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[r]" accesskey="r"><span>Апошнія змены</span></a></li><li id="n-newpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:NewPages"><span>Новыя старонкі</span></a></li><li id="n-Village-pump" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%8F:%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BC"><span>Форум</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:Random" title="Паказаць выпадковую старонку [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Выпадковая старонка</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%8F:%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Дзе можна атрымаць тлумачэнні."><span>Даведка</span></a></li><li id="n-bug_in_article" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%8F:%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%BA%D1%96"><span>Паведаміць пра памылку</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%9E%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Вікіпедыя" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-be.svg" style="width: 7.625em; 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[o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Увайсці</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Больш магчымасцей" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Асабістыя інструменты" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Асабістыя інструменты</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Меню ўдзельніка" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_be.wikipedia.org&uselang=be"><span>Ахвяраваць</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:CreateAccount&returnto=%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4+%D0%94%D0%B6%D1%8D%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81+%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BC" title="Вам прапануецца стварыць уліковы запіс і ўвайсці ў сістэму, але гэта не абавязкова"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Стварыць уліковы запіс</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:UserLogin&returnto=%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4+%D0%94%D0%B6%D1%8D%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81+%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BC" title="Вам прапануецца ўвайсці ў сістэму, але гэта неабавязкова. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Увайсці</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Старонкі для ананімных рэдактараў <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B0:%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B0" aria-label="Даведацца больш пра праўку"><span>даведацца больш</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:MyContributions" title="Спіс правак, зробленых з гэтага IP-адраса [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Уклад</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:MyTalk" title="Размовы пра праўкі, зробленыя з гэтага IP-адраса [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Размовы</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Праект"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Змест" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Змест</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">перанесці да бакавой панэлі</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">схаваць</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Пачатак</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Зноскі" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Зноскі"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Зноскі</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Зноскі-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Літаратура" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Літаратура"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Літаратура</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Літаратура-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Спасылкі" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Спасылкі"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Спасылкі</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Спасылкі-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Змест" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Пераключыць змест" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Пераключыць змест</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Дональд Джэймс Крэм</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Перайсці да артыкула на іншай мове. Даступны на 49 мовах." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-49" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">49 моў</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF_%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85" title="دونالد كرام – арабская" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دونالد كرام" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="арабская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF_%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85" title="دونالد كرام – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="دونالد كرام" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Kram" title="Donald Kram – азербайджанская" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Donald Kram" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="азербайджанская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85" title="دونالد کرام – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="دونالد کرام" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Доналд Крам – балгарская" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Доналд Крам" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="балгарская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1_%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE" title="ডোনাল্ড জেমস ক্র্যাম – бенгальская" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ডোনাল্ড জেমস ক্র্যাম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="бенгальская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_James_Cram" title="Donald James Cram – каталанская" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Donald James Cram" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="каталанская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_J._Cram" title="Donald J. Cram – чэшская" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Donald J. Cram" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="чэшская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_J._Cram" title="Donald J. Cram – дацкая" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Donald J. Cram" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="дацкая" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_J._Cram" title="Donald J. Cram – нямецкая" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Donald J. Cram" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="нямецкая" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_J._Cram" title="Donald J. Cram – англійская" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Donald J. Cram" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="англійская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_James_Cram" title="Donald James Cram – іспанская" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Donald James Cram" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="іспанская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_J._Cram" title="Donald J. Cram – баскская" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Donald J. Cram" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="баскская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85" title="دونالد کرام – фарсі" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دونالد کرام" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="фарсі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_J._Cram" title="Donald J. Cram – фінская" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Donald J. Cram" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="фінская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_J._Cram" title="Donald J. Cram – французская" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Donald J. Cram" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="французская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_J._Cram" title="Donald J. Cram – шатландская гэльская" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Donald J. Cram" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="шатландская гэльская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_James_Cram" title="Donald James Cram – галісійская" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Donald James Cram" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="галісійская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_J._Cram" title="Donald J. Cram – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Donald J. Cram" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%9C%D7%93_%D7%92%27%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%A1_%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9D" title="דונלד ג'יימס קראם – іўрыт" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דונלד ג'יימס קראם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="іўрыт" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Cram" title="Donald Cram – венгерская" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Donald Cram" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="венгерская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_James_Cram" title="Donald James Cram – інданезійская" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Donald James Cram" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="інданезійская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_James_Cram" title="Donald James Cram – іда" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Donald James Cram" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="іда" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_James_Cram" title="Donald James Cram – італьянская" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Donald James Cram" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="італьянская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%89%E3%83%8A%E3%83%AB%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AF%E3%83%A9%E3%83%A0" title="ドナルド・クラム – японская" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ドナルド・クラム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="японская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8F%84%EB%84%90%EB%93%9C_J._%ED%81%AC%EB%9E%A8" title="도널드 J. 