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Frazer – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ian H. Frazer" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_H._Frazer" title="Ian H. Frazer – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Ian H. Frazer" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%B1" title="يان فرازر – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="يان فرازر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Frazer" title="Ian Frazer – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ian Frazer" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Frazer" title="Ian Frazer – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ian 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class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Scottish-born Australian immunologist</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other people named Ian Frazer, see <a href="/wiki/Ian_Frazer_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Ian Frazer (disambiguation)">Ian Frazer (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Ian Hector Frazer</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Companion_of_the_Order_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Companion of the Order of Australia">AC</a> <a href="/wiki/Royal_College_of_Physicians_of_Edinburgh" title="Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh">FRCPE</a> <a href="/wiki/Royal_College_of_Pathologists_of_Australasia" title="Royal College of Pathologists of Australasia">FRCPA</a> <a href="/wiki/Australian_Academy_of_Science" title="Australian Academy of Science">FAA</a> <a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Australian_Academy_of_Technological_Sciences_and_Engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Fellow of the Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering">FTSE</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Ian_Frazer_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ef/Ian_Frazer_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="186" height="252" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="186" data-file-height="252" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">1953-01-06</span>) </span>6 January 1953<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age 71)</span><br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a>, Scotland</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category">Australian, British</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh" title="University of Edinburgh">University of Edinburgh</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science" title="Bachelor of Science">BSc</a>), (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Medicine,_Bachelor_of_Surgery" title="Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery">M.B.B.S.</a>);<br /><a href="/wiki/Walter_and_Eliza_Hall_Institute_of_Medical_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research">Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research</a>;<br /><a href="/wiki/University_of_Melbourne" title="University of Melbourne">University of Melbourne</a> (<a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Medicine" title="Doctor of Medicine">M.D.</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data">HPV vaccine creation</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Australian_of_the_Year" title="Australian of the Year">Australian of the Year</a> (2006),<br /><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister%27s_Prize_for_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister's Prize for Science">Prime Minister's Prize for Science</a> (2008),<br /><a href="/wiki/Australian_Living_Treasure" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Living Treasure">Australian Living Treasure</a> (2012),<br /><a href="/wiki/Companion_of_the_Order_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Companion of the Order of Australia">Companion of the Order of Australia</a> (2012)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category">Immunology</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Translational_Research_Institute_(Australia)" title="Translational Research Institute (Australia)">Translational Research Institute</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Queensland" title="University of Queensland">University of Queensland</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Ian Hector Frazer</b> <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Companion_of_the_Order_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Companion of the Order of Australia">AC</a></span></span> (born 6 January 1953) is a Scottish-born Australian immunologist, the founding <a href="/wiki/Chief_Executive_Officer" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Executive Officer">CEO</a> and <a href="/wiki/Executive_Director" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive Director">Director of Research</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Translational_Research_Institute_(Australia)" title="Translational Research Institute (Australia)">Translational Research Institute (Australia)</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Frazer and <a href="/wiki/Jian_Zhou" title="Jian Zhou">Jian Zhou</a> developed and patented the basic technology behind the <a href="/wiki/HPV_vaccine" title="HPV vaccine">HPV vaccine</a> against <a href="/wiki/Cervical_cancer" title="Cervical cancer">cervical cancer</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Queensland" title="University of Queensland">University of Queensland</a>. Researchers at the <a href="/wiki/National_Cancer_Institute" title="National Cancer Institute">National Cancer Institute</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgetown_University" title="Georgetown University">Georgetown University</a>, and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Rochester" title="University of Rochester">University of Rochester</a> also contributed to the further development of the cervical cancer vaccine in parallel.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ian_Frazer&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Frazer was born in <a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a>, Scotland. His parents were medical scientists,<sup id="cite_ref-heads_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heads-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and he was drawn to science from a young age.<sup id="cite_ref-et_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-et-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Frazer attended Aberdeen private school <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gordon%27s_College" title="Robert Gordon's College">Robert Gordon's College</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-heads_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heads-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He chose to pursue <a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">medicine</a> over an earlier interest in <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a> due to physics having fewer research opportunities,<sup id="cite_ref-AA1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AA1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and he received his <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science" title="Bachelor of Science">Bachelor of Science</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Medicine_and_Bachelor_of_Surgery" class="mw-redirect" title="Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery">Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery</a>, at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh" title="University of Edinburgh">University of Edinburgh</a> in 1974 and 1977 respectively. It was during this time that he met his wife Caroline, whom he married in 1976. His 1978–79 <a href="/wiki/Residency_(medicine)" title="Residency (medicine)">residency</a> was in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_General_Hospital" title="Eastern General Hospital">Edinburgh Eastern General Hospital</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Royal_Infirmary" class="mw-redirect" title="Edinburgh Royal Infirmary">Edinburgh Royal Infirmary</a> and the <a href="/wiki/East_Lothian_Community_Hospital" title="East Lothian Community Hospital">Roodlands General Hospital</a> in <a href="/wiki/Haddington,_East_Lothian" title="Haddington, East Lothian">Haddington</a>. </p><p>In 1980/81 Frazer <a href="/wiki/Immigration" title="Immigration">immigrated</a> to <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a> after he was headhunted by Dr. Ian Mackay at the <a href="/wiki/Walter_and_Eliza_Hall_Institute_of_Medical_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research">Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research</a><sup id="cite_ref-emigrate_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-emigrate-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to research viral <a href="/wiki/Immunology" title="Immunology">immunology</a>. In 1981 he discovered that the <a href="/wiki/Immunodeficiency" title="Immunodeficiency">immunodeficiency</a> afflicting homosexuals in San Francisco was also found in the gay men in his <a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_B" title="Hepatitis B">hepatitis B</a> study, and in 1984 helped to confirm that <a href="/wiki/HIV#Discovery" title="HIV">HIV was a cause</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-GGtW_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GGtW-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was also found that another <a href="/wiki/Sexually_transmitted_disease#Viral" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexually transmitted disease">sexually transmitted virus</a> was having a surprising effect: the <a href="/wiki/Human_papilloma_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Human papilloma virus">human papilloma virus (HPV)</a> infection seemed to be inducing <a href="/wiki/Precancerous_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Precancerous cells">precancerous cells</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1985 he moved to the University of Queensland as a <a href="/wiki/Senior_Lecturer" class="mw-redirect" title="Senior Lecturer">Senior Lecturer</a>, with the opportunity to establish his own <a href="/wiki/Research_laboratory" class="mw-redirect" title="Research laboratory">research laboratory</a>. It was here in the <a href="/wiki/Lions_Clubs_International#Focus_of_Lions" title="Lions Clubs International">Lions</a> Human Immunology Laboratories he continued to research HPV in men, and contributed to <a href="/wiki/HIV" title="HIV">HIV</a> research.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this time Frazer also taught at the university and ran <a href="/wiki/Diagnostic_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Diagnostic test">diagnostic tests</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Princess_Alexandra_Hospital_(Brisbane)" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess Alexandra Hospital (Brisbane)">Princess Alexandra Hospital</a> and<sup id="cite_ref-heads_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heads-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> received his <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Medicine" title="Doctor of Medicine">Doctor of Medicine</a> qualification in 1988.<sup id="cite_ref-Profile_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Profile-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Breakthrough">Breakthrough</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ian_Frazer&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Breakthrough"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On a 1989 <a href="/wiki/Sabbatical" title="Sabbatical">sabbatical</a> he met <a href="/wiki/Virologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Virologist">virologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Jian_Zhou" title="Jian Zhou">Jian Zhou</a>, and the two considered the problem of developing a vaccine for HPV – a virus that cannot be <a href="/wiki/Cell_culture" title="Cell culture">cultured</a> without living tissue.