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.ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style> <p><b>Upper Silesia</b> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: <i lang="pl">Górny Śląsk</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="pl-Latn-fonipa"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:IPA/Polish?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Help:IPA/Polish">[ˈɡurnɘ<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈɕlɔw̃sk]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/b\/b0\/LL-Q809_%28pol%29-Poemat-G%C3%B3rny_%C5%9Al%C4%85sk.wav\/LL-Q809_%28pol%29-Poemat-G%C3%B3rny_%C5%9Al%C4%85sk.wav.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"LL-Q809 (pol)-Poemat-G\u00f3rny \u015al\u0105sk.wav"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b0/LL-Q809_%2528pol%2529-Poemat-G%25C3%25B3rny_%25C5%259Al%25C4%2585sk.wav/LL-Q809_%2528pol%2529-Poemat-G%25C3%25B3rny_%25C5%259Al%25C4%2585sk.wav.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:LL-Q809_(pol)-Poemat-G%C3%B3rny_%C5%9Al%C4%85sk.wav?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="File:LL-Q809 (pol)-Poemat-Górny Śląsk.wav">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span> ; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Silesian_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Silesian language">Silesian</a>: <i lang="szl">Gůrny Ślůnsk, Gōrny Ślōnsk</i>;<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Upper_Silesia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Czech_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Czech language">Czech</a>: <i lang="cs">Horní Slezsko</i>; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/German_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Oberschlesien</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈoːbɐˌʃleːzi̯ən]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/6\/61\/De-Oberschlesien.ogg\/De-Oberschlesien.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"De-Oberschlesien.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/61/De-Oberschlesien.ogg/De-Oberschlesien.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:De-Oberschlesien.ogg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="File:De-Oberschlesien.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span> ; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Silesian_German?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Silesian German">Silesian German</a>: <span title="Lower Silesian-language text"><i lang="sli">Oberschläsing</i></span>; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Latin_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Silesia Superior</i>) is the southeastern part of the historical and geographical region of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Silesia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Silesia">Silesia</a>, located today mostly in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Poland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Poland">Poland</a>, with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Czech_Silesia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Czech Silesia">small parts in the</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Czech_Republic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>. The area is predominantly known for its <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heavy_industry?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Heavy industry">heavy industry</a> (mining and metallurgy).</p> <table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"> <tbody> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"> <div class="fn org"> Upper Silesia </div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native"> <span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">Górny Śląsk</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Polish language">Polish</a>)</span><br><span title="Silesian-language text"><i lang="szl">Gůrny Ślůnsk</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Silesian_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Silesian language">Silesian</a>)</span><br><span title="Czech-language text"><i lang="cs">Horní Slezsko</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Czech_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Czech language">Czech</a>)</span><br><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Oberschlesien</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/German_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="German language">German</a>)</span> </div></th> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"> <div class="category"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Historical_region?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Historical region">Historical region</a> </div></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedtoprow"> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <div style="background-color:#ffffff;border-collapse:collapse;border:0px solid black;width:260px;display:table;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"> <div style="display:table-row"> <div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:2px 0 0 2px"> <div style="display:table;background-color:#ffffff;border-collapse:collapse"> <div style="display:table-row"> <div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 2px 2px 0"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Market_Square_Opole_Southside_2019.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Opole Old Town"><img alt="Opole Old Town" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Market_Square_Opole_Southside_2019.jpg/129px-Market_Square_Opole_Southside_2019.jpg" decoding="async" width="129" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Market_Square_Opole_Southside_2019.jpg/194px-Market_Square_Opole_Southside_2019.jpg 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Market_Square_Opole_Southside_2019.jpg/258px-Market_Square_Opole_Southside_2019.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3633" data-file-height="2432"></a></span> </div> <div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 2px 2px 0"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:SZTOLNIA_G%C5%81%C4%98BOKA_FRYDERYK_-_cz%C4%99%C5%9B%C4%87_trasy_turystycznej_pn._Sztolnia_Czarnego_Pastr%C4%85ga.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Historic Silver Mine in Tarnowskie Góry"><img alt="Historic Silver Mine in Tarnowskie Góry" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/SZTOLNIA_G%C5%81%C4%98BOKA_FRYDERYK_-_cz%C4%99%C5%9B%C4%87_trasy_turystycznej_pn._Sztolnia_Czarnego_Pastr%C4%85ga.jpg/129px-SZTOLNIA_G%C5%81%C4%98BOKA_FRYDERYK_-_cz%C4%99%C5%9B%C4%87_trasy_turystycznej_pn._Sztolnia_Czarnego_Pastr%C4%85ga.jpg" decoding="async" width="129" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/SZTOLNIA_G%25C5%2581%25C4%2598BOKA_FRYDERYK_-_cz%25C4%2599%25C5%259B%25C4%2587_trasy_turystycznej_pn._Sztolnia_Czarnego_Pastr%25C4%2585ga.jpg/194px-SZTOLNIA_G%25C5%2581%25C4%2598BOKA_FRYDERYK_-_cz%25C4%2599%25C5%259B%25C4%2587_trasy_turystycznej_pn._Sztolnia_Czarnego_Pastr%25C4%2585ga.jpg 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/SZTOLNIA_G%25C5%2581%25C4%2598BOKA_FRYDERYK_-_cz%25C4%2599%25C5%259B%25C4%2587_trasy_turystycznej_pn._Sztolnia_Czarnego_Pastr%25C4%2585ga.jpg/258px-SZTOLNIA_G%25C5%2581%25C4%2598BOKA_FRYDERYK_-_cz%25C4%2599%25C5%259B%25C4%2587_trasy_turystycznej_pn._Sztolnia_Czarnego_Pastr%25C4%2585ga.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2808" data-file-height="1872"></a></span> </div> </div> </div> <div style="display:table;background-color:#ffffff;border-collapse:collapse"> <div style="display:table-row"> <div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 2px 2px 0"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Gliwice_old_town.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Gliwice Old Town"><img alt="Gliwice Old Town" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Gliwice_old_town.jpg/129px-Gliwice_old_town.jpg" decoding="async" width="129" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Gliwice_old_town.jpg/194px-Gliwice_old_town.jpg 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Gliwice_old_town.jpg/258px-Gliwice_old_town.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024"></a></span> </div> <div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 2px 2px 0"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Cieszyn_001_-_Rynek.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Cieszyn Old Town"><img alt="Cieszyn Old Town" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Cieszyn_001_-_Rynek.jpg/129px-Cieszyn_001_-_Rynek.jpg" decoding="async" width="129" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Cieszyn_001_-_Rynek.jpg/194px-Cieszyn_001_-_Rynek.jpg 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Cieszyn_001_-_Rynek.jpg/258px-Cieszyn_001_-_Rynek.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456"></a></span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="ib-settlement-caption"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style> <div class="hlist"> <ul> <li>From top, left to right: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Opole?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Opole">Opole</a> Old Town</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Historic_Silver_Mine_in_Tarnowskie_G%C3%B3ry?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Historic Silver Mine in Tarnowskie Góry">Historic Silver Mine in Tarnowskie Góry</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gliwice?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gliwice">Gliwice</a> Old Town</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cieszyn?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cieszyn">Cieszyn</a> Old Town</li> </ul> </div> </div></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedtoprow"> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"> <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Flag_of_Upper_Silesia.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Upper Silesia"><img alt="Flag of Upper Silesia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Upper_Silesia.svg/100px-Flag_of_Upper_Silesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Upper_Silesia.svg/150px-Flag_of_Upper_Silesia.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Upper_Silesia.svg/200px-Flag_of_Upper_Silesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="562" data-file-height="375"></a></span> <div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Flag_of_Upper_Silesia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Flag of Upper Silesia">Flag</a> </div> </div> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Upper_Silesia.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Upper Silesia"><img alt="Coat of arms of Upper Silesia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Coat_of_arms_of_Upper_Silesia.svg/70px-Coat_of_arms_of_Upper_Silesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Coat_of_arms_of_Upper_Silesia.svg/105px-Coat_of_arms_of_Upper_Silesia.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Coat_of_arms_of_Upper_Silesia.svg/140px-Coat_of_arms_of_Upper_Silesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1531" data-file-height="1624"></a></span> <div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Upper_Silesia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Coat of arms of Upper Silesia">Coat of arms</a> </div> </div> </div> </div></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedtoprow"> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:G%C3%B3rny_%C5%9Al%C4%85sk_TT_mapa.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of Upper Silesia on the map of Poland"><img alt="Location of Upper Silesia on the map of Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/G%C3%B3rny_%C5%9Al%C4%85sk_TT_mapa.png/250px-G%C3%B3rny_%C5%9Al%C4%85sk_TT_mapa.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/G%25C3%25B3rny_%25C5%259Al%25C4%2585sk_TT_mapa.png/375px-G%25C3%25B3rny_%25C5%259Al%25C4%2585sk_TT_mapa.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/G%25C3%25B3rny_%25C5%259Al%25C4%2585sk_TT_mapa.png/500px-G%25C3%25B3rny_%25C5%259Al%25C4%2585sk_TT_mapa.png 2x" data-file-width="808" data-file-height="755"></a></span> <div class="ib-settlement-caption"> Location of Upper Silesia on the map of Poland </div></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Map_of_Upper_Silesia.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Contemporary map of Upper Silesia in English"><img alt="Contemporary map of Upper Silesia in English" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Map_of_Upper_Silesia.png/250px-Map_of_Upper_Silesia.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Map_of_Upper_Silesia.png/375px-Map_of_Upper_Silesia.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Map_of_Upper_Silesia.png/500px-Map_of_Upper_Silesia.png 2x" data-file-width="4172" data-file-height="4702"></a></span> <div class="ib-settlement-caption"> Contemporary map of Upper Silesia in English </div></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedtoprow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of sovereign states">Countries</a></th> <td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800"></span></span> </span><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Poland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Poland">Poland</a><br><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></span></span> </span><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Czech_Republic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedtoprow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical capital</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Opole?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Opole">Opole</a></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Largest city</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Katowice?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Katowice">Katowice</a></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedtoprow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Time_zone?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/UTC%2B1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+1">UTC+1</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Central_European_Time?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Central European Time">CET</a>)</td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"> • Summer (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Daylight_saving_time?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</span></th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/UTC%2B2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+2">UTC+2</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Central_European_Summer_Time?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Central European Summer Time">CEST</a>)</td> </tr> <tr class="mergedtoprow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Highways</th> <td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/A1_autostrada_(Poland)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="A1 autostrada (Poland)"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/A1-PL.svg/32px-A1-PL.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/A1-PL.svg/48px-A1-PL.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/A1-PL.svg/64px-A1-PL.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="943" data-file-height="478"></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/A4_autostrada_(Poland)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="A4 autostrada (Poland)"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/A4-PL.svg/32px-A4-PL.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/A4-PL.svg/48px-A4-PL.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/A4-PL.svg/64px-A4-PL.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="478"></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Expressway_S1_(Poland)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Expressway S1 (Poland)"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/S1-PL.svg/32px-S1-PL.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/S1-PL.svg/48px-S1-PL.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/S1-PL.svg/64px-S1-PL.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="887" data-file-height="478"></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Expressway_S11_(Poland)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Expressway S11 (Poland)"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/S11-PL.svg/32px-S11-PL.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/S11-PL.svg/48px-S11-PL.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/S11-PL.svg/64px-S11-PL.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="478"></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Expressway_S52_(Poland)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Expressway S52 (Poland)"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/S52-PL.svg/32px-S52-PL.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/S52-PL.svg/48px-S52-PL.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/S52-PL.svg/64px-S52-PL.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1178" data-file-height="478"></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/D1_motorway_(Czech_Republic)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="D1 motorway (Czech Republic)"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/CZ_traffic_sign_IS16a_-_D1.svg/32px-CZ_traffic_sign_IS16a_-_D1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/CZ_traffic_sign_IS16a_-_D1.svg/48px-CZ_traffic_sign_IS16a_-_D1.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/CZ_traffic_sign_IS16a_-_D1.svg/64px-CZ_traffic_sign_IS16a_-_D1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="219"></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/D48_motorway_(Czech_Republic)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="D48 motorway (Czech Republic)"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/CZ_traffic_sign_IS16a_-_D48.svg/32px-CZ_traffic_sign_IS16a_-_D48.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/CZ_traffic_sign_IS16a_-_D48.svg/48px-CZ_traffic_sign_IS16a_-_D48.