크램 – карэйская" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="도널드 J. 크램" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="карэйская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donaldus_J._Cram" title="Donaldus J. Cram – лацінская" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Donaldus J. Cram" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="лацінская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_James_Cram" title="Donald James Cram – літоўская" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Donald James Cram" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="літоўская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87._%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%AE" title="डोनाल्ड जे. क्रॅम – маратхі" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="डोनाल्ड जे. क्रॅम" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="маратхі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_J._Cram" title="Donald J. Cram – малайская" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Donald J. Cram" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="малайская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85" title="دونالد کرام – мазандэранская" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="دونالد کرام" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="мазандэранская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Cram" title="Donald Cram – нідэрландская" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Donald Cram" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="нідэрландская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_J._Cram" title="Donald J. Cram – нарвежская (букмол)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Donald J. Cram" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="нарвежская (букмол)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_J._Cram" title="Donald J. Cram – аксітанская" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Donald J. Cram" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="аксітанская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Cram" title="Donald Cram – польская" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Donald Cram" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="польская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%88%D9%88%D9%86%D9%84%DA%88_%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85" title="ڈونلڈ کرام – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ڈونلڈ کرام" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_James_Cram" title="Donald James Cram – партугальская" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Donald James Cram" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="партугальская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_J._Cram" title="Donald J. Cram – румынская" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Donald J. Cram" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="румынская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC,_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81" title="Крам, Дональд Джеймс – руская" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Крам, Дональд Джеймс" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="руская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_J._Cram" title="Donald J. Cram – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Donald J. Cram" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_J._Cram" title="Donald J. Cram – шведская" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Donald J. Cram" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="шведская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Cram" title="Donald Cram – суахілі" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Donald Cram" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="суахілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Cram" title="Donald Cram – турэцкая" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Donald Cram" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="турэцкая" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4_%D2%96%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%9A%D1%80%D3%99%D0%BC" title="Дональд Җеймс Крәм – татарская" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Дональд Җеймс Крәм" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="татарская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Дональд Джеймс Крам – украінская" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Дональд Джеймс Крам" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="украінская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%88%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%88_%D8%AC%DB%92_%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85" title="ڈونالڈ جے کرام – урду" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ڈونالڈ جے کرام" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="урду" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_J._Cram" title="Donald J. Cram – в’етнамская" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Donald J. Cram" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="в’етнамская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_J._Cram" title="Donald J. Cram – ёруба" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Donald J. Cram" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="ёруба" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%94%90%E7%BA%B3%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E6%8B%89%E5%A7%86" title="唐纳德·克拉姆 – кітайская" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="唐纳德·克拉姆" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="кітайская" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q135151#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Правіць міжмоўныя спасылкі" class="wbc-editpage">Правіць спасылкі</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Прасторы назваў"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4_%D0%94%D0%B6%D1%8D%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BC" title="Паказаць уласна змест старонкі [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Старонка</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B:%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4_%D0%94%D0%B6%D1%8D%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Размовы пра змест гэтай старонкі (няма такой старонкі) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Размовы</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Змяніць моўны варыянт" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">беларуская</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Віды"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4_%D0%94%D0%B6%D1%8D%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BC"><span>Чытаць</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4_%D0%94%D0%B6%D1%8D%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BC&veaction=edit" title="Правіць старонку [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Правіць</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4_%D0%94%D0%B6%D1%8D%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BC&action=edit" title="Правіць зыходны код гэтай старонкі [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Правіць зыходнік</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4_%D0%94%D0%B6%D1%8D%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BC&action=history" title="Ранейшыя версіі гэтай старонкі. 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vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Інструменты</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">перанесці да бакавой панэлі</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">схаваць</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Больш магчымасцей" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Дзеянні </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4_%D0%94%D0%B6%D1%8D%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BC"><span>Чытаць</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4_%D0%94%D0%B6%D1%8D%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BC&veaction=edit" title="Правіць старонку [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Правіць</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4_%D0%94%D0%B6%D1%8D%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BC&action=edit" title="Правіць зыходны код гэтай старонкі [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Правіць зыходнік</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4_%D0%94%D0%B6%D1%8D%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BC&action=history"><span>Паказаць гісторыю</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Агульныя </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:WhatLinksHere/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4_%D0%94%D0%B6%D1%8D%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BC" title="Спіс вікістаронак, якія спасылаюцца сюды [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Сюды спасылаюцца</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:RecentChangesLinked/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4_%D0%94%D0%B6%D1%8D%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BC" rel="nofollow" title="Нядаўнія змены ў старонках, на якія спасылаецца гэтая старонка [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Звязаныя праўкі</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:SpecialPages" title="Пералік усіх адмысловых старонак [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Адмысловыя старонкі</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4_%D0%94%D0%B6%D1%8D%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BC&oldid=4424221" title="Нязменная спасылка на гэтую версію гэтай старонкі"><span>Нязменная спасылка</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4_%D0%94%D0%B6%D1%8D%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BC&action=info" title="Больш звестак пра гэту старонку"><span>Звесткі пра старонку</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:CiteThisPage&page=%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4_%D0%94%D0%B6%D1%8D%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BC&id=4424221&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Інфармацыя пра тое, як цытаваць гэтую старонку"><span>Цытаваць гэту старонку</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fbe.