)">Pearl of Puerto</a>», ble funnet av en lokal fisker på øya <a href="/wiki/Palawan" title="Palawan">Palawan</a> i <a href="/wiki/Filippinene" title="Filippinene">Filippinene</a> rundt 2006, den veide ca. 34 kg. Verdens største perfekte perle, kanskje synonym med «<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pearl_of_Kuwait&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pearl of Kuwait (ikke skrevet ennå)">Pearl of Kuwait</a>», 64,5 <a href="/wiki/Karat_(masseenhet)" title="Karat (masseenhet)">karat</a> (12,9 gram), ble funnet i <a href="/wiki/Persiagolfen" class="mw-redirect" title="Persiagolfen">Persiagolfen</a> på <a href="/wiki/1600-tallet" class="mw-redirect" title="1600-tallet">1600-tallet</a>, og måler cirka 7,5 x 5 cm. </p><p>Ekte perler er <a href="/wiki/Ferskvann" title="Ferskvann">ferskvann</a>sperler og <a href="/wiki/Sj%C3%B8vann" title="Sjøvann">saltvann</a>sperler. Ferskvannsperler dannes i et naturlig prosess i ferskvannsmiljøer som innsjøer, dammer og elver, uten menneskelige inngrep. Ferskvannsperler har gjerne et tykkere lag med perlemor, enn hva for eksempel kulturperler har. Saltvannsperler er dyrket i bløtdyr som lever i saltvann, og er oftest rundere og av høyere kvalitet enn ferskvannsperler. Det finnes flere typer saltvannsperler, inkludert Akoya perler og Tahiti Perler. Kulturperler regnes også som ekte perler men er menneskeskapte perler som produseres ved å sette inn et lite stykke perlemor eller en perle i en østers. Østersen reagerer ved å dekke det fremmede objektet med flere lag av perlemor, noe som skaper en perle. Ekte perler et <a href="/wiki/Organisk_materiale" title="Organisk materiale">organisk materiale</a> men betraktes som edelstener. </p><p>Syntetiske perler er et perleimitat som blir laget rundt en syntetisk kjerne, som dekkes av en blandingsmasse bestående av blant annet fint knust <a href="/wiki/Glass_(materiale)" class="mw-redirect" title="Glass (materiale)">glass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fiskeskjell" title="Fiskeskjell">fiskeskjell</a>, perlemor, «lim» og kjemikalier. Imiterte perler har liten verdi, og lar seg lett skille fra ekte perler. Hvis man skulle være i tvil, kan man ta perlen og føre den over kanten av tennene. Uekte perler har glatt overflate, mens ekte perler er ru, nesten som <a href="/wiki/Sandpapir" title="Sandpapir">sandpapir</a>. </p><p>Perler produseres hovedsakelig i farvannet mellom Australia og Kina, syntetiske perler produseres blant annet i <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> og <a href="/wiki/Mallorca" title="Mallorca">Mallorca</a>. I Norge finnes det <a href="/wiki/Elvemuslingfamilien" title="Elvemuslingfamilien">elvemuslinger</a> som kan ha perler. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Korall">Korall</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edelsten&veaction=edit&section=23" title="Rediger avsnitt: Korall" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edelsten&action=edit&section=23" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Korall"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kalkskjeletter av noen koraller har tradisjonelt blitt brukt til smykker og ornamenter. Spesielt edlekoraller og noen svarte koraller hvis skjelett er hornlignende og harde nok til å bli bearbeidet til en smykkestein. Røde koraller har lenge vært populært for smykker, for eksempel i form av perler som halskjeder, og innen folketro har skjelettet av svart korall vært antatt å ha helsebringende egenskaper. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 252px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Hooker_Emerald_Brooch.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hooker-smaragden omkranset av diamanter i en brosje."><img alt="Hooker-smaragden omkranset av diamanter i en brosje." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Hooker_Emerald_Brooch.jpg/375px-Hooker_Emerald_Brooch.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Hooker_Emerald_Brooch.jpg/563px-Hooker_Emerald_Brooch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Hooker_Emerald_Brooch.jpg/750px-Hooker_Emerald_Brooch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Hooker-<a href="/wiki/Smaragd" title="Smaragd">smaragden</a> omkranset av <a href="/wiki/Diamant" title="Diamant">diamanter</a> i en brosje.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 278px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 276px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Perles_Tahiti.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Perler som smykkesteiner."><img alt="Perler som smykkesteiner." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Perles_Tahiti.jpg/500px-Perles_Tahiti.jpg" decoding="async" width="276" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Perles_Tahiti.jpg/622px-Perles_Tahiti.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/07/Perles_Tahiti.jpg 2x" data-file-width="772" data-file-height="699" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Perle" title="Perle">Perler</a> som smykkesteiner.