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/CZ_traffic_sign_IS16a_-_D48.svg/64px-CZ_traffic_sign_IS16a_-_D48.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="219"></a></span></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Krainy-historyczne-Polski.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Krainy-historyczne-Polski.png/280px-Krainy-historyczne-Polski.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Krainy-historyczne-Polski.png/420px-Krainy-historyczne-Polski.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Krainy-historyczne-Polski.png/560px-Krainy-historyczne-Polski.png 2x" data-file-width="4961" data-file-height="4961"></a> <figcaption> Upper Silesia (<i>Górny Śląsk</i>) and other historical lands of Poland against the background of modern administrative borders (names in Polish) </figcaption> </figure> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Upper_Silesia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Geography"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Geography</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Upper_Silesia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#History"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Upper_Silesia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Polish_rule"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Polish rule</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Upper_Silesia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Bohemia,_Hungary,_Austria_and_Prussia"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Bohemia, Hungary, Austria and Prussia</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Upper_Silesia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Ethnolinguistic_structure_before_the_plebiscite"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Ethnolinguistic structure before the plebiscite</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Upper_Silesia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Interbellum,_World_War_II,_and_post-war_period"><span class="tocnumber">2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Interbellum, World War II, and post-war period</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Upper_Silesia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Major_cities_and_towns"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Major cities and towns</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Upper_Silesia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Culture"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Culture</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Upper_Silesia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Silesian_cuisine"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Silesian cuisine</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Upper_Silesia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Clothes"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Clothes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Upper_Silesia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Crafts"><span class="tocnumber">4.3</span> <span class="toctext">Crafts</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Upper_Silesia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Architecture"><span class="tocnumber">4.4</span> <span class="toctext">Architecture</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Upper_Silesia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Media"><span class="tocnumber">4.5</span> <span class="toctext">Media</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Upper_Silesia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Sports"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Sports</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Upper_Silesia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Local_politics"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Local politics</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Upper_Silesia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Upper_Silesia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Upper_Silesia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#References"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Upper_Silesia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Sources"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Sources</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Upper_Silesia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Upper_Silesia&action=edit&section=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Geography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <p>Upper Silesia is situated on the upper <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oder?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oder">Oder</a> River, north of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Sudetes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eastern Sudetes">Eastern Sudetes</a> mountain range and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moravian_Gate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Moravian Gate">Moravian Gate</a>, which form the southern border with the historic <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moravia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Moravia">Moravia</a> region. Within the adjacent <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Silesian_Beskids?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Silesian Beskids">Silesian Beskids</a> to the east, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vistula?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vistula">Vistula</a> River rises and turns eastwards, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bia%C5%82a_(Vistula)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Biała (Vistula)">Biała</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Przemsza?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Przemsza">Przemsza</a> tributaries mark the eastern border with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lesser_Poland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lesser Poland">Lesser Poland</a>. In the north, Upper Silesia borders on <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greater_Poland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Greater Poland">Greater Poland</a>, and in the west on the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lower_Silesia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lower Silesia">Lower Silesian</a> lands (the adjacent region around <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wrocław">Wrocław</a> also referred to as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Middle_Silesia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Silesia">Middle Silesia</a>).</p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Kamenit%C3%BD_(Moravskoslezsk%C3%A9_Beskydy).JPG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Kamenit%C3%BD_%28Moravskoslezsk%C3%A9_Beskydy%29.JPG/220px-Kamenit%C3%BD_%28Moravskoslezsk%C3%A9_Beskydy%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Kamenit%C3%BD_%28Moravskoslezsk%C3%A9_Beskydy%29.JPG/220px-Kamenit%C3%BD_%28Moravskoslezsk%C3%A9_Beskydy%29.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Kamenit%C3%BD_%28Moravskoslezsk%C3%A9_Beskydy%29.JPG/330px-Kamenit%C3%BD_%28Moravskoslezsk%C3%A9_Beskydy%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Kamenit%C3%BD_%28Moravskoslezsk%C3%A9_Beskydy%29.JPG/440px-Kamenit%C3%BD_%28Moravskoslezsk%C3%A9_Beskydy%29.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Moravian-Silesian Beskids </figcaption> </figure> <p>It is currently split into a larger <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Poland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Poland">Polish</a> and the smaller <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Czech_Silesia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Czech Silesia">Czech Silesian</a> part, which is located within the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Czech_Republic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Czech Republic">Czech</a> regions of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moravian%E2%80%93Silesian_Region?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Moravian–Silesian Region">Moravia-Silesia</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Olomouc_Region?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Olomouc Region">Olomouc</a>. The Polish Upper Silesian territory covers most of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Opole_Voivodeship?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Opole Voivodeship">Opole Voivodeship</a>, except for the Lower Silesian counties of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Brzeg_County?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Brzeg County">Brzeg</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Namys%C5%82%C3%B3w_County?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Namysłów County">Namysłów</a>, and the western half of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Silesian_Voivodeship?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Silesian Voivodeship">Silesian Voivodeship</a> (except for the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lesser_Polish?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesser Polish">Lesser Polish</a> counties of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/B%C4%99dzin_County?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Będzin County">Będzin</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bielsko_County?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bielsko County">Bielsko-Biała</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cz%C4%99stochowa_County?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Częstochowa County">Częstochowa</a> with the city of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cz%C4%99stochowa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Częstochowa">Częstochowa</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/K%C5%82obuck_County?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kłobuck County">Kłobuck</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Myszk%C3%B3w_County?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Myszków County">Myszków</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zawiercie_County?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zawiercie County">Zawiercie</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C5%BBywiec_County?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Żywiec County">Żywiec</a>, as well as the cities of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/D%C4%85browa_G%C3%B3rnicza?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dąbrowa Górnicza">Dąbrowa Górnicza</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jaworzno?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jaworzno">Jaworzno</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sosnowiec?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sosnowiec">Sosnowiec</a>).</p> <p>Divided <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cieszyn_Silesia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cieszyn Silesia">Cieszyn Silesia</a> as well as former <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Austrian_Silesia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Austrian Silesia">Austrian Silesia</a> are historical parts of Upper Silesia.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Upper_Silesia&action=edit&section=2&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/History_of_Silesia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="History of Silesia">History of Silesia</a> </div> <p>According to the 9th century <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bavarian_Geographer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bavarian Geographer">Bavarian Geographer</a>, the West Slavic <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Opolanie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Opolanie">Opolanie</a> tribe had settled on the upper Oder River since the days of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Migration_Period?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Migration Period">Migration Period</a>, centered on the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gord_(archaeology)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gord (archaeology)">gord</a> of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Opole?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Opole">Opole</a>. It is possible that during the times of Prince <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Svatopluk_I?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Svatopluk I">Svatopluk I</a> (871–894), Silesia was a part of his <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Great_Moravia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Great Moravia">Great Moravian</a> realm. Upon its dissolution after 906, the region fell under the influence of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/P%C5%99emyslid_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Přemyslid dynasty">Přemyslid</a> rulers of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bohemia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bohemia">Bohemia</a>, Duke <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Spytihnev_I,_Duke_of_Bohemia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Spytihnev I, Duke of Bohemia">Spytihněv I</a> (894–915) and his brother <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vratislaus_I,_Duke_of_Bohemia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vratislaus I, Duke of Bohemia">Vratislaus I</a> (915–921), possibly the founder and name giver of the Silesian capital Wrocław (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Czech_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Czech language">Czech</a>: <i lang="cs">Vratislav</i>).</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Polish_rule">Polish rule</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Upper_Silesia&action=edit&section=3&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Polish rule" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>By 990 the newly installed <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Piast_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Piast dynasty">Piast</a> duke <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mieszko_I_of_Poland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Mieszko I of Poland">Mieszko I</a> of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duchy_of_Poland_(966%E2%80%931025)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Poland (966–1025)">Polans</a> had conquered large parts of Silesia. From the Middle Silesia fortress of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Niemcza?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Niemcza">Niemcza</a>, his son and successor <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_I_the_Brave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bolesław I the Brave">Bolesław I the Brave</a> (992–1025), having established the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Wroc%C5%82aw?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Wrocław">Diocese of Wrocław</a>, subdued the Upper Silesian lands of the pagan Opolanie, which for several hundred years were part of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/History_of_Poland_during_the_Piast_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="History of Poland during the Piast dynasty">Poland</a>, though contested by Bohemian dukes like <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bretislaus_I,_Duke_of_Bohemia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bretislaus I, Duke of Bohemia">Bretislaus I</a>, who from 1025 invaded Silesia several times. Finally, in 1137, the Polish prince <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_III_Wrymouth?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bolesław III Wrymouth">Bolesław III Wrymouth</a> (1107–1138) came to terms with Duke <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sob%C4%9Bslav_I,_Duke_of_Bohemia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Soběslav I, Duke of Bohemia">Soběslav I of Bohemia</a>, when a peace was made confirming the border along the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sudetes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sudetes">Sudetes</a>.</p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Flag_of_Upper_Silesia.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Flag_of_Upper_Silesia.png/220px-Flag_of_Upper_Silesia.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1199" data-file-height="765"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 140px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Flag_of_Upper_Silesia.png/220px-Flag_of_Upper_Silesia.png" data-width="220" data-height="140" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Flag_of_Upper_Silesia.png/330px-Flag_of_Upper_Silesia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Flag_of_Upper_Silesia.png/440px-Flag_of_Upper_Silesia.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Flag_of_Upper_Silesia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Flag of Upper Silesia">Silesian flag</a> used by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Silesians?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Silesians">Silesians</a> </figcaption> </figure> <p>However, this arrangement fell apart when upon the death of Bolesław III and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Testament_of_Boles%C5%82aw_III_Krzywousty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Testament of Bolesław III Krzywousty">his testament</a> the fragmentation of Poland began, which decisively enfeebled its central authority. The newly established <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duchy_of_Silesia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Duchy of Silesia">Duchy of Silesia</a> became the ancestral homeland of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Silesian_Piasts?