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cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>Edit</span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <p>A <b>calendar era</b> is the period of time elapsed since one <i><a href="/wiki/Epoch" title="Epoch">epoch</a></i> of a <a href="/wiki/Calendar" title="Calendar">calendar</a> and, if it exists, before the next one.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, it is the year <a href="/wiki/2024" title="2024">2024</a> as per the Gregorian calendar, which numbers its years in the Western <a href="/wiki/Christian_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian era">Christian era</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Coptic_calendar#Coptic_year" title="Coptic calendar">Coptic Orthodox</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian era">Ethiopian Orthodox</a> churches have their own Christian eras). </p><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:22em"><caption style="font-size:125%"><span class="summary dtstart">2024 in various <a class="mw-selflink selflink">calendars</a></span></caption><tbody><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a></td><td>2024<br><span style="font-family: serif;"><i>MMXXIV</i></span></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Ab_urbe_condita" title="Ab urbe condita">Ab urbe condita</a></td><td>2777</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Armenian_calendar" title="Armenian calendar">Armenian calendar</a></td><td>1473<br>ԹՎ ՌՆՀԳ</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_calendar" title="Assyrian calendar">Assyrian calendar</a></td><td>6774</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_calendar" title="Baháʼí calendar">Baháʼí calendar</a></td><td>180–181</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Balinese_saka_calendar" title="Balinese saka calendar">Balinese saka calendar</a></td><td>1945–1946</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Bengali_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali calendar">Bengali calendar</a></td><td>1431</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Berber_calendar" title="Berber calendar">Berber calendar</a></td><td>2974</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Regnal_years_of_English_and_British_monarchs" title="Regnal years of English and British monarchs">British Regnal year</a></td><td>2 <a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Cha. 3</a> – 3 <a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Cha. 3</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_calendar" title="Buddhist calendar">Buddhist calendar</a></td><td>2568</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Burmese_calendar" title="Burmese calendar">Burmese calendar</a></td><td>1386</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_calendar" title="Byzantine calendar">Byzantine calendar</a></td><td>7532–7533</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Chinese_calendar" title="Chinese calendar">Chinese calendar</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Sexagenary_cycle" title="Sexagenary cycle">癸卯</a>年 (Water <a href="/wiki/Rabbit_(zodiac)" title="Rabbit (zodiac)">Rabbit</a>)<br>4721 or 4514<br> <i>— to —</i><br>甲辰年 (Wood <a href="/wiki/Dragon_(zodiac)" title="Dragon (zodiac)">Dragon</a>)<br>4722 or 4515</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Coptic_calendar" title="Coptic calendar">Coptic calendar</a></td><td>1740–1741</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Discordian_calendar" title="Discordian calendar">Discordian calendar</a></td><td>3190</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_calendar" title="Ethiopian calendar">Ethiopian calendar</a></td><td>2016–2017</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">Hebrew calendar</a></td><td>5784–5785</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu calendars</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> - <i><a href="/wiki/Vikram_Samvat" title="Vikram Samvat">Vikram Samvat</a></i></td><td>2080–2081</td></tr><tr><td> - <i><a href="/wiki/Indian_national_calendar" title="Indian national calendar">Shaka Samvat</a></i></td><td>1945–1946</td></tr><tr><td> - <i><a href="/wiki/Kali_Yuga" title="Kali Yuga">Kali Yuga</a></i></td><td>5124–5125</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Holocene_calendar" title="Holocene calendar">Holocene calendar</a></td><td>12024</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Igbo_calendar" title="Igbo calendar">Igbo calendar</a></td><td>1024–1025</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Iranian_calendars" title="Iranian calendars">Iranian calendar</a></td><td>1402–1403</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Islamic calendar</a></td><td>1445–1446</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Japanese_calendar" title="Japanese calendar">Japanese calendar</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Reiwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Reiwa">Reiwa</a> 6<br>(令和６年)</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Javanese_calendar" title="Javanese calendar">Javanese calendar</a></td><td>1957–1958</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Juche_calendar" title="Juche calendar">Juche calendar</a></td><td>113</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian calendar</a></td><td>Gregorian minus 13 days</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Korean_calendar" title="Korean calendar">Korean calendar</a></td><td>4357</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Minguo_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Minguo calendar">Minguo calendar</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">ROC</a> 113<br>民國113年</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Nanakshahi_calendar" title="Nanakshahi calendar">Nanakshahi calendar</a></td><td>556</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Thai_solar_calendar" title="Thai solar calendar">Thai solar calendar</a></td><td>2567</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_calendar" title="Tibetan calendar">Tibetan calendar</a></td><td>阴水兔年<br>(female Water-<a href="/wiki/Rabbit_(zodiac)" title="Rabbit (zodiac)">Rabbit</a>)<br>2150 or 1769 or 997<br> <i>— to —</i><br>阳木龙年<br>(male Wood-<a href="/wiki/Dragon_(zodiac)" title="Dragon (zodiac)">Dragon</a>)<br>2151 or 1770 or 998</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Unix_time" title="Unix time">Unix time</a></td><td>1704067200 – 1735689599</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In antiquity, regnal years were counted from the accession of a monarch. This makes the <a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_the_ancient_Near_East" title="Chronology of the ancient Near East">chronology of the ancient Near East</a> very difficult to reconstruct, based on disparate and scattered king lists, such as the <a href="/wiki/Sumerian_King_List" title="Sumerian King List">Sumerian King List</a> and the Babylonian <a href="/wiki/Canon_of_Kings" title="Canon of Kings">Canon of Kings</a>. In East Asia, reckoning by <a href="/wiki/Era_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Era name">era names</a> chosen by ruling monarchs ceased in the 20th century except for <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, where they are still used. </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Ancient_dating_systems"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Ancient dating systems</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Assyrian_eponyms"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Assyrian eponyms</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Olympiad_dating"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Olympiad dating</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Indiction_cycles"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Indiction cycles</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Seleucid_era"><span class="tocnumber">1.4</span> <span class="toctext">Seleucid era</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Ancient_Rome"><span class="tocnumber">1.5</span> <span class="toctext">Ancient Rome</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-7"><a href="#Consular_dating"><span class="tocnumber">1.5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Consular dating</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-8"><a href="#Dating_from_the_founding_of_Rome"><span class="tocnumber">1.5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Dating from the founding of Rome</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-9"><a href="#Regnal_years_of_Roman_emperors"><span class="tocnumber">1.5.3</span> <span class="toctext">Regnal years of Roman emperors</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-10"><a href="#Dating_from_the_Roman_conquest"><span class="tocnumber">1.5.4</span> <span class="toctext">Dating from the Roman conquest</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Maya"><span class="tocnumber">1.6</span> <span class="toctext">Maya</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Other_dating_systems"><span class="tocnumber">1.7</span> <span class="toctext">Other dating systems</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Late_Antiquity_and_Middle_Ages"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Late Antiquity and Middle Ages</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Christian_era"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Christian