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25D0%2594%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BB%25D1%258C%25D0%25B4_%25D0%2594%25D0%25B6%25D1%258D%25D0%25B9%25D0%25BC%25D1%2581_%25D0%259A%25D1%2580%25D1%258D%25D0%25BC"><span>Атрымаць скарочаны URL-адрас</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fbe.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25D0%2594%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BB%25D1%258C%25D0%25B4_%25D0%2594%25D0%25B6%25D1%258D%25D0%25B9%25D0%25BC%25D1%2581_%25D0%259A%25D1%2580%25D1%258D%25D0%25BC"><span>Спампаваць QR-код</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Друк/экспарт </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:Book&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4+%D0%94%D0%B6%D1%8D%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81+%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BC"><span>Стварыць кнігу</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:DownloadAsPdf&page=%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4_%D0%94%D0%B6%D1%8D%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BC&action=show-download-screen"><span>Спампаваць як PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4_%D0%94%D0%B6%D1%8D%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BC&printable=yes" title="Друкавальная версія гэтай старонкі [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Для друку</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> У іншых праектах </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q135151" title="Спасылка на звязаны элемент рэпазітара даных [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Элемент Вікіданых</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Выгляд"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Выгляд</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">перанесці да бакавой панэлі</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">схаваць</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">З Вікіпедыі, свабоднай энцыклапедыі</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="be" dir="ltr"><table class="infobox infobox-b0f8bfff4f4d36ef vcard" style="width: 23em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" scope="colgroup" class="infobox-above fn" style="">Дональд Джэймс Крам</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="nickname" style="text-align:center; font-style: normal"><span data-wikidata-property-id="P1559" class="no-wikidata">Donald James Cram</span></td></tr> <tr> <th class="plainlist"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">Дата нараджэння</span></th> <td class="plainlist"> <span data-wikidata-property-id="P569" class="no-wikidata"><span data-wikidata-claim-id="Q135151$E1CF7A42-70FD-41BD-93FB-0F20822E3ED4" class="wikidata-claim" data-wikidata-property-id="P569"><span class="wikidata-snak wikidata-main-snak"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/22_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="22 красавіка">22 красавіка</a> <a href="/wiki/1919" title="1919">1919</a></span><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1919-04-22</span>)</span></span><sup id="cite_ref-_4e5825a8c283dfc8_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-_4e5825a8c283dfc8-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-_29e145673f9b3cc1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-_29e145673f9b3cc1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q135151#P569" class="extiw" title="d:Q135151">[…]</a></sup></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="plainlist">Месца нараджэння</th> <td class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span data-wikidata-claim-id="q135151$94CE41CE-B6E9-41C3-AF97-2BBC6AD37C33" class="wikidata-claim" data-wikidata-property-id="P19"><span class="wikidata-snak wikidata-main-snak"><span class="iw" data-title="Чэстэр">Чэстэр<sup class="plainlinks noprint"><a class="external text" href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q594920?uselang=be">[d]</a></sup></span></span>, <span class="wikidata-snak wikidata-main-snak"><span class="iw" data-title="Віндзар">Віндзар<sup class="plainlinks noprint"><a class="external text" href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q513994?uselang=be">[d]</a></sup></span></span>, <span class="wikidata-snak wikidata-main-snak"><a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Вермонт">Вермонт</a></span>, <span class="wikidata-snak wikidata-main-snak"><a href="/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Злучаныя Штаты Амерыкі">ЗША</a></span><sup id="cite_ref-_2301d8f05acbe569_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-_2301d8f05acbe569-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></li></ul></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="plainlist">Дата смерці</th> <td class="plainlist"> <span data-wikidata-property-id="P570" class="no-wikidata"><span data-wikidata-claim-id="Q135151$77782802-CDBB-4920-B088-32A327AD4F0D" class="wikidata-claim" data-wikidata-property-id="P570"><span class="wikidata-snak wikidata-main-snak"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/17_%D1%87%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="17 чэрвеня">17 чэрвеня</a> <a href="/wiki/2001" title="2001">2001</a></span><span style="display:none">(<span class="dday">2001-06-17</span>)</span></span><sup id="cite_ref-_4e5825a8c283dfc8_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-_4e5825a8c283dfc8-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-_29e145673f9b3cc1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-_29e145673f9b3cc1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q135151#P570" class="extiw" title="d:Q135151">[…]</a></sup> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">(82 гады)</span></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="plainlist">Месца смерці</th> <td class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span data-wikidata-claim-id="q135151$991D5619-D746-466C-B38E-8463CE4C7FC8" class="wikidata-claim" data-wikidata-property-id="P20"><span class="wikidata-snak wikidata-main-snak"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BC-%D0%94%D1%8D%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82" title="Палм-Дэзерт">Палм Дэзерт</a></span>, <span class="wikidata-snak wikidata-main-snak"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B4_(%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0)" title="Рыверсайд (акруга)">акруга Рыверсайд</a></span>, <span class="wikidata-snak wikidata-main-snak"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Каліфорнія">Каліфорнія</a></span>, <span class="wikidata-snak wikidata-main-snak"><a href="/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Злучаныя Штаты Амерыкі">ЗША</a></span><sup id="cite_ref-_e4122f612bf3bff3_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-_e4122f612bf3bff3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-_bc88fb2ad3d643fe_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-_bc88fb2ad3d643fe-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></li></ul></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="plainlist">Грамадзянства</th> <td class="adr plainlist"> <ul><li><span data-wikidata-claim-id="q135151$5513EB90-3649-4386-8605-B4BAF0A85312" class="wikidata-claim" data-wikidata-property-id="P27"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span> <span class="country-name"><span class="wikidata-snak wikidata-main-snak"><a href="/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Злучаныя Штаты Амерыкі">ЗША</a></span><sup id="cite_ref-_c0fa2a2e94c0b856_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-_c0fa2a2e94c0b856-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-_e365fd4a9612f22e_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-_e365fd4a9612f22e-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q135151#P27" class="extiw" title="d:Q135151">[…]</a></sup></span></span></li></ul></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="plainlist">Род дзейнасці</th> <td class="note plainlist"> <span data-wikidata-claim-id="Q135151$27D9C650-1556-4FB0-AD76-4DB1576E2424" class="wikidata-claim" data-wikidata-property-id="P106"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="Хімік">хімік</a></span>, <span data-wikidata-claim-id="Q135151$8D5EDBEF-F446-4441-8481-0D94C402190B" class="wikidata-claim" data-wikidata-property-id="P106"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1622272" class="extiw" title="d:Q1622272">выкладчык універсітэта</a></span></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="plainlist">Навуковая сфера</th> <td class="plainlist"> <span data-wikidata-claim-id="Q135151$2DFBC43B-D2B9-4BE3-972D-84150895DD68" class="wikidata-claim" data-wikidata-property-id="P101"><span class="wikidata-snak wikidata-main-snak"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Хімія">хімія</a></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="plainlist">Месца працы</th> <td class="org plainlist"> <ul><li><span data-wikidata-claim-id="Q135151$C668FB65-CD8F-4880-B897-D000332DB2B7" class="wikidata-claim" data-wikidata-property-id="P108"><span class="wikidata-snak wikidata-main-snak"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D1%9E%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D1%96%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%82_%D1%83_%D0%9B%D0%BE%D1%81-%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5" title="Каліфарнійскі ўніверсітэт у Лос-Анджэлесе">Каліфарнійскі ўніверсітэт у Лос-Анджэлесе</a></span></span></li></ul></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="plainlist">Альма-матар</th> <td class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span data-wikidata-claim-id="Q135151$BE917CD4-AA52-4EAF-A81B-2D1E369099DB" class="wikidata-claim" data-wikidata-property-id="P69"><span class="wikidata-snak wikidata-main-snak"><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://be.