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Silesian Piasts">Silesian Piasts</a>, descendants of Bolesław's eldest son <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_II_the_Exile?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Władysław II the Exile">Władysław II the Exile</a>, who nevertheless saw themselves barred from the succession to the Polish throne and only were able to regain their Silesian home territory with the aid of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperor</a>.</p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Upper_Silesia_coat_of_arms.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Upper_Silesia_coat_of_arms.png/220px-Upper_Silesia_coat_of_arms.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="272" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="577"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 272px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Upper_Silesia_coat_of_arms.png/220px-Upper_Silesia_coat_of_arms.png" data-width="220" data-height="272" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Upper_Silesia_coat_of_arms.png/330px-Upper_Silesia_coat_of_arms.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Upper_Silesia_coat_of_arms.png/440px-Upper_Silesia_coat_of_arms.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Coat of arms of Upper Silesia as drawn by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hugo_Gerard_Str%C3%B6hl?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hugo Gerard Ströhl">Hugo Gerard Ströhl</a> (1851–1919) </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Silesia_1217-1230.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Silesia_1217-1230.jpg/220px-Silesia_1217-1230.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="218" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="570" data-file-height="565"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 218px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Silesia_1217-1230.jpg/220px-Silesia_1217-1230.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="218" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Silesia_1217-1230.jpg/330px-Silesia_1217-1230.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Silesia_1217-1230.jpg/440px-Silesia_1217-1230.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style> <div class="legend"> <span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:yellow; color:black;"> </span> Duchy of Opole–Racibórz under Duke Casimir I (1211-1230) </div> </figcaption> </figure> <p>The failure of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Agnatic_seniority?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Agnatic seniority">Agnatic seniority</a> principle of inheritance also led to the split-up of the Silesian province itself: in 1172 Władysław's second son <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mieszko_IV_Tanglefoot?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mieszko IV Tanglefoot">Mieszko IV Tanglefoot</a> claimed his rights and received the Upper Silesian <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duchy_of_Racib%C3%B3rz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Duchy of Racibórz">Duchy of Racibórz</a> as an allodium from the hands of his elder brother Duke <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_I_the_Tall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bolesław I the Tall">Bolesław I the Tall</a> of Silesia. In the struggle around the Polish throne, Mieszko additionally received the former <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lesser_Poland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lesser Poland">Lesser Polish</a> lands of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duchy_of_Bytom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Duchy of Bytom">Bytom</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duchy_of_O%C5%9Bwi%C4%99cim?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Duchy of Oświęcim">Oświęcim</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duchy_of_Zator?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Duchy of Zator">Zator</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duchy_of_Siewierz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Duchy of Siewierz">Siewierz</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duchy_of_Pless?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Duchy of Pless">Pszczyna</a> from the new Polish High Duke <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Casimir_II_the_Just?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Casimir II the Just">Casimir II the Just</a> in 1177. When in 1202 Mieszko Tanglefoot had annexed the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duchy_of_Opole?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Duchy of Opole">Duchy of Opole</a> of his deceased nephew <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jaros%C5%82aw,_Duke_of_Opole?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jarosław, Duke of Opole">Jarosław</a>, he ruled over all Upper Silesia as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duchy_of_Opole_and_Racib%C3%B3rz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Duchy of Opole and Racibórz">Duke of Opole and Racibórz</a>.</p> <p>In the early 13th century the ties of the Silesian Piasts with the neighbouring <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> grew stronger as several dukes married scions of German nobility. Promoted by the Lower Silesian Duke <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Henry_I_the_Bearded?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry I the Bearded">Henry I the Bearded</a>, from 1230 also regent over Upper Silesia for the minor sons of his late cousin Duke <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Casimir_I_of_Opole?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Casimir I of Opole">Casimir I of Opole</a>, large parts of the Silesian lands were settled with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germans?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Germans">German</a> immigrants in the course of the <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ostsiedlung?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ostsiedlung">Ostsiedlung</a></i>, establishing numerous cities according to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/German_town_law?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="German town law">German town law</a>. The plans to re-unify Silesia shattered upon the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/First_Mongol_invasion_of_Poland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="First Mongol invasion of Poland">first Mongol invasion of Poland</a> and the death of Duke <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Henry_II_the_Pious?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Henry II the Pious">Henry II the Pious</a> at the 1241 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Battle_of_Legnica?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Battle of Legnica">Battle of Legnica</a>. Upper Silesia further fragmented upon the death of Duke <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Opolski?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Władysław Opolski">Władysław Opolski</a> in 1281 into the duchies of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duchy_of_Bytom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Duchy of Bytom">Bytom</a>, Opole, Racibórz and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duchy_of_Teschen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Duchy of Teschen">Cieszyn</a>. About 1269 the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duchy_of_Opava?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Opava">Duchy of Opava</a> was established on adjacent Moravian territory, ruled by the Přemyslid duke <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nicholas_I,_Duke_of_Troppau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nicholas I, Duke of Troppau">Nicholas I</a>, whose descendants inherited the Duchy of Racibórz in 1336. As they ruled both duchies in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Personal_union?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Personal union">personal union</a>, Opava grew into the Upper Silesian territory.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Bohemia,_Hungary,_Austria_and_Prussia"><span id="Bohemia.2C_Hungary.2C_Austria_and_Prussia"></span>Bohemia, Hungary, Austria and Prussia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Upper_Silesia&action=edit&section=4&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Bohemia, Hungary, Austria and Prussia" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>In 1327 the Upper Silesian dukes, like most of their Lower Silesian cousins, had sworn allegiance to King <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_of_Bohemia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="John of Bohemia">John of Bohemia</a>, thereby becoming vassals of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bohemia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kingdom of Bohemia">Bohemian kingdom</a>. During the re-establishment of Poland under King <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Casimir_III_the_Great?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Casimir III the Great">Casimir III the Great</a>, all Silesia was specifically excluded as non-Polish land by the 1335 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Treaty_of_Trentschin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Treaty of Trentschin">Treaty of Trentschin</a> becoming a land of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lands_of_the_Bohemian_Crown?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lands of the Bohemian Crown">Bohemian Crown</a> and — indirectly — of the Holy Roman Empire. By the mid-14th century, the influx of German settlers into Upper Silesia was stopped by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Black_Death?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Black Death">Black Death</a> pandemic. Unlike in Lower Silesia, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germanization?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanization">Germanization</a> process was halted; still a majority of the population spoke Polish and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Silesian_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Silesian language">Silesian</a> as their native language, often together with German (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Silesian_German?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Silesian German">Silesian German</a>) as a second language. In the southernmost areas, also <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lach_dialects?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lach dialects">Lach dialects</a> were spoken. While Latin, Czech and German language were used as official languages in towns and cities, only in the 1550s (during the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Protestant_Reformation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a>) did records with Polish names start to appear.</p> <p>Upper Silesia was hit by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hussite_Wars?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hussite Wars">Hussite Wars</a> and in 1469 was conquered by King <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Matthias_Corvinus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Matthias Corvinus">Matthias Corvinus</a> of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Hungary</a>, while the Duchies of Oświęcim and Zator fell back to the Polish Crown as a part of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lesser_Poland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lesser Poland">Lesser Poland</a>. Upon the death of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jagiellonian_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jagiellonian dynasty">Jagiellonian</a> king <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Louis_II_of_Hungary?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Louis II of Hungary">Louis II</a> in 1526, the Bohemian crown lands were inherited by the Austrian <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/House_of_Habsburg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="House of Habsburg">House of Habsburg</a>. In the 16th century, large parts of Silesia had turned <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Protestant_Reformation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant</a>, promoted by reformers like <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Caspar_Schwenckfeld?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Caspar Schwenckfeld">Caspar Schwenckfeld</a>. After the 1620 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Battle_of_White_Mountain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Battle of White Mountain">Battle of White Mountain</a>, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Catholic_Church?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a> Emperors of the Habsburg dynasty forcibly re-introduced Catholicism, led by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Society_of_Jesus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Jesuits</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Superiorem_Silesiam_AD1746.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Superiorem_Silesiam_AD1746.jpg/220px-Superiorem_Silesiam_AD1746.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3400" data-file-height="2500"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 162px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Superiorem_Silesiam_AD1746.jpg/220px-Superiorem_Silesiam_AD1746.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="162" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Superiorem_Silesiam_AD1746.jpg/330px-Superiorem_Silesiam_AD1746.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Superiorem_Silesiam_AD1746.jpg/440px-Superiorem_Silesiam_AD1746.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> 1746 map of Upper Silesia, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Johann_Homann?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Johann Homann">Homann</a> heirs, Nuremberg </figcaption> </figure> <p>Lower Silesia and most of Upper Silesia were occupied by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Kingdom of Prussia</a> in 1742 during the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Silesian_Wars?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Silesian Wars">First Silesian War</a> and annexed by the terms of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Treaty_of_Breslau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Treaty of Breslau">Treaty of Breslau</a>. A small part south of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Opava_(river)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Opava (river)">Opava River</a> remained within the Habsburg-ruled Bohemian Crown as the "Duchy of Upper and Lower Silesia", colloquially called <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Austrian_Silesia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Austrian Silesia">Austrian Silesia</a>. Incorporated into the Prussian <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Silesia_Province?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Silesia Province">Silesia Province</a> from 1815, Upper Silesia became an industrial area taking advantage of its plentiful <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Coal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Coal">coal</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Iron_ore?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Iron ore">iron ore</a>. Prussian Upper Silesia became a part of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/German_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> in 1871.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Ethnolinguistic_structure_before_the_plebiscite">Ethnolinguistic structure before the plebiscite</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Upper_Silesia&action=edit&section=5&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Ethnolinguistic structure before the plebiscite" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>The earliest exact census figures on <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ethnic_group?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnolinguistic</a> or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/National_identity?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="National identity">national</a> structure (Nationalverschiedenheit) of the Prussian part of Upper Silesia, come from year 1819. The last pre-WW1 general census figures available, are from 1910 (if not including the 1911 census of school children - Sprachzählung unter den Schulkindern - which revealed a higher percent of Polish-speakers among school children than the 1910 census among the general populace). Figures (<b>Table 1.</b>) show that large demographic changes took place between 1819 and 1910, with the region's total population quadrupling, the percent of German-speakers increasing significantly, and that of Polish-speakers declining considerably. Also, the total land area in which Polish language was spoken, as well as the land area in which it was spoken by the majority, declined between 1790 and 1890.<sup id="cite_ref-Joseph_Partsch_2-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Upper_Silesia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Joseph_Partsch-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Polish authors before 1918 estimated the number of Poles in Prussian Upper Silesia as slightly higher than according to official German censuses.