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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"><html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width; initial-scale=1.0;"/><title>Topical Bible: Amraphel</title><link rel="canonical" href="https://biblehub.com/topical/a/amraphel.htm" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="/newtopical.css" type="text/css" media="Screen" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="/print.css" type="text/css" media="Print" /><script type="application/javascript" src="https://scripts.webcontentassessor.com/scripts/8a2459b64f9cac8122fc7f2eac4409c8555fac9383016db59c4c26e3d5b8b157"></script><script src='https://qd.admetricspro.com/js/biblehub/biblehub-layout-loader-revcatch.js'></script><script id='HyDgbd_1s' src='https://prebidads.revcatch.com/ads.js' type='text/javascript' async></script><script>(function(w,d,b,s,i){var cts=d.createElement(s);cts.async=true;cts.id='catchscript'; cts.dataset.appid=i;cts.src='https://app.protectsubrev.com/catch_rp.js?cb='+Math.random(); document.head.appendChild(cts); }) (window,document,'head','script','rc-anksrH');</script></head><body><div id="fx"><table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" id="fx2"><tr><td><iframe width="100%" height="30" scrolling="no" src="/topical/vmenus/genesis/14-1.htm" align="left" frameborder="0"></iframe></td></tr></table></div><div id="blnk"></div><div align="center"><table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="maintable"><tr><td><div id="fx5"><table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" id="fx6"><tr><td><iframe width="100%" height="245" scrolling="no" src="//biblehu.com/bmcde/a/amraphel.htm" frameborder="0"></iframe></td></tr></table></div></td></tr></table></div><div align="center"><table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="maintable3"><tr><td><table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="center" id="announce"><tr><td><div id="l1"><div id="breadcrumbs"><a href="/">Bible</a> > <a href="/topical/">Topical</a> > Amraphel</div><div id="anc"><iframe src="/anc.htm" width="100%" height="27" scrolling="no" frameborder="0"></iframe></div><div id="anc2"><table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"><tr><td><iframe src="/anc2.htm" width="100%" height="27" scrolling="no" frameborder="0"></iframe></td></tr></table></div></div></td></tr></table><div id="movebox2"><table border="0" align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tr><td><div id="topheading"><a href="/topical/a/amram's.htm" title="Amram's">◄</a> Amraphel <a href="/topical/a/am'raphel.htm" title="Am'raphel">►</a></div></td></tr></table></div><div align="center" class="maintable2"><table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"><tr><td><div id="topverse">Jump to: <a href="#hit" title="Hitchcock's Bible Names Dictionary">Hitchcock's</a> • <a href="#smi" title="Smith's Bible Dictionary">Smith's</a> • <a href="#amt" title="American Tract Society Bible Dictionary">ATS</a> • <a href="#isb" title="International Standard Bible Encyclopedia">ISBE</a> • <a href="#eas" title="Easton's Bible Dictionary">Easton's</a> • <a href="#cnc" title="Multiversion Concordance">Concordance</a> • <a href="#thes" title="Bible Thesaurus">Thesaurus</a> • <a href="#heb" title="Strong's Hebrew Concordance">Hebrew</a> • <a href="#lib" title="Library">Library</a> • <a href="#sub" title="Subtopics">Subtopics</a> • <a href="#rel" title="Related Terms">Terms</a></div><div id="leftbox"><div class="padleft"><a name="te" id="te"></a><div class="vheading2">Topical Encyclopedia</div>Amraphel is a biblical figure mentioned in the Old Testament, specifically in the Book of Genesis. He is identified as the king of Shinar, a region often associated with ancient Mesopotamia, particularly the area around Babylon. Amraphel's role in the biblical narrative is primarily linked to the events described in <a href="/bsb/genesis/14.htm">Genesis 14</a>, which recounts the war of the kings.