era</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-15"><a href="#Dionysian_%22Common_Era%22"><span class="tocnumber">2.1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Dionysian "Common Era"</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-16"><a href="#Dionysian-derived"><span class="tocnumber">2.1.1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Dionysian-derived</span></a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Islamic"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Islamic</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Hindu"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Hindu</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Southeast_Asia"><span class="tocnumber">2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Southeast Asia</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Bah%C3%A1'%C3%AD"><span class="tocnumber">2.5</span> <span class="toctext">Bahá'í</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Jewish"><span class="tocnumber">2.6</span> <span class="toctext">Jewish</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Zoroastrian"><span class="tocnumber">2.7</span> <span class="toctext">Zoroastrian</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="#Modern"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Modern</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="#Political"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Political</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#Religious"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Religious</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="#Practical"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Practical</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Ancient_dating_systems">Ancient dating systems</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Calendar_era&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Ancient dating systems" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Assyrian_eponyms">Assyrian eponyms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Calendar_era&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Assyrian eponyms" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Eponym_dating_system" title="Eponym dating system">Eponym dating system</a></div> <p>For over a thousand years, ancient <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a> used a system of <a href="/wiki/Eponym_dating_system" title="Eponym dating system">eponyms</a> to identify each year. Each year at the <a href="/wiki/Akitu" title="Akitu">Akitu</a> festival (celebrating the Mesopotamian new year), one of a small group of high officials (including the king in later periods) would be chosen by lot to serve as the <i><a href="/wiki/Limmu" title="Limmu">limmu</a></i> for the year, which meant that he would preside over the Akitu festival and the year would bear his name. The earliest attested <i>limmu</i> eponyms are from the Assyrian trading colony at <a href="/wiki/K%C3%BCltepe" title="Kültepe">Karum Kanesh</a> in Anatolia, dating to the very beginning of the 2nd millennium BC,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and they continued in use until the end of the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Period</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 612 BC</span>. </p><p>Assyrian scribes compiled <i>limmu</i> lists, including an unbroken sequence of almost 250 eponyms from the early 1st millennium BC. This is an invaluable chronological aid, because a solar eclipse was recorded as having taken place in the <i>limmu</i> of Bur-Sagale, governor of <a href="/wiki/Tell_Halaf" title="Tell Halaf">Guzana</a>. Astronomers have identified this eclipse as <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_eclipse" title="Assyrian eclipse">one that took place on 15 June 763 BC</a>, which has allowed absolute dates of 892 to 648 BC to be assigned to that sequence of eponyms.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This list of absolute dates has allowed many of the events of the Neo-Assyrian Period to be dated to a specific year, avoiding the <a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_the_ancient_Near_East" title="Chronology of the ancient Near East">chronological debates</a> that characterize earlier periods of Mesopotamian history. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Olympiad_dating">Olympiad dating</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Calendar_era&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Olympiad dating" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Among the ancient Greek historians and scholars, a common method of indicating the passage of years was based on the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Olympic_Games" title="Ancient Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a>, first held in <a href="/wiki/776_BC" title="776 BC">776 BC</a>. The Olympic Games provided the various independent city-states with a mutually recognizable system of dates. Olympiad dating was not used in everyday life. This system was in use from the 3rd century BC. The modern Olympic Games (or Summer Olympic Games beginning 1896) do not continue the four year periods from ancient Greece: the 669th Olympiad would have begun in the summer of 1897, but the modern Olympics were first held in 1896.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 769">: 769 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indiction_cycles">Indiction cycles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Calendar_era&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Indiction cycles" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Indiction" title="Indiction">indiction</a> cycle was an agricultural tax cycle implemented in Roman Egypt. 15 indictions made up the cycle, an indiction being a year in duration. Documents and events began to be dated by the year of the cycle (e.g., "fifth indiction", "tenth indiction") in the 4th century, and this system was used long after the tax ceased to be collected. It was used in <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> until the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_conquest_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic conquest of Egypt">Islamic conquest</a>, and in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Roman Empire">Eastern Roman Empire</a> until its conquest in 1453. </p><p>A useful chart providing all the equivalents can be found in Chaîne's book on chronology,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and can easily be consulted online at the Internet Archive, from <a href="//archive.org/details/lachronologiedes0000chan/page/134/mode/2up" class="extiw" title="iarchive:lachronologiedes0000chan/page/134/mode/2up">page 134</a> to <a href="//archive.org/details/lachronologiedes0000chan/page/172/mode/2up" class="extiw" title="iarchive:lachronologiedes0000chan/page/172/mode/2up">page 172</a>. </p><p>A rule for computing the indiction from an AD year number was stated by <a href="/wiki/Dionysius_Exiguus" title="Dionysius Exiguus">Dionysius Exiguus</a>: add 3 and divide by 15; the remainder is the indiction, with 0 understood to be the fifteenth indiction.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 770">: 770 </span></sup> Thus the indiction of 2001 was 9.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The beginning of the year for the indiction varied.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 769–71">: 769–71 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seleucid_era">Seleucid era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Calendar_era&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Seleucid era" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_era" title="Seleucid era">Seleucid era</a></div> <p>The Seleucid era was used in much of the Middle East from the 4th century BC to the 6th century AD, and continued until the 10th century AD among Oriental Christians. The era is computed from the epoch 312 BC: in August of that year <a href="/wiki/Seleucus_I_Nicator" title="Seleucus I Nicator">Seleucus I Nicator</a> captured <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a> and began his reign over the Asian portions of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>'s empire. Thus depending on whether the calendar year is taken as starting on 1 <a href="/wiki/Tishri" class="mw-redirect" title="Tishri">Tishri</a> or on 1 <a href="/wiki/Nisan" title="Nisan">Nisan</a> (respectively the start of the Jewish civil and ecclesiastical years) the Seleucid era begins either in 311 BC (the Jewish reckoning) or in 312 BC (the Greek reckoning: October–September). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_Rome">Ancient Rome</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Calendar_era&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Ancient Rome" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Consular_dating">Consular dating</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Calendar_era&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Consular dating" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>An early and common practice was Roman '<a href="/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">consular</a>' dating. This involved naming both <a href="/wiki/Consul_Ordinarius" class="mw-redirect" title="Consul Ordinarius"><i>consules ordinarii</i></a> who had taken up this office on 1 January (since 153 BC) of the relevant civil year.