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Upper_Silesia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <table class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"> <tbody> <tr> <th colspan="18">Table 1. Numbers of Polish, German and other inhabitants (Regierungsbezirk Oppeln)<sup id="cite_ref-Georg_Hassel_4-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Upper_Silesia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Georg_Hassel-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Paul_Weber1_5-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Upper_Silesia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Paul_Weber1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Upper_Silesia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> </tr> <tr> <th>Year</th> <th>1819</th> <th>1828</th> <th>1831</th> <th>1834</th> <th>1837</th> <th>1840</th> <th>1843</th> <th>1846</th> <th>1852</th> <th>1855</th> <th>1858</th> <th>1861</th> <th>1867</th> <th>1890</th> <th>1900</th> <th>1905</th> <th>1910</th> </tr> <tr> <td><i><b>Polish</b></i></td> <td>377,100 <p><b>(67.2%)</b></p></td> <td>418,837 <p><b>(61.1%)</b></p></td> <td>443,084 <p><b>(62.0%)</b></p></td> <td>468,691 <p><b>(62.6%)</b></p></td> <td>495,362 <p><b>(62.1%)</b></p></td> <td>525,395 <p><b>(58.6%)</b></p></td> <td>540,402 <p><b>(58.1%)</b></p></td> <td>568,582 <p><b>(58.1%)</b></p></td> <td>584,293 <p><b>(58.6%)</b></p></td> <td>590,248 <p><b>(58.7%)</b></p></td> <td>612,849 <p><b>(57.3%)</b></p></td> <td>665,865 <p><b>(59.1%)</b></p></td> <td>742,153 <p><b>(59.8%)</b></p></td> <td>918,728 <b>(58.2%)</b></td> <td>1,048,230 <b>(56.1%)</b></td> <td>1,158,805 <b>(57.0%)</b></td> <td>Census, monolingual Polish: <b>1,169,340</b> <b>(53.0%)</b><sup id="cite_ref-Paul_Weber2_7-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Upper_Silesia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Paul_Weber2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <p><b>or up to</b> <b>1,560,000</b> together with bilinguals<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Upper_Silesia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></td> </tr> <tr> <td><i><b>German</b></i></td> <td>162,600 <p><b>(29.0%)</b></p></td> <td>255,483 <p><b>(37.3%)</b></p></td> <td>257,852 <p><b>(36.1%)</b></p></td> <td>266,399 <p><b>(35.6%)</b></p></td> <td>290,168 <p><b>(36.3%)</b></p></td> <td>330,099 <p><b>(36.8%)</b></p></td> <td>348,094 <p><b>(37.4%)</b></p></td> <td>364,175 <p><b>(37.2%)</b></p></td> <td>363,990 <p><b>(36.5%)</b></p></td> <td>366,562 <p><b>(36.5%)</b></p></td> <td>406,950 <p><b>(38.1%)</b></p></td> <td>409,218 <p><b>(36.3%)</b></p></td> <td>457,545 <p><b>(36.8%)</b></p></td> <td>566,523 <b>(35.9%)</b></td> <td>684,397 <b>(36.6%)</b></td> <td>757,200 <b>(37.2%)</b></td> <td><b>884,045</b> <b>(40.0%)</b></td> </tr> <tr> <td><i><b>Other</b></i></td> <td>21,503 <p><b>(3.8%)</b></p></td> <td>10,904 <p><b>(1.6%)</b></p></td> <td>13,254 <p><b>(1.9%)</b></p></td> <td>13,120 <p><b>(1.8%)</b></p></td> <td>12,679 <p><b>(1.6%)</b></p></td> <td>41,570 <p><b>(4.6%)</b></p></td> <td>42,292 <p><b>(4.5%)</b></p></td> <td>45,736 <p><b>(4.7%)</b></p></td> <td>49,445 <p><b>(4.9%)</b></p></td> <td>48,270 <p><b>(4.8%)</b></p></td> <td>49,037 <p><b>(4.6%)</b></p></td> <td>51,187 <p><b>(4.6%)</b></p></td> <td>41,611 <p><b>(3.4%)</b></p></td> <td>92,480 <p><b>(5.9%)</b></p></td> <td>135,519 <p><b>(7.3%)</b></p></td> <td>117,651 <p><b>(5.8%)</b></p></td> <td>Total population: 2,207,981</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>United States Immigration Commission in 1911 classified Polish-speaking Silesians as Poles.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Upper_Silesia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Interbellum,_World_War_II,_and_post-war_period"><span id="Interbellum.2C_World_War_II.2C_and_post-war_period"></span>Interbellum, World War II, and post-war period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Upper_Silesia&action=edit&section=6&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Interbellum, World War II, and post-war period" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Upper_Silesia_plebiscite?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Silesia plebiscite">Upper Silesia plebiscite</a> </div> <p>In 1919, after <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/World_War_I?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="World War I">World War I</a>, Polish miners organized large protests in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mys%C5%82owice?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mysłowice">Mysłowice</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pr24_9-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Upper_Silesia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-pr24-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On August 15, 1919, the German <i>Grenzschutz</i> opened fire on protesting Polish miners and their families, killing seven miners, two women and a 13-year-old boy.<sup id="cite_ref-pr24_9-1" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Upper_Silesia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-pr24-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The event, known as the "Mysłowice massacre", sparked the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/First_Silesian_Uprising?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="First Silesian Uprising">First Silesian Uprising</a> against Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-pr24_9-2" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Upper_Silesia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-pr24-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Katowice_-_Gmach_Sejmu_%C5%9Al%C4%85skiego_01.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Katowice_-_Gmach_Sejmu_%C5%9Al%C4%85skiego_01.jpg/220px-Katowice_-_Gmach_Sejmu_%C5%9Al%C4%85skiego_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="81" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5023" data-file-height="1859"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 81px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Katowice_-_Gmach_Sejmu_%C5%9Al%C4%85skiego_01.jpg/220px-Katowice_-_Gmach_Sejmu_%C5%9Al%C4%85skiego_01.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="81" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Katowice_-_Gmach_Sejmu_%C5%9Al%C4%85skiego_01.jpg/330px-Katowice_-_Gmach_Sejmu_%C5%9Al%C4%85skiego_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Katowice_-_Gmach_Sejmu_%C5%9Al%C4%85skiego_01.jpg/440px-Katowice_-_Gmach_Sejmu_%C5%9Al%C4%85skiego_01.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Silesian_Parliament?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Silesian Parliament">Silesian Parliament</a> in Katowice </figcaption> </figure> <p>Soon afterwards, the eastern part of Upper Silesia (with a majority of ethnic Poles) came under Polish rule as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Silesian_Voivodeship_(1920%E2%80%931939)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Silesian Voivodeship (1920–1939)">Silesian Voivodeship</a>, while the mostly German-speaking western part remained part of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Weimar_Republic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a> as the newly established <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Upper_Silesia_Province?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Silesia Province">Upper Silesia Province</a>. In early 1919, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Czechoslovak_War?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Polish–Czechoslovak War">Polish–Czechoslovak War</a> broke out around Cieszyn Silesia, whereafter <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Czechoslovakia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a> gained the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Trans-Olza?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Trans-Olza">Trans-Olza</a> strip in addition to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hlu%C4%8D%C3%ADn_Region?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hlučín Region">Hlučín Region</a>.</p> <p>From 1919 to 1921 three <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Silesian_Uprisings?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Silesian Uprisings">Silesian Uprisings</a> occurred among the Polish-speaking populace of Upper Silesia; the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Battle_of_Annaberg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Battle of Annaberg">Battle of Annaberg</a> was fought in the region in 1921. In the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Upper_Silesia_plebiscite?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Silesia plebiscite">Upper Silesia plebiscite</a> of March 1921, a majority of 59.4% voted against merging with Poland and a minority of 40.6% voted for,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Upper_Silesia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Upper_Silesia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with clear lines dividing Polish and German communities. The plan to divide the region was suggested by the Inter-Allied Commission on Upper Silesia, headed by the French general <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Henri_Le_Rond?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Henri Le Rond">Henri Le Rond</a>. The plan was decided by an ambassadors conference in Paris on 20 October 1921. The exact border, the maintenance of cross-border railway traffic and other necessary co-operations, as well as equal rights for all inhabitants in both parts of Upper Silesia, were all fixed by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/German-Polish_Accord_on_East_Silesia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="German-Polish Accord on East Silesia">German-Polish Accord on East Silesia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Upper_Silesia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> signed in Geneva on 15 May 1922. On 20 June 1922 the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Weimar_Republic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a> ceded the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/East_Upper_Silesia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="East Upper Silesia">East Upper Silesia</a> region to Poland. The area became part of Silesian Voivodeship of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Second Polish Republic">Second Polish Republic</a>.</p> <p>The new border only partly followed the results of the referendum. The reason was that closely following the local majority vote would have resulted in a plurality of enclaves and would thus not have been a viable border. Particularly in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Upper_Silesian_Industrial_Region?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Upper Silesian Industrial Region">Upper Silesian Industrial Region</a>, the border line was often bizarre, cutting right through settlements or through industrial facilities.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Upper_Silesia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> Division of Prussian Silesia between Weimar Germany, Poland and Czechoslovakia after World War I </caption> <tbody> <tr> <th>Division of:</th> <th>Area in 1910 (km<sup>2</sup>)</th> <th>Share of territory</th> <th>Population in 1910</th> <th>After WW1 part of:</th> <th>Notes</th> </tr> <tr> <th>Lower Silesia</th> <th style="text-align: right;">27,105 km<sup>2</sup><sup id="cite_ref-gem1900_14-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Upper_Silesia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-gem1900-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th style="text-align: right;">100%</th> <th style="text-align: right;">3,017,981</th> <th>Divided between:</th> <th></th> </tr> <tr> <td>to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Second Polish Republic">Poland</a></td> <td style="text-align: right;"><b>526 km<sup>2</sup></b><sup id="cite_ref-GUS1_15-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Upper_Silesia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-GUS1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Upper_Silesia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td style="text-align: right;"><b>2%</b></td> <td style="text-align: right;"><b>1%</b></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_Voivodeship_(1921%E2%80%931939)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Poznań Voivodeship (1921–1939)">Poznań Voivodeship</a> <p>(Niederschlesiens Ostmark<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Upper_Silesia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</p></td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Upper_Silesia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> </tr> <tr> <td>to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Weimar_Republic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Weimar Republic">Germany</a></td> <td style="text-align: right;"><b>26,579 km<sup>2</sup></b></td> <td style="text-align: right;"><b>98%</b></td> <td style="text-align: right;"><b>99%</b></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Province_of_Lower_Silesia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Province of Lower Silesia">Province of Lower Silesia</a></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <th>Upper Silesia</th> <th style="text-align: right;">13,230 km<sup>2</sup><sup id="cite_ref-gem1900_14-1" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Upper_Silesia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-gem1900-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th style="text-align: right;">100%</th> <th style="text-align: right;">2,207,981</th> <th>Divided between:</th> <th></th> </tr> <tr> <td>to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Second Polish Republic">Poland</a></td> <td style="text-align: right;"><b>3,225 km<sup>2</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Weinfeld_18-1" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Upper_Silesia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Weinfeld-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></b></td> <td style="text-align: right;"><b>25%</b></td> <td style="text-align: right;"><b>41%<sup id="cite_ref-Weinfeld_18-2" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Upper_Silesia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Weinfeld-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></b></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Silesian_Voivodeship_(1920%E2%80%9339)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Silesian Voivodeship (1920–39)">Silesian Voivodeship</a></td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Upper_Silesia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> </tr> <tr> <td>to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Czechoslovakia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a></td> <td style="text-align: right;"><b>325 km<sup>2</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Weinfeld_18-3" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Upper_Silesia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Weinfeld-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></b></td> <td style="text-align: right;"><b>2%</b></td> <td style="text-align: right;"><b>2%<sup id="cite_ref-Weinfeld_18-4" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Upper_Silesia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Weinfeld-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></b></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hlu%C4%8D%C3%ADn_Region?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hlučín Region">Hlučín Region</a></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Weimar_Republic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Weimar Republic">Germany</a></td> <td style="text-align: right;"><b>9,680 km<sup>2</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Weinfeld_18-5" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Upper_Silesia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Weinfeld-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></b></td> <td style="text-align: right;"><b>73%</b></td> <td style="text-align: right;"><b>57%<sup id="cite_ref-Weinfeld_18-6" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Upper_Silesia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Weinfeld-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></b></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Province_of_Upper_Silesia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Province of Upper Silesia">Province of Upper Silesia</a></td> <td></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Katowice_-_Wie%C5%BCa_spadochronowa_01.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Katowice_-_Wie%C5%BCa_spadochronowa_01.jpg/170px-Katowice_-_Wie%C5%BCa_spadochronowa_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="226" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1808" data-file-height="2406"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 226px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Katowice_-_Wie%C5%BCa_spadochronowa_01.jpg/170px-Katowice_-_Wie%C5%BCa_spadochronowa_01.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="226" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Katowice_-_Wie%C5%BCa_spadochronowa_01.jpg/255px-Katowice_-_Wie%C5%BCa_spadochronowa_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Katowice_-_Wie%C5%BCa_spadochronowa_01.jpg/340px-Katowice_-_Wie%C5%BCa_spadochronowa_01.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Parachute_Tower_in_Katowice?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Parachute Tower in Katowice">Parachute Tower in Katowice</a>, one of the symbols of the Polish <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Defense_of_Katowice?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Defense of Katowice">Defense of Katowice</a> in 1939 </figcaption> </figure> <p>During the German <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Invasion of Poland">invasion of Poland</a>, which started <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="World War II">World War II</a> in September 1939, German troops committed numerous massacres of Polish civilians in the region, including at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gosty%C5%84,_Silesian_Voivodeship?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gostyń, Silesian Voivodeship">Gostyń</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C5%81aziska_G%C3%B3rne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Łaziska Górne">Łaziska Górne</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jankowice,_Pszczyna_County?