<br><br><b>Biblical Account</b><br><br>In <a href="/genesis/14.htm">Genesis 14:1-2</a> , Amraphel is listed among a coalition of four kings: "In those days Amraphel king of Shinar, Arioch king of Ellasar, Kedorlaomer king of Elam, and Tidal king of Goiim went to war against Bera king of Sodom, Birsha king of Gomorrah, Shinab king of Admah, Shemeber king of Zeboiim, and the king of Bela (that is, Zoar)." This coalition of kings, led by Kedorlaomer, waged war against the cities of the plain, including Sodom and Gomorrah, which had been under their subjugation for twelve years but rebelled in the thirteenth year.<br><br>The narrative continues with the battle in the Valley of Siddim, where the kings of Sodom and Gomorrah were defeated, and their cities were plundered. Lot, Abram's nephew, who was living in Sodom, was taken captive along with his possessions. Upon hearing of Lot's capture, Abram (later known as Abraham) gathered 318 trained men from his household and pursued the invaders. In a surprise night attack, Abram defeated the coalition of kings, rescued Lot, and recovered the stolen goods (<a href="/genesis/14-14.htm">Genesis 14:14-16</a>).<br><br><b>Historical and Theological Context</b><br><br>The identity of Amraphel and the historicity of the events described in <a href="/bsb/genesis/14.htm">Genesis 14</a> have been subjects of scholarly debate. Some scholars have attempted to link Amraphel with historical figures from Mesopotamian records, such as Hammurabi, the famous king of Babylon. However, these identifications remain speculative and are not universally accepted.<br><br>From a theological perspective, the account of Amraphel and the war of the kings serves to highlight the faith and courage of Abram, who, despite being vastly outnumbered, trusted in God's provision and protection. This episode also underscores the theme of divine justice and deliverance, as God enables Abram to rescue Lot and defeat the oppressors.<br><br><b>Cultural and Geographical Significance</b><br><br>Shinar, the kingdom over which Amraphel ruled, is often associated with the broader region of Mesopotamia, known for its early civilizations and significant contributions to human history, including the development of writing, law, and urbanization. The mention of Shinar in the biblical text connects the narrative to a real and influential cultural and geographical setting, providing a backdrop for the unfolding account of God's interaction with humanity.<br><br><b>Legacy and Interpretation</b><br><br>Amraphel's mention in the Bible, though brief, is part of a larger narrative that illustrates the unfolding of God's plan through the patriarchs. The account of the war of the kings and Abram's subsequent victory is a testament to God's faithfulness and the importance of righteous leadership. It also serves as a precursor to the covenantal promises that God would later establish with Abram, marking the beginning of a significant chapter in the biblical account of redemption.<a name="hit" id="hit"></a><div class="vheading2">Hitchcock's Bible Names Dictionary</div><span class="encheading">Amraphel</span><p>one that speaks of secrets<a name="smi" id="smi"></a><div class="vheading2">Smith's Bible Dictionary</div><span class="encheading">Amraphel</span><p>(<i>keeper of the gods</i>) perhaps a Hamite king of Shinar or Babylonia, who joined the victorious incursion of the Elamite Chedorlaomer against the kings of Sodom and Gomorrah and the cities of the plain. Gen. 14. (B.C. 1898.)<a name="amt" id="amt"></a><div class="vheading2">ATS Bible Dictionary</div><span class="encheading">Amraphel</span><p>King of Shinar in the time of Abraham. With three other petty kings, he made war upon the tribes around the Dead Sea, and the cities of the plain, <a href="/genesis/14-1.htm">Genesis 14:1</a>. </p><a name="eas" id="eas"></a><div class="vheading2">Easton's Bible Dictionary</div>King of Shinar, southern Chaldea, one of the confederates of Chedorlaomer, king of Elam, in a war against Sodom and cities of the plain (<a href="/genesis/14-1.htm">Genesis 14:1</a>, 4). It is now found that Amraphel (or Ammirapaltu) is the Khammu-rabi whose name appears on recently-discovered monuments. (see <a href="../c/chedorlaomer.htm">CHEDORLAOMER</a>). After defeating Arioch (q.v.) he united Babylonia under one rule, and made Babylon his capital. <a name="isb" id="isb"></a><div class="vheading2">International Standard Bible Encyclopedia</div><span class="encheading">AMRAPHEL</span><p>am'-ra-fel, am-ra'-fel ('amraphel, or, perhaps better, 'ameraphel).