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 6">: 6 </span></sup> Sometimes one or both consuls might not be appointed until November or December of the previous year, and news of the appointment may not have reached parts of the Roman empire for several months into the current year; thus we find the occasional inscription where the year is defined as "after the consulate" of a pair of consuls. </p><p>The use of consular dating ended in AD 541 when the emperor <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a> discontinued appointing consuls. The last consul nominated was <a href="/wiki/Anicius_Faustus_Albinus_Basilius" title="Anicius Faustus Albinus Basilius">Anicius Faustus Albinus Basilius</a>. Soon afterwards, imperial regnal dating was adopted in its place. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dating_from_the_founding_of_Rome">Dating from the founding of Rome</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Calendar_era&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Dating from the founding of Rome" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Another method of dating was <i><a href="/wiki/Ab_urbe_condita" title="Ab urbe condita">ab urbe condita</a></i> (Latin for "from the founding of the city" of Rome) or <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Anno_urbis_conditae" class="mw-redirect" title="Anno urbis conditae">anno urbis conditae</a></i></span> (Latin for "in the year of the founding of the city"), both abbreviated AUC. </p><p>Several epochs for this date were in use by <a href="/wiki/Roman_historiography" title="Roman historiography">Roman historians</a>, all based on the incomplete surviving <a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_consuls" title="List of Roman consuls">list of Roman consuls</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Roman_mythology" title="Roman mythology">myths</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Founding_of_Rome" title="Founding of Rome">city's founding</a> by <a href="/wiki/Romulus_and_Remus" title="Romulus and Remus">Romulus and Remus</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Varronian_chronology" title="Varronian chronology">chronology</a> established by <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Terentius_Varro" title="Marcus Terentius Varro">Marcus Terentius Varro</a> in the 1st century BC intercalated several years of <a href="/wiki/Dictator_(Rome)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dictator (Rome)">dictatorships</a>, a period of anarchy, and a standardized length of reign for all of Rome's <a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="List of kings of Rome">former kings</a> to arrive at a year running from 754–753<span class="nowrap"> </span>BC,<sup id="cite_ref-livius_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-livius-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> taken as equivalent to the 3rd year of the 6th Olympiad. Because the <a href="/wiki/Parilia" title="Parilia">Parilia</a> had become associated with the founding of the city by his time, he took the specific date to have been 21 April 753<span class="nowrap"> </span>BC. This became the official chronology of the empire by at least the time of <a href="/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius</a>, who held <a href="/wiki/Secular_Games" title="Secular Games">Secular Games</a> in AD 47 to celebrate the city's 800th anniversary. The 900th and 1000th anniversaries were then celebrated in 148 under <a href="/wiki/Antoninus_Pius" title="Antoninus Pius">Antoninus Pius</a> and in 248 under <a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Arab" title="Philip the Arab">Philip I</a>. </p><p>The AUC era was seldom used in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_calendar" title="Roman calendar">traditional Roman</a> or <a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">early Julian calendars</a>. Naming each year by its <a href="/wiki/Consul_(Rome)" class="mw-redirect" title="Consul (Rome)">two consuls</a> or by the emperor's regnal years predominated, with <a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Aurei" class="mw-redirect" title="Aurei">aurei</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Sestertii" class="mw-redirect" title="Sestertii">sestertii</a> marking the <a href="/wiki/Romaea" class="mw-redirect" title="Romaea">Romaea</a> in AUC 874 (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r920966791">.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps-smaller{font-size:85%}</style><span class="smallcaps">ann dccclxxiiii nat vrb</span>) a notable exception.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> AUC dating became more common in late antiquity, appearing in <a href="/wiki/Censorinus" title="Censorinus">Censorinus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paulus_Orosius" class="mw-redirect" title="Paulus Orosius">Orosius</a>, and others. During the early Middle Ages, some church officials like <a href="/wiki/Boniface_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Boniface IV">Boniface IV</a> employed AUC and AD dating together.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="'although it occurs occasionally in papal documents of the time of John XIII (965–972), it was not the rule before the twelfth century': http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04636c.htm - and that's not even about using abbreviations (December 2007)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Historical Roman dating employed several different dates for the beginning of the year. Modern application of the AUC era generally ignores this, the known mistakes<sup id="cite_ref-livius_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-livius-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in Varro's own calculations, and the 752<span class="nowrap"> </span>BC epoch used by the <a href="/wiki/Fasti_Capitolini" title="Fasti Capitolini">Fasti</a> and later Secular Games, such that AD 2024 is generally considered equivalent to AUC 2777 (2024 + 753). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Regnal_years_of_Roman_emperors">Regnal years of Roman emperors</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Calendar_era&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Regnal years of Roman emperors" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Another system that is less commonly found than might be thought was the use of the <a href="/wiki/Regnal_year" title="Regnal year">regnal year</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Roman emperor</a>. At first, <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> indicated the year of his reign by counting how many times he had held the office of consul, and how many times the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Roman Senate</a> had granted him the <a href="/wiki/Tribunicia_potestas" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribunicia potestas">power of a tribune</a> (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">tribunicia potestas</i>, abbr. TRP), carefully observing the fiction that his powers came from these offices granted to him, rather than from his own person or the many <a href="/wiki/Roman_legion" title="Roman legion">legions</a> under his control. His successors followed his practice until the memory of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> faded (about AD 200), when they began to use their regnal year openly. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dating_from_the_Roman_conquest">Dating from the Roman conquest</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Calendar_era&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Dating from the Roman conquest" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Some regions of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> dated their calendars from the date of Roman conquest, or the establishment of Roman rule. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Spanish_era" title="Spanish era">Spanish era</a>, or the Era of <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Caesar</a>, counted the years from <a href="/wiki/38_BC" title="38 BC">38 BC</a> and, although the exact reasons for this are unknown, it is usually attributed to either the levy of a general tax from the known world by <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Octavian</a> or the end of the roman conquest of the peninsula during the civil war of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Triumvirate" title="Second Triumvirate">Second Triumvirate</a>. Either way the date traditionally marks the establishment of Roman rule in Spain and was used in official documents by the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Suebi" title="Kingdom of the Suebi">Suebian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Visigothic_Kingdom" title="Visigothic Kingdom">Visigothic kingdoms</a> and later in <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Portugal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aragon" title="Kingdom of Aragon">Aragon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Valencia" title="Kingdom of Valencia">Valencia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castile" title="Crown of Castile">Castile</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Southern_France" title="Southern France">southern France</a>. This system of calibrating years fell to disuse in the Early Modern Age and was replaced by today's <i>Anno Domini</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The months and years are the same as the <a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian Calendar</a>. </p><p>Throughout the Roman and Byzantine periods, the <a href="/wiki/Decapolis" title="Decapolis">Decapolis</a> and other Hellenized cities of Syria and Palestine used the <a href="/wiki/Pompeian_era" title="Pompeian era">Pompeian era</a>, counting dates from the Roman general <a href="/wiki/Pompey" title="Pompey">Pompey</a>'s conquest of the region in 63 BC. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maya">Maya</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Calendar_era&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Maya" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>A different form of <a href="/wiki/Maya_calendar" title="Maya calendar">calendar</a> was used to track longer periods of time, and for the inscription of calendar dates (i.e., identifying when one event occurred in relation to others). This form, known as the <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_Long_Count_calendar" title="Mesoamerican Long Count calendar">Long Count</a>, is based upon the number of elapsed days since a mythological starting-point. According to the calibration between the Long Count and Western calendars accepted by the great majority of Maya researchers (known as the GMT correlation), this starting-point is equivalent to 11 August, 3114 BC in the proleptic Gregorian calendar or 6 September in the Julian calendar (−3113 astronomical). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_dating_systems">Other dating systems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Calendar_era&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Other dating systems" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>A great many local systems or <a href="/wiki/Era" title="Era">eras</a> were also important, for example the year from the foundation of one particular city, the regnal year of the neighboring <a href="/wiki/History_of_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Persia">Persian emperor</a>, and eventually even the year of the reigning <a href="/wiki/Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliph">Caliph</a>. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Late_Antiquity_and_Middle_Ages">Late Antiquity and Middle Ages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Calendar_era&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Late Antiquity and Middle Ages" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <p>Most of the traditional calendar eras in use today were introduced at the time of transition from <a href="/wiki/Late_Antiquity" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Antiquity">Late Antiquity</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a>, roughly between the 6th and 10th centuries. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christian_era">Christian era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Calendar_era&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Christian era" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul><li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Etos_Kosmou" class="mw-redirect" title="Etos Kosmou">Etos Kosmou</a></i> of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Calendar">Byzantine Calendar</a> commences with the <a href="/wiki/Dating_creation" title="Dating creation">creation of the world</a> portrayed in <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Genesis</a>, the date of which- arrived at by the monk Giorgios- being 1 September, 5509 BC. Its first known use occurred in the 7th century AD, although its precursors were developed about AD 400.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Era_of_Martyrs" class="mw-redirect" title="Era of Martyrs">Era of Martyrs</a> or Era of Diocletian is reckoned from the beginning of the reign of Roman Emperor <a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a>; the first year of this era was 284/5. It was not the custom to use regnal years in Rome, but it was the custom in Roman Egypt, which the emperor ruled through a prefect (the king of Egypt). The year number changed on the first day of the Egyptian month <a href="/wiki/Thoth" title="Thoth">Thoth</a> (29 August three years out of four, 30 August the year before a Roman leap year.) Diocletian abolished the special status of Egypt, which thereafter followed the normal Roman calendar: consular years beginning on 1 January. This era was used in the Easter tables prepared in Alexandria long after the abdication of Diocletian, even though Diocletian was a notorious persecutor of Christians. The Era of Diocletian was retained by the <a href="/wiki/Coptic_calendar" title="Coptic calendar">Coptic Church</a> and used for general purposes, but by 643 the name had been changed to Era of the Martyrs.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 766–7">: 766–7 </span></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_calendar#Incarnation_Era" title="Ethiopian calendar">Incarnation Era</a> is used by <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>. Its epoch is 29 August, AD 8 in the Julian calendar.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Armenian_calendar" title="Armenian calendar">Armenian calendar</a> has its era fixed at AD 552.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id='Dionysian_"Common_Era"'><span id="Dionysian_.22Common_Era.22"></span>Dionysian "Common Era"</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Calendar_era&action=edit&section=15" title='Edit section: Dionysian "Common Era"' class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Anno_Domini" title="Anno Domini">Anno Domini</a> and <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">Common Era</a></div> <p>The era based on the <a href="/wiki/Incarnation_(Christianity)" title="Incarnation (Christianity)">Incarnation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Christ">Christ</a> was introduced by <a href="/wiki/Dionysius_Exiguus" title="Dionysius Exiguus">Dionysius Exiguus</a> in 525 and is in continued use with various reforms and derivations. The distinction between the Incarnation occurring with the <a href="/wiki/Annunciation" title="Annunciation">conception</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity of Jesus</a> was not drawn until the late ninth century.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 881">: 881 </span></sup> The first day of the numbered year varied from place to place and depended on the calendar in use: when, in 1600, Scotland adopted 1 January as the first day of the year, this was already the case in much of continental Europe. England adopted this practice in 1752.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 7">: 7 </span></sup> </p> <ul><li>A.D. (or AD) – for the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Anno_Domini" title="Anno Domini">Anno Domini</a></i>, meaning "in the year of (our) Lord". This is the dominant or Western Christian Era; AD is used in the Gregorian calendar. <i><a href="/wiki/Anno_Salutis" class="mw-redirect" title="Anno Salutis">Anno Salutis</a></i>, meaning "in the year of salvation" is identical. Originally intended to number years from the Incarnation of <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>, according to modern thinking the calculation was a few years off. Years preceding AD 1 are numbered using the BC era, avoiding zero or negative numbers. AD was also used in the Christianized <a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian calendar</a>, but the first day of the year was either 1 March, <a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter</a>, 25 March (Feast of the Annunciation), 1 September, or 25 December (Feast of the Nativity), not 1 January. To distinguish between the Julian and Gregorian calendars, <i>O.S.</i> and <i>N.S.</i> were often added to the date, especially during the 17th and 18th centuries, when both calendars were in common use. <a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">Old Style</a> (O.S.) was used for the Julian calendar and for years not beginning on 1 January. <a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">New Style</a> (N.S.) was used for the Gregorian calendar and for Julian calendar years beginning on 1 January. Many countries switched to using 1 January as the start of the numbered year at the same time as they switched from the Julian calendar to the Gregorian calendar, but others switched earlier or later.</li> <li>B.C. (or BC) – meaning "Before Christ". Used for years before AD 1, counting backwards so the year <i>n</i> BC is <i>n</i> years before AD 1. Thus there is no <a href="/wiki/Year_zero" title="Year zero">year 0</a>.</li> <li>C.E. (or CE) and B.C.E. (or BCE) – meaning "<a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">Common Era</a>" and "Before the Common Era", numerically equivalent to AD and BC, respectively (in writing, "AD" <i>precedes</i> the year number, but "CE" <i>follows</i> the year: AD 1 = 1 CE.)<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Latin equivalent <i>vulgaris aera</i> was used as early as 1615 by <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Kepler" title="Johannes Kepler">Johannes Kepler</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The English abbreviations C.E. and B.C.E. were introduced in the 19th century by Jewish intellectuals, wishing to avoid the abbreviation for <i>dominus</i> "lord" in implicit reference to Christ.