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81-%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B6&action=edit"><span style="color:var(--color-link-red, #d73333); text-decoration:inherit; text-decoration-color:var(--color-link-red, #d73333);">Ролінс-каледж</span></a></span><sup><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2164222" class="extiw" title="d:Q2164222">[d]</a></sup></span></span></li><li><span data-wikidata-claim-id="Q135151$7F524136-4893-4DE7-A0B8-2F927097873C" class="wikidata-claim" data-wikidata-property-id="P69"><span class="wikidata-snak wikidata-main-snak"><a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D1%9E%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D1%96%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%82" title="Гарвардскі ўніверсітэт">Гарвардскі ўніверсітэт</a></span> (<span data-wikidata-hash="d66f4e130bb96924757c1a7dd0fee0ad8741547c" class="wikidata-snak"><span class="nowrap">1947</span></span>)</span></li><li><span data-wikidata-claim-id="Q135151$3AEDD285-D69A-4706-956B-AB52E08451F2" class="wikidata-claim" data-wikidata-property-id="P69"><span class="wikidata-snak wikidata-main-snak"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D1%9E%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D1%96%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%82_%D1%83_%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Небраскаўскі ўніверсітэт у Лінкальне">Універсітэт Небраскі-Лінкальна</a></span></span></li></ul></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="plainlist">Навуковы кіраўнік</th> <td class="plainlist"> <span data-wikidata-claim-id="Q135151$A9101022-E839-4FFD-B3AC-6D014F98B884" class="wikidata-claim" data-wikidata-property-id="P184"><span class="wikidata-snak wikidata-main-snak"><span lang="en"><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://be.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Louis+Fieser&action=edit"><span style="color:var(--color-link-red, #d73333); text-decoration:inherit; text-decoration-color:var(--color-link-red, #d73333);">Louis Fieser</span></a></span></span><sup><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q384156" class="extiw" title="d:Q384156">[d]</a></sup></span></span></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="plainlist">Вядомы як</th> <td class="note plainlist"> правіла Крама (асіметрычная індукцыя), <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A5%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%86%D1%8C-%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Хімія госць-гаспадар (няма такой старонкі)">комплексы тыпу «госць-гаспадар»</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Парацыклафаны (няма такой старонкі)">парацыклафаны</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="plainlist">Член у</th> <td class="note plainlist"> <ul><li><span data-wikidata-claim-id="Q135151$0DA7BD8C-5785-4A02-9F21-60F033B1C9AE" class="wikidata-claim" data-wikidata-property-id="P463"><span class="wikidata-snak wikidata-main-snak"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%BA_%D0%97%D0%A8%D0%90" title="Нацыянальная акадэмія навук ЗША">Нацыянальная акадэмія навук ЗША</a></span><sup id="cite_ref-_31a2993933610808_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-_31a2993933610808-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></li><li><span data-wikidata-claim-id="Q135151$40C725E2-9275-4CDE-9DF4-7F097ECFA647" class="wikidata-claim" data-wikidata-property-id="P463"><span class="wikidata-snak wikidata-main-snak"><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9E_%D1%96_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%BA" title="Амерыканская акадэмія мастацтваў і навук">Амерыканская акадэмія мастацтваў і навук</a></span></span></li></ul></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="plainlist">Узнагароды</th> <td class="plainlist"> <div style="text-align:justify"><span class="wikidata-claim" data-wikidata-property-id="P166[!STATEMENT:P31{Q378427}][!STATEMENT:P31{Q5257307}]" data-wikidata-claim-id="Q135151$B58F68FD-9858-4402-8FEE-61594004A69F"><span class="wikidata-snak wikidata-main-snak"><p style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%93%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Грант Гугенхайма">грант Гугенхайма</a> (<span class="nowrap">1954</span>)</p></span></span> <span class="wikidata-claim" data-wikidata-property-id="P166[!STATEMENT:P31{Q378427}][!STATEMENT:P31{Q5257307}]" data-wikidata-claim-id="Q135151$945AABE9-6DA4-452D-956A-1229A4E29053"><span class="wikidata-snak wikidata-main-snak"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D1%85%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%96" title="Нобелеўская прэмія па хіміі"><img alt="Нобелеўская прэмія па хіміі" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/40px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/60px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/80px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="150" /></a></span></span></span> <span class="wikidata-claim" data-wikidata-property-id="P166[!STATEMENT:P31{Q378427}][!STATEMENT:P31{Q5257307}]" data-wikidata-claim-id="Q135151$D4DC22CE-E6D3-4B23-B186-0B3BE943ED6B"><span class="wikidata-snak wikidata-main-snak"><p style="text-align:left"><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://be.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D0%BF%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F+%D0%A3%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0+%D0%93%D1%96%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%B0&action=edit"><span style="color:var(--color-link-red, #d73333); text-decoration:inherit; text-decoration-color:var(--color-link-red, #d73333);">прэмія Уіларда Гібса</span></a></span><sup><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q902788" class="extiw" title="d:Q902788">[d]</a></sup> (<span class="nowrap">1985</span>)</p></span></span> <span class="wikidata-claim" data-wikidata-property-id="P166[!STATEMENT:P31{Q378427}][!STATEMENT:P31{Q5257307}]" data-wikidata-claim-id="Q135151$3D13CDA2-4B25-4A23-8274-F9406FFB4E7E"><span class="wikidata-snak wikidata-main-snak"><p style="text-align:left"><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://be.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D0%A3%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0+%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0+%D1%85%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0+%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0+%D0%B7%D0%B0+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%83+%D1%9E+%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B5+%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9+%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9+%D1%85%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%96&action=edit"><span style="color:var(--color-link-red, #d73333); text-decoration:inherit; text-decoration-color:var(--color-link-red, #d73333);">Узнагарода Амерыканскага хімічнага таварыства за працу ў галіне сінтэтычнай арганічнай хіміі</span></a></span><sup><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15782921" class="extiw" title="d:Q15782921">[d]</a></sup> (<span class="nowrap">1965</span>)</p></span></span> <span class="wikidata-claim" data-wikidata-property-id="P166[!STATEMENT:P31{Q378427}][!STATEMENT:P31{Q5257307}]" data-wikidata-claim-id="Q135151$9D93ADC7-6D20-4774-A9EF-DE9055241AEF"><span class="wikidata-snak wikidata-main-snak"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%97%D0%A8%D0%90" title="Нацыянальны навуковы медаль ЗША"><img alt="Нацыянальны навуковы медаль ЗША" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/National_Medal_of_Science.jpg/40px-National_Medal_of_Science.jpg" decoding="async" width="40" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/National_Medal_of_Science.jpg/60px-National_Medal_of_Science.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/National_Medal_of_Science.jpg/80px-National_Medal_of_Science.jpg 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="594" /></a></span></span></span> <span class="wikidata-claim" data-wikidata-property-id="P166[!STATEMENT:P31{Q378427}][!STATEMENT:P31{Q5257307}]" data-wikidata-claim-id="Q135151$8DE01330-870B-4677-84DA-35C8BDF2E45C"><span class="wikidata-snak wikidata-main-snak"><p style="text-align:left"><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://be.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D0%BF%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F+%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9+%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%96+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%BA+%D0%97%D0%A8%D0%90+%D1%9E+%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B5+%D1%85%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%BA&action=edit"><span style="color:var(--color-link-red, #d73333); text-decoration:inherit; text-decoration-color:var(--color-link-red, #d73333);">прэмія Нацыянальнай акадэміі навук ЗША ў галіне хімічных навук</span></a></span><sup><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905656" class="extiw" title="d:Q905656">[d]</a></sup> (<span class="nowrap">1992</span>)</p></span></span> <span class="wikidata-claim" data-wikidata-property-id="P166[!STATEMENT:P31{Q378427}][!STATEMENT:P31{Q5257307}]" data-wikidata-claim-id="Q135151$23039B59-1039-42DA-974B-ADC4A2846326"><span class="wikidata-snak wikidata-main-snak"><p style="text-align:left"><span lang="en"><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://be.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tolman+Award&action=edit"><span style="color:var(--color-link-red, #d73333); text-decoration:inherit; text-decoration-color:var(--color-link-red, #d73333);">Tolman Award</span></a></span></span><sup><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15851109" class="extiw" title="d:Q15851109">[d]</a></sup> (<span class="nowrap">1984</span>)</p></span></span> <span class="wikidata-claim" data-wikidata-property-id="P166[!STATEMENT:P31{Q378427}][!STATEMENT:P31{Q5257307}]" data-wikidata-claim-id="Q135151$710D17D6-2BE6-40DD-A76B-6FF036A742DF"><span class="wikidata-snak wikidata-main-snak"><p style="text-align:left"><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://be.