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Frazer convinced Zhou to join him, and in 1990 they began to use <a href="/wiki/Molecular_biology" title="Molecular biology">molecular biology</a> to synthesize particles <a href="/wiki/In_vitro" title="In vitro">in vitro</a> that could mimic the virus. In March 1991 Zhou's wife and fellow researcher, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Xiao-Yi_Sun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xiao-Yi Sun (page does not exist)">Xiao-Yi Sun</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-GGtW_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GGtW-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> assembled by Zhou's instructions<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> two <a href="/wiki/L1_family" title="L1 family">proteins</a> into a <a href="/wiki/Virus-like_particle" title="Virus-like particle">virus-like particle (VLP)</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-RD_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RD-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> resembling the HPV shell, from which <a href="/wiki/HPV_vaccine" title="HPV vaccine">HPV vaccine</a> would ultimately be made.<sup id="cite_ref-et_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-et-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The vaccine completely protects <a href="/wiki/Viral_infection" class="mw-redirect" title="Viral infection">unexposed</a> women against four HPV strains <a href="/wiki/Oncovirus" title="Oncovirus">responsible for</a> 70% of <a href="/wiki/Cervix" title="Cervix">cervical</a> cancers,<sup id="cite_ref-ref001_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref001-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ref002_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref002-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which kill <a href="/wiki/Cervical_cancer#Epidemiology" title="Cervical cancer">about 250,000 women annually</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ref003_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref003-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Newsweek_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newsweek-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Frazer and Zhou filed a <a href="/wiki/Provisional_patent" class="mw-redirect" title="Provisional patent">provisional patent</a> in June 1991 and began work on developing the vaccine within UQ. To finance clinical trials, Australian medical company <a href="/wiki/CSL_Limited" title="CSL Limited">CSL</a>, and later <a href="/wiki/Merck_%26_Co." title="Merck & Co.">Merck</a>, were sold partial patents.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (CSL has the exclusive license to sell Gardasil in New Zealand and Australia, Merck the license elsewhere.)<sup id="cite_ref-PRWatch_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PRWatch-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/GlaxoSmithKline" class="mw-redirect" title="GlaxoSmithKline">GlaxoSmithKline</a> independently used the same VLP-approach to develop <a href="/wiki/Cervarix" title="Cervarix">Cervarix</a>, under a later US patent, licensing Frazer's <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">intellectual property</a> in 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-life_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-life-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later in 1991 the research was presented at a US scientific meeting, and Frazer became Director of the Centre for Immunology and Cancer Research at the University of Queensland (later renamed <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Diamantina_Institute_for_Cancer,_Immunology_and_Metabolic_Medicine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Diamantina Institute for Cancer, Immunology and Metabolic Medicine (page does not exist)">The Diamantina Institute for Cancer, Immunology and Metabolic Medicine</a>, where he held a personal chair as director). After three years in design, <a href="/wiki/Gardasil" title="Gardasil">Gardasil</a> went into testing, and Frazer became a <a href="/wiki/Professor" title="Professor">professor</a> in the university's Department of Medicine. In 1998 Frazer completed the first <a href="/wiki/Drug_trial" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug trial">human trials</a> for Gardasil, and became an <a href="/wiki/Australian_nationality_law#Registration_and_Naturalisation_as_an_Australian_Citizen" title="Australian nationality law">Australian citizen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-heads_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heads-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RD_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RD-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pioneer_Patent_for_VLPs_and_the_HPV_vaccine">Pioneer Patent for VLPs and the HPV vaccine</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ian_Frazer&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Pioneer Patent for VLPs and the HPV vaccine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>US. 7,476,389, titled <i>"Papilloma Virus Vaccines"</i>, was granted to co-inventors Ian Frazer and Jian Zhou (posthumously) on 13 January 2009. Its U.S. application was filed on 19 January 1994, but claimed priority under a 20 July 1992 PCT filing to the date of an initial [AU] Australian patent application filed on 19 July 1991. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Celebrity">Celebrity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ian_Frazer&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Celebrity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2006 results from the four-year <a href="/wiki/Clinical_trial#Phase_III" title="Clinical trial">Phase III trials</a> led to Australian and <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Drug_Evaluation_and_Research" title="Center for Drug Evaluation and Research">US</a> regulatory approval.<sup id="cite_ref-RD_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RD-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Frazer's studies showed 100% efficacious protective immunity in HPV naïve women, but could not directly test protective immunity (against HPV exposure) in adolescent girls. As a surrogate test, <a href="/wiki/Antibody_titer" class="mw-redirect" title="Antibody titer">antibody titer</a> levels in vaccinated 9 to 15-year-old girls was shown high enough to give them the same level of immunity as vaccinated women.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been suggested that one way to bring cheaper equivalent vaccines to market is to mandate a similar <i>induced immune response</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Frazer administered the first official HPV-vaccination,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was made 2006 <a href="/wiki/Queensland_Day#Queenslander_of_the_Year" title="Queensland Day">Queenslander of the Year</a> and <a href="/wiki/Australian_of_the_Year" title="Australian of the Year">Australian of the Year</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 2007 resolution of their <a href="/wiki/Patent_law_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Patent law in the United States">US patent lawsuit</a>, Frazer's and Jian Zhou's heirs (Zhou, who died in 1999, was survived by his widow Xiao-Yi Sun and a son Andreas) world-wide rights to the fundamental VLP science, and Frazer's and Zhou's priority to invention of that fundamental VLP science, were both established.<sup id="cite_ref-AA1_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AA1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-life_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-life-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After 2009 reports of adverse Gardasil reactions, Frazer said "Apart from a very, very rare instance where you get an <a href="/wiki/Allergic_reaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Allergic reaction">allergic reaction</a> from the vaccine, which is about one in a million, there is nothing else that can be directly attributable to the vaccine."<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ian Frazer is one of the "most trusted" Australians, and some critics have accused Gardasil's advocates of exploiting <a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">patriotism</a><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to promote its rapid Australian release.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Australian_federal_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian federal government">Australia's government</a> had the world's most generous coverage for the drug, though it is the nation with the lowest cervical cancer mortality.)<sup id="cite_ref-PRWatch_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PRWatch-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal">Personal</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ian_Frazer&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Personal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ian Frazer lives in <a href="/wiki/Brisbane,_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Brisbane, Australia">Brisbane, Australia</a> with his wife Caroline. As of 2010, two of his sons are medical students and the third is a <a href="/wiki/Veterinary_scientist" class="mw-redirect" title="Veterinary scientist">veterinary scientist</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Govprofile_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Govprofile-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards_and_honours">Awards and honours</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ian_Frazer&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Awards and honours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1999 Frazer received the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Australian_Biotechnology_Award&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Australian Biotechnology Award (page does not exist)">Australian Biotechnology Award</a>, and has since received more than twenty awards for science: <sup id="cite_ref-Govprofile_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Govprofile-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>1999: Business/Higher Education Round Table award for Collaborative Research</li> <li>2003: Centenary Medal for services to cancer research<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2005: <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Curtin_Medal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Curtin Medal (page does not exist)">John Curtin Medal</a></li> <li>2005: <a href="/wiki/CSIRO" title="CSIRO">CSIRO</a> Eureka Prize for Leadership in Science<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2006: Distinguished Fellowship Award, <a href="/wiki/Royal_College_of_Pathologists" title="Royal College of Pathologists">Royal College of Pathologists</a></li> <li>2006: Queenslander of the Year / Australian of the Year</li> <li>2006: <a href="/wiki/William_B._Coley_Award" title="William B. Coley Award">William B. Coley Award</a> (with <a href="/wiki/Harald_zur_Hausen" title="Harald zur Hausen">Harald zur Hausen</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-emigrate_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-emigrate-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2007: <a href="/wiki/Novartis_Prize_for_Clinical_Immunology" class="mw-redirect" title="Novartis Prize for Clinical Immunology">Novartis Prize for Clinical Immunology</a>, Rio de Janeiro</li> <li>2007: Golden Plate Award, American <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Achievement" title="Academy of Achievement">Academy of Achievement</a><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2007: <a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Life_Award&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Life Award (page does not exist)">International Life Award</a> for Scientific Research</li> <li>2007: Clunies Ross Award, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Academy_of_Technological_Sciences_and_Engineering&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering (page does not exist)">Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering</a></li> <li>2007: <a href="/wiki/Howard_Florey_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Howard Florey Institute">Howard