<br><br>1. The Expedition Against Sodom and Gomorrah:<br><br>This name, which is identified with that of the renowned Babylonian king Hammurabi (which see), is only found in <a href="/genesis/14-1.htm">Genesis 14:1, 9</a>, where he is mentioned as the king of Shinar (Babylonia), who fought against the cities of the plain, in alliance with Arioch king of Ellasar, Chedorlaomer king of Elam, and Tidal king of Nations (the Revised Version (British and American) GOIIM). The narrative which follows is very circumstantial. From it we learn, that Bera king of Sodom, Birsha king of Gomorrah, Shinab king of Admah, Shemeber king of Zeboiim, and the king of Bela or Zoar, had served Chedorlaomer for 12 years, rebelled in the 13th, and in the 14th year Chedorlaomer, with the kings enumerated, fought with and defeated them in the vale of Siddim, which is described as being the Salt Sea. Previous to this engagement, however, the Elamites and their allies had attacked the Rephaim (Onkelos: "giants") in Ashtaroth-karnaim, the Zuzim (O: "mighty ones," "heroes") in Ham (O: Chamta'), the Emim (O: "terrible ones") in Shaveh-kiriathaim, and the Horites in their Mount Seir, by the Desert. These having been rendered powerless to aid the revolted vassals, they returned and came to Enmishpat, or Kadesh, attacked the country of the Amalekites, and the Amorites dwelling in Hazazontamar (<a href="/genesis/14-2.htm">Genesis 14:2-7</a>).<br><br>2. The Preparation and the Attack:<br><br>At this juncture the kings of the cities of the plain came out against them, and opposed them with their battle-array in the vale of Siddim. The result of the fight was, that the kings of Sodom and Gomorrah, with their allies, fled, and fell among the bitumen-pits of which the place was full, whilst those who got away took refuge in the mountain. All the goods and food (the camp-equipment and supplies) of the kings of the plain were captured by Chedorlaomer and his allies, who then continued their march (to their own lands) (<a href="/genesis/14-8.htm">Genesis 14:8-11</a>).<br><br>3. Abraham's Rescue of Lot:<br><br>Among the captives, however, was Lot, Abram's nephew, who dwelt in Sodom. A fugitive, having escaped, went and announced the result of the engagement to Abram, who was at that time living by Mamre's oak plantation. The patriarch immediately marched forth with his trained men, and pursued them to Dan, where he divided his forces, attacked the Elamite-Babylonian army by night, and having put them to flight, pursued them again to Hobah, on the left (or North) of Damascus. The result of this sudden onslaught was that he rescued Lot, with the women and people, and recaptured Lot's goods, which the allies of Amraphel had carried off (<a href="/genesis/14-12.htm">Genesis 14:12-16</a>).<br><br>4. Difficulties of the Identification of Amraphel:<br><br>There is no doubt that the identification of Amraphel with the Hammurabi of the Babylonian inscriptions is the best that has yet been proposed, and though there are certain difficulties therein, these may turn out to be apparent rather than real, when we know more of Babylonian history. The "l" at the end of Amraphel (which has also "ph" instead of "p" or "b") as well as the fact that the expedition itself has not yet been recognized among the campaigns of Hammurabi, must be acknowledged as two points hard to explain, though they may ultimately be solved by further research.