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jankowice, Pszczyna County">Jankowice</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zgo%C5%84?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zgoń">Zgoń</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C4%99dziny?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lędziny">Lędziny</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C5%9Awi%C4%99toch%C5%82owice?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Świętochłowice">Świętochłowice</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Katowice_massacre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Katowice massacre">Katowice</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Orzesze?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Orzesze">Pasternik</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pszczyna?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pszczyna">Pszczyna</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Siemianowice_%C5%9Al%C4%85skie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Siemianowice Śląskie">Siemianowice Śląskie</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wyry?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wyry">Wyry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Upper_Silesia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Afterwards, Polish Silesia <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_areas_annexed_by_Nazi_Germany?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany">was annexed</a> to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nazi_Germany?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi German Reich</a> as part of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Nazi_Germany?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Administrative divisions of Nazi Germany"><i>Gau</i></a> of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gau_Silesia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gau Silesia">Silesia</a>. The Polish population was subjected to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nazi_crimes_against_the_Polish_nation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi crimes against the Polish nation">further persecution and crimes</a>. A network of <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polenlager?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Polenlager">Polenlager</a></i> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Forced labour under German rule during World War II">forced labour</a> camps was established in the region, and multiple <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_subcamps_of_Auschwitz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of subcamps of Auschwitz">subcamp</a> of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Auschwitz concentration camp">Auschwitz concentration camp</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Upper_Silesia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Germans operated the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stalag_VIII-B?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stalag VIII-B">Stalag VIII-B</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stalag_VIII-D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stalag VIII-D">Stalag VIII-D</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stalag_VIII-F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stalag VIII-F">Stalag VIII-F</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/German_prisoner-of-war_camps_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="German prisoner-of-war camps in World War II">prisoner-of-war camps</a> for Polish, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/French_prisoners_of_war_in_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="French prisoners of war in World War II">French</a>, Belgian, British, Serbian and other <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Allies of World War II">Allied</a> POWs, with numerous forced labour subcamps, in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Upper_Silesia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1941 Upper and Lower Silesia were split into separate <i>Gaue</i>.</p> <p>After 1945, almost all of Upper Silesia that was not ceded to Poland in 1922 was placed under the administration of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Poland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of Poland">Republic of Poland</a>. German civilians, as well as Nazi criminals, were interned in labor camps such as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zgoda_labour_camp?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zgoda labour camp">Zgoda labour camp</a>. The majority of the German-speaking population that had not fled <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_from_Poland_during_and_after_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Flight and expulsion of Germans from Poland during and after World War II">was expelled</a>, an activity that was euphemized as "transfers [to] be effected in an orderly and humane manner" in accordance with the decision of the victorious <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Allies of World War II">Allied</a> powers at their 1945 meeting at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Potsdam_Agreement?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Potsdam Agreement">Potsdam</a>. The German expellees were transported to the present-day Germany (including the former <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/East_Germany?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="East Germany">East Germany</a>), and Polish migrants, a sizeable part of whom were themselves expelleés from former Polish provinces taken over by the USSR in the east, settled in Upper Silesia. A good many German-speaking Upper Silesians were relocated in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bavaria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a>. A small part of Upper Silesia stayed as part of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Czechoslovakia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a> as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Czech_Silesia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Czech Silesia">Czech Silesia</a>.</p> <p>The expulsions of German-speakers did not totally eliminate the presence of a population that considered itself German. In contrast to the situation in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lower_Silesia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lower Silesia">Lower Silesia</a>, where almost the totality of the pre-war population that was expelled was exclusively German-speaking (only about 50-60% of the population of Upper Silesia was displaced to Germany, while over 95-97% of population of Lower Silesia was displaced), the pre-war population of Upper Silesia was in considerable number Roman Catholic mixed bilingual that spoke both German and Polish dialects, and their Polish linguistic skills were considered solid enough for them to be kept in the area (Aleksandra Kunce, <i>Being at Home in a Place: The Philosophy of Localness</i>, pp. 41–112 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://depot.ceon.pl/bitstream/handle/123456789/22141/Aleksandra%2520Kunce%252c%2520Being%2520at%2520Home%2520in%2520a%2520Place.%2520The%2520Philosophy%2520of%2520Localness.%2520Elipsa%252c%2520Warsaw%25202019%252c%2520pp.%2520208..pdf?sequence%3D1%26isAllowed%3Dy">[1]</a>). Firstly, after the war, Poles displaced from Polish territories incorporated into the USSR settled in Upper Silesia, but also Polish settlers from other overpopulated parts of Poland. And later, in the years 1945-1989, a large number of Poles from various parts of Poland settled in Upper Silesia, who received work, e.g. in the mines.</p> <p>The area formally became part of the Republic of Poland by virtue of the German-Polish border treaty of 14 November 1990. With the fall of communism and Poland's joining the European Union, there were enough of these remaining in Upper Silesia to allow for the recognition of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/German_minority_in_Poland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="German minority in Poland">German minority in Poland</a> by the Polish government.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Major_cities_and_towns">Major cities and towns</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Upper_Silesia&action=edit&section=7&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Major cities and towns" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Katowice_-_ul._3-go_maja_15_i_17.JPG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Katowice_-_ul._3-go_maja_15_i_17.JPG/220px-Katowice_-_ul._3-go_maja_15_i_17.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2512" data-file-height="1884"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Katowice_-_ul._3-go_maja_15_i_17.JPG/220px-Katowice_-_ul._3-go_maja_15_i_17.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Katowice_-_ul._3-go_maja_15_i_17.JPG/330px-Katowice_-_ul._3-go_maja_15_i_17.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Katowice_-_ul._3-go_maja_15_i_17.JPG/440px-Katowice_-_ul._3-go_maja_15_i_17.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Katowice?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Katowice">Katowice</a> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Masarykovo_namesti.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Masarykovo_namesti.jpg/220px-Masarykovo_namesti.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3727" data-file-height="2506"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 148px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Masarykovo_namesti.jpg/220px-Masarykovo_namesti.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="148" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Masarykovo_namesti.jpg/330px-Masarykovo_namesti.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Masarykovo_namesti.jpg/440px-Masarykovo_namesti.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ostrava?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ostrava">Ostrava</a> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Gliwice_-_panoramio_(123).jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Gliwice_-_panoramio_%28123%29.jpg/220px-Gliwice_-_panoramio_%28123%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5760" data-file-height="3840"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Gliwice_-_panoramio_%28123%29.jpg/220px-Gliwice_-_panoramio_%28123%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Gliwice_-_panoramio_%28123%29.jpg/330px-Gliwice_-_panoramio_%28123%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Gliwice_-_panoramio_%28123%29.jpg/440px-Gliwice_-_panoramio_%28123%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gliwice?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gliwice">Gliwice</a> </figcaption> </figure> <p>The historical capital of Upper Silesia is <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Opole?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Opole">Opole</a>, nevertheless the largest towns of the region, including <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Katowice?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Katowice">Katowice</a>, are located in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Upper_Silesian_Industrial_Region?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Upper Silesian Industrial Region">Upper Silesian Industrial Region</a>, the total population of which is about 2,500,000.</p> <p>As of 2022, the following cities and towns have over 20,000 inhabitants:</p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style> <div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Katowice?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Katowice">Katowice</a> (281,418)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ostrava?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ostrava">Ostrava</a> (279,791) – Czech Republic (eastern districts of former Slezská Ostrava)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gliwice?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gliwice">Gliwice</a> (171,896)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bielsko-Biała">Bielsko-Biała</a> (167,509) (only Bielsko, Biała is part of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lesser_Poland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lesser Poland">Lesser Poland</a>)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zabrze?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zabrze">Zabrze</a> (156,082)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fr%C3%BDdek-M%C3%ADstek?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frýdek-Místek">Frýdek-Místek</a> (53 938)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bytom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bytom">Bytom</a> (150,594)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rybnik?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rybnik">Rybnik</a> (132,266)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ruda_%C5%9Al%C4%85ska?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ruda Śląska">Ruda Śląska</a> (132,040)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Opole?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Opole">Opole</a> (126,623)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tychy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tychy">Tychy</a> (123,562)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chorz%C3%B3w?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chorzów">Chorzów</a> (102,564)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jastrz%C4%99bie-Zdr%C3%B3j?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jastrzębie-Zdrój">Jastrzębie-Zdrój</a> (83,477)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mys%C5%82owice?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mysłowice">Mysłowice</a> (71,849)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hav%C3%AD%C5%99ov?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Havířov">Havířov</a> (69,084) – Czech Republic</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Siemianowice_%C5%9Al%C4%85skie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Siemianowice Śląskie">Siemianowice Śląskie</a> (64,139)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C5%BBory?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Żory">Żory</a> (61,835)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tarnowskie_G%C3%B3ry?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tarnowskie Góry">Tarnowskie Góry</a> (61,413)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/K%C4%99dzierzyn-Ko%C5%BAle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kędzierzyn-Koźle">Kędzierzyn-Koźle</a> (55,623)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Opava?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Opava">Opava</a> (54,840) – Czech Republic</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nysa,_Poland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nysa, Poland">Nysa</a> (54,514)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Piekary_%C5%9Al%C4%85skie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Piekary Śląskie">Piekary Śląskie</a> (52,396)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Racib%C3%B3rz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Racibórz">Racibórz</a> (50,419)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karvin%C3%A1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Karviná">Karviná</a> (49,881) – Czech Republic</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C5%9Awi%C4%99toch%C5%82owice?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Świętochłowice">Świętochłowice</a> (45,972)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wodzis%C5%82aw_%C5%9Al%C4%85ski?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wodzisław Śląski">Wodzisław Śląski</a> (45,316)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Miko%C5%82%C3%B3w?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mikołów">Mikołów</a> (41,383)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Czechowice-Dziedzice?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Czechowice-Dziedzice">Czechowice-Dziedzice</a> (34,972)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cieszyn?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cieszyn">Cieszyn</a> (33,486)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Orlov%C3%A1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Orlová">Orlová</a> (28,206) – Czech Republic</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pszczyna?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pszczyna">Pszczyna</a> (25,308)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C4%8Cesk%C3%BD_T%C4%9B%C5%A1%C3%ADn?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Český Těšín">Český Těšín</a> (23,468) – Czech Republic</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lubliniec?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lubliniec">Lubliniec</a> (23,406)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Krnov?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Krnov">Krnov</a> (22,665) – Czech Republic</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kluczbork?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kluczbork">Kluczbork</a> (22,418)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C5%81aziska_G%C3%B3rne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Łaziska Górne">Łaziska Górne</a> (21,371)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bohum%C3%ADn?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bohumín">Bohumín</a> (20,450) – Czech Republic</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rydu%C5%82towy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rydułtowy">Rydułtowy</a> (20,436)</li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Upper_Silesia&action=edit&section=8&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Culture" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:0106_Speckmantel,_2013.JPG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/0106_Speckmantel%2C_2013.JPG/220px-0106_Speckmantel%2C_2013.