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the later 20th century, the abbreviations had come into wider usage by authors who wished to emphasize <a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">secularism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Dionysian-derived">Dionysian-derived</h5><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Calendar_era&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Dionysian-derived" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_year_numbering" title="Astronomical year numbering">Astronomical year numbering</a> situates its year 0 with 1 BC, and counts negative years from 2 BC backward (−1 backward), so 100 BC is −99.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Holocene_calendar" title="Holocene calendar">human era</a>, also named Holocene era, proposed by <a href="/wiki/Cesare_Emiliani" title="Cesare Emiliani">Cesare Emiliani</a> adds 10,000 to AD years, so that AD 1 would be the year 10,001.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Anno_Lucis" title="Anno Lucis">Anno Lucis</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Freemasonry" title="Freemasonry">Freemasonry</a> adds 4000 years to the AD year.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islamic">Islamic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Calendar_era&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Islamic" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anno_Hegirae" class="mw-redirect" title="Anno Hegirae">A.H.</a> (or AH) for the Latinized <i><a href="/wiki/Anno_Hegirae" class="mw-redirect" title="Anno Hegirae">Anno Hegirae</a></i>, meaning "in the year of the <a href="/wiki/Hijra_(Islam)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hijra (Islam)">Hijra</a>", <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>'s emigration from Mecca to Medina in September 622, which occurred in its first year, is used in the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Islamic calendar</a>. Since the Islamic calendar is a purely <a href="/wiki/Lunar_calendar" title="Lunar calendar">lunar calendar</a> of about 354 or 355 days, its year count increases faster than that of <a href="/wiki/Solar_calendar" title="Solar calendar">solar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lunisolar_calendar" title="Lunisolar calendar">lunisolar calendars</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Hijri_calendar" title="Solar Hijri calendar">S.H.</a> (or SH)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2007)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> is used by the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian calendar">Iranian calendar</a> to denote the number of <i>solar</i> years since the Hijra. The year beginning at the vernal equinox equals the number of the Gregorian year beginning at the preceding 1 January minus 621.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hindu">Hindu</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Calendar_era&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Hindu" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu calendar</a>, counting from the start of the <a href="/wiki/Kali_Yuga" title="Kali Yuga">Kali Yuga</a>, with its epoch on 18 February, 3102 BC Julian (23 January, 3102 BC Gregorian), based on Aryabhata (6th century).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikrama_Samvat" class="mw-redirect" title="Vikrama Samvat">Vikrama Samvat</a>, 56-57 BC, introduced about the 12th century.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saka_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Saka Era">S.E.</a> or (SE) – for the <a href="/wiki/Shaka_era" title="Shaka era">Saka Era</a>, used in some <a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu calendars</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_national_calendar" title="Indian national calendar">Indian national calendar</a>, with an epoch near the vernal equinox of year 78 (its year 0); its usage spread to Southeast Asia before year 1000. This era is also used (together with the Gregorian calendar) in the Indian national calendar, the official civil calendar used in communiques issued by the Government of India.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmana_Era" title="Lakshmana Era">Lakshmana Era</a>, established by the <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengali</a> ruler <a href="/wiki/Lakshmana_Sena" title="Lakshmana Sena">Lakshmana Sena</a> with an epoch of 1118–1119. It was used for at least 400 years in Bihar and Bengal.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Southeast_Asia">Southeast Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Calendar_era&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Southeast Asia" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>The Hindu Saka Era influences the calendars of southeast Asian <a href="/wiki/Greater_India" title="Greater India">indianized kingdoms</a>. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_calendar" title="Buddhist calendar">B.E.</a> – for the <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_calendar" title="Buddhist calendar">Buddhist Era</a>, introduced by <a href="/wiki/Vajiravudh" title="Vajiravudh">Vajiravudh</a> in 1912, which has an <a href="/wiki/Epoch_(reference_date)" class="mw-redirect" title="Epoch (reference date)">epoch</a> (origin) of 544 BC. This year is called year 1 in <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma">Burma</a>, but year 0 in <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>. Thus the year 2500 B.E. occurred in 1956 in the former countries, but in 1957 in the latter. In Thailand in 1888 King <a href="/wiki/Chulalongkorn" title="Chulalongkorn">Chulalongkorn</a> decreed a National Thai Era, dating from the founding of <a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a> on 6 April 1782. In 1912 New Year's Day was shifted to 1 April. In 1941 Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Plaek_Pibulsonggram" class="mw-redirect" title="Plaek Pibulsonggram">Phibunsongkhram</a> decided to count the years since 543 BC. This is the <a href="/wiki/Thai_solar_calendar" title="Thai solar calendar">Thai solar calendar</a> using the Thai Buddhist Era aligned to the western solar calendar.</li> <li><b>BE</b> for Burmese Era – from <a href="/wiki/Burmese_calendar" title="Burmese calendar">Burmese calendar</a> originally with an epochal year 0 date of 22 March 638; from which derived <b>CS</b> for <a href="/wiki/Chula_Sakarat" title="Chula Sakarat">Chula Sakarat</a> era; variously known as <b>LE</b> Lesser Era; <b>ME</b> Minor Era – the Major or Great Era being the <a href="/wiki/Saka_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Saka Era">Saka Era</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_national_calendar" title="Indian national calendar">Indian national calendar</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>B.E. of the Bahá'í calendar is below.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bahá'í"><span id="Bah.C3.A1.27.C3.AD"></span>Bahá'í</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Calendar_era&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Bahá'í" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahai_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahai calendar">B.E.</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%27%C3%AD_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahá'í calendar">Bahá'í calendar</a> dates from the year of the declaration of the <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1b" title="Báb">Báb</a>. Years are counted in the Bahá'í Era (BE), which starts its year 1 from 21 March 1844.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jewish">Jewish</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Calendar_era&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Jewish" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anno_Mundi" title="Anno Mundi">A.M.</a> (or AM) – for the Latin <i><a href="/wiki/Anno_Mundi" title="Anno Mundi">Anno Mundi</a></i>, meaning "in the year of the world", has its epoch in the year 3761 BC. This was first used to number the years of the modern <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">Hebrew calendar</a> in 1178 by <a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a>. Precursors with epochs one or two years later were used since the 3rd century, all based on the <a href="/wiki/Seder_Olam_Rabba" class="mw-redirect" title="Seder Olam Rabba">Seder Olam Rabba</a> of the 2nd century. The year beginning in the northern autumn of 2000 was 5761 AM.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zoroastrian">Zoroastrian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Calendar_era&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Zoroastrian" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian_calendar" title="Zoroastrian calendar">Zoroastrian calendar</a> used regnal years since the reform by <a href="/wiki/Ardeshir_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Ardeshir I">Ardeshir I</a>, but after the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Sassanid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanid Empire">Sassanid Empire</a>, the ascension of the last Sassanid ruler, <a href="/wiki/Yazdegerd_III_of_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Yazdegerd III of Persia">Yazdegerd III of Persia</a>, crowned 16 June 632, continued to be used as the reference year, abbreviated <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yazdegerd_era&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yazdegerd era (page does not exist)">Y.Z.