<br><br>5. Historical Agreements:<br><br>It is noteworthy, however, that in the first verse of <a href="/nasb/genesis/14.htm">Genesis 14</a> Amraphel is mentioned first, which, if he be really the Babylonian Hammurabi, is easily comprehensible, for his renown to all appearance exceeded that of Chedorlaomer, his suzerain. In 14:4 and 5, however, it is Chedorlaomer alone who is referred to, and he heads the list of eastern kings in verse 9, where Tidal comes next (a quite natural order, if Goiim be the Babylonian Gute, i.e. the Medes). Next in order comes Amraphel, king of Babylonia and suzerain of Arioch of Ellasar (Eri-Aku of Larsa), whose name closes the list. It may also be suggested, that Amraphel led a Babylonian force against Sodom, as the ally of Chedorlaomer, before he became king, and was simply crown prince. In that case, like Belshazzar, he was called "king" by anticipation. For further details see ARIOCH and CHEDORLAOMER, and compare ERI-AKU and HAMMURABI; for the history of Babylonia during Hammurabi's period, see that article.<br><br>T. G. Pinches<p><a name="heb" id="heb"></a><div class="vheading2">Strong's Hebrew</div><a href="/hebrew/569.htm"><span class="l">569. <b>Amraphel</b> -- king of Shinar</span></a><br><b>...</b> 568, 569. <b>Amraphel</b>. 570 . king of Shinar. Transliteration: <b>Amraphel</b><br> Phonetic Spelling: (am-raw-fel') Short Definition: <b>Amraphel</b>. <b>...</b> <br><font color="#ff6600" size="-1">/hebrew/569.htm</font><font color="#ff6600" size="-1"> - 5k</font><a name="lib" id="lib"></a><div class="vheading2">Library</div><p><a href="/library/duff/the_bible_in_its_making/chapter_iii_moses_and_his.htm"><span class="l">Moses and his Writings</span></a> <br><b>...</b> This has been the experience of God's servants in all times. [Illustration: PORTRAIT<br> AND WRITING OF <b>AMRAPHEL</b>, KING OF SHINAR, IN ABRAHAM'S TIME]. <b>...</b> <br><font color="#ff6600" size="-1">/.../duff/the bible in its making/chapter iii moses and his.htm</font><p><a href="/library/sayce/early_israel_and_the_surrounding_nations/introduction.htm"><span class="l">Introduction</span></a> <br><b>...</b> The Babylonia of the age of <b>Amraphel</b>, the contemporary of Abraham, has, thanks to<br> the recent finds, become as well known to us as the Athens of Perikles; the <b>...</b> <br><font color="#ff6600" size="-1">/.../sayce/early israel and the surrounding nations/introduction.htm</font><p><a href="/library/leupold/exposition_of_genesis_volume_1/chapter_xiv.htm"><span class="l">Chapter xiv</span></a> <br><b>...</b> 1. And it came to pass in the days of <b>Amraphel</b>, king of Shinar, and Arioch, king<br> of Ellasar, Chedorlaomer, king of Elam, and Tidal, king of Goyim. <b>...</b> <br><font color="#ff6600" size="-1">//christianbookshelf.org/leupold/exposition of genesis volume 1/chapter xiv.htm</font><p><a href="/library/sayce/early_israel_and_the_surrounding_nations/chapter_i_the_israelites.htm"><span class="l">The Israelites</span></a> <br><b>...</b> In fact, Babylonian rule did not come to an end in the west till after the death<br> of Abraham; Khammurabi, the <b>Amraphel</b> of Genesis, entitles himself king of "the <b>...</b> <br><font color="#ff6600" size="-1">/.../sayce/early israel and the surrounding nations/chapter i the israelites.htm</font><p><a href="/library/josephus/the_antiquities_of_the_jews/chapter_9_the_destruction_of.htm"><span class="l">The Destruction of the Sodomites by the Assyrian Wall.</span></a> <br><b>...</b> tribute: but on the thirteenth year they rebelled, and then the army of the Assyrians<br> came upon them, under their commanders <b>Amraphel</b>, Arioch, Chodorlaomer <b>...</b> <br><font color="#ff6600" size="-1">/.../josephus/the antiquities of the jews/chapter 9 the destruction of.htm</font><p><a href="/library/sayce/early_israel_and_the_surrounding_nations/chapter_ii_canaan.htm"><span class="l">Canaan</span></a> <br><b>...</b> Khammurabi, the <b>Amraphel</b> of the Book of Genesis, calls himself king of the country<br> of the Amorites as well as of Babylon, and his great-grandson does the same. <b>...