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4480" data-file-height="2984"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/0106_Speckmantel%2C_2013.JPG/220px-0106_Speckmantel%2C_2013.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/0106_Speckmantel%2C_2013.JPG/330px-0106_Speckmantel%2C_2013.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/0106_Speckmantel%2C_2013.JPG/440px-0106_Speckmantel%2C_2013.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Silesian_dumplings?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Silesian dumplings">Silesian dumplings</a> </figcaption> </figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Silesian_cuisine">Silesian cuisine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Upper_Silesia&action=edit&section=9&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Silesian cuisine" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Silesian_cuisine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Silesian cuisine">Upper Silesian cuisine</a> belongs to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Central_European_cuisine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Central European cuisine">Central European cuisines</a> and is therefore characterized by high calorific value of dishes. For centuries, Polish, Czech and German cuisine was mixed here. Typical Upper Silesian dishes are consumed here, as well as dishes that are also present in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lesser_Poland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lesser Poland">Lesser Poland</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greater_Poland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Greater Poland">Greater Poland</a> at the same time. In the second half of the twentieth century, dishes from the Polish borderland cuisine (potato pancakes, dumplings with cheese, red <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Borscht?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Borscht">borscht</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bigos?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bigos">bigos</a>) gained popularity in Upper Silesia.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Clothes">Clothes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Upper_Silesia&action=edit&section=10&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Clothes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Festiwal_pzko_1078.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Festiwal_pzko_1078.jpg/220px-Festiwal_pzko_1078.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2576" data-file-height="1932"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Festiwal_pzko_1078.jpg/220px-Festiwal_pzko_1078.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Festiwal_pzko_1078.jpg/330px-Festiwal_pzko_1078.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Festiwal_pzko_1078.jpg/440px-Festiwal_pzko_1078.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Silesian_Gorals?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Silesian Gorals">Silesian gorals</a> </figcaption> </figure> <p>Silesian women's clothes vary depending on the region and even the individual towns and villages they come from. The ways of dressing intertwined with the movement of people in the 19th and 20th century. The inhabitants of Silesia also started to adapt their outfits to the urban fashion, which changed the appearance of the outfit even more.</p> <p>The men's outfit consists of a shacket, a shirt (vest), a white shirt, a silk shirt (silk scarf) or a dressing gown (ribbons), galot (trousers) or bizoków (trousers ironed to the edge) and szczewików (shoes). The man's costume is now called an <i>ancug</i>, this name is mainly associated with a suit.</p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Further information: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kie%C5%82ba%C5%9Bnica?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kiełbaśnica">Kiełbaśnica</a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Crafts">Crafts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Upper_Silesia&action=edit&section=11&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Crafts" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>In Upper Silesia, metallurgy, mining and other heavy industry branches are developed.</p> <p>Agriculture plays a secondary role, developed mainly in Opole Silesia.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Upper_Silesia&action=edit&section=12&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Architecture" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Familok?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Familok">Familok</a></li> </ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Silesian_architecture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Silesian architecture">Silesian architecture</a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Media">Media</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Upper_Silesia&action=edit&section=13&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Media" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>On the territory of Upper Silesia, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/TVP_Info?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="TVP Info">TVP Info</a> broadcasts the regional channels <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/TVP3_Opole?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="TVP3 Opole">TVP Opole</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/TVP3_Katowice?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="TVP3 Katowice">TVP Katowice</a> of the public Polish Television. In addition, the private television station <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/TVS_(Polish_TV_channel)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="TVS (Polish TV channel)">TVS</a> is aimed at viewers in the Silesian Voivodeship. Another channel is TVT.</p> <p>Regionally oriented radio stations are <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polskie_Radio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Polskie Radio">Polskie Radio</a> Opole and Polskie Radio Katowice of the state radio station. A private Upper Silesian station is Radio Piekary.</p> <p>Radio Mittendrin is a German-Polish Internet radio station of the German minority.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Sports">Sports</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Upper_Silesia&action=edit&section=14&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Sports" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Panorama_stadionu.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Panorama_stadionu.jpg/330px-Panorama_stadionu.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="109" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="11008" data-file-height="3628"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 330px;height: 109px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Panorama_stadionu.jpg/330px-Panorama_stadionu.jpg" data-width="330" data-height="109" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Panorama_stadionu.jpg/495px-Panorama_stadionu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Panorama_stadionu.jpg/660px-Panorama_stadionu.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stadion_%C5%9Al%C4%85ski?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Stadion Śląski">Stadion Śląski</a> in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chorz%C3%B3w?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chorzów">Chorzów</a>, the largest athletics and football stadium in the region </figcaption> </figure> <p><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Association_football?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Association football">Football</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ice_hockey?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ice hockey">ice hockey</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Volleyball?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Volleyball">volleyball</a> teams from Upper Silesia enjoyed great success either historically or recently.</p> <p>Football enjoys a strong following in the region with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/G%C3%B3rnik_Zabrze?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Górnik Zabrze">Górnik Zabrze</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ruch_Chorz%C3%B3w?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ruch Chorzów">Ruch Chorzów</a> among the most accomplished teams in Poland, and other notable teams including <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/GKS_Katowice?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="GKS Katowice">GKS Katowice</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odra_Opole?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Odra Opole">Odra Opole</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Piast_Gliwice?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Piast Gliwice">Piast Gliwice</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia_Bytom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Polonia Bytom">Polonia Bytom</a>.</p> <p>Top volleyball teams, multiple times Polish champions, are <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jastrz%C4%99bski_W%C4%99giel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jastrzębski Węgiel">Jastrzębski Węgiel</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ZAKSA_K%C4%99dzierzyn-Ko%C5%BAle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ZAKSA Kędzierzyn-Koźle">ZAKSA Kędzierzyn-Koźle</a>, with the latter also winning three consecutive <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/CEV_Champions_League?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="CEV Champions League">CEV Champions League</a> titles in 2021–2023.</p> <p>Top ice hockey teams, multiple times Polish champions, are <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/GKS_Katowice_(ice_hockey)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="GKS Katowice (ice hockey)">GKS Katowice</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/GKS_Tychy_(ice_hockey)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="GKS Tychy (ice hockey)">GKS Tychy</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/TMH_Polonia_Bytom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="TMH Polonia Bytom">Polonia Bytom</a>.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Local_politics">Local politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Upper_Silesia&action=edit&section=15&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Local politics" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <p>The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Silesian_Autonomy_Movement?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Silesian Autonomy Movement">autonomy movement</a> is relatively young and was only founded in 1990 by Rudolf Kolodziejczyk in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rybnik?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rybnik">Rybnik</a>. It is supposed to continue the traditions of the German period, but also of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Silesian_Voivodeship_(1920%E2%80%931939)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Silesian Voivodeship (1920–1939)">Silesia</a> under the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Second Polish Republic">Second Polish Republic</a>. The current head of the movement is <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerzy_Gorzelik?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jerzy Gorzelik">Jerzy Gorzelik</a>. Its main aim is to improve the self-government of the Upper Silesian provinces of Opolskie and Slaskie.</p> <p>In 2010, RAS (Ruch Autonomii Śląska) had 8.49% of the votes in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Silesian_Regional_Assembly?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Silesian Regional Assembly">Silesian Regional Assembly</a>, i.e. 122,781 votes and three mandates. In 2018 they failed to get any mandates with 3.10%.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Upper_Silesia&action=edit&section=16&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style> <ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span> <noscript> <img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="20" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 32px;height: 20px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" data-alt="flag" data-width="32" data-height="20" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/48px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/64px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portal:Poland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portal:Poland">Poland portal</a></span></li> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border 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href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portal:Czech_Republic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portal:Czech Republic">Czech Republic portal</a></span></li> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span> <noscript> <img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/32px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 32px;height: 21px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/32px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" data-alt="flag" data-width="32" data-height="21" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/48px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/64px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portal:European_Union?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portal:European Union">European Union portal</a></span></li> </ul> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Silesia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Silesia">Silesia</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/East_Upper_Silesia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="East Upper Silesia">East Upper Silesia</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Opole_Silesia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Opole Silesia">Opole Silesia</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lower_Silesia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lower Silesia">Lower Silesia</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Middle_Silesia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Silesia">Middle Silesia</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Silesian_Interurbans?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Silesian Interurbans">Silesian Interurbans</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Metropolis_GZM?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Metropolis GZM">Metropolis GZM</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Katowice_urban_area?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Katowice urban area">Katowice urban area</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Katowice-Ostrava_metropolitan_area?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Katowice-Ostrava metropolitan area">Katowice-Ostrava metropolitan area</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Upper_Silesian_Industrial_Area?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Silesian Industrial Area">Upper Silesian Industrial Area</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Upper_Silesian_Coal_Basin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Upper Silesian Coal Basin">Upper Silesian Coal Basin</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wojciech_Korfanty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wojciech Korfanty">Wojciech Korfanty</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Water_supply_in_Racib%C3%B3rz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Water supply in Racibórz">Water supply in Racibórz</a></li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Upper_Silesia&action=edit&section=17&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style> <div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Upper_Silesia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">After <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/World_War_I?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="World War I">World War I</a> Poland received a small part of historical <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lower_Silesia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lower Silesia">Lower Silesia</a>, with majority <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polish_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Polish people">ethnic Polish</a> population as of year 1918. That area included parts of counties <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Syc%C3%B3w?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Syców">Syców</a> (German: Polnisch Wartenberg), <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Namys%C5%82%C3%B3w?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Namysłów">Namysłów</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/G%C3%B3ra?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Góra">Góra</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Milicz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Milicz">Milicz</a>. In total around 526 square kilometers with around 30 thousand<sup id="cite_ref-Weinfeld_18-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Upper_Silesia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Weinfeld-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GUS1_15-1" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Upper_Silesia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-GUS1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> inhabitants, including the city of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rychtal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rychtal">Rychtal</a>. Too small to form its own voivodeship, the area was incorporated to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_Voivodeship_(1921%E2%80%931939)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Poznań Voivodeship (1921–1939)">Poznań Voivodeship</a> (former <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Province_of_Posen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Province of Posen">Province of Posen</a>).