Florey Medal for Medical Research</a></li> <li>2008: <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister%27s_Prize_for_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister's Prize for Science">Prime Minister's Prize for Science</a><sup id="cite_ref-first_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-first-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2008: <a href="/wiki/Balzan_Prize" title="Balzan Prize">Balzan Prize</a> for <a href="/wiki/Preventive_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Preventive Medicine">Preventive Medicine</a><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2008: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramaciotti_Medal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ramaciotti Medal (page does not exist)">Ramaciotti Medal</a></li> <li>2008: <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Dermatology" title="American Academy of Dermatology">American Academy of Dermatology</a> Lila Gruber Award for Dermatology</li> <li>2009: <a href="/wiki/Australian_Medical_Association" title="Australian Medical Association">Australian Medical Association</a> Gold Medal<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2011: elected <a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">Fellow of the Royal Society</a><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2018: Elected a Corresponding Fellow of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Edinburgh" title="Royal Society of Edinburgh">Royal Society of Edinburgh</a><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2022: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hmaward.org.ae/profile.php?id=2569">Grand Hamdan International Award - Infectious Diseases</a></li></ul> <p>In 2012 Frazer was named as a <a href="/wiki/Australian_Living_Treasures" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Living Treasures">National Living Treasure</a> by the <a href="/wiki/National_Trust_of_Australia" title="National Trust of Australia">National Trust of Australia</a> (NSW).<sup id="cite_ref-national-living-treasure_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-national-living-treasure-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 11 June 2012, Frazer was named a <a href="/wiki/Companion_of_the_Order_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Companion of the Order of Australia">Companion of the Order of Australia</a> (AC) for "eminent service to medical research, particularly through leadership roles in the discovery of the Human Papilloma Virus vaccine and its role in preventing cervical cancer, to higher education and as a supporter of charitable organisations."<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Current_work">Current work</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ian_Frazer&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Current work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Herpes">Herpes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ian_Frazer&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Herpes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In February 2014, it was announced that Frazer's new vaccine against <a href="/wiki/Genital_herpes" title="Genital herpes">genital herpes</a> has passed human safety trials in a trial of 20 Australians. The vaccine is designed to prevent new infections.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Research">Research</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ian_Frazer&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From February 2011 to February 2015, Frazer was the CEO and Director of Research at the <a href="/wiki/Translational_Research_Institute_(Australia)" title="Translational Research Institute (Australia)">Translational Research Institute</a>, a joint initiative of <a href="/wiki/The_University_of_Queensland" class="mw-redirect" title="The University of Queensland">The University of Queensland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Queensland_University_of_Technology" title="Queensland University of Technology">Queensland University of Technology</a>, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mater_Medical_Research_Institute&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mater Medical Research Institute (page does not exist)">Mater Medical Research Institute</a> and the Princess Alexandra Hospital.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is researching <a href="/wiki/Immunomodulator" class="mw-redirect" title="Immunomodulator">immunoregulation</a> and immunotherapeutic vaccines, supported by several US and Australian <a href="/wiki/Research_funding" class="mw-redirect" title="Research funding">research funding</a> bodies.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is working on a VLP-based vaccine against <a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_C_virus" title="Hepatitis C virus">hepatitis C</a>, and is researching extensions to the VLP production technology for <a href="/wiki/Dengue_fever" title="Dengue fever">dengue fever</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_encephalitis" title="Japanese encephalitis">Japanese encephalitis</a> vaccines. Frazer expects (50% effective) <a href="/wiki/HIV_vaccine" class="mw-redirect" title="HIV vaccine">HIV vaccines</a> to be available by 2028.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is already overseeing trials of the first vaccine for <a href="/wiki/Skin_cancer" title="Skin cancer">skin cancer</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Squamous_cell_carcinoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Squamous cell carcinoma">Squamous cancer</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> caused by HPV) which might be ready before 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Frazer is the inaugural holder of the <a href="/wiki/Queensland_Government" title="Queensland Government">Queensland Government</a> Smart State premier's fellowship, worth $2.5 million over 5 years. He has held continuous research funding from the <a href="/wiki/National_Health_and_Medical_Research_Council" title="National Health and Medical Research Council">National Health and Medical Research Council</a> (NHMRC) since 1985, mostly relating to papilloma viruses or <a href="/wiki/Tumor_immunology" class="mw-redirect" title="Tumor immunology">tumor immunology</a>. He is currently a joint Chief Investigator on an <a href="/wiki/Medical_research#Funding" title="Medical research">NHMRC program grant</a> and a NHMRC/<a href="/wiki/Wellcome_Trust" title="Wellcome Trust">Wellcome</a> program grant, together worth more than $2 million a year. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Teaching_and_industry">Teaching and industry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ian_Frazer&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Teaching and industry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>He teaches immunology to undergraduates and <a href="/wiki/Graduate_student" class="mw-redirect" title="Graduate student">graduate students</a> at the University of Queensland, is <a href="/wiki/Cancer_Council_Australia" title="Cancer Council Australia">Cancer Council Australia</a> president,<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Cancer_Research_Foundation" title="Australian Cancer Research Foundation">ACRF</a>'s Medical Research Advisory Committee, and advises the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">WHO</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bill_and_Melinda_Gates_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation">Gates Foundation</a> on papillomavirus <a href="/wiki/Vaccine" title="Vaccine">vaccines</a>. </p><p>Frazer consults for many <a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_companies" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmaceutical companies">pharmaceutical companies</a> on <a href="/wiki/Immunomodulator" class="mw-redirect" title="Immunomodulator">Immunomodulatory drugs</a>, prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines. He sits on the board of three for-profit small biotech companies and a number of <a href="/wiki/Not_for_profit" class="mw-redirect" title="Not for profit">not for profit</a> organisations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fellowships">Fellowships</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ian_Frazer&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Fellowships"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_College_of_Physicians_of_Edinburgh" title="Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh">Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh</a>, since 1988</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_College_of_Pathologists_of_Australasia" title="Royal College of Pathologists of Australasia">Royal College of Pathologists of Australasia</a>, since 1989</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Institute_of_Company_Directors" title="Australian Institute of Company Directors">Australian Institute of Company Directors</a>, since 2002</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Academy_of_Technological_Sciences_and_Engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering">Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering</a>, since 2003</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Academy_of_Science" title="Australian Academy of Science">Australian Academy of Science</a>, since 2004<sup id="cite_ref-CoridonPR_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CoridonPR-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Academy_of_Health_and_Medical_Sciences" title="Australian Academy of Health and Medical Sciences">Australian Academy of Health and Medical Sciences</a>, since 2014<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ian_Frazer&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130409073421/http://tri.edu.au/index.php/about-tri/tri-staff/tri-executive">"TRI Executive"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Translational_Research_Institute_(Australia)" title="Translational Research Institute (Australia)">Translational Research Institute</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tri.edu.au/index.php/about-tri/tri-staff/tri-executive">the original</a> on 9 April 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=TRI+Executive&rft.pub=Translational+Research+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftri.edu.au%2Findex.php%2Fabout-tri%2Ftri-staff%2Ftri-executive&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIan+Frazer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcNeil_C2006" class="citation journal cs1">McNeil C (April 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjnci%2Fdjj144">"Who invented the VLP cervical cancer vaccines?"</a>. <i>Journal of the National Cancer Institute</i>. <b>98</b> (7): 433. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjnci%2Fdjj144">10.1093/jnci/djj144</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16595773">16595773</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+National+Cancer+Institute&rft.atitle=Who+invented+the+VLP+cervical+cancer+vaccines%3F&rft.volume=98&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=433&rft.date=2006-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjnci%2Fdjj144&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16595773&rft.au=McNeil+C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fjnci%252Fdjj144&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIan+Frazer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">King, Madonna (2013). Ian Frazer: The man who saved a million lives. Brisbane: University of Queensland Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780702249570" title="Special:BookSources/9780702249570">9780702249570</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-heads-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-heads_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-heads_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-heads_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-heads_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson" class="citation web cs1">Thompson, Peter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/talkingheads/txt/s1674348.htm">"Professor Ian Frazer"</a>. <i>Talking Heads</i>. abc.net.au<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Talking+Heads&rft.atitle=Professor+Ian+Frazer&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Ftalkingheads%2Ftxt%2Fs1674348.