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 336px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 334px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Amber.pendants.800pix.050203.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Smykkesteiner av rav. Foto: Adrian Pingstone"><img alt="Smykkesteiner av rav. Foto: Adrian Pingstone" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Amber.pendants.800pix.050203.jpg/501px-Amber.pendants.800pix.050203.jpg" decoding="async" width="334" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Amber.pendants.800pix.050203.jpg/752px-Amber.pendants.800pix.050203.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/Amber.pendants.800pix.050203.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="599" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Smykkesteiner av rav. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23957101" /><div class="byline"><span class="hidden"> </span>Foto: Adrian Pingstone </div></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prisvurdering">Prisvurdering</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edelsten&veaction=edit&section=24" title="Rediger avsnitt: Prisvurdering" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edelsten&action=edit&section=24" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Prisvurdering"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Faktorer som kan innvirke på prisnivå: </p> <ul><li>Sjeldenheten, fargen og om hvilke urenheter og sprekker som finnes.</li> <li>Om steinen er slipt: markedets oppfatning av kvaliteten på slipingen.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Se_også"><span id="Se_ogs.C3.A5"></span>Se også</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edelsten&veaction=edit&section=25" title="Rediger avsnitt: Se også" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edelsten&action=edit&section=25" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Se også"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gemmologi" title="Gemmologi">Gemmologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">Mineral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bergart" title="Bergart">Bergart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smykke" title="Smykke">Smykke</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referanser">Referanser</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edelsten&veaction=edit&section=26" title="Rediger avsnitt: Referanser" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edelsten&action=edit&section=26" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Referanser"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://naob.no/ordbok/edelsten">«edelsten»</a>, <i>NAOB</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/gemstone">«Gemstone»</a>, Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Alden, Nancy (2009): <i>Simply Gemstones: Designs for Creating Beaded Gemstone Jewelry</i>. New York, NY: Random House. <a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkilder/9780307451354" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-307-45135-4</a>; s. 136.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://naob.no/ordbok/juvel">«juvel»</a>, <i>NAOB</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Belley, Phillippe (2021): «Coloured gemstones: uncharted waters in economic geology», <i>Atlantic Geology</i>. <b>57</b>, s. 139.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://naob.no/ordbok/gemmologi">gemmologi</a>, <i>NAOB</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.capetowndiamondmuseum.org/blog/2019/10/the-fascinating-history-of-diamond-cutting/">«The fascinating history of diamond cutting»</a>. Cape Town Diamond Museum. 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besøkt 24. september 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3AEdelsten&rft.btitle=The+fascinating+history+of+diamond+cutting&rft.date=2016&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Cape+Town+Diamond+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.capetowndiamondmuseum.org%2Fblog%2F2019%2F10%2Fthe-fascinating-history-of-diamond-cutting%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eksterne_lenker">Eksterne lenker</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edelsten&veaction=edit&section=27" title="Rediger avsnitt: Eksterne lenker" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edelsten&action=edit&section=27" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Eksterne lenker"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="bjeller languageicon" style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);cursor:help;" title="engelsk">(en)</span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Gemstones" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Gemstones">Gemstones</a> – kategori av bilder, video eller lyd på <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Commons</a> <span class="noprint plainlinks wikidata-linkback wd_p373"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83437?uselang=nb#P373" title="Rediger på Wikidata"><img alt="Rediger på Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" 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