</span></li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Upper_Silesia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Interwar Silesian Voivodeship was formed from Prussian <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/East_Upper_Silesia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="East Upper Silesia">East Upper Silesia</a> (area 3,225 km<sup>2</sup>) and Polish part of Austrian <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cieszyn_Silesia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cieszyn Silesia">Cieszyn Silesia</a> (1,010 km<sup>2</sup>), in total 4,235 km<sup>2</sup>. After the annexation of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Trans-Olza?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Trans-Olza">Trans-Olza</a> from Czechoslovakia in 1938, it increased to 5,122 km<sup>2</sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Upper_Silesia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Silesian Voivodeship's capital was <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Katowice?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Katowice">Katowice</a>.</span></li> </ol> </div> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Upper_Silesia&action=edit&section=18&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"> <div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Upper_Silesia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This is two leading ways of writing of Silesian alphabet, e.i. used on Silesian Wikipedia and various Silesian websites: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.wachtyrz.eu/">http://www.wachtyrz.eu/</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302235358/https://wachtyrz.eu/">Archived</a> 2021-03-02 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://silling.org">http://silling.org</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228072757/https://silling.org/">Archived</a> 2021-02-28 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-Joseph_Partsch-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Upper_Silesia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Joseph_Partsch_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJoseph_Partsch1896" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Joseph_Partsch?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Joseph Partsch">Joseph Partsch</a> (1896). "Die Sprachgrenze 1790 und 1890". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20160526201016/http://www.sbc.org.pl/dlibra/docmetadata?id%3D3315"><i>Schlesien: eine Landeskunde für das deutsche Volk. T. 1., Das ganze Land</i></a> (in German). Breslau: Verlag Ferdinand Hirt. pp. 364–367. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.sbc.org.pl/dlibra/docmetadata?id%3D3315%26dirds%3D1%26tab%3D1">the original</a> on 2016-05-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-02-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Die+Sprachgrenze+1790+und+1890&rft.btitle=Schlesien%3A+eine+Landeskunde+f%C3%BCr+das+deutsche+Volk.+T.+1.%2C+Das+ganze+Land&rft.place=Breslau&rft.pages=364-367&rft.pub=Verlag+Ferdinand+Hirt&rft.date=1896&rft.au=Joseph+Partsch&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sbc.org.pl%2Fdlibra%2Fdocmetadata%3Fid%3D3315%26dirds%3D1%26tab%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUpper+Silesia" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-:0-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Upper_Silesia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:0_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Upper_Silesia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:0_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKozicki1918" class="citation book cs1">Kozicki, Stanislas (1918). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/polesunderprussi00kozi"><i>The Poles under Prussian rule</i></a>. Toronto: London, Polish Press Bur. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/polesunderprussi00kozi/page/2">2</a>-3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Poles+under+Prussian+rule&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pages=2-3&rft.pub=London%2C+Polish+Press+Bur.&rft.date=1918&rft.aulast=Kozicki&rft.aufirst=Stanislas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpolesunderprussi00kozi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUpper+Silesia" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Georg_Hassel-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Upper_Silesia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Georg_Hassel_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorg_Hassel1823" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Georg Hassel (1823). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3D31DMAJgQV28C%26pg%3DPA34"><i>Statistischer Umriß der sämmtlichen europäischen und der vornehmsten außereuropäischen Staaten, in Hinsicht ihrer Entwickelung, Größe, Volksmenge, Finanz- und Militärverfassung, tabellarisch dargestellt; Erster Heft: Welcher die beiden großen Mächte Österreich und Preußen und den Deutschen Staatenbund darstellt</i></a> (in German). Verlag des Geographischen Instituts Weimar. p. 34. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228164959/https://books.google.com/books?id%3D31DMAJgQV28C%26pg%3DPA34%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-12-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-02-27</span></span>. <q>Nationalverschiedenheit 1819: Polen - 377,100; Deutsche - 162,600; Mährer - 12,000; Juden - 8,000; Tschechen - 1,600; Gesamtbevölkerung: 561,203</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Statistischer+Umri%C3%9F+der+s%C3%A4mmtlichen+europ%C3%A4ischen+und+der+vornehmsten+au%C3%9Fereurop%C3%A4ischen+Staaten%2C+in+Hinsicht+ihrer+Entwickelung%2C+Gr%C3%B6%C3%9Fe%2C+Volksmenge%2C+Finanz-+und+Milit%C3%A4rverfassung%2C+tabellarisch+dargestellt%3B+Erster+Heft%3A+Welcher+die+beiden+gro%C3%9Fen+M%C3%A4chte+%C3%96sterreich+und+Preu%C3%9Fen+und+den+Deutschen+Staatenbund+darstellt&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=Verlag+des+Geographischen+Instituts+Weimar&rft.date=1823&rft.au=Georg+Hassel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D31DMAJgQV28C%26pg%3DPA34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUpper+Silesia" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Paul_Weber1-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Upper_Silesia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Paul_Weber1_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_Weber1913" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Paul Weber (1913). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/diepoleninobersc00webeuoft"><i>Die Polen in Oberschlesien: eine statistische Untersuchung</i></a> (in German). Berlin: Verlagsbuchhandlung von Julius Springer.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Polen+in+Oberschlesien%3A+eine+statistische+Untersuchung&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Verlagsbuchhandlung+von+Julius+Springer&rft.date=1913&rft.au=Paul+Weber&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdiepoleninobersc00webeuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUpper+Silesia" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Upper_Silesia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKalischBochinski1958" class="citation journal cs1">Kalisch, Johannes; Bochinski, Hans (1958). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20200201215644/http://sobotka.uni.wroc.pl/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/Sobotka_13_1958_43-58.pdf">"Stosunki narodowościowe na Śląsku w świetle relacji pruskich urzędników z roku 1882"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Śląski Kwartalnik Historyczny Sobótka</i>. <b>13</b>. Leipzig. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://sobotka.uni.wroc.pl/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/Sobotka_13_1958_43-58.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2020-02-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%C5%9Al%C4%85ski+Kwartalnik+Historyczny+Sob%C3%B3tka&rft.atitle=Stosunki+narodowo%C5%9Bciowe+na+%C5%9Al%C4%85sku+w+%C5%9Bwietle+relacji+pruskich+urz%C4%99dnik%C3%B3w+z+roku+1882&rft.volume=13&rft.date=1958&rft.aulast=Kalisch&rft.aufirst=Johannes&rft.au=Bochinski%2C+Hans&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsobotka.uni.wroc.pl%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2017%2F06%2FSobotka_13_1958_43-58.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUpper+Silesia" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Paul_Weber2-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Upper_Silesia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Paul_Weber2_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_Weber1913" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Paul Weber (1913). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/diepoleninobersc00webeuoft"><i>Die Polen in Oberschlesien: eine statistische Untersuchung</i></a> (in German). Berlin: Verlagsbuchhandlung von Julius Springer. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/diepoleninobersc00webeuoft/page/27">27</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Polen+in+Oberschlesien%3A+eine+statistische+Untersuchung&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=Verlagsbuchhandlung+von+Julius+Springer&rft.date=1913&rft.au=Paul+Weber&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdiepoleninobersc00webeuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUpper+Silesia" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Upper_Silesia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDillinghamFolkmarFolkmar1911" class="citation book cs1">Dillingham, William Paul; Folkmar, Daniel; Folkmar, Elnora (1911). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/stream/dictionaryofrace00unitrich%23page/105/mode/1up"><i>Dictionary of Races or Peoples</i></a>. United States. Immigration Commission (1907-1910). Washington, D.C.: Washington, Government Printing Office. pp. 104–105.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Races+or+Peoples&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=104-105&rft.pub=Washington%2C+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Dillingham&rft.aufirst=William+Paul&rft.au=Folkmar%2C+Daniel&rft.au=Folkmar%2C+Elnora&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fdictionaryofrace00unitrich%23page%2F105%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUpper+Silesia" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-pr24-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Upper_Silesia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-pr24_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Upper_Silesia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-pr24_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Upper_Silesia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-pr24_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.polskieradio24.pl/39/156/Artykul/2354007,Strzaly-w-Myslowicach-doprowadzily-do-wybuchu-I-powstania-slaskiego">"Strzały w Mysłowicach doprowadziły do wybuchu I powstania śląskiego"</a>. <i>PolskieRadio24.pl</i> (in Polish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PolskieRadio24.pl&rft.atitle=Strza%C5%82y+w+Mys%C5%82owicach+doprowadzi%C5%82y+do+wybuchu+I+powstania+%C5%9Bl%C4%85skiego&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.polskieradio24.pl%2F39%2F156%2FArtykul%2F2354007%2CStrzaly-w-Myslowicach-doprowadzily-do-wybuchu-I-powstania-slaskiego&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUpper+Silesia" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Upper_Silesia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.gonschior.de/weimar/Preussen/Oberschlesien/Volksentscheide.html">"Volksabstimmungen in Oberschlesien 1920-1922 (gonschior.de)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20170513233744/http://www.gonschior.de/weimar/Preussen/Oberschlesien/Volksentscheide.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-05-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-02-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Volksabstimmungen+in+Oberschlesien+1920-1922+%28gonschior.de%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gonschior.de%2Fweimar%2FPreussen%2FOberschlesien%2FVolksentscheide.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUpper+Silesia" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Upper_Silesia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20150216192640/http://home.arcor.de/oberschlesien-ka/abstimmung/abstimmung.htm">"Die Volksabstimmung in Oberschlesien 1921 (home.arcor.de)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://home.arcor.de/oberschlesien-ka/abstimmung/abstimmung.htm">the original</a> on 2015-02-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-02-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Die+Volksabstimmung+in+Oberschlesien+1921+%28home.arcor.de%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhome.arcor.de%2Foberschlesien-ka%2Fabstimmung%2Fabstimmung.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUpper+Silesia" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Upper_Silesia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.today/20120802065927/http://www.bundesarchiv.de/foxpublic/B19017D80A0622120000000060376978/frame.jsp?detail%3Dfindmittelinfo.html%26oben%3Dfindmittelinfo_oben.html">"Cf. Deutsch-polnisches Abkommen über Ostschlesien (Genfer Abkommen)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.bundesarchiv.de/foxpublic/B19017D80A0622120000000060376978/frame.jsp?detail%3Dfindmittelinfo.html%26oben%3Dfindmittelinfo_oben.html">the original</a> on 2012-08-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-01-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cf.+Deutsch-polnisches+Abkommen+%C3%BCber+Ostschlesien+%28Genfer+Abkommen%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bundesarchiv.de%2Ffoxpublic%2FB19017D80A0622120000000060376978%2Fframe.jsp%3Fdetail%3Dfindmittelinfo.html%26oben%3Dfindmittelinfo_oben.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUpper+Silesia" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Upper_Silesia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmolorz2022" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Smolorz, Dawid (2022). "Teilung Oberschlesiens vor 100 Jahren". <i>Schlesien Heute</i> (in German). <b>25</b> (286). Senfkorn Verlag Alfred Theisen: 78–79. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1436-5022">1436-5022</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Schlesien+Heute&rft.atitle=Teilung+Oberschlesiens+vor+100+Jahren&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=286&rft.pages=78-79&rft.date=2022&rft.issn=1436-5022&rft.aulast=Smolorz&rft.aufirst=Dawid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUpper+Silesia" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-gem1900-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Upper_Silesia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-gem1900_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Upper_Silesia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-gem1900_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.gemeindeverzeichnis.de/gem1900/gem1900.htm?schlesien/schlesien1900.htm">"Gemeindeverzeichnis Deutschland: Schlesien"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20160710092602/http://www.gemeindeverzeichnis.de/gem1900/gem1900.htm?schlesien%252Fschlesien1900.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-07-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-06-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gemeindeverzeichnis+Deutschland%3A+Schlesien&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gemeindeverzeichnis.de%2Fgem1900%2Fgem1900.htm%3Fschlesien%2Fschlesien1900.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUpper+Silesia" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-GUS1-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Upper_Silesia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-GUS1_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Upper_Silesia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-GUS1_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plik:Rocznik_Statystyki_Rzeczypospolitej_Polskiej_-_1920-21.djvu">"Rocznik statystyki Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej 1920/21"</a>. <i>Rocznik Statystyki Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej</i> (in Polish and French). <b>I</b>. Warsaw: Główny Urząd Statystyczny: 56–62. 1921. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20190620013024/https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plik:Rocznik_Statystyki_Rzeczypospolitej_Polskiej_-_1920-21.djvu">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-06-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-06-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rocznik+Statystyki+Rzeczypospolitej+Polskiej&rft.atitle=Rocznik+statystyki+Rzeczypospolitej+Polskiej+1920%2F21&rft.volume=I&rft.pages=56-62&rft.date=1921&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpl.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPlik%3ARocznik_Statystyki_Rzeczypospolitej_Polskiej_-_1920-21.djvu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUpper+Silesia" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Upper_Silesia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ome-lexikon.uni-oldenburg.de/regionen/schlesien/">"Schlesien: Geschichte im 20. Jahrhundert"</a>. <i>OME-Lexikon - Universität Oldenburg</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20191006081255/https://ome-lexikon.uni-oldenburg.de/regionen/schlesien">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-10-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-06-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=OME-Lexikon+-+Universit%C3%A4t+Oldenburg&rft.atitle=Schlesien%3A+Geschichte+im+20.