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIan+Frazer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-et-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-et_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-et_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBelinda_Gibbon_(program_producer)2007" class="citation web cs1">Belinda Gibbon (program producer) (15 March 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/catalyst/stories/s1871847.htm">"Meeting Ian Frazer"</a>. <i>Catalyst</i>. ABC<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Catalyst&rft.atitle=Meeting+Ian+Frazer&rft.date=2007-03-15&rft.au=Belinda+Gibbon+%28program+producer%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fcatalyst%2Fstories%2Fs1871847.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIan+Frazer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AA1-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AA1_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AA1_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2008" class="citation web cs1">Williams, Robyn (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110305021729/http://science.org.au/scientists/interviews/f/if.html#1">"Professor Ian Frazer"</a>. <i>Interviews with Australian scientists</i>. <a href="/wiki/Australian_Academy_of_Science" title="Australian Academy of Science">Australian Academy of Science</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.science.org.au/scientists/interviews/f/if.html#1">the original</a> on 5 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Interviews+with+Australian+scientists&rft.atitle=Professor+Ian+Frazer&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Robyn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.science.org.au%2Fscientists%2Finterviews%2Ff%2Fif.html%231&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIan+Frazer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-emigrate-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-emigrate_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-emigrate_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100210064545/http://www.riaus.org.au/science/people/healthcare_medicine/ian_frazer.jsp">"Ian Frazer"</a>. Ri Aus. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.riaus.org.au/science/people/healthcare_medicine/ian_frazer.jsp">the original</a> on 10 February 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2010</span>. <q>Eighty per cent of Australian secondary schoolgirls have been vaccinated with Gardasil</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ian+Frazer&rft.pub=Ri+Aus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.riaus.org.au%2Fscience%2Fpeople%2Fhealthcare_medicine%2Fian_frazer.jsp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIan+Frazer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GGtW-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GGtW_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GGtW_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhittaker2006" class="citation journal cs1">Whittaker, M. (4 March 2006). "God's Gift to Women". <i>The Weekend Australian Magazine</i>. <q><span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Ian went to huge efforts and he got them <a href="/wiki/Visa_(document)" class="mw-redirect" title="Visa (document)">visas</a> to Australia,' recalls <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Stanley_(virologist)" title="Margaret Stanley (virologist)">Margaret Stanley</a>. 'It says a lot about Ian. If anything should come over in your article, it's that Ian is an extremely kind man.'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Weekend+Australian+Magazine&rft.atitle=God%27s+Gift+to+Women&rft.date=2006-03-04&rft.aulast=Whittaker&rft.aufirst=M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIan+Frazer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrazerCrapperMedleyBrown1986" class="citation journal cs1">Frazer, I. H.; Crapper, R. M.; Medley, G.; Brown, T. C.; Mackay, I. R. (20 September 1986). "Association between anorectal dysplasia, human papillomavirus, and human immunodeficiency virus infection in homosexual men". <i>The Lancet</i>. <b>328</b> (8508): 657–660. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2886%2990168-6">10.1016/S0140-6736(86)90168-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2876137">2876137</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:34973455">34973455</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Lancet&rft.atitle=Association+between+anorectal+dysplasia%2C+human+papillomavirus%2C+and+human+immunodeficiency+virus+infection+in+homosexual+men&rft.volume=328&rft.issue=8508&rft.pages=657-660&rft.date=1986-09-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A34973455%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2876137&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2886%2990168-6&rft.aulast=Frazer&rft.aufirst=I.+H.&rft.au=Crapper%2C+R.+M.&rft.au=Medley%2C+G.&rft.au=Brown%2C+T.+C.&rft.au=Mackay%2C+I.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIan+Frazer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrazerMcCamish_MHay_INorth_P.1988" class="citation journal cs1">Frazer, I. H.; McCamish M; Hay I; North P. (3 October 1988). "Influence of human immunodeficiency virus antibody testing on sexual behaviour in a "high-risk" population from a "low-risk" city". <i>Med J Aust</i>. <b>149</b> (7). Lions Human Immunology Laboratories, University of Queensland, Department of Medicine, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba.: 365–8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5694%2Fj.1326-5377.1988.tb120670.x">10.5694/j.1326-5377.1988.tb120670.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3173194">3173194</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:29026390">29026390</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Med+J+Aust&rft.atitle=Influence+of+human+immunodeficiency+virus+antibody+testing+on+sexual+behaviour+in+a+%22high-risk%22+population+from+a+%22low-risk%22+city&rft.volume=149&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=365-8&rft.date=1988-10-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A29026390%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F3173194&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5694%2Fj.1326-5377.1988.tb120670.x&rft.aulast=Frazer&rft.aufirst=I.+H.&rft.au=McCamish+M&rft.au=Hay+I&rft.au=North+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIan+Frazer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Profile-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Profile_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090414050543/http://www.di.uq.edu.au/profile-frazer">"A hero of women and science"</a>. Diamantina Institute at The University of Queensland. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.di.uq.edu.au/profile-frazer">the original</a> on 14 April 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2009</span>. <q>Ian Frazer was set for a career in physics when a chance encounter with an immunologist, the father of his <a href="/wiki/Pen-friend" class="mw-redirect" title="Pen-friend">pen-friends</a> girlfriend, changed his course.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+hero+of+women+and+science&rft.pub=Diamantina+Institute+at+The+University+of+Queensland&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.di.uq.edu.au%2Fprofile-frazer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIan+Frazer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSterling2001" class="citation book cs1">Sterling, J. C., ed. (August 2001). "1". <i>Human Papillomaviruses: Clinical and Scientific Advances</i>. London: Hodder Arnold. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-340-74215-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-340-74215-0"><bdi>978-0-340-74215-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1&rft.btitle=Human+Papillomaviruses%3A+Clinical+and+Scientific+Advances&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hodder+Arnold&rft.date=2001-08&rft.isbn=978-0-340-74215-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIan+Frazer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Vaccines Forgotten Man</i> [www.theaustralian.com.au/news/tribute-to-vaccines-forgotten-man-story-e6frg600-1111116233989]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RD-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RD_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RD_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RD_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2006" class="citation journal cs1">Williams, L. (August 2006). "A Simple Idea". <i><a href="/wiki/Reader%27s_Digest" title="Reader's Digest">Reader's Digest</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reader%27s+Digest&rft.atitle=A+Simple+Idea&rft.date=2006-08&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIan+Frazer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ref001-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ref001_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSawayaSmith-McCune2007" class="citation journal cs1">Sawaya, G. F.; Smith-McCune, Karen (10 May 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/356/19/1991">"HPV Vaccination – More Answers, More Questions"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_England_Journal_of_Medicine" title="The New England Journal of Medicine">The New England Journal of Medicine</a></i>. <b>356</b> (19): 1990–1991. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJMe078088">10.1056/NEJMe078088</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17494932">17494932</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100104113447/http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/356/19/1991">Archived</a> from the original on 4 January 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2010</span>. <q>Previous reports showed a remarkable 100% efficacy of a quadrivalent vaccine targeting HPV types 6, 11, 16, and 18 on outcomes related to vaccine HPV types in women with no evidence of previous exposure to those types [...] subgroups of subjects with no evidence of previous exposure to relevant vaccine HPV types were evaluated separately for vaccine efficacy. In these subgroups, efficacy of nearly 100% against all grades of cervical <a href="/wiki/Cervical_intraepithelial_neoplasia" title="Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia">intraepithelial neoplasia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adenocarcinoma" title="Adenocarcinoma">adenocarcinoma</a> <a href="/wiki/Carcinoma_in_situ" title="Carcinoma in situ">in situ</a> related to vaccine HPV types was reported [...] Why is vaccine efficacy modest in the entire cohort? One factor is the apparent lack of efficacy among subjects with evidence of previous exposure to HPV types included in the vaccine. The FUTURE II trial showed no effect of vaccination</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+England+Journal+of+Medicine&rft.atitle=HPV+Vaccination+%E2%80%93+More+Answers%2C+More+Questions&rft.volume=356&rft.issue=19&rft.pages=1990-1991&rft.date=2007-05-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1056%2FNEJMe078088&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17494932&rft.aulast=Sawaya&rft.aufirst=G.+F.&rft.au=Smith-McCune%2C+Karen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.nejm.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Ffull%2F356%2F19%2F1991&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIan+Frazer" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ref002-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ref002_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalkerJ.2005" class="citation journal cs1">Walker; J. (9 October 2005). "UQ Team Defeats Cervical Cancer". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Courier-Mail" title="The Courier-Mail">The Courier-Mail</a></i>. <q>Ian Frazer's break-through vaccine is 100 per cent effective against the most common form of the virus that causes cervical cancer, according to final-stage trial results [...] a delighted Professor Frazer, 52, said last night: 'It is very rare, almost unheard of, to achieve a 100 per cent efficacy rate in any treatment, so these results are truly wonderful.'