</a> or "Yazdegerd era".</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Modern">Modern</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Calendar_era&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Modern" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_calendars" title="List of calendars">List of calendars</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political">Political</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Calendar_era&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Political" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul><li>The Republican Era of the <a href="/wiki/French_Republican_Calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="French Republican Calendar">French Republican Calendar</a> was dated from 22 September 1792, the day of the proclamation of the <a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">French First Republic</a>. It was used in Revolutionary France from 24 October 1793 (on the Gregorian calendar) to 31 December 1805.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Positivist_calendar" title="Positivist calendar">Positivist calendar</a> of 1844 takes 1789 as its epoch.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Minguo_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Minguo calendar">Republican era</a> is used by the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of China">Republic of China</a> (now usually known as "Taiwan") since 1912, which is the first year of the republic. Coincidentally, this is the same as the <a href="/wiki/Juche#Calendar" title="Juche">Juche era</a> used in <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a>, the year of the birth of its founder <a href="/wiki/Kim_Il-Sung" class="mw-redirect" title="Kim Il-Sung">Kim Il-Sung</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Era_Fascista" title="Era Fascista">Era Fascista</a> 'Fascist Era' was instituted by the <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Italian Fascists</a> and used <a href="/wiki/Roman_numerals" title="Roman numerals">Roman numerals</a> to denote the number of years since the <a href="/wiki/March_on_Rome" title="March on Rome">March on Rome</a> in 1922. Therefore, 1934, for example, was XII E.F. (<i>era fascista</i>). This era was abolished with the fall of fascism in Italy on 25 July 1943, but restored in the northern part of the country during the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italian Social Republic</a>. The Gregorian calendar remained in simultaneous use and a double numbering was adopted: the year of the <a href="/wiki/Common_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Common era">Common era</a> was presented in Arabic numerals and the year of the fascist era in Roman numerals. The year of the Fascist calendar began on 29 October, so, for example, 27 October 1933 was XI E.F. but 30 October 1933 was XII E.F.</li> <li>China traditionally reckoned by the regnal year of its emperors, see <a href="/wiki/Chinese_era_name" title="Chinese era name">Chinese era name</a>. Most Chinese do not assign numbers to the years of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_calendar" title="Chinese calendar">Chinese calendar</a>, but the few who do, like expatriate Chinese, use a continuous count of years from the reign of the legendary <a href="/wiki/Yellow_Emperor" title="Yellow Emperor">Yellow Emperor</a>, using 2698 BC as year 1. Western writers begin this count at either 2637 BC or 2697 BC (see <a href="/wiki/Chinese_calendar#Beginnings" title="Chinese calendar">Chinese calendar</a>). Thus, the Chinese years 4637, 4697, or 4698 began in early 2000.</li> <li>In Korea, from 1952 until 1961 years were numbered via <i><a href="/wiki/Dangun#Dating" title="Dangun">Dangi</a></i> years, where 2333 BC was regarded as the first such year.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_calendar" title="Assyrian calendar">Assyrian calendar</a>, introduced in the 1950s, has its era fixed at 4750 BC.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Japanese_calendar" title="Japanese calendar">Japanese calendar</a> dates from the accession of the current <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Japan" title="Emperor of Japan">Emperor of Japan</a>. The current emperor took the throne in May 2019, which became Reiwa 1, and which was until then Heisei 31.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> government sometimes uses a calendar of the era of its <a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(United_States)" title="Independence Day (United States)">Independence</a>, fixed on 4 July 1776, together with the <i>Anno Domini</i> civil calendar. For instance, its <a href="/wiki/U.S._Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Constitution">Constitution</a> is dated "the Seventeenth Day of September in the Year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and Eighty seven and of the Independence of the United States of America the Twelfth."<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Presidential_proclamation_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidential proclamation (United States)">Presidential proclamations</a> are also dated in this way.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious">Religious</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Calendar_era&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Religious" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dianetics:_The_Modern_Science_of_Mental_Health#Role_in_Scientology" title="Dianetics: The Modern Science of Mental Health">A.D.</a> – "After <a href="/wiki/Dianetics" title="Dianetics">Dianetics</a>". In <a href="/wiki/Scientology" title="Scientology">Scientology</a>, years are numbered relative to the first publication of the book <i><a href="/wiki/Dianetics:_The_Modern_Science_of_Mental_Health" title="Dianetics: The Modern Science of Mental Health">Dianetics: The Modern Science of Mental Health</a></i> (1950).<sup id="cite_ref-LATcostly_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LATcostly-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discordian_calendar" title="Discordian calendar">Y.O.L.D.</a> – In the <a href="/wiki/Discordian_calendar" title="Discordian calendar">Discordian calendar</a>, the standard designation for the year number is YOLD (Year of <a href="/wiki/Eris_(mythology)" title="Eris (mythology)">Our Lady of Discord</a>). The calendar begins counting from 1 January 1166 BC in the <a href="/wiki/Discordian" class="mw-redirect" title="Discordian">Discordian</a> year 0, ostensibly the date of origin of the <a href="/wiki/Greyface" class="mw-redirect" title="Greyface">Curse of Greyface</a>. An alternate designation, A.D.D. has been occasionally seen (Anno Domina Discordia, a Latin translation of YOLD, but presumably also a play on <a href="/wiki/Attention_deficit_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Attention deficit disorder">attention deficit disorder</a>).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>e.v. – <i>Era vulgaris</i>. (From Latin, meaning "common era", usually stylized in lowercase.) Used by some followers of <a href="/wiki/Aleister_Crowley" title="Aleister Crowley">Aleister Crowley</a> to designate the era from the <a href="/wiki/Thelemic" class="mw-redirect" title="Thelemic">Thelemic</a> calendar which is used by some Thelemites to designate a number of years since Crowley's inauguration of the so-called <a href="/wiki/Aeon_(Thelema)#Aeon_of_Horus" title="Aeon (Thelema)">Aeon of Horus</a>, which occurred on 20 March 1904, and coincides with both the Thelemic new year and a holiday known as the Equinox of the Gods. The abbreviation "A.N.", for <i>Aerae Novae</i> ("New Era" in Latin), is also used for dates in the Thelemic calendar.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Practical">Practical</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Calendar_era&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Practical" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Before_Present" title="Before Present">B.P.</a> – for <a href="/wiki/Before_Present" title="Before Present">Before Present</a>, specifically, the number of <a href="/wiki/Radiocarbon_dating" title="Radiocarbon dating">radiocarbon</a> years before 1950.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_day_number" class="mw-redirect" title="Julian day number">Julian day number</a> – for counting days, not years, its era fixed at noon 1 January, 4713 BC in the <a href="/wiki/Proleptic_Julian_calendar" title="Proleptic Julian calendar">proleptic Julian calendar</a>. This equals 24 November, 4714 BC in the <a href="/wiki/Proleptic_Gregorian_calendar" title="Proleptic Gregorian calendar">proleptic Gregorian calendar</a>. From noon of this day to noon of the next day was day 0. Multiples of 7 are Mondays. Negative values can also be used. Apart from the choice of the zero point and name, this Julian day and Julian date are not related to the <a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian calendar</a>. It does not count years, so, strictly speaking, it has no era, but it does have an <a href="/wiki/Epoch_(reference_date)" class="mw-redirect" title="Epoch (reference date)">epoch</a>. Today (noon-to-noon UTC) the value is 2460647.