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D0%BF%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F+%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%8F+%D0%90%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0+%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%9E%D0%BF%D0%B0&action=edit"><span style="color:var(--color-link-red, #d73333); text-decoration:inherit; text-decoration-color:var(--color-link-red, #d73333);">прэмія імя Артура Коўпа</span></a></span><sup><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2475932" class="extiw" title="d:Q2475932">[d]</a></sup> (<span class="nowrap">1974</span>)</p></span></span> <span class="wikidata-claim" data-wikidata-property-id="P166[!STATEMENT:P31{Q378427}][!STATEMENT:P31{Q5257307}]" data-wikidata-claim-id="Q135151$2512FC41-C018-4D3F-9C78-6CAE040CA0F5"><span class="wikidata-snak wikidata-main-snak"><p style="text-align:left"><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://be.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F+%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%8F&action=edit"><span style="color:var(--color-link-red, #d73333); text-decoration:inherit; text-decoration-color:var(--color-link-red, #d73333);">Прэмія стагоддзя</span></a></span><sup><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18560142" class="extiw" title="d:Q18560142">[d]</a></sup> (<span class="nowrap">1975</span>)</p></span></span> <span class="wikidata-claim" data-wikidata-property-id="P166[!STATEMENT:P31{Q378427}][!STATEMENT:P31{Q5257307}]" data-wikidata-claim-id="Q135151$23766657-474a-439b-4ae9-d3b47105f596"><span class="wikidata-snak wikidata-main-snak"><p style="text-align:left"><span lang="en"><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://be.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glenn+T.+Seaborg+Medal&action=edit"><span style="color:var(--color-link-red, #d73333); text-decoration:inherit; text-decoration-color:var(--color-link-red, #d73333);">Glenn T. Seaborg Medal</span></a></span></span><sup><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901607" class="extiw" title="d:Q901607">[d]</a></sup> (<span class="nowrap">1989</span>)</p></span></span> <span class="wikidata-claim" data-wikidata-property-id="P166[!STATEMENT:P31{Q378427}][!STATEMENT:P31{Q5257307}]" data-wikidata-claim-id="Q135151$fc8fae6e-4a8e-22c5-ba9a-cd5cd30137be"><span class="wikidata-snak wikidata-main-snak"><p style="text-align:left"><span lang="en"><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://be.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roger+Adams+Award+in+Organic+Chemistry&action=edit"><span style="color:var(--color-link-red, #d73333); text-decoration:inherit; text-decoration-color:var(--color-link-red, #d73333);">Roger Adams Award in Organic Chemistry</span></a></span></span><sup><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15842831" class="extiw" title="d:Q15842831">[d]</a></sup> (<span class="nowrap">1985</span>)</p></span></span></div></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>Дональд Джэймс Крэм</b>, таксама <b>Крам</b> (<span style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/22_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="22 красавіка">22 красавіка</a> <a href="/wiki/1919" title="1919">1919</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%8D%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80" title="Чэстэр">Чэстэр</a> (<a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Вермонт">Вермонт</a>), <a href="/wiki/%D0%97%D0%A8%D0%90" class="mw-redirect" title="ЗША">ЗША</a> — <a href="/wiki/17_%D1%87%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="17 чэрвеня">17 чэрвеня</a> <a href="/wiki/2001" title="2001">2001</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BC_%D0%94%D1%8D%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Палм Дэзерт (няма такой старонкі)">Палм Дэзерт</a> (<a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Каліфорнія">штат Каліфорнія</a>), ЗША) — амерыканскі хімік, лаўрэат <a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D1%85%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%96" title="Нобелеўская прэмія па хіміі">Нобелеўскай прэміі па хіміі</a> (1987), якую ён падзяліў з Чарльзам Педэрсенам і Жан-Мары Ленам) «за распрацоўку і прымяненне малекул са структурна-спецыфічнымі ўзаемадзеяннямі з высокай селектыўнасцю». Вядомы па правіле Крэма, мадэлі, якая прадказвае вынік нуклеафільнай атакі карбанільнай групы. Разам з Ленам і Педэрсенам заснаваў т.зв. хімію комплексу «госць-гаспадар», вобласць супрамалекулярнай хіміі. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Зноскі"><span id=".D0.97.D0.BD.D0.BE.D1.81.D0.BA.D1.96"></span>Зноскі</h2></div> <div class="reflist columns" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-_4e5825a8c283dfc8-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-_4e5825a8c283dfc8_1-0"><sup><i><b>а</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-_4e5825a8c283dfc8_1-1"><sup><i><b>б</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="wikidata_cite citetype_Q615699" data-entity-id="Q5375741"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://global.britannica.com/biography/Donald-J-Cram">Donald J. Cram</a> // <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Online" class="extiw" title="en:Encyclopædia Britannica Online">Encyclopædia Britannica</a><span class="wef_low_priority_links"></span> <small>Праверана 9 кастрычніка 2017.</small></span><div style="display:none"><a href="<a class="external free" href="https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q5375741">https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q5375741</a>"></a></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-_29e145673f9b3cc1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-_29e145673f9b3cc1_2-0"><sup><i><b>а</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-_29e145673f9b3cc1_2-1"><sup><i><b>б</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="wikidata_cite citetype_Q207694 citetype_Q24699794 citetype_Q570116" data-entity-id="Q201469">Donald J. Cram // Музей Саламона Гугенхайма<span class="wef_low_priority_links"> — 1937.</span> <small>Праверана 9 кастрычніка 2017.</small></span><div style="display:none"><a href="<a class="external free" href="https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q10498496">https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q10498496</a>"></a><a href="<a class="external free" href="https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q201469">https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q201469</a>"></a></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-_2301d8f05acbe569-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-_2301d8f05acbe569_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pdf.oac.cdlib.org/pdf/ucla/mss/cramd570.pdf">Donald J. Cram papers, 1937-2002</a><span class="wef_low_priority_links"> — <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60643992" class="extiw" title="d:Q60643992">OAC</a>. — P. 2.</span><div style="display:none"><a href="<a class="external free" href="https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q60643992">https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q60643992</a>"></a></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-_e4122f612bf3bff3-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-_e4122f612bf3bff3_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="wikidata_cite citetype_Q212805 citetype_Q1789476" data-entity-id="Q206033"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q206033" class="extiw" title="d:Q206033">Google Books</a><span class="wef_low_priority_links"> — 2005.</span></span><div style="display:none"><a href="<a class="external free" href="https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q206033">https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q206033</a>"></a></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-_bc88fb2ad3d643fe-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-_bc88fb2ad3d643fe_5-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="wikidata_cite citetype_Q13442814" data-entity-id="Q73848067"><i class="wef_low_priority_links">M. Frederick Hawthorne</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v412/n6848/full/412696a0.html">Donald J. Cram (1919–2001)</a> // <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_(journal)" class="extiw" title="en:Nature (journal)">Nature</a></i><span class="wef_low_priority_links"> / <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdalena_Skipper" class="extiw" title="en:Magdalena Skipper">M. Skipper</a> — <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_Portfolio" class="extiw" title="en:Nature Portfolio">NPG</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media" class="extiw" title="en:Springer Science+Business Media">Springer Science+Business Media</a>, 2001. — Vol. 412, Iss. 6848. — P. 696. — 1 p. — ISSN <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1476-4687">1476-4687</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0028-0836">0028-0836</a> — <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35089181">doi:10.1038/35089181</a></span></span><div style="display:none"><a href="<a class="external free" href="https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q73848067">https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q73848067</a>"></a><a href="<a class="external free" href="https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q176916">https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q176916</a>"></a><a href="<a class="external free" href="https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q180419">https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q180419</a>"></a><a href="<a class="external free" href="https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q52661223">https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q52661223</a>"></a><a href="<a class="external free" href="https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q180445">https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q180445</a>"></a></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-_c0fa2a2e94c0b856-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-_c0fa2a2e94c0b856_6-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="wikidata_cite citetype_Q7094076 citetype_Q35127 citetype_Q36524 citetype_Q43229" data-entity-id="Q1373513"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nndb.com/people/671/000100371/">NNDB</a><span class="wef_low_priority_links"> — 2002.