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Courier-Mail&rft.atitle=UQ+Team+Defeats+Cervical+Cancer&rft.date=2005-10-09&rft.au=Walker&rft.au=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIan+Frazer" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ref003-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ref003_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Estimates of the contemporary global mortality rate have remained in the 190,000 to 300,000 range from 2000 to 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/phi/B120_35_Add1-en.pdf">The 2007 WHO progress report</a> says that preventable cervical cancer "<i>was responsible in 2005 for up to 500,000 new cases, and up to 257,000 deaths, more than 90% in low- and middle-income countries</i>", but, "<i>According to WHO’s projections, deaths from cervical cancer will rise to 320,000 in 2015 and to 435,000 in 2030</i>" (p.4). These projections may be little effected by vaccination programs (anyway unlikely on cost grounds) because "<i>A reduction in cancer incidence and mortality might not be measurable before 10 to 30 years after the vaccine is introduced.</i>" (p.5). Other estimates of the problem's scale are broadly in agreement: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy2006" class="citation journal cs1">Kennedy, F. (25 January 2006). "UQ Australian of the Year Will Continue Fight for Women's Health". <i>UQ News</i>. <q>Professor Frazer said Australia and other <a href="/wiki/Developed_nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Developed nation">developed nations</a> had effective Pap smear programs to reduce the incidence of cervical cancer. 'Despite this, cervical cancer continues to be a shocking disease for women in the developed world. Women living in poverty in the developing world, where Pap smears are not widely available, account for most of the 250,000 deaths from cervical cancer each year. So this vaccine has the potential to do most good in the developing world, where it could help lift women out of <a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">poverty</a> by relieving the burden of disease</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=UQ+News&rft.atitle=UQ+Australian+of+the+Year+Will+Continue+Fight+for+Women%27s+Health&rft.date=2006-01-25&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIan+Frazer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/talkingheads/txt/s1674348.htm">"Transcripts – Professor Ian Frazer"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Australian Broadcasting Corporation">Australian Broadcasting Corporation</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2010</span>. <q>Ian Frazer was made Australian of the Year in 2006. He and his team at Princess Alexandra Hospital in Brisbane have developed a vaccine to beat cervical cancers that kill 250,000 women a year worldwide.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Transcripts+%E2%80%93+Professor+Ian+Frazer&rft.pub=Australian+Broadcasting+Corporation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Ftalkingheads%2Ftxt%2Fs1674348.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIan+Frazer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cervicalcancer.org/statistics.html">"Cervical Cancer Statistics"</a>. CervicalCancer.org. 2 March 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201205064250/http://www.cervicalcancer.org/statistics.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2010</span>. <q>A woman dies of cervical cancer approximately every 2 minutes. In less developed countries, this type of cancer is the second most common in women and accounts for up to 300,000 annual deaths.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cervical+Cancer+Statistics&rft.pub=CervicalCancer.org&rft.date=2007-03-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cervicalcancer.org%2Fstatistics.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIan+Frazer" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Newsweek-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Newsweek_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKantrowitz2010" class="citation web cs1">Kantrowitz, Barbara (15 March 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newsweek.com/2010/03/14/message-in-a-bottle.html">"<b>Message in a Bottle</b> The subtle ads for drug giant Glaxo's new cervical-cancer drugs have people talking"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Newsweek" title="Newsweek">Newsweek</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2010</span>. <q><a href="/wiki/Cervarix" title="Cervarix">Cervarix</a> may also protect against <a href="/wiki/Viral_strain" class="mw-redirect" title="Viral strain">other types</a> that cause cervical cancer, but more research is needed to confirm this. ... <a href="/wiki/GlaxoSmithKline" class="mw-redirect" title="GlaxoSmithKline">GlaxoSmithKline</a>'s] estimate of the prevalence of cervical cancer in United States roughly matches the <a href="/wiki/National_Cancer_Institute" title="National Cancer Institute">National Cancer Institute</a>'s statistics. But according to the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a>, the disease is far more common in <a href="/wiki/Developing_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Developing countries">developing countries</a>, which account for 80 percent of the annual cases worldwide and about 190,000 deaths a year (compared to about 4,000 deaths in United States).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Message+in+a+Bottle+The+subtle+ads+for+drug+giant+Glaxo%27s+new+cervical-cancer+drugs+have+people+talking.&rft.pub=Newsweek&rft.date=2010-03-15&rft.aulast=Kantrowitz&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsweek.com%2F2010%2F03%2F14%2Fmessage-in-a-bottle.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIan+Frazer" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChenWang2007" class="citation journal cs1">Chen, Huanhuan; Wang, Danhong (22 October 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/doc/2670487/Zhou-Jian2">"An interview with Jian Zhou's wife, Dr. Xiaoyi Sun"</a>. <i>Science Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+Times&rft.atitle=An+interview+with+Jian+Zhou%27s+wife%2C+Dr.+Xiaoyi+Sun&rft.date=2007-10-22&rft.aulast=Chen&rft.aufirst=Huanhuan&rft.au=Wang%2C+Danhong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scribd.com%2Fdoc%2F2670487%2FZhou-Jian2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIan+Frazer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PRWatch-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PRWatch_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PRWatch_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiers-Poisson2007" class="citation web cs1">Siers-Poisson, Judith (18 July 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090624010732/http://www.prwatch.org/node/6263/print">"Profit Knows No Borders, Selling Gardasil to the Rest of the World"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Media_and_Democracy" title="Center for Media and Democracy">Center for Media and Democracy</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prwatch.org/node/6263/print">the original</a> on 24 June 2009. <q>The federal government will also cover young women who are not in school and are still under 27 years through their <a href="/wiki/General_practitioner" title="General practitioner">general practitioners</a> and community immunization clinics. This age group will receive the vaccine free from July 2007, until the end of June 2009.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Profit+Knows+No+Borders%2C+Selling+Gardasil+to+the+Rest+of+the+World&rft.pub=Center+for+Media+and+Democracy&rft.date=2007-07-18&rft.aulast=Siers-Poisson&rft.aufirst=Judith&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.prwatch.org%2Fnode%2F6263%2Fprint&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIan+Frazer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-life-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-life_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-life_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeran2006" class="citation web cs1">Beran, Ruth (21 June 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120406092450/http://www.lifescientist.com.au/article/161373/ian_frazer_patent_problem/">"Ian Frazer's patent problem"</a>. <i>Australian Life Scientist</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lifescientist.com.au/article/161373/ian_frazer_patent_problem/?">the original</a> on 6 April 2012. <q>Jian Zhou died in 1999, but he was an equal partner</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australian+Life+Scientist&rft.atitle=Ian+Frazer%27s+patent+problem&rft.date=2006-06-21&rft.aulast=Beran&rft.aufirst=Ruth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lifescientist.com.au%2Farticle%2F161373%2Fian_frazer_patent_problem%2F%3F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIan+Frazer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrazer2007" class="citation journal cs1">Frazer, I. (November 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs1201-9712%2807%2960016-2">"Correlating immunity with protection for HPV infection"</a>. <i>International Journal of Infectious Diseases</i>. <b>11</b>. Elsevier: S10–S16. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs1201-9712%2807%2960016-2">10.1016/s1201-9712(07)60016-2</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18162240">18162240</a>. <q>with no breakthrough HPV infections due to waning immunity, the minimum protective anti-HPV antibody level could not be ascertained. Nevertheless, antibody titer has been used as a surrogate marker of protection in clinical trials, particularly in adolescent populations in whom efficacy studies are not feasible.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Infectious+Diseases&rft.atitle=Correlating+immunity+with+protection+for+HPV+infection&rft.volume=11&rft.pages=S10-S16&rft.date=2007-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs1201-9712%2807%2960016-2&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18162240&rft.aulast=Frazer&rft.aufirst=I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fs1201-9712%252807%252960016-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIan+Frazer" class="Z3988"></span> (The 100% efficacious immunity is against HPV 16 and 18-related cervical cancer indicators.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCragerGuillenPrice2009" class="citation journal cs1">Crager, S. E.; Guillen, E.; Price, M. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110727074500/http://www.med4all.org/fileadmin/med/pdf/2_Crager_Formatted_June3_HPV-Impfung.pdf">"University Contributions to the HPV Vaccine and Implications for Access to Vaccines in Developing Countries"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/American_Journal_of_Law_%26_Medicine" title="American Journal of Law & Medicine">American Journal of Law & Medicine</a></i>. <b>35</b> (2–3): 253–79. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F009885880903500202">10.1177/009885880903500202</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19697749">19697749</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:10603131">10603131</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.med4all.org/fileadmin/med/pdf/2_Crager_Formatted_June3_HPV-Impfung.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 27 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2010</span>. <q>Evaluating the ability of a vaccine to induce a specific immune response is far less complex, less costly, and less time-consuming, than performing clinical trials to assess the ability of the vaccine to confer protective immunity.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Law+%26+Medicine&rft.atitle=University+Contributions+to+the+HPV+Vaccine+and+Implications+for+Access+to+Vaccines+in+Developing+Countries&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=2%E2%80%933&rft.pages=253-79&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A10603131%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19697749&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F009885880903500202&rft.aulast=Crager&rft.aufirst=S.+E.&rft.au=Guillen%2C+E.