+Jahrhundert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fome-lexikon.uni-oldenburg.de%2Fregionen%2Fschlesien%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUpper+Silesia" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Upper_Silesia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSperling1932" class="citation web cs1">Sperling, Gotthard Hermann (1932). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://obc.opole.pl/Content/7836/D8150.pdf">"Aus Niederschlesiens Ostmark"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Opolska Biblioteka Cyfrowa</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225225015/http://obc.opole.pl/Content/7836/D8150.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2018-12-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-06-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Opolska+Biblioteka+Cyfrowa&rft.atitle=Aus+Niederschlesiens+Ostmark&rft.date=1932&rft.aulast=Sperling&rft.aufirst=Gotthard+Hermann&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fobc.opole.pl%2FContent%2F7836%2FD8150.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUpper+Silesia" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Weinfeld-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Upper_Silesia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Weinfeld_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Upper_Silesia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Weinfeld_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Upper_Silesia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Weinfeld_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Upper_Silesia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Weinfeld_18-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Upper_Silesia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Weinfeld_18-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Upper_Silesia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Weinfeld_18-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Upper_Silesia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Weinfeld_18-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeinfeld1925" class="citation book cs1">Weinfeld, Ignacy (1925). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225225031/http://cyfrowa.chbp.chelm.pl/dlibra/docmetadata?id%3D11366"><i>Tablice statystyczne Polski: wydanie za rok 1924 [Poland's statistical tables: edition for year 1924]</i></a>. Warsaw: Instytut Wydawniczy "Bibljoteka Polska". p. 2. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://cyfrowa.chbp.chelm.pl/dlibra/docmetadata?id%3D11366">the original</a> on 2018-12-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-06-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tablice+statystyczne+Polski%3A+wydanie+za+rok+1924+%5BPoland%27s+statistical+tables%3A+edition+for+year+1924%5D&rft.place=Warsaw&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Instytut+Wydawniczy+%22Bibljoteka+Polska%22&rft.date=1925&rft.aulast=Weinfeld&rft.aufirst=Ignacy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcyfrowa.chbp.chelm.pl%2Fdlibra%2Fdocmetadata%3Fid%3D11366&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUpper+Silesia" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Upper_Silesia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20181127193450/http://istmat.info/files/uploads/51382/maly_rocznik_statystyczny_1939.pdf"><i>Mały Rocznik Statystyczny [Little Statistical Yearbook] 1939</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Warsaw: GUS. 1939. p. 14. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://istmat.info/files/uploads/51382/maly_rocznik_statystyczny_1939.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2018-11-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-06-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ma%C5%82y+Rocznik+Statystyczny+%5BLittle+Statistical+Yearbook%5D+1939&rft.place=Warsaw&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=GUS&rft.date=1939&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fistmat.info%2Ffiles%2Fuploads%2F51382%2Fmaly_rocznik_statystyczny_1939.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUpper+Silesia" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Upper_Silesia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWardzyńska2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Wardzyńska, Maria (2009). <i>Był rok 1939. Operacja niemieckiej policji bezpieczeństwa w Polsce. Intelligenzaktion</i> (in Polish). Warszawa: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Institute_of_National_Remembrance?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Institute of National Remembrance">IPN</a>. pp. 131–135.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=By%C5%82+rok+1939.+Operacja+niemieckiej+policji+bezpiecze%C5%84stwa+w+Polsce.+Intelligenzaktion&rft.place=Warszawa&rft.pages=131-135&rft.pub=IPN&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Wardzy%C5%84ska&rft.aufirst=Maria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUpper+Silesia" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Upper_Silesia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.auschwitz.org/en/history/auschwitz-sub-camps/">"Auschwitz sub-camps"</a>. <i>Memorial and Museum Auschwitz-Birkenau</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Memorial+and+Museum+Auschwitz-Birkenau&rft.atitle=Auschwitz+sub-camps&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.auschwitz.org%2Fen%2Fhistory%2Fauschwitz-sub-camps%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUpper+Silesia" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Upper_Silesia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029103834/https://www.lamsdorf.com/working-parties.html">"Working Parties"</a>. <i>Lamsdorf.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.lamsdorf.com/working-parties.html">the original</a> on 29 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lamsdorf.com&rft.atitle=Working+Parties&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lamsdorf.com%2Fworking-parties.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUpper+Silesia" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> </ol> </div> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Upper_Silesia&action=edit&section=19&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Sources" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <ul> <li>H. Förster, B. Kortus (1989) "Social-Geographical Problems of the Cracow and Upper Silesia Agglomerations", Paderborn. (Bochumer Geographische Arbeiten No. 51)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bernhard_Gr%C3%B6schel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bernhard Gröschel">Bernhard Gröschel</a> (1993) <i>Die Presse Oberschlesiens von den Anfängen bis zum Jahre 1945: Dokumentation und Strukturbeschreibung</i>. Schriften der Stiftung Haus Oberschlesien: Landeskundliche Reihe, Bd. 4 (in German). Berlin: Gebr. Mann, p. 447. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7861-1669-5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/3-7861-1669-5">3-7861-1669-5</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bernhard_Gr%C3%B6schel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bernhard Gröschel">Bernhard Gröschel</a> (1993) <i>Studien und Materialien zur oberschlesischen Tendenzpublizistik des 19. und 20. Jahrhunderts</i>. Schriften der Stiftung Haus Oberschlesien: Landeskundliche Reihe, Bd. 5 (in German). Berlin: Gebr. Mann, p. 219. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7861-1698-9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/3-7861-1698-9">3-7861-1698-9</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bernhard_Gr%C3%B6schel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bernhard Gröschel">Bernhard Gröschel</a> (1993) <i>Themen und Tendenzen in Schlagzeilen der Kattowitzer Zeitung und des Oberschlesischen Kuriers 1925 - 1939: Analyse der Berichterstattung zur Lage der deutschen Minderheit in Ostoberschlesien</i>. Schriften der Stiftung Haus Oberschlesien: Landeskundliche Reihe, Bd. 6 (in German). Berlin: Gebr. Mann, p. 188. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7861-1719-5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/3-7861-1719-5">3-7861-1719-5</a></li> <li>Krzysztof Gwozdz (2000) "The Image of Upper Silesia in geography textbooks 1921-1998", in: Boleslaw Domanski (Ed.), Prace Geograficzne, No. 106, Institute of Geography of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jagiellonian_University?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jagiellonian University">Jagiellonian University</a> Kraków. pp. 55–68</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rudolf_Virchow?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rudolf Virchow">Rudolf Carl Virchow</a>. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.ajph.org/cgi/content/extract/96/12/2102?etoc">Report on the Typhus Epidemic in Upper Silesia</a>." (1848) Am J Public Health 2006;96 2102–2105. (Excerpted from: Virchow RC. Collected Essays on Public Health and Epidemiology. Vol 1. Rather LJ, ed. Boston, Mass: Science History Publications; 1985:204–319.)</li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Upper_Silesia&action=edit&section=20&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="30" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"> Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Upper_Silesia" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Upper Silesia">Upper Silesia</a></span>. </div> </div> </div> <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.sbc.org.pl/dlibra?action%3DChangeLanguageAction%26language%3Den">Silesian Digital Library</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.gornyslask.net.pl">Silesian Tourism Portal</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20130423153752/http://www.gornyslask.net.pl/">Archived</a> 2013-04-23 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> </ul> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename%3DUpper_Silesia%26params%3D50_N_18_E_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">50°N</span> <span class="longitude">18°E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">50°N 18°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">50; 18</span></span></span></a></span></span></p> <div class="navbox-styles"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style> </div>   </section> </div> <noscript> <img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=mobile" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"> </noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet=""> Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DUpper_Silesia%26oldid%3D1255759825">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Upper_Silesia&oldid=1255759825</a>" </div> </div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"><a class="last-modified-bar" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Upper_Silesia&action=history&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"><span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-medium minerva-icon--modified-history"></span> <span class="last-modified-bar__text modified-enhancement" data-user-name="193.222.130.129" data-user-gender="unknown" data-timestamp="1730904004"> <span>Last edited on 6 November 2024, at 14:40</span> </span> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-small minerva-icon--expand"></span> </div></a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id="mw-data-after-content"> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25B3%25D9%258A%25D9%2584%25D9%258A%25D8%25B2%25D9%258A%25D8%25A7_%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25B9%25D9%2584%25D9%258A%25D8%25A7" title="سيليزيا العليا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سيليزيا العليا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuxar%25C4%25B1_Sileziya" title="Yuxarı Sileziya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Yuxarı Sileziya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si%25C5%258Dng_Silesia" title="Siōng Silesia – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Siōng Silesia" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2592%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D1%2585%25D0%25BD%25D1%258F%25D1%258F_%25D0%25A1%25D1%2596%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B7%25D1%2596%25D1%258F" title="Верхняя Сілезія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Верхняя Сілезія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0_%25D0%25A1%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B7%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="Горна Силезия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Горна Силезия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alta_Sil%25C3%25A8sia" title="Alta Silèsia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Alta Silèsia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horn%25C3%25AD_Slezsko" title="Horní Slezsko – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Horní Slezsko" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberschlesien" title="Oberschlesien – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Oberschlesien" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%259Clem-Sileesia" title="Ülem-Sileesia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ülem-Sileesia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25CE%2586%25CE%25BD%25CF%2589_%25CE%25A3%25CE%25B9%25CE%25BB%25CE%25B5%25CF%2583%25CE%25AF%25CE%25B1" title="Άνω Σιλεσία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Άνω Σιλεσία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alta_Silesia" title="Alta Silesia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Alta Silesia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supra_Silezio" title="Supra Silezio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Supra Silezio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silesia_Garaia" title="Silesia Garaia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Silesia Garaia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25B3%25DB%258C%25D9%2584%25D8%25B2%25DB%258C_%25D8%25B9%25D9%2584%25DB%258C%25D8%25A7" title="سیلزی علیا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سیلزی علیا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haute-Sil%25C3%25A9sie_(r%25C3%25A9gion_historique)" title="Haute-Silésie (région historique) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Haute-Silésie (région historique)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gornja_%25C5%25A0leska" title="Gornja Šleska – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Gornja Šleska" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silesia_Hulu" title="Silesia Hulu – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Silesia Hulu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alta_Slesia" title="Alta Slesia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Alta Slesia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uewerschlesien" title="Uewerschlesien – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Uewerschlesien" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auk%25C5%25A1tutin%25C4%2597_Silezija" title="Aukštutinė Silezija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Aukštutinė Silezija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opper-Silezi%25C3%25AB" title="Opper-Silezië – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Opper-Silezië" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%2598vre_Schlesien" title="Øvre Schlesien – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Øvre Schlesien" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%2598vre_Schlesien" title="Øvre Schlesien – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Øvre Schlesien" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%25C3%25B3rny_%25C5%259Al%25C4%2585sk" title="Górny Śląsk – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Górny Śląsk" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alta_Sil%25C3%25A9sia" title="Alta Silésia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Alta Silésia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silezia_Superioar%25C4%2583" title="Silezia Superioară – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Silezia Superioară" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2592%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D1%2585%25D0%25BD%25D1%258F%25D1%258F_%25D0%25A1%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B7%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="Верхняя Силезия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Верхняя Силезия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%25C5%258Drny_%25C5%259Al%25C5%258Dnsk" title="Gōrny Ślōnsk – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Gōrny Ślōnsk" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580%25D1%259A%25D0%25B0_%25D0%25A8%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B5%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0" title="Горња Шлеска – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Горња Шлеска" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gornja_%25C5%25A0leska" title="Gornja Šleska – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Gornja Šleska" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yl%25C3%25A4-Sleesia" title="Ylä-Sleesia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ylä-Sleesia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%2596vre_Schlesien" title="Övre Schlesien – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Övre Schlesien" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yukar%25C4%25B1_Silezya" title="Yukarı Silezya – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yukarı Silezya" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2592%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D1%2585%25D0%25BD%25D1%258F_%25D0%25A1%25D1%2596%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B7%25D1%2596%25D1%258F" title="Верхня Сілезія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Верхня Сілезія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E4%25B8%258A%25E8%25A5%25BF%25E9%2587%258C%25E8%25A5%25BF%25E4%25BA%259E" title="上西里西亞 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="上西里西亞" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"> <img 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