</span></span><div style="display:none"><a href="<a class="external free" href="https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q1373513">https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q1373513</a>"></a></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-_e365fd4a9612f22e-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-_e365fd4a9612f22e_7-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="wikidata_cite citetype_Q3331189" data-entity-id="Q28970153"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-2830905599.html">Cram, Donald J.</a> // <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia.com" class="extiw" title="en:Encyclopedia.com">Encyclopedia.com</a></i><span class="wef_low_priority_links"> — <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8D%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%82" title="Дэтройт">Detroit</a>: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Scribner%27s_Sons" class="extiw" title="en:Charles Scribner's Sons">Charles Scribner's Sons</a>, 2008. — <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5:BookSources/9780684315591" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-684-31559-1</a></span></span><div style="display:none"><a href="<a class="external free" href="https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q12439">https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q12439</a>"></a><a href="<a class="external free" href="https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q28970153">https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q28970153</a>"></a><a href="<a class="external free" href="https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q845617">https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q845617</a>"></a><a href="<a class="external free" href="https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q48968006">https://wikidata.org/wiki/Track:Q48968006</a>"></a></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-_31a2993933610808-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-_31a2993933610808_8-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/deceased-members/56650.html">http://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/deceased-members/56650.html</a><span class="wef_low_priority_links"></span><div style="display:none"></div></span> </li> </ol></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Літаратура"><span id=".D0.9B.D1.96.D1.82.D0.B0.D1.80.D0.B0.D1.82.D1.83.D1.80.D0.B0"></span>Літаратура</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4_%D0%94%D0%B6%D1%8D%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BC&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Правіць раздзел: Літаратура" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>правіць</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4_%D0%94%D0%B6%D1%8D%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BC&action=edit&section=1" title="Правіць зыходнік раздзела: Літаратура"><span>правіць зыходнік</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>БЭ ў 18 тамах. Т.8, Мн., 1999, С.536</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Спасылкі"><span id=".D0.A1.D0.BF.D0.B0.D1.81.D1.8B.D0.BB.D0.BA.D1.96"></span>Спасылкі</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4_%D0%94%D0%B6%D1%8D%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BC&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Правіць раздзел: Спасылкі" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>правіць</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4_%D0%94%D0%B6%D1%8D%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BC&action=edit&section=2" title="Правіць зыходнік раздзела: Спасылкі"><span>правіць зыходнік</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1987/cram-autobio.html">Біяграфія на сайце Нобелеўскага камітэта.</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r4785216">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Лаўрэаты_Нобелеўскай_прэміі_па_хіміі_ў_1976—2000_гадах" data-name="Нобелеўская прэмія па хіміі 1976—2000" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist hlist-items-nowrap collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><span class="navbox-gear" style="float:left;text-align:left;width:5em;margin-right:0.5em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD:%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D1%85%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%96_1976%E2%80%942000" title="Прагляд гэтага шаблона"><img alt="⛭" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Wikipedia_interwiki_section_gear_icon.svg/14px-Wikipedia_interwiki_section_gear_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Wikipedia_interwiki_section_gear_icon.svg/21px-Wikipedia_interwiki_section_gear_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Wikipedia_interwiki_section_gear_icon.svg/28px-Wikipedia_interwiki_section_gear_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="14" data-file-height="14" /></a></span></span><div id="Лаўрэаты_Нобелеўскай_прэміі_па_хіміі_ў_1976—2000_гадах" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 5em">Лаўрэаты <a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D1%85%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%96" title="Нобелеўская прэмія па хіміі">Нобелеўскай прэміі па хіміі</a> ў 1976—2000 гадах</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BC_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1" title="Уільям Нан Ліпскамб">Ліпскамб</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%87_%D0%9F%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B6%D1%8B%D0%BD" title="Ілья Раманавіч Прыгожын">Прыгожын</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80_%D0%94%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81_%D0%9C%D1%96%D1%87%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Пітэр Дэніс Мічэл">Мічэл</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B7_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%BD" title="Герберт Чарлз Браўн">Браўн</a> / <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3_%D0%92%D1%96%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B3" title="Георг Вітыг">Вітыг</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Пол Берг">Берг</a> / <a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80_%D0%93%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82" title="Уолтэр Гілберт">Гілберт</a> / <a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B4%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BA_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Фрэдэрык Сенгер">Сенгер</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8D%D0%BD%E2%80%99%D1%96%D1%86%D1%96_%D0%A4%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%96" title="Кэн’іці Фукуі">Фукуі</a> / <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4_%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Роалд Хофман">Хофман</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B3" title="Аарон Клуг">Клуг</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%80%D1%8B_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%B1%D1%8D" title="Генры Таўбэ">Таўбэ</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%91%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B4" title="Роберт Брус Мерыфілд">Мерыфілд</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%90%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Херберт Аарон Хаўптман">Хаўптман</a> / <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Джэром Карле">Карле</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BB%D1%96_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%A5%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%85" title="Дадлі Роберт Хершбах">Хершбах</a> / <a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96_%D0%AE%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%87%D0%B6%D1%8D" title="Лі Юаньчжэ">Лі</a> / <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B7_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96" title="Джон Чарлз Полані">Полані</a> (1986)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Крэм</a> / <a href="/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Жан Мары Лен">Лен</a> / <a href="/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B7_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Чарлз Педэрсен">Педэрсен</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%86%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Іаган Дайзенхофер">Дайзенхофер</a> / <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%A5%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Роберт Хубер">Хубер</a> / <a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%82_%D0%9C%D1%96%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Хартмут Міхель">Міхель</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%9E%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Сідней Олтмен">Олтмен</a> / <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%A7%D1%8D%D0%BA" title="Томас Чэк">Чэк</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F%D1%81_%D0%94%D0%B6%D1%8D%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Эліяс Джэймс Коры">Коры</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8B%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82" title="Рыхард Эрнст">Эрнст</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81" title="Рудольф Маркус">Маркус</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8B_%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%81" title="Кэры Муліс">Муліс</a> / <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%BB_%D0%A1%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%82" title="Майкл Сміт">Сміт</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6_%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Джордж Ола">Ола</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%83%D1%82%D1%86%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Паўль