&rft.au=Price%2C+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.med4all.org%2Ffileadmin%2Fmed%2Fpdf%2F2_Crager_Formatted_June3_HPV-Impfung.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIan+Frazer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPollard2006" class="citation web cs1">Pollard, Ruth (9 September 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/one-small-jab-but-a-giant-leap-for-womankind/2006/08/28/1156617275315.html">"One small jab, but a giant leap for womankind"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Sydney_Morning_Herald" class="mw-redirect" title="Sydney Morning Herald">Sydney Morning Herald</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201205064309/https://www.smh.com.au/national/one-small-jab-but-a-giant-leap-for-womankind-20060829-gdoa05.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 September</span> 2006</span>. <q>It will mean a 70 per cent reduction in abnormal <a href="/wiki/Pap_smear" class="mw-redirect" title="Pap smear">pap smears</a>, and in parts of the world where there are no pap smears, a 70 per cent reduction in cervical cancer."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sydney+Morning+Herald&rft.atitle=One+small+jab%2C+but+a+giant+leap+for+womankind&rft.date=2006-09-09&rft.aulast=Pollard&rft.aufirst=Ruth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smh.com.au%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fone-small-jab-but-a-giant-leap-for-womankind%2F2006%2F08%2F28%2F1156617275315.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIan+Frazer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100501132859/http://www.australianoftheyear.org.au/pages/page58.asp">"Australian of the Year Awards – Australian of the Year 2006"</a>. australianoftheyear.org.au. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.australianoftheyear.org.au/pages/page58.asp">the original</a> on 1 May 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 May</span> 2010</span>. <q>Ian embodies Australian know-how, determination and innovation</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Australian+of+the+Year+Awards+%E2%80%93+Australian+of+the+Year+2006&rft.pub=australianoftheyear.org.au&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.australianoftheyear.org.au%2Fpages%2Fpage58.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIan+Frazer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis,_Wendy2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wendy_Lewis" title="Wendy Lewis">Lewis, Wendy</a> (2010). <i>Australians of the Year</i>. Pier 9 Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74196-809-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-74196-809-5"><bdi>978-1-74196-809-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Australians+of+the+Year&rft.pub=Pier+9+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-74196-809-5&rft.au=Lewis%2C+Wendy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIan+Frazer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrawfordElsworth2009" class="citation journal cs1">Crawford, C.; Elsworth, S. (20 September 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.couriermail.com.au/news/queensland/ian-frazer-defends-cervical-cancer-vaccine-gardasil/story-e6freoof-1225764030807?from=public_rss">"Ian Frazer defends cervical cancer vaccine Gardasil"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Courier-Mail" title="The Courier-Mail">The Courier-Mail</a></i>. Brisbane: <a href="/wiki/Queensland_Newspapers" title="Queensland Newspapers">Queensland Newspapers</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2010</span>. <q><span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"For 23 million doses that have been given out, we received 12,424 reports of adverse events", <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a> study author Barbara Slade said. [...] Of the adverse reports in the US, 772 cases were considered serious</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Courier-Mail&rft.atitle=Ian+Frazer+defends+cervical+cancer+vaccine+Gardasil&rft.date=2009-09-20&rft.aulast=Crawford&rft.aufirst=C.&rft.au=Elsworth%2C+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.couriermail.com.au%2Fnews%2Fqueensland%2Fian-frazer-defends-cervical-cancer-vaccine-gardasil%2Fstory-e6freoof-1225764030807%3Ffrom%3Dpublic_rss&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIan+Frazer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlein2008" class="citation web cs1">Klein, Renate (21 September 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.onlineopinion.com.au/view.asp?article=7786&page=2">"The Gardasil 'miracle' coming undone?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/On_Line_Opinion" title="On Line Opinion">On Line Opinion</a>, Australia's e-journal of social and political debate</i>. p. 2. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201205064311/https://www.onlineopinion.com.au/view.asp?article=7786&page=2">Archived</a> from the original on 5 December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2010</span>. <q>Frazer: "God's Gift to Women" proclaimed the cover of <a href="/wiki/The_Weekend_Australian" class="mw-redirect" title="The Weekend Australian">The Weekend Australian</a>'s magazine [...] In Australia, critics are almost perceived as <a href="/wiki/Betrayal" title="Betrayal">national traitors</a></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=On+Line+Opinion%2C+Australia%27s+e-journal+of+social+and+political+debate&rft.atitle=The+Gardasil+%27miracle%27+coming+undone%3F&rft.pages=2&rft.date=2008-09-21&rft.aulast=Klein&rft.aufirst=Renate&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.onlineopinion.com.au%2Fview.asp%3Farticle%3D7786%26page%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIan+Frazer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlein" class="citation web cs1">Klein, Renate. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.onlineopinion.com.au/view.asp?article=7786&page=1">"The Gardasil 'miracle' coming undone?"</a>. p. 1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091017041247/http://www.onlineopinion.com.au/view.asp?article=7786">Archived</a> from the original on 17 October 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2010</span>. <q>It was only on 23–24 February 2008 that the Victorian Cytology Service ran a job advertisement for a 'newly created position' to 'help establish and operate the new National HPV Vaccination Program' (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Australian" title="The Australian">The Australian</a></i>, 23–24 February 2008). That's 11 months after thousands of school girls had already received the jab.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Gardasil+%27miracle%27+coming+undone%3F&rft.pages=1&rft.aulast=Klein&rft.aufirst=Renate&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.onlineopinion.com.au%2Fview.asp%3Farticle%3D7786%26page%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIan+Frazer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Govprofile-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Govprofile_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Govprofile_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110513161653/http://www.science.qld.gov.au/dsdweb/v4/apps/web/content.cfm?id=15044">"Queensland scientist profiles > Ian Frazer"</a>. Queensland Government. 9 February 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.science.qld.gov.au/dsdweb/v4/apps/web/content.cfm?id=15044">the original</a> on 13 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2010</span>. <q><span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'What is the most unusual or fun thing you've done in your job?' Being Australian of the Year and carrying the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Games" title="Commonwealth Games">Commonwealth Games</a> torch around Darling Harbour on a boat on Australia Day</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Queensland+scientist+profiles+%3E+Ian+Frazer&rft.pub=Queensland+Government&rft.date=2010-02-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.science.qld.gov.au%2Fdsdweb%2Fv4%2Fapps%2Fweb%2Fcontent.cfm%3Fid%3D15044&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIan+Frazer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090414050543/http://www.di.uq.edu.au/profile-frazer">"Selected awards"</a>. di.uq.edu.au. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Selected+awards&rft.pub=di.uq.edu.au&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.di.uq.edu.au%2Fprofile-frazer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIan+Frazer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csiro.com/news/Research-Wins-Eureka.html">"Cervical cancer vaccine research wins CSIRO Eureka Prize (Media Release)"</a>. csiro.com. 10 September 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201205064307/https://www.csiro.au/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cervical+cancer+vaccine+research+wins+CSIRO+Eureka+Prize+%28Media+Release%29&rft.pub=csiro.com&rft.date=2005-09-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csiro.com%2Fnews%2FResearch-Wins-Eureka.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIan+Frazer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://achievement.org/our-history/golden-plate-awards/#science-exploration">"Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement"</a>. <i>www.achievement.org</i>. <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Achievement" class="mw-redirect" title="American Academy of Achievement">American Academy of Achievement</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161215023909/https://achievement.org/our-history/golden-plate-awards/#science-exploration">Archived</a> from the original on 15 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.achievement.org&rft.atitle=Golden+Plate+Awardees+of+the+American+Academy+of+Achievement&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fachievement.org%2Four-history%2Fgolden-plate-awards%2F%23science-exploration&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIan+Frazer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-first-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-first_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090414050543/http://www.di.uq.edu.au/profile-frazer">"Profile on Professor Ian Frazer – Diamantina Institute at The University of Queensland"</a>. di.uq.edu.au. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.di.uq.edu.au/profile-frazer">the original</a> on 14 April 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2010</span>. <q>For his creation of the first vaccine designed to protect against a cancer, Ian Frazer receives the Prime Ministers Prize for Science.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Profile+on+Professor+Ian+Frazer+%E2%80%93+Diamantina+Institute+at+The+University+of+Queensland&rft.pub=di.uq.edu.au&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.di.uq.edu.au%2Fprofile-frazer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIan+Frazer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100828104230/http://www.balzan.org/en/lectures-and-symposia_1703.html">"International Balzan Prize Foundation: The Balzan Forum 2008 at the Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei"</a>. balzan.org. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+Balzan+Prize+Foundation%3A+The+Balzan+Forum+2008+at+the+Accademia+Nazionale+dei+Lincei&rft.pub=balzan.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.balzan.org%2Fen%2Flectures-and-symposia_1703.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIan+Frazer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101208061118/http://ama.com.au/node/4721">"Ian Frazer wins AMA gold medal for work on cervical cancer vaccines"</a>. Australian Medical Association. 31 May 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ama.com.au/node/4721">the original</a> on 8 December 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2010</span>. <q>Through the development of vaccines, Ian has helped protect the lives of countless women</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ian+Frazer+wins+AMA+gold+medal+for+work+on+cervical+cancer+vaccines&rft.pub=Australian+Medical+Association&rft.date=2009-05-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ama.com.au%2Fnode%2F4721&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIan+Frazer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120713024549/http://royalsociety.org/people/ian-frazer/">"Professor Ian Hector Frazer FRS"</a>. Royal Society. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gg.gov.au/res/file/2012/honours/qb2012/Media%20Notes%20AC%20(final).pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 16 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Queen%27s+Birthday+2012+Honours+Lists&rft.atitle=Companion+in+the+General+Division+of+the+Order+of+Australia+%28AC%29&rft.pages=3&rft.date=2012-06-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gg.gov.au%2Fres%2Ffile%2F2012%2Fhonours%2Fqb2012%2FMedia%2520Notes%2520AC%2520%28final%29.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIan+Frazer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.couriermail.com.au/news/queensland/gardasil-inventor-professor-ian-frazers-new-genital-herpes-vaccine-proves-safe-in-passing-first-human-trials/story-fnihsrf2-1226817096262">"Cervical cancer vaccine inventor to target herpes"</a>. 3 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cervical+cancer+vaccine+inventor+to+target+herpes&rft.date=2014-02-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.couriermail.com.au%2Fnews%2Fqueensland%2Fgardasil-inventor-professor-ian-frazers-new-genital-herpes-vaccine-proves-safe-in-passing-first-human-trials%2Fstory-fnihsrf2-1226817096262&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIan+Frazer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130204085016/http://www.tri.edu.au/index.php/about-tri">"About TRI"</a>. 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Candace, Lim (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110713040111/http://www.innovationmagazine.com/innovation/volumes/v7n3/feature1.shtml">"FEATURE: Vaccinating against Cancer"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Innovation_(magazine)" title="Innovation (magazine)">Innovation</a></i>. <b>7</b> (3). Singapore: <a href="/wiki/World_Scientific_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="World Scientific Publishing">World Scientific Publishing</a> & The <a href="/wiki/National_University_of_Singapore" title="National University of Singapore">NUS</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.innovationmagazine.com/innovation/volumes/v7n3/feature1.shtml">the original</a> on 13 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2010</span>. <q>According to Frazer, the opportunity for vaccine improvement comes from novel <a href="/wiki/Immunologic_adjuvant" title="Immunologic adjuvant">adjuvants</a> [...] and <a href="/wiki/Recombinant_DNA" title="Recombinant DNA">recombinant DNA</a></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Innovation&rft.atitle=FEATURE%3A+Vaccinating+against+Cancer&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=3&rft.date=2008-11&rft.aulast=Leng&rft.aufirst=Lay&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.innovationmagazine.com%2Finnovation%2Fvolumes%2Fv7n3%2Ffeature1.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIan+Frazer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelly2010" class="citation web cs1">Kelly, James (30 March 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/news/video/2010/04/30/2887513.htm">"Vaccine doctor's good news"</a>. <i>Stateline Queensland</i>. ABC<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2010</span>. <q>It's not exactly the same virus and therefore the vaccine we already have will not protect against that particular cancer. But the technology that we've used to develop a vaccine for cervical cancer should in principle be possible to use for prevention of some skin cancers.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stateline+Queensland&rft.atitle=Vaccine+doctor%27s+good+news&rft.date=2010-03-30&rft.aulast=Kelly&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2Fvideo%2F2010%2F04%2F30%2F2887513.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIan+Frazer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/news/national/scientist-close-to-creating-skin-cancer-vaccine/2008/11/16/1226770230512.html">"Scientist Ian Frazer close to creating skin cancer vaccine"</a>. <i>Brisbane Times</i>. 16 November 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2010</span>. <q>If we can get encouraging results we will try and push it on as fast as we can. It's really a given that we try to focus on health problems that are significant ones.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Brisbane+Times&rft.atitle=Scientist+Ian+Frazer+close+to+creating+skin+cancer+vaccine&rft.date=2008-11-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brisbanetimes.com.au%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fscientist-close-to-creating-skin-cancer-vaccine%2F2008%2F11%2F16%2F1226770230512.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIan+Frazer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cancer.org.au//Newsmedia/NewsArticles/IanFrazerWins.htm">"Professor Ian Frazer wins Prime Minister's Prize for Science"</a>. Cancer Council Australia. 17 October 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 May</span> 2010</span>. <q>Sometimes it seems almost impossible to believe that something we did all those years ago could have such a dramatic impact on so many people</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Professor+Ian+Frazer+wins+Prime+Minister%27s+Prize+for+Science&rft.pub=Cancer+Council+Australia&rft.date=2008-10-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cancer.org.au%2F%2FNewsmedia%2FNewsArticles%2FIanFrazerWins.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIan+Frazer" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged August 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CoridonPR-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CoridonPR_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090912143716/http://www.coridon.com/news.htm">"Ian Frazer honoured by major Fellowship"</a>. coridon.com. 6 June 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.coridon.com/news.htm">the original</a> on 12 September 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2010</span>. <q>I saw becoming a fellow of the AAS as recognition received towards the end of a career, whereas I see myself working in research for a lot longer yet</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ian+Frazer+honoured+by+major+Fellowship&rft.pub=coridon.com&rft.date=2004-06-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.coridon.com%2Fnews.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIan+Frazer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aahms.org/fellowship/">"Fellowship | AAHMS – Australian Academy of Health and Medical Sciences"</a>. <i>www.aahms.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190629004555/https://aahms.org/fellowship/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 June 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.aahms.org&rft.atitle=Fellowship+%7C+AAHMS+%E2%80%93+Australian+Academy+of+Health+and+Medical+Sciences&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aahms.org%2Ffellowship%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIan+Frazer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ian_Frazer&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110220080637/http://acrf.com.au/about-acrf/medical-research-advisory-committee/professor-ian-frazer/">Australian Cancer Research Foundation Profile</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110317081757/http://www.uq.edu.au/uqresearchers/researcher/frazerih.html">University of Queensland Research Profile</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110305021729/http://science.org.au/scientists/interviews/f/if.html">Australian Academy of Science Profile</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100501132859/http://www.australianoftheyear.org.au/pages/page58.asp">Australian of the Year Award Profile</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.science.qld.gov.au/dsdweb/v4/apps/web/content.cfm?id=15044">Queensland Government Science Profile</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Australians_of_the_Year" title="Template:Australians of the Year"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Australians_of_the_Year" title="Template talk:Australians of the Year"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Australians_of_the_Year" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Australians of the Year"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Winners_of_the_Australian_of_the_Year_Award" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_of_the_Year_Award_recipients" title="List of Australian of the Year Award recipients">Winners</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Australian_of_the_Year" title="Australian of the Year">Australian of the Year</a> Award</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;">1960</span> <a href="/wiki/Frank_Macfarlane_Burnet" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank Macfarlane Burnet">Frank Burnet</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1961</span> <a href="/wiki/Joan_Sutherland" title="Joan Sutherland">Joan Sutherland</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1962</span> <a href="/wiki/Jock_Sturrock" title="Jock Sturrock">Jock Sturrock</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1963</span> <a href="/wiki/John_Eccles_(neurophysiologist)" title="John Eccles (neurophysiologist)">John Eccles</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1964</span> <a href="/wiki/Dawn_Fraser" title="Dawn Fraser">Dawn Fraser</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1965</span> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Helpmann" title="Robert Helpmann">Robert Helpmann</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1966</span> <a href="/wiki/Jack_Brabham" title="Jack Brabham">Jack Brabham</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1967</span> <a href="/wiki/The_Seekers" title="The Seekers">The Seekers</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1968</span> <a href="/wiki/Lionel_Rose" title="Lionel Rose">Lionel Rose</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1969</span> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Casey,_Baron_Casey" title="Richard Casey, Baron Casey">Lord Casey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;">1970</span> <a href="/wiki/Norman_Thomas_Gilroy" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman Thomas Gilroy">Norman Gilroy</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1971</span> <a href="/wiki/Evonne_Goolagong_Cawley" title="Evonne Goolagong Cawley">Evonne Goolagong</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1972</span> <a href="/wiki/Shane_Gould" title="Shane Gould">Shane Gould</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1973</span> <a href="/wiki/Patrick_White" title="Patrick White">Patrick White</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1974</span> <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Heinze" title="Bernard Heinze">Bernard Heinze</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1975</span> <a href="/wiki/John_Cornforth" title="John Cornforth">John Cornforth</a>/<a href="/wiki/Alan_Stretton" title="Alan Stretton">Alan Stretton</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1976</span> <a href="/wiki/Weary_Dunlop" title="Weary Dunlop">Edward Dunlop</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1977</span> <a href="/wiki/Raigh_Roe" title="Raigh Roe">Raigh Roe</a>/<a href="/wiki/Murray_Tyrrell" title="Murray Tyrrell">Murray Tyrrell</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1978</span> <a href="/wiki/Alan_Bond" title="Alan Bond">Alan Bond</a>/<a href="/wiki/Galarrwuy_Yunupingu" title="Galarrwuy Yunupingu">Galarrwuy Yunupingu</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1979</span> <a href="/wiki/Neville_Bonner" title="Neville Bonner">Neville Bonner</a>/<a href="/wiki/Harry_Butler" title="Harry Butler">Harry Butler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;">1980</span> <a href="/wiki/Manning_Clark" title="Manning Clark">Manning Clark</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1981</span> <a href="/wiki/John_Crawford_(economist)" title="John Crawford (economist)">John Crawford</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1982</span> <a