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unix_time" title="Unix time">Unix time</a> – for counting elapsed seconds since the <a href="/wiki/Unix_epoch" class="mw-redirect" title="Unix epoch">Unix epoch</a> set at 00:00:00 or midnight UTC of 1 January 1970, though there are problems with Unix implementation of <a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">Coordinated Universal Time</a> (UTC).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocene_calendar" title="Holocene calendar">Holocene calendar</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Calendar_era&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_reform" title="Calendar reform">Calendar reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">Common Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_day" title="Julian day">Julian day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_calendars" title="List of calendars">List of calendars</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Calendar_era&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRichards2013" class="citation book cs1">Richards, E. G. (2013). "Calendars". In Urban, Sean E.; Seidelmann, P. Kenneth (eds.). <i>Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac</i> (3 ed.). Mill Valley, CA: Univ Science Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-891389-85-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-891389-85-6"><bdi>978-1-891389-85-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Calendars&rft.btitle=Explanatory+Supplement+to+the+Astronomical+Almanac&rft.place=Mill+Valley%2C+CA&rft.edition=3&rft.pub=Univ+Science+Books&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-891389-85-6&rft.aulast=Richards&rft.aufirst=E.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalendar+era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cdli.ox.ac.uk/wiki/doku.php?id=list_of_old_assyrian_limmu_officials">"CDLI: The Old and Middle Assyrian limmu officials"</a>. <i>Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201112025534/https://cdli.ox.ac.uk/wiki/doku.php?id=list_of_old_assyrian_limmu_officials">Archived</a> from the original on 12 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cuneiform+Digital+Library+Initiative&rft.atitle=CDLI%3A+The+Old+and+Middle+Assyrian+limmu+officials&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcdli.ox.ac.uk%2Fwiki%2Fdoku.php%3Fid%3Dlist_of_old_assyrian_limmu_officials&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalendar+era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillard1994" class="citation book cs1">Millard, Alan (1994). <i>The Eponyms of the Assyrian Empire, 910-612 BC (State Archives of Assyria Studies, Vol. 2)</i>. Helsinki: Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9514567155" title="Special:BookSources/978-9514567155"><bdi>978-9514567155</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Eponyms+of+the+Assyrian+Empire%2C+910-612+BC+%28State+Archives+of+Assyria+Studies%2C+Vol.+2%29&rft.place=Helsinki&rft.pub=Neo-Assyrian+Text+Corpus+Project&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-9514567155&rft.aulast=Millard&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalendar+era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oxford-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlackburnHolford-Strevens2003" class="citation book cs1">Blackburn, Bonnie; Holford-Strevens, Leofranc (2003). <i>The Oxford Companion to the Year</i> (corrected printing ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-214231-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-214231-3"><bdi>978-0-19-214231-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+the+Year&rft.edition=corrected+printing&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-19-214231-3&rft.aulast=Blackburn&rft.aufirst=Bonnie&rft.au=Holford-Strevens%2C+Leofranc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalendar+era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chaîne, Marius. 1925. <i>La chronologie des temps chrétiens de l’Égypte et de l’Éthiopie</i>. Paris: Librairie Orientaliste Paul Geuthner.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNautical_Almanac_Office_of_the_United_States_Naval_Observatory_and_Her_Majesty's_Nautical_Almanac_Office2000" class="citation book cs1">Nautical Almanac Office of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Observatory" title="United States Naval Observatory">United States Naval Observatory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Her_Majesty%27s_Nautical_Almanac_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Her Majesty's Nautical Almanac Office">Her Majesty's Nautical Almanac Office</a> (2000). <i>The Nautical Almanac for the year 2001</i>. Washington, DC: <a href="/wiki/Government_Printing_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Government Printing Office">Government Printing Office</a>. p. B2. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000naal.book.....N">2000naal.book.....N</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nautical+Almanac+for+the+year+2001&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pages=B2&rft.pub=Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2000naal.book.....N&rft.au=Nautical+Almanac+Office+of+the+United+States+Naval+Observatory+and+Her+Majesty%27s+Nautical+Almanac+Office&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalendar+era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-livius-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-livius_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-livius_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLendering2020" class="citation cs2">Lendering, Jona (2020), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livius.org/articles/concept/varronian-chronology/">"Varronian Chronology"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://livius.nl/"><i><span></span></i>Official site<i><span></span></i></a>, Amsterdam: Livius</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Varronian+Chronology&rft.btitle=Official+site&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pub=Livius&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Lendering&rft.aufirst=Jona&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livius.org%2Farticles%2Fconcept%2Fvarronian-chronology%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalendar+era" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">RIC II 144.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaddato2021" class="citation cs2">Raddato, Carole (21 April 2021), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://followinghadrian.com/2021/04/21/21-april-ad-121-hadrian-celebrates-romes-874th-birthday-with-circus-games-hadrian1900/">"21 April AD 121 — Hadrian Celebrates Rome's 874th Birthday with Circus Games"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://followinghadrian.com"><i>Following Hadrian</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_am_Main" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankfurt am Main">Frankfurt</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=21+April+AD+121+%E2%80%94+Hadrian+Celebrates+Rome%27s+874th+Birthday+with+Circus+Games&rft.btitle=Following+Hadrian&rft.place=Frankfurt&rft.date=2021-04-21&rft.aulast=Raddato&rft.aufirst=Carole&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffollowinghadrian.com%2F2021%2F04%2F21%2F21-april-ad-121-hadrian-celebrates-romes-874th-birthday-with-circus-games-hadrian1900%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalendar+era" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gedaliah ibn Jechia the Spaniard, <i>Shalshelet Ha-Kabbalah</i>, Jerusalem 1962, p. 271 (Hebrew)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Associated Press Stylebook</i>. New York: Basic Books. 2007. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-00489-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-00489-8"><bdi>978-0-465-00489-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Associated+Press+Stylebook&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-465-00489-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalendar+era" class="Z3988"></span>. "Because the full phrase would read <i>in the year of the Lord 96</i>, the abbreviation A.D. goes before the figure for the year: <i>A.D. 96.</i>"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A 1635 English edition of that book has the title page in English – so far, the earliest-found usage of "Vulgar Era" in English. The English phrase "common Era" appears at least as early as 1708.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In Latin, "Common Era" is written as <i>Vulgaris Aera</i>. It also occasionally appears as <i>æra vulgaris</i>, <i>aera vulgaris</i>, <i>anni vulgaris</i>, <i>vulgaris aera Christiana</i>, and <i>anni vulgatae nostrae aerae Christianas</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Use of "C.E." and "B.C.E.": <a href="/wiki/Morris_Jacob_Raphall" title="Morris Jacob Raphall">Morris Jacob Raphall</a>. <i>Post-Biblical History of The Jews</i> (1856). Explicit use of "b.c.e." for "before the common era": Max Stern, <i>Lemaʼan Yilmedu: A Second Hebrew Reader for Jewish Schools and Private Instruction</i> (1881), p. 