</b> <br><font color="#ff6600" size="-1">/.../sayce/early israel and the surrounding nations/chapter ii canaan.htm</font><p><a href="/library/maspero/history_of_egypt_chaldaea_syria_babylonia_and_assyria_v_4/chapter_ithe_first_chaldaean_empire.htm"><span class="l">The First Chaldaean Empire and the Hyksos in Egypt</span></a> <br><b>...</b> that Kimtarapashtum was the true reading of the name; his proposal, partially admitted<br> by Hommel, furnishes us with a mixed reading of Khammurapaltu, <b>Amraphel</b>. <b>...</b> <br><font color="#ff6600" size="-1">/.../chapter ithe first chaldaean empire.htm</font><p><a href="/library/pink/the_antichrist/in_the_volume_of_the.htm"><span class="l">"In the Volume of the Book it is Written of Me" (Heb. . .</span></a> <br><b>...</b> perpetuates the characteristics of the earlier empires (Babylon, Persia, Greece,<br> and Rome), so dominions: "And it came to pass in the days of <b>Amraphel</b> king of <b>...</b> <br><font color="#ff6600" size="-1">//christianbookshelf.org/pink/the antichrist/in the volume of the.htm</font><p><a href="/library/eiselen/the_christian_view_of_the_old_testament/chapter_iv_the_old_testament.htm"><span class="l">The Old Testament and Archeology</span></a> <br><b>...</b> in the winter of 1901-1902, is the monument upon which is inscribed the legal code<br> of Hammurabi, king of Babylon, generally identified with the <b>Amraphel</b> of Gen <b>...</b> <br><font color="#ff6600" size="-1">/.../the christian view of the old testament/chapter iv the old testament.htm</font><p><a href="/library/sayce/early_israel_and_the_surrounding_nations/appendices.htm"><span class="l">Appendices</span></a> <br><b>...</b> makes Larsa his capital. Khammurabi or Ammurapi, the <b>Amraphel</b> of Genesis,<br> 43 (or 55) years (BC2376-2333). He defeats the Elamites <b>...</b> <br><font color="#ff6600" size="-1">/.../sayce/early israel and the surrounding nations/appendices.htm</font><a name="thes" id="thes"></a><div class="vheading2">Thesaurus</div><a href="/topical/a/amraphel.htm"><span class="l"><b>Amraphel</b> (2 Occurrences)</span></a><br><b>...</b> the confederates of Chedorlaomer, king of Elam, in a war against Sodom and cities<br> of the plain (Genesis 14:1, 4). It is now found that <b>Amraphel</b> (or Ammirapaltu <b>...</b><br><font color="#ff6600" size="-1">/a/amraphel.htm - 12k</font><p><a href="/topical/a/arioch.htm"><span class="l">Arioch (6 Occurrences)</span></a><br><b>...</b> ar'-i-ok: ('aryokh): (1) The name of the vassal king of Ellasar, under Chedorlaomer,<br> king of Elam, and <b>Amraphel</b>, king of Shinar (Babylonia), who took part in <b>...</b><br><font color="#ff6600" size="-1">/a/arioch.htm - 10k</font><p><a href="/topical/t/tidal.htm"><span class="l">Tidal (2 Occurrences)</span></a><br><b>...</b> 1. The Name and Its Forms: Tidal is mentioned in Genesis 14:1, 9 in the account<br> of the expedition of Chedorlaomer of Elam, with his allies, <b>Amraphel</b> of Shinar <b>...</b><br><font color="#ff6600" size="-1">/t/tidal.htm - 11k</font><p><a href="/topical/h/hammurabi.htm"><span class="l">Hammurabi</span></a><br><b>...</b> cham-oo-ra'-be: 1. Etymology of His Name, with Reference to <b>Amraphel</b>; His Dynasty<br> 2. The Years Following His Accession 3. Military Operations and Further Pious <b>...</b><br><font color="#ff6600" size="-1">/h/hammurabi.htm - 47k</font><p><a href="/topical/e/ellasar.htm"><span class="l">Ellasar (2 Occurrences)</span></a><br><b>...</b> was worshipped. This temple was restored by Ur-Engur, Hammurabi (<b>Amraphel</b>),<br> Burna-burias, Nebuchadrezzar and Nabonidus. Among the <b>...</b><br><font color="#ff6600" size="-1">/e/ellasar.htm - 9k</font><p><a href="/topical/a/am'raphel.htm"><span class="l">Am'raphel (2 Occurrences)</span></a><br>Am'raphel. <b>Amraphel</b>, Am'raphel. Amulet . Multi-Version Concordance Am'raphel<br> (2 Occurrences). <b>...</b> (See RSV). <b>Amraphel</b>, Am'raphel. Amulet . Reference Bible. <br><font color="#ff6600" size="-1">/a/am'raphel.htm - 6k</font><p><a href="/topical/c/chedorlaomer.htm"><span class="l">Chedorlaomer (5 Occurrences)</span></a><br><b>...