Крутцэн">Крутцэн</a> / <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Марыа Маліна">Маліна</a> / <a href="/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%B4_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%9E%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Шэрвуд Роўланд">Роўланд</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%9A%D1%91%D1%80%D0%BB" title="Роберт Кёрл">Кёрл</a> / <a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Харальд Крота">Крота</a> / <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Рычард Смелі">Смолі</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Пол Боер">Боер</a> / <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%A3%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Джон Эрнст Уокер">Уокер</a> / <a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BD%D1%81_%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%83" title="Енс Крысціян Скоу">Скоу</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Вальтэр Кон">Кон</a> / <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB" title="Джон Попл">Попл</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4_%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BB" title="Ахмед Зевейл">Зевейл</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A5%D1%96%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Алан Хігер">Хігер</a> / <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA-%D0%94%D1%8B%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%B4" title="Алан Мак-Дыярмід">Мак-Дыярмід</a> / <a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%A1%D1%96%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Хідэкі Сіракава">Сіракава</a> (2000)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD:%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D1%85%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%96" title="Шаблон:Нобелеўская прэмія па хіміі">Поўны пералік</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD:%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D1%85%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%96_1901%E2%80%941925" title="Шаблон:Нобелеўская прэмія па хіміі 1901—1925">(1901—1925)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD:%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D1%85%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%96_1926%E2%80%941950" title="Шаблон:Нобелеўская прэмія па хіміі 1926—1950">(1926—1950)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD:%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D1%85%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%96_1951%E2%80%941975" title="Шаблон:Нобелеўская прэмія па хіміі 1951—1975">(1951—1975)</a></li> <li><b>(1976—2000)</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD:%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D1%85%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%96_2001%E2%80%942025" title="Шаблон:Нобелеўская прэмія па хіміі 2001—2025">(2001—2025)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4785216"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Навігацыйны шаблон" data-name="External links" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist toCollapsibleCount navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1px"><div style="padding: 0px 18px 0px 0px; width: 100%;"><div style="float: left;"><span class="noprint plainlinks nowrap" style="font-size:85%;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD:%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Прагляд гэтага шаблона"><img alt="⚙️" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Wikipedia_interwiki_section_gear_icon.svg/14px-Wikipedia_interwiki_section_gear_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Wikipedia_interwiki_section_gear_icon.svg/21px-Wikipedia_interwiki_section_gear_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Wikipedia_interwiki_section_gear_icon.svg/28px-Wikipedia_interwiki_section_gear_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="14" data-file-height="14" /></a></span> </span></div>  Слоўнікі і энцыклапедыі</div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.enciclopedia.cat/enciclopedies/gran-enciclopedia-catalana/EC-GEC-0246486.xml">Вялікая каталанская</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zgbk.com/ecph/words?SiteID=1&ID=510014">Вялікая кітайская</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snl.no/Donald_J._Cram">Вялікая нарвежская</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bigenc.ru/c/kram-donald-dzheims-3f9b18">Вялікая расійская (навукова-адукацыйны партал)</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.krugosvet.ru/enc/istoriya/kram-donald-dzheyms">Кругасвет</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/donald-james-cram">Універсальная літоўская энцыклапедыя</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.1302667">American National Biography</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Donald-J-Cram">Britannica (онлайн)</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brockhaus.de/ecs/enzy/article/cram-donald-james">Brockhaus</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nndb.com/people/671/000100371">Notable Names Database</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/donald-james-cram">Treccani</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.universalis.fr/encyclopedie/donald-james-cram/">Universalis</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1px">Генеалогія і некрапалістыка</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=97728194">Find a Grave</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r3748793">.mw-parser-output .ts-navbox-plaintitle{font-size:100%!important;margin:0 6em!important}</style></div><table class="nowraplinks authoritycontrol collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Нарматыўны_кантроль" class="ts-navbox-plaintitle" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%9E%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Нарматыўны кантроль">Нарматыўны кантроль</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><span title="BIBSYS" style="border-bottom: 1px dotted; cursor: help;">BIBSYS</span>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ask.bibsys.no/ask/action/result?cmd=&kilde=biblio&cql=bs.autid+%3D+90262887&feltselect=bs.autid">90262887</a> · <a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%96" title="Нацыянальная бібліятэка Францыі">BNF</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12281342f">12281342f</a> · <span title="CiNii" style="border-bottom: 1px dotted; cursor: help;">CiNii</span>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00736677">DA00736677</a> · <a href="/wiki/Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/119220253">119220253</a> · <span title="Міжнародны ідэнтыфікатар стандартных найменняў" style="border-bottom: 1px dotted; cursor: help;">ISNI</span>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://isni-url.oclc.nl/isni/0000000115973372">0000000115973372</a> · <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%91%D1%96%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Кантрольны нумар Бібліятэкі Кангрэса">LCCN</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50019077">n50019077</a> · <a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%96" title="Нацыянальная бібліятэка Латвіі">LNB</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://viaf.org/processed/LNB%7CLNC10-000071919">000071919</a> · <a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%AF%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%96" title="Нацыянальная парламенцкая бібліятэка Японіі">NDL</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00436827">00436827</a> · <span title="Нацыянальная бібліятэка Чэхіі" style="border-bottom: 1px dotted; cursor: help;">NKC</span>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aut.nkp.cz/ola2002159029">ola2002159029</a> · <a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D1%87%D1%8B" title="Нацыянальная бібліятэка Польшчы">NLP</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mak.bn.org.pl/cgi-bin/KHW/makwww.exe?BM=01&IM=04&NU=01&WI=a0000002148267">a0000002148267</a> · <span title="KB National Library of the Netherlands" style="border-bottom: 1px dotted; cursor: help;">NTA</span>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p069286132">069286132</a> · <span title="NUKAT" style="border-bottom: 1px dotted; cursor: help;">NUKAT</span>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://viaf.org/processed/NUKAT%7Cn2003061153">n2003061153</a> · <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%96" title="Каралеўская бібліятэка Швецыі">LIBRIS</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libris.kb.se/auth/182405">182405</a> · <span title="SUDOC" style="border-bottom: 1px dotted; cursor: help;">SUDOC</span>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.idref.fr/031635857">031635857</a> · <a href="/wiki/Virtual_International_Authority_File" title="Virtual International Authority File">VIAF</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://viaf.org/viaf/12760021">12760021</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Узята з 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Frederick Hawthorne»\nGot person name of Q52661223 from label: «Magdalena Skipper»\npersonNameToResponsibleName: «Magdalena Skipper»: have «Im Fa» match\nGot title of Q180419 from short name claim: «NPG»\nGot title of Q176916 from label: «Springer Science+Business Media»\nGot title of Q48968006 from label: «Encyclopedia.com»\nGot title of Q12439 from label: «Detroit»\nGot title of Q845617 from label: «Charles Scribner's Sons»\nLoaded datatype time of P582 from wikidata, consider passing datatype argument to formatProperty call or to Wikidata/config\nLoaded datatype wikibase-item of P184 from wikidata, consider passing datatype argument to formatProperty call or to Wikidata/config\nLoaded datatype wikibase-item of P802 from wikidata, consider passing datatype argument to formatProperty call or to Wikidata/config\nstatement, value: P31{Q378427}\nstatement, value: P31{Q5257307}\nfilterByStatement, filter value before replacing: P31{Q378427}\nfilterByStatement, filter value: P31[Q378427]\nstatementValue: Q1316544\nstatementValue: Q44585\nstatementValue: Q902788\nstatementValue: Q15782921\nstatementValue: Q737051\nstatementValue: Q905656\nstatementValue: Q15851109\nstatementValue: Q2475932\nstatementValue: Q18560142\nstatementValue: Q901607\nstatementValue: Q15842831\nfilterByStatement, filter value before replacing: P31{Q5257307}\nfilterByStatement, filter value: P31[Q5257307]\nstatementValue: Q1316544\nstatementValue: Q44585\nstatementValue: Q902788\nstatementValue: Q15782921\nstatementValue: Q737051\nstatementValue: Q905656\nstatementValue: Q15851109\nstatementValue: Q2475932\nstatementValue: Q18560142\nstatementValue: Q901607\nstatementValue: Q15842831\nstatement, value: P31{Q378427}\nstatement, value: P31{Q5257307}\nfilterByStatement, filter value before replacing: P31{Q378427}\nfilterByStatement, filter value: P31[Q378427]\nstatementValue: Q1316544\ninsert statement\nstatementValue: Q44585\ninsert statement\nstatementValue: Q902788\ninsert statement\nstatementValue: Q15782921\ninsert statement\nstatementValue: Q737051\ninsert statement\nstatementValue: Q905656\ninsert statement\nstatementValue: Q15851109\ninsert statement\nstatementValue: Q2475932\ninsert statement\nstatementValue: Q18560142\ninsert statement\nstatementValue: Q901607\ninsert statement\nstatementValue: Q15842831\ninsert statement\nfilterByStatement, filter value before replacing: P31{Q5257307}\nfilterByStatement, filter value: P31[Q5257307]\nstatementValue: Q1316544\ninsert statement\nstatementValue: Q44585\ninsert statement\nstatementValue: Q902788\ninsert statement\nstatementValue: Q15782921\ninsert statement\nstatementValue: Q737051\ninsert statement\nstatementValue: Q905656\ninsert statement\nstatementValue: Q15851109\ninsert statement\nstatementValue: Q2475932\ninsert statement\nstatementValue: Q18560142\ninsert statement\nstatementValue: Q901607\ninsert statement\nstatementValue: Q15842831\ninsert statement\ntable#1 {\n [\"P585\"] = table#2 {\n table#3 {\n [\"datatype\"] = \"time\",\n [\"datavalue\"] = table#4 {\n [\"type\"] = \"time\",\n [\"value\"] = table#5 {\n [\"after\"] = 0,\n [\"before\"] = 0,\n [\"calendarmodel\"] = \"http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q1985727\",\n [\"precision\"] = 9,\n [\"time\"] = \"+1954-00-00T00:00:00Z\",\n [\"timezone\"] = 0,\n },\n },\n [\"hash\"] = \"12b9fd469993f71b3af92619cc1a44aef6b1dda7\",\n [\"property\"] = \"P585\",\n [\"snaktype\"] = \"value\",\n },\n },\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"P1706\"] = table#2 {\n table#3 {\n [\"datatype\"] = \"wikibase-item\",\n [\"datavalue\"] = table#4 {\n [\"type\"] = \"wikibase-entityid\",\n [\"value\"] = table#5 {\n [\"entity-type\"] = \"item\",\n [\"id\"] = \"Q107690\",\n [\"numeric-id\"] = 107690,\n },\n },\n [\"hash\"] = \"5ed2daa8ae23225d4f047dc4234e30bf47ea9049\",\n [\"property\"] = \"P1706\",\n [\"snaktype\"] = \"value\",\n },\n table#6 {\n [\"datatype\"] = \"wikibase-item\",\n [\"datavalue\"] = table#7 {\n [\"type\"] = \"wikibase-entityid\",\n [\"value\"] = table#8 {\n [\"entity-type\"] = \"item\",\n [\"id\"] = \"Q244998\",\n [\"numeric-id\"] = 244998,\n },\n },\n [\"hash\"] = \"0facfc781fc703fb2aa25a6ac651cf3caecef212\",\n [\"property\"] = \"P1706\",\n [\"snaktype\"] = \"value\",\n },\n },\n [\"P2121\"] = table#9 {\n table#10 {\n [\"datatype\"] = \"quantity\",\n [\"datavalue\"] = table#11 {\n [\"type\"] = \"quantity\",\n [\"value\"] = table#12 {\n [\"amount\"] = \"+725000\",\n [\"unit\"] = \"http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q122922\",\n },\n },\n [\"hash\"] = \"719bf7df9f18c633637d2d51f76be49a67b13196\",\n [\"property\"] = \"P2121\",\n [\"snaktype\"] = \"value\",\n },\n },\n [\"P585\"] = table#13 {\n table#14 {\n [\"datatype\"] = \"time\",\n [\"datavalue\"] = table#15 {\n [\"type\"] = \"time\",\n [\"value\"] = table#16 {\n [\"after\"] = 0,\n [\"before\"] = 0,\n [\"calendarmodel\"] = \"http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q1985727\",\n [\"precision\"] = 9,\n [\"time\"] = \"+1987-01-01T00:00:00Z\",\n [\"timezone\"] = 0,\n },\n },\n [\"hash\"] = \"6f9e313de0bfb79712a913af6203090f9bf7ab51\",\n [\"property\"] = \"P585\",\n [\"snaktype\"] = \"value\",\n },\n },\n [\"P6208\"] = table#17 {\n table#18 {\n [\"datatype\"] = \"monolingualtext\",\n [\"datavalue\"] = table#19 {\n [\"type\"] = \"monolingualtext\",\n [\"value\"] = table#20 {\n [\"language\"] = \"en\",\n [\"text\"] = \"for their development and use of molecules with structure-specific interactions of high selectivity\",\n },\n },\n [\"hash\"] = \"b8e7f5c0653ee9aa71e7d3c41b99deca81203543\",\n [\"property\"] = \"P6208\",\n [\"snaktype\"] = \"value\",\n },\n table#21 {\n [\"datatype\"] = \"monolingualtext\",\n [\"datavalue\"] = table#22 {\n [\"type\"] = \"monolingualtext\",\n [\"value\"] = table#23 {\n [\"language\"] = \"sv\",\n [\"text\"] = \"för deras utveckling och användning av molekyler med strukturspecifik växelverkan av hög selektivitet\",\n },\n },\n [\"hash\"] = \"8c5bf242c6e59fe34c0157efea4c0c450b69cc5d\",\n [\"property\"] = \"P6208\",\n [\"snaktype\"] = \"value\",\n },\n },\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"P585\"] = table#2 {\n table#3 {\n [\"datatype\"] = \"time\",\n [\"datavalue\"] = table#4 {\n [\"type\"] = \"time\",\n [\"value\"] = table#5 {\n [\"after\"] = 0,\n [\"before\"] = 0,\n [\"calendarmodel\"] = \"http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q1985727\",\n [\"precision\"] = 9,\n [\"time\"] = \"+1985-00-00T00:00:00Z\",\n [\"timezone\"] = 0,\n },\n },\n [\"hash\"] = \"3e98ddc7e45e738ffb8c443426322278b8d3dbc8\",\n [\"property\"] = \"P585\",\n [\"snaktype\"] = \"value\",\n },\n },\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"P585\"] = table#2 {\n table#3 {\n [\"datatype\"] = \"time\",\n [\"datavalue\"] = table#4 {\n [\"type\"] = \"time\",\n [\"value\"] = table#5 {\n [\"after\"] = 0,\n [\"before\"] = 0,\n [\"calendarmodel\"] = \"http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q1985727\",\n [\"precision\"] = 9,\n [\"time\"] = \"+1965-01-01T00:00:00Z\",\n [\"timezone\"] = 0,\n },\n },\n [\"hash\"] = \"866d1ba57547885004724e093d4798a4b0dfaf43\",\n [\"property\"] = \"P585\",\n [\"snaktype\"] = \"value\",\n },\n },\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"P585\"] = table#2 {\n table#3 {\n [\"datatype\"] = \"time\",\n [\"datavalue\"] = table#4 {\n [\"type\"] = \"time\",\n [\"value\"] = table#5 {\n [\"after\"] = 0,\n [\"before\"] = 0,\n [\"calendarmodel\"] = \"http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q1985727\",\n [\"precision\"] = 9,\n [\"time\"] = \"+1993-01-01T00:00:00Z\",\n [\"timezone\"] = 0,\n },\n },\n [\"hash\"] = \"457fcea5f1bfb4d65a2912507a1891e322e65d8a\",\n [\"property\"] = \"P585\",\n [\"snaktype\"] = \"value\",\n },\n },\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"P585\"] = table#2 {\n table#3 {\n [\"datatype\"] = \"time\",\n [\"datavalue\"] = table#4 {\n [\"type\"] = \"time\",\n [\"value\"] = table#5 {\n [\"after\"] = 0,\n [\"before\"] = 0,\n [\"calendarmodel\"] = \"http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q1985727\",\n [\"precision\"] = 9,\n [\"time\"] = \"+1992-00-00T00:00:00Z\",\n [\"timezone\"] = 0,\n },\n },\n [\"hash\"] = \"4552704ecdc9a6e9719c3d80f8b8c3dbfa5c063e\",\n [\"property\"] = \"P585\",\n [\"snaktype\"] = \"value\",\n },\n },\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"P585\"] = table#2 {\n table#3 {\n [\"datatype\"] = \"time\",\n [\"datavalue\"] = table#4 {\n [\"type\"] = \"time\",\n [\"value\"] = table#5 {\n [\"after\"] = 0,\n [\"before\"] = 0,\n [\"calendarmodel\"] = \"http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q1985727\",\n [\"precision\"] = 9,\n [\"time\"] = \"+1984-00-00T00:00:00Z\",\n [\"timezone\"] = 0,\n },\n },\n [\"hash\"] = \"5e32e62c61c51f9f6a5e8643f35af966de57859d\",\n [\"property\"] = \"P585\",\n [\"snaktype\"] = \"value\",\n },\n },\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"P585\"] = table#2 {\n table#3 {\n [\"datatype\"] = \"time\",\n [\"datavalue\"] = table#4 {\n [\"type\"] = \"time\",\n [\"value\"] = table#5 {\n [\"after\"] = 0,\n [\"before\"] = 0,\n [\"calendarmodel\"] = \"http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q1985727\",\n [\"precision\"] = 9,\n [\"time\"] = \"+1974-01-01T00:00:00Z\",\n [\"timezone\"] = 0,\n },\n },\n [\"hash\"] = \"3db35603751d2b00b72df41a9e4c11066a270803\",\n [\"property\"] = \"P585\",\n [\"snaktype\"] = \"value\",\n },\n },\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"P585\"] = table#2 {\n table#3 {\n [\"datatype\"] = \"time\",\n [\"datavalue\"] = table#4 {\n [\"type\"] = \"time\",\n [\"value\"] = table#5 {\n [\"after\"] = 0,\n [\"before\"] = 0,\n [\"calendarmodel\"] = \"http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q1985727\",\n [\"precision\"] = 9,\n [\"time\"] = \"+1975-01-01T00:00:00Z\",\n [\"timezone\"] = 0,\n },\n },\n [\"hash\"] = \"895ef3860f70b1a819af239444132e8a1640c7f0\",\n [\"property\"] = \"P585\",\n [\"snaktype\"] = \"value\",\n },\n },\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"P585\"] = table#2 {\n table#3 {\n [\"datatype\"] = \"time\",\n [\"datavalue\"] = table#4 {\n [\"type\"] = \"time\",\n [\"value\"] = table#5 {\n [\"after\"] = 0,\n [\"before\"] = 0,\n [\"calendarmodel\"] = \"http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q1985727\",\n [\"precision\"] = 9,\n [\"time\"] = \"+1989-00-00T00:00:00Z\",\n [\"timezone\"] = 0,\n },\n },\n [\"hash\"] = \"bf75cabfd52bf42741e5e375fe2cd2ba6a18693a\",\n [\"property\"] = \"P585\",\n [\"snaktype\"] = \"value\",\n },\n },\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"P585\"] = table#2 {\n table#3 {\n [\"datatype\"] = \"time\",\n [\"datavalue\"] = table#4 {\n [\"type\"] = \"time\",\n [\"value\"] = table#5 {\n [\"after\"] = 0,\n [\"before\"] = 0,\n [\"calendarmodel\"] = \"http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q1985727\",\n [\"precision\"] = 9,\n [\"time\"] = \"+1985-00-00T00:00:00Z\",\n [\"timezone\"] = 0,\n },\n },\n [\"hash\"] = \"3e98ddc7e45e738ffb8c443426322278b8d3dbc8\",\n [\"property\"] = \"P585\",\n [\"snaktype\"] = \"value\",\n },\n },\n}\nLoaded datatype time of P582 from wikidata, consider passing datatype argument to formatProperty call or to Wikidata/config\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getEntity","340","32.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getEntityStatements","300","28.8"],["recursiveClone 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