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSumser2016" class="citation book cs1">Sumser, John (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5SFsDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA69"><i>The Conflict Between Secular and Religious Narratives in the United States: Wittgenstein, Social Construction, and Communication</i></a>. p. 69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781498522090" title="Special:BookSources/9781498522090"><bdi>9781498522090</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210118090442/https://books.google.com/books?id=5SFsDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA69">Archived</a> from the original on 18 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Conflict+Between+Secular+and+Religious+Narratives+in+the+United+States%3A+Wittgenstein%2C+Social+Construction%2C+and+Communication&rft.pages=69&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781498522090&rft.aulast=Sumser&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5SFsDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA69&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalendar+era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCesare1993" class="citation journal cs1">Cesare, E. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www-nature-com.insu.bib.cnrs.fr/articles/366716b0">"Calendar reform"</a>. Correspondence. <i>Nature</i>. <b>336</b>: 716.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Calendar+reform&rft.volume=336&rft.pages=716&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Cesare&rft.aufirst=E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww-nature-com.insu.bib.cnrs.fr%2Farticles%2F366716b0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalendar+era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/constitution_transcript.html">"U.S. Constitution"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110819235454/http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/constitution_transcript.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=U.S.+Constitution&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.archives.gov%2Fexhibits%2Fcharters%2Fconstitution_transcript.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalendar+era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/">"Presidential Actions"</a>. <i>The White House</i>. Washington, DC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210118041804/https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+White+House&rft.atitle=Presidential+Actions&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.whitehouse.gov%2Fpresidential-actions%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalendar+era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LATcostly-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LATcostly_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSappellWelkos1990" class="citation news cs1">Sappell, J.; Welkos, R. W. (28 June 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.latimes.com/news/local/la-scientology062890,0,6570814.story">"Costly Strategy Continues to Turn Out Bestsellers"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131027185121/http://www.latimes.com/news/local/la-scientology062890,0,6570814.story">Archived</a> from the original on 27 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Costly+Strategy+Continues+to+Turn+Out+Bestsellers&rft.date=1990-06-28&rft.aulast=Sappell&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Welkos%2C+R.+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Fla-scientology062890%2C0%2C6570814.story&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalendar+era" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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<noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=mobile" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Calendar_era&oldid=1259914390">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Calendar_era&oldid=1259914390</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Calendar_era&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-medium minerva-icon--modified-history"></span> <span class="last-modified-bar__text modified-enhancement" data-user-name="103.140.234.156" data-user-gender="unknown" data-timestamp="1732737556"> <span>Last edited on 27 November 2024, at 19:59</span> </span> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-small minerva-icon--expand"></span> </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%85" title="عصر التقويم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عصر التقويم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%9E%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2" title="পঞ্জিকা সাল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পঞ্জিকা সাল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Каляндарная эра – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Каляндарная эра" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Летоброене – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Летоброене" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalendarska_era" title="Kalendarska era – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kalendarska era" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letopo%C4%8Det" title="Letopočet – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Letopočet" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85rstal" title="Årstal – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Årstal" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epoche_(Chronologie)" title="Epoche (Chronologie) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Epoche (Chronologie)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Era_del_calendario" title="Era del calendario – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Era del calendario" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="دوره‌های گاه‌شماری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دوره‌های گاه‌شماری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiertelling" title="Jiertelling – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Jiertelling" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B8%B0%EB%85%84%EB%B2%95" title="기년법 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="기년법" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="पंचांग पद्धति – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पंचांग पद्धति" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalendarska_era" title="Kalendarska era – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kalendarska era" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Era_kalender" title="Era kalender – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Era kalender" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Era_del_calendario" title="Era del calendario – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Era del calendario" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalendoriaus_era" title="Kalendoriaus era – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kalendoriaus era" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaort%C3%A8lling" title="Jaortèlling – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Jaortèlling" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mnw mw-list-item"><a href="https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%80%E1%80%B9%E1%80%80%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AC%E1%80%87%E1%80%BA" title="သက္ကရာဇ် – Mon" lang="mnw" hreflang="mnw" data-title="သက္ကရာဇ်" data-language-autonym="ဘာသာမန်" data-language-local-name="Mon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ဘာသာမန်</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaartelling" title="Jaartelling – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Jaartelling" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D" title="सम्वत् – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="सम्वत्" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%80%E5%B9%B4%E6%B3%95" title="紀年法 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="紀年法" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Era_kalendarzowa" title="Era kalendarzowa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Era kalendarzowa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendar_era" title="Calendar era – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Calendar era" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letopo%C4%8Det" title="Letopočet – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Letopočet" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koledarska_doba" title="Koledarska doba – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Koledarska doba" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalendarska_era" title="Kalendarska era – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kalendarska era" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85rtal" title="Årtal – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Årtal" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Календарна ера – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Календарна ера" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BA%AA%E5%B9%B4" title="纪年 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="纪年" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BA%AA%E5%B9%B4" title="纪年 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="纪年" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 27 November 2024, at 19:59<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a 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