</b> Khammu-rabi, whose name is also read Ammi-rapaltu or <b>Amraphel</b> by some scholars,<br> succeeded in overcoming Eri-Aku and driving the Elamites out of Babylonia. <b>...</b><br><font color="#ff6600" size="-1">/c/chedorlaomer.htm - 16k</font><p><a href="/topical/g/goiim.htm"><span class="l">Goiim (3 Occurrences)</span></a><br><b>...</b> Genesis 14:1 It happened in the days of <b>Amraphel</b>, king of Shinar, Arioch, king of<br> Ellasar, Chedorlaomer, king of Elam, and Tidal, king of Goiim, (WEB JPS ASV <b>...</b><br><font color="#ff6600" size="-1">/g/goiim.htm - 7k</font><p><a href="/topical/g/goyim.htm"><span class="l">Goyim (7 Occurrences)</span></a><br><b>...</b> Genesis 14:1 And it cometh to pass in the days of <b>Amraphel</b> king of Shinar, Arioch<br> king of Ellasar, Chedorlaomer king of Elam, and Tidal king of Goyim, (YLT). <b>...</b><br><font color="#ff6600" size="-1">/g/goyim.htm - 8k</font><p><a href="/topical/g/goi'im.htm"><span class="l">Goi'im (3 Occurrences)</span></a><br><b>...</b> Genesis 14:1 And it came to pass in the days of <b>Amraphel</b> king of Shinar, Arioch<br> king of Ellasar, Chedorlaomer king of Elam, and Tidal king of Goiim, (See RSV). <b>...</b><br><font color="#ff6600" size="-1">/g/goi'im.htm - 7k</font><p><a name="res" id="res"></a><div class="vheading2">Resources</div><a href="/concordance/">Bible Concordance</a> • <a href="/dictionary/">Bible Dictionary</a> • <a href="/encyclopedia/">Bible Encyclopedia</a> • <a href="/topical/">Topical Bible</a> • <a href="/thesaurus/">Bible Thesuarus</a></div></div><div id="centbox"><div class="padcent"><a name="cnc" id="cnc"></a><div class="vheading2">Concordance</div><span class="encheading">Amraphel (2 Occurrences)</span><p><span class="rtext"><a href="/genesis/14-1.htm">Genesis 14:1</a></span><br />It happened in the days of <span class="boldtext">Amraphel</span>, king of Shinar, Arioch, king of Ellasar, Chedorlaomer, king of Elam, and Tidal, king of Goiim,<br /><span class="source">(WEB KJV JPS ASV BBE DBY WBS YLT NAS NIV)</span><p><span class="rtext"><a href="/genesis/14-9.htm">Genesis 14:9</a></span><br />against Chedorlaomer king of Elam, and Tidal king of Goiim, and <span class="boldtext">Amraphel</span> king of Shinar, and Arioch king of Ellasar; four kings against the five.<br /><span class="source">(WEB KJV JPS ASV BBE DBY WBS YLT NAS NIV)</span><a name="sub" id="sub"></a><div class="vheading2">Subtopics</div><p class="pspc"><a href="/topical/a/amraphel.htm">Amraphel</a></p><p class="pspc"><a href="/topical/naves/a/amraphel--king_of_shinar.htm">Amraphel: King of Shinar</a></p><a name="rel" id="rel"></a><div class="vheading2">Related Terms</div><p class="pspc2"><a href="/topical/a/amraphel.htm">Amraphel (2 Occurrences)</a></p><p class="pspc2"><a href="/topical/a/amulet.htm">Amulet</a></div></div></td></tr></table></div><div id="left"><a href="/topical/a/amram's.htm" onmouseover='lft.src="/leftgif.png"' onmouseout='lft.src="/left.png"' title="Amram's"><img src="/left.png" name="lft" border="0" alt="Amram's" /></a></div><div id="right"><a href="/topical/a/am'raphel.htm" onmouseover='rght.src="/rightgif.png"' onmouseout='rght.src="/right.png"' title="Am'raphel"><img src="/right.png" name="rght" border="0" alt="Am'raphel" /></a></div><div id="botleft"><a href="#" onmouseover='botleft.src="/botleftgif.png"' onmouseout='botleft.src="/botleft.png"' title="Top of Page"><img src="/botleft.png" name="botleft" border="0" alt="Top of Page" /></a></div><div id="botright"><a href="#" onmouseover='botright.src="/botrightgif.png"' onmouseout='botright.src="/botright.png"' title="Top of Page"><img src="/botright.png" name="botright" border="0" alt="Top of Page" /></a></div> <div id="mdd"><div align="center"><div class="bot2"><table align="center" width="100%"><tr><td><div align="center"><script id="3d27ed63fc4348d5b062c4527ae09445"> (new Image()).src = 'https://capi.connatix.com/tr/si?token=51ce25d5-1a8c-424a-8695-4bd48c750f35&cid=3a9f82d0-4344-4f8d-ac0c-e1a0eb43a405'; 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