href="/wiki/Edward_Williams_(Queensland_judge)" title="Edward Williams (Queensland judge)">Edward Williams</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1983</span> <a href="/wiki/Robert_de_Castella" title="Robert de Castella">Robert de Castella</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1984</span> <a href="/wiki/Lowitja_O%27Donoghue" title="Lowitja O'Donoghue">Lowitja O'Donoghue</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1985</span> <a href="/wiki/Paul_Hogan" title="Paul Hogan">Paul Hogan</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1986</span> <a href="/wiki/Dick_Smith_(entrepreneur)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dick Smith (entrepreneur)">Dick Smith</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1987</span> <a href="/wiki/John_Farnham" title="John Farnham">John Farnham</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1988</span> <a href="/wiki/Kay_Cottee" title="Kay Cottee">Kay Cottee</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1989</span> <a href="/wiki/Allan_Border" title="Allan Border">Allan Border</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;">1990</span> <a href="/wiki/Fred_Hollows" title="Fred Hollows">Fred Hollows</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1991</span> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Hollingworth" title="Peter Hollingworth">Peter Hollingworth</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1992</span> <a href="/wiki/Mandawuy_Yunupingu" title="Mandawuy Yunupingu">Mandawuy Yunupingu</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1993</span> <i>no award</i></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1994</span> <a href="/wiki/Ian_Kiernan" title="Ian Kiernan">Ian Kiernan</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1995</span> <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Boyd" title="Arthur Boyd">Arthur Boyd</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1996</span> <a href="/wiki/John_Yu" title="John Yu">John Yu</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1997</span> <a href="/wiki/Peter_C._Doherty" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter C. Doherty">Peter Doherty</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1998</span> <a href="/wiki/Cathy_Freeman" title="Cathy Freeman">Cathy Freeman</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">1999</span> <a href="/wiki/Mark_Taylor_(cricketer)" title="Mark Taylor (cricketer)">Mark Taylor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;">2000</span> <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Nossal" title="Gustav Nossal">Gustav Nossal</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">2001</span> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Cosgrove" title="Peter Cosgrove">Peter Cosgrove</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">2002</span> <a href="/wiki/Pat_Rafter" title="Pat Rafter">Pat Rafter</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">2003</span> <a href="/wiki/Fiona_Stanley" title="Fiona Stanley">Fiona Stanley</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">2004</span> <a href="/wiki/Steve_Waugh" title="Steve Waugh">Steve Waugh</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">2005</span> <a href="/wiki/Fiona_Wood" title="Fiona Wood">Fiona Wood</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">2006</span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ian Frazer</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">2007</span> <a href="/wiki/Tim_Flannery" title="Tim Flannery">Tim Flannery</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">2008</span> <a href="/wiki/Lee_Kernaghan" title="Lee Kernaghan">Lee Kernaghan</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">2009</span> <a href="/wiki/Mick_Dodson" title="Mick Dodson">Mick Dodson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;">2010</span> <a href="/wiki/Patrick_McGorry" title="Patrick McGorry">Patrick McGorry</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">2011</span> <a href="/wiki/Simon_McKeon" title="Simon McKeon">Simon McKeon</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">2012</span> <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Rush" title="Geoffrey Rush">Geoffrey Rush</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">2013</span> <a href="/wiki/Ita_Buttrose" title="Ita Buttrose">Ita Buttrose</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">2014</span> <a href="/wiki/Adam_Goodes" title="Adam Goodes">Adam Goodes</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">2015</span> <a href="/wiki/Rosie_Batty" title="Rosie Batty">Rosie Batty</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">2016</span> <a href="/wiki/David_Morrison" title="David Morrison">David Morrison</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">2017</span> <a href="/wiki/Alan_Mackay-Sim" title="Alan Mackay-Sim">Alan Mackay-Sim</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">2018</span> <a href="/wiki/Michelle_Simmons" title="Michelle Simmons">Michelle Simmons</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">2019</span> <a href="/wiki/Craig_Challen" title="Craig Challen">Craig Challen</a>/<a href="/wiki/Richard_Harris_(anaesthetist)" title="Richard Harris (anaesthetist)">Richard Harris</a> (joint)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;">2020</span> <a href="/wiki/James_Muecke" title="James Muecke">James Muecke</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">2021</span> <a href="/wiki/Grace_Tame" title="Grace Tame">Grace Tame</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">2022</span> <a href="/wiki/Dylan_Alcott" title="Dylan Alcott">Dylan Alcott</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">2023</span> <a href="/wiki/Taryn_Brumfitt" title="Taryn Brumfitt">Taryn Brumfitt</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">2024</span> <a href="/wiki/Georgina_Long" title="Georgina Long">Georgina Long</a>/<a href="/wiki/Richard_Scolyer" title="Richard Scolyer">Richard Scolyer</a> (joint)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society_elected_in_2011" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:FRS_2011" title="Template:FRS 2011"><abbr title="View this 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href="/wiki/Robin_Allshire" title="Robin Allshire">Robin Allshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Balmford" title="Andrew Balmford">Andrew Balmford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Baumberg" title="Jeremy Baumberg">Jeremy Baumberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagan_Bayley" title="Hagan Bayley">Hagan Bayley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Bollob%C3%A1s" title="Béla Bollobás">Béla Bollobás</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doreen_Cantrell" title="Doreen Cantrell">Doreen Cantrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stan_Cowley" title="Stan Cowley">Stan Cowley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Cowman" title="Alan Cowman">Alan Cowman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alun_Davies_(biologist)" title="Alun Davies (biologist)">Alun Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Franks" title="Nicholas Franks">Nicholas Franks</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ian Frazer</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21166090" class="extiw" title="d:Q21166090">Steven Gamblin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Goodby" title="John Goodby">John Goodby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Grafen" title="Alan Grafen">Alan Grafen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clare_Grey" title="Clare Grey">Clare Grey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Hemingway" title="Janet Hemingway">Janet Hemingway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Horrocks" title="Ian Horrocks">Ian Horrocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Humphreys" title="Colin Humphreys">Colin Humphreys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Kacelnik" title="Alex Kacelnik">Alex Kacelnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Kennicutt" title="Robert Kennicutt">Robert Kennicutt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steffen_Lauritzen" title="Steffen Lauritzen">Steffen Lauritzen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Lo" title="Dennis Lo">Dennis Lo</a></li> <li><i><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21165125" class="extiw" title="d:Q21165125">Ian Manners</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Manolopoulos" title="David Manolopoulos">David Manolopoulos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Materlik" title="Gerhard Materlik">Gerhard Materlik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_McKernan" title="James McKernan">James McKernan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_McLeish" title="Tom McLeish">Tom McLeish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_McMurtry" title="David McMurtry">David McMurtry</a></li> <li><i><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21166717" class="extiw" title="d:Q21166717">Mervyn Miles</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21165290" class="extiw" title="d:Q21165290">Arthur Milner</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Morton_(cognitive_scientist)" title="John Morton (cognitive scientist)">John Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sean_Munro" title="Sean Munro">Sean Munro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Nahm" title="Werner Nahm">Werner Nahm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Novoselov" title="Konstantin Novoselov">Konstantin Novoselov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Pagel" title="Mark Pagel">Mark Pagel</a></li> <li><i><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21166164" class="extiw" title="d:Q21166164">John Parkes</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiona_Powrie" title="Fiona Powrie">Fiona Powrie</a></li> <li><i><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900033" class="extiw" title="d:Q1900033">Mark Randolph</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_R._Stephens" title="Leonard R. Stephens">Len Stephens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Tam_(biologist)" title="Patrick Tam (biologist)">Patrick Tam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Tavar%C3%A9" title="Simon Tavaré">Simon Tavaré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Vincent" title="Angela Vincent">Angela Vincent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Walport" title="Mark Walport">Mark Walport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Watson_(scientist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Watson (scientist)">Robert Watson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foreign</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Chandler_(chemist)" title="David Chandler (chemist)">David Chandler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joanne_Chory" title="Joanne Chory">Joanne Chory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Leonidovich_Gromov" class="mw-redirect" title="Mikhail Leonidovich Gromov">Mikhail Gromov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J.R._Hughes" title="Thomas J.R. Hughes">Thomas Hughes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phillip_Allen_Sharp" title="Phillip Allen Sharp">Phillip Allen Sharp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carla_J._Shatz" title="Carla J. Shatz">Carla J. Shatz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Steitz" title="Thomas A. Steitz">Thomas A. Steitz</a></li> <li><i><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21166124" class="extiw" title="d:Q21166124">Edward Stolper</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q930011#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q930011#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q930011#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJrCfvp79JXQh6w4yrcQMP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1012337863">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n94802741">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an48864648">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007460658205171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td 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