CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Soil - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"f7c69353-4cf7-4ab8-b26a-a0ff11626db8","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Soil","wgTitle":"Soil","wgCurRevisionId":1258650294,"wgRevisionId":1258650294,"wgArticleId":37738,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from August 2023","Articles with permanently dead external links","CS1: long volume value","CS1 errors: missing periodical","CS1 errors: periodical ignored","CS1 French-language sources (fr)","CS1 German-language sources (de)","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages","Wikipedia articles that are excessively detailed from April 2021", "All articles that are excessively detailed","Wikipedia articles with style issues from April 2021","All articles with style issues","Articles containing French-language text","Articles containing German-language text","Free-content attribution","Free content from United Nations Environment Programme","Webarchive template wayback links","Commons category link is on Wikidata","Use dmy dates from June 2019","Soil","Land management","Horticulture","Granularity of materials","Natural materials","Natural resources"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Soil","wgRelevantArticleId":37738,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":["sysop"],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0, "wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":200000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q36133","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options": "loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.tablesorter.styles":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.tablesorter","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface", "ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cjquery.tablesorter.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Stagnogley.JPG/1200px-Stagnogley.JPG"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="936"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Stagnogley.JPG/800px-Stagnogley.JPG"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="624"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Stagnogley.JPG/640px-Stagnogley.JPG"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="499"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Soil - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Soil&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Soil rootpage-Soil skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Soil" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Soil" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Soil" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Soil" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Processes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Processes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Processes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Processes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Composition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Composition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Composition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Composition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Formation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Formation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Physical_properties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physical_properties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Physical properties </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physical_properties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soil_moisture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soil_moisture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Soil moisture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soil_moisture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soil_gas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soil_gas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Soil gas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soil_gas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Solid_phase_(soil_matrix)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Solid_phase_(soil_matrix)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Solid phase (soil matrix) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Solid_phase_(soil_matrix)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soil_biodiversity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soil_biodiversity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Soil biodiversity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soil_biodiversity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemistry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemistry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Chemistry </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Chemistry-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Chemistry subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Chemistry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cation_and_anion_exchange" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cation_and_anion_exchange"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Cation and anion exchange </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cation_and_anion_exchange-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cation_exchange_capacity_(CEC)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cation_exchange_capacity_(CEC)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1.1 Cation exchange capacity (CEC) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cation_exchange_capacity_(CEC)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anion_exchange_capacity_(AEC)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anion_exchange_capacity_(AEC)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1.2 Anion exchange capacity (AEC) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anion_exchange_capacity_(AEC)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reactivity_(pH)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reactivity_(pH)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Reactivity (pH) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reactivity_(pH)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Base_saturation_percentage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Base_saturation_percentage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2.1 Base saturation percentage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Base_saturation_percentage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buffering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buffering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2.2 Buffering </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buffering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Redox" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Redox"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Redox </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Redox-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nutrients" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nutrients"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Nutrients </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nutrients-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soil_organic_matter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soil_organic_matter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Soil organic matter </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Soil_organic_matter-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Soil organic matter subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Soil_organic_matter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Humus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Humus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Humus </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Humus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climatological_influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climatological_influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Climatological influence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climatological_influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plant_residue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plant_residue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.3 Plant residue </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plant_residue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Horizons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Horizons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Horizons </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Horizons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Classification </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Uses </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Degradation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Degradation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Degradation </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Degradation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Degradation subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Degradation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Acidification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Acidification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.1 Acidification </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Acidification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contamination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contamination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.2 Contamination </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contamination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Desertification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Desertification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.3 Desertification </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Desertification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Erosion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Erosion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.4 Erosion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Erosion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Salination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Salination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.5 Salination </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Salination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reclamation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reclamation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 Reclamation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reclamation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_of_studies_and_research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_studies_and_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 History of studies and research </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History_of_studies_and_research-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History of studies and research subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History_of_studies_and_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Studies_of_soil_fertility" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Studies_of_soil_fertility"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17.1 Studies of soil fertility </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Studies_of_soil_fertility-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Studies_of_soil_formation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Studies_of_soil_formation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17.2 Studies of soil formation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Studies_of_soil_formation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 19 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 20 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 21 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 22 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 23 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Soil</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 135 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-135" aria-hidden="true" > 135 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grond" title="Grond – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Grond" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A9" title="تربة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تربة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suelo" title="Suelo – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Suelo" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pimintu" title="Pimintu – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Pimintu" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF" title="মাটি – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="মাটি" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suelu" title="Suelu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Suelu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laq%27a" title="Laq'a – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Laq'a" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torpaq" title="Torpaq – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Torpaq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82" title="توپراق – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="توپراق" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF" title="মাটি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মাটি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%B4%CD%98" title="Thô͘ – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Thô͘" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D2%A1" title="Тупраҡ – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Тупраҡ" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Глеба – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Глеба" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Глеба – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Глеба" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80" title="माटी – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="माटी" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daga" title="Daga – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Daga" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Почва – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Почва" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlo" title="Tlo – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Tlo" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douar" title="Douar – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Douar" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B2l" title="Sòl – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sòl" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%C4%83%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Тăпра – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Тăпра" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%AFda" title="Půda – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Půda" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhaga" title="Dhaga – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Dhaga" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terra" title="Terra – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Terra" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pridd" title="Pridd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Pridd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jord" title="Jord – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Jord" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boden_(Bodenkunde)" title="Boden (Bodenkunde) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Boden (Bodenkunde)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muld" title="Muld – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Muld" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%88%CE%B4%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Έδαφος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Έδαφος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Мода – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Мода" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suelo" title="Suelo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Suelo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grundo" title="Grundo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Grundo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lurzoru" title="Lurzoru – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Lurzoru" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%DA%A9" title="خاک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خاک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sol_(p%C3%A9dologie)" title="Sol (pédologie) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sol (pédologie)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boaiem_(ierde)" title="Boaiem (ierde) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Boaiem (ierde)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ithir" title="Ithir – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ithir" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%99ir" title="Ùir – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Ùir" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solo" title="Solo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Solo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%BA" title="Thú – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Thú" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%9D%99" title="흙 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="흙" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%98asa_(shinfidar_%C6%99asa)" title="Ƙasa (shinfidar ƙasa) – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Ƙasa (shinfidar ƙasa)" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%B8%D5%B2" title="Հող – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հող" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE" title="मृदा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मृदा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlo" title="Tlo – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Tlo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulo" title="Sulo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Sulo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanah" title="Tanah – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tanah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umhlaba" title="Umhlaba – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Umhlaba" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jar%C3%B0vegur" title="Jarðvegur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Jarðvegur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suolo" title="Suolo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Suolo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%A2" title="קרקע – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קרקע" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemah" title="Lemah – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Lemah" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%A3%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A3%E0%B3%81" title="ಮಣ್ಣು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮಣ್ಣು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%92%E1%83%98" title="ნიადაგი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნიადაგი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B0%D2%9B" title="Топырақ – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Топырақ" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udongo" title="Udongo – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Udongo" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ax" title="Ax – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Ax" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Топурак – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Топурак" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terra_(solum)" title="Terra (solum) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Terra (solum)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augsne" title="Augsne – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Augsne" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirvo%C5%BEemis" title="Dirvožemis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Dirvožemis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerdbaom" title="Aerdbaom – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Aerdbaom" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talaj" title="Talaj – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Talaj" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Почва – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Почва" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nofon-tany" title="Nofon-tany – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Nofon-tany" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D" title="മണ്ണ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മണ്ണ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80" title="माती – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="माती" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mnw mw-list-item"><a href="https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD" title="တိ – Mon" lang="mnw" hreflang="mnw" data-title="တိ" data-language-autonym="ဘာသာမန်" data-language-local-name="Mon" class="interlanguage-link-target">ဘာသာမန်</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanah" title="Tanah – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tanah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanah" title="Tanah – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Tanah" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B9" title="Tù – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Tù" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D3%A9%D1%80%D1%81" title="Хөрс – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хөрс" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlalli" title="Tlalli – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Tlalli" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nāhuatl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcm mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil" title="Soil – Nigerian Pidgin" lang="pcm" hreflang="pcm" data-title="Soil" data-language-autonym="Naijá" data-language-local-name="Nigerian Pidgin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Naijá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qele" title="Qele – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Qele" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodem" title="Bodem – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bodem" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B" title="माटो – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="माटो" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E5%A3%8C" title="土壌 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="土壌" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Латта – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Латта" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jord" title="Jord – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Jord" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jord" title="Jord – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Jord" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuproq" title="Tuproq – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Tuproq" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%80" title="ਮਿੱਟੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮਿੱਟੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%B9%DB%8C" title="مٹی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="مٹی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%87" title="خاوره – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="خاوره" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gleba" title="Gleba – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Gleba" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solo" title="Solo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Solo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sol_(strat_al_P%C4%83m%C3%A2ntului)" title="Sol (strat al Pământului) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Sol (strat al Pământului)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terren" title="Terren – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Terren" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allpa" title="Allpa – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Allpa" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Почва – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Почва" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Буор – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Буор" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/lala%27" title="lala' – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="lala'" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A6%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9F" title="ᱦᱟᱥᱟ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱦᱟᱥᱟ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syle" title="Syle – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Syle" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dheu" title="Dheu – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Dheu" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirrinu" title="Tirrinu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Tirrinu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil" title="Soil – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Soil" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%BD%D9%8A" title="مٽي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="مٽي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B4da" title="Pôda – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Pôda" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prst_(pedologija)" title="Prst (pedologija) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Prst (pedologija)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%DB%86%DA%B5" title="خۆڵ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="خۆڵ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Тло – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Тло" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlo" title="Tlo – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Tlo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taneuh" title="Taneuh – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Taneuh" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maaper%C3%A4" title="Maaperä – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Maaperä" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jord" title="Jord – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Jord" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lupa" title="Lupa – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Lupa" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D" title="மண் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மண்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akal" title="Akal – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Akal" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akal_(tasnakalt)" title="Akal (tasnakalt) – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Akal (tasnakalt)" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Туфрак – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Туфрак" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/rhzyal(%E5%9C%9F%E5%9C%B0)" title="rhzyal(土地) – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="rhzyal(土地)" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tayal</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BF" title="మట్టి – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="మట్టి" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99" title="ดิน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ดิน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Хок – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Хок" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelekele" title="Kelekele – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Kelekele" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lea faka-Tonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%A3%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A3%E0%B3%8D" title="ಮಣ್ಣ್ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಮಣ್ಣ್" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">ತುಳು</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toprak" title="Toprak – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Toprak" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%90%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Ґрунт – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ґрунт" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%B9%DB%8C" title="مٹی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مٹی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%87%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82" title="تۇپراق – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="تۇپراق" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namh" title="Namh – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Namh" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahuz" title="Mahuz – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Mahuz" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A5t" title="Đất – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đất" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eirde_(ground)" title="Eirde (ground) – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Eirde (ground)" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuna" title="Tuna – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Tuna" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A0%87%E6%B3%A5" title="堇泥 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="堇泥" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%90%D7%93%D7%9F" title="באדן – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="באדן" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%A5%E5%9C%9F" title="泥土 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="泥土" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C4%97rva" title="Dėrva – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Dėrva" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E5%A3%A4" title="土壤 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="土壤" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bbc mw-list-item"><a href="https://bbc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tano" title="Tano – Batak Toba" lang="bbc" hreflang="bbc" data-title="Tano" data-language-autonym="Batak Toba" data-language-local-name="Batak Toba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Toba</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tana" title="Tana – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Tana" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanoh" title="Tanoh – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Tanoh" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q36133#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Soil" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Soil" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Soil">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soil&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soil&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Soil">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soil&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soil&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Soil" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Soil" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soil&oldid=1258650294" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soil&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Soil&id=1258650294&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSoil">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSoil">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Soil&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soil&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Soils" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Soil" hreflang="en">Wikiquote</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q36133" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Mixture of organic matter, minerals, gases, liquids, and organisms that together support life</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Soil_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Soil (disambiguation)">Soil (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stagnogley.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Stagnogley.JPG/330px-Stagnogley.JPG" decoding="async" width="330" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Stagnogley.JPG/495px-Stagnogley.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Stagnogley.JPG/660px-Stagnogley.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1511" data-file-height="1179" /></a><figcaption>Surface-water-<a href="/wiki/Gley_soil" class="mw-redirect" title="Gley soil">gley</a> developed in <a href="/wiki/Glacial_till" class="mw-redirect" title="Glacial till">glacial till</a> in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></figcaption></figure> Soil, also commonly referred to as earth, is a <a href="/wiki/Mixture" title="Mixture">mixture</a> of <a href="/wiki/Organic_matter" title="Organic matter">organic matter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minerals" class="mw-redirect" title="Minerals">minerals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gas" title="Gas">gases</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liquid" title="Liquid">liquids</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Organism" title="Organism">organisms</a> that together support the <a href="/wiki/Life" title="Life">life</a> of <a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">plants</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soil_biology" title="Soil biology">soil organisms</a>. Some scientific definitions distinguish <a href="/wiki/Dirt" title="Dirt">dirt</a> from soil by restricting the former term specifically to displaced soil. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EAgronom_4okt2023_L-1120.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/EAgronom_4okt2023_L-1120.jpg/220px-EAgronom_4okt2023_L-1120.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/EAgronom_4okt2023_L-1120.jpg/330px-EAgronom_4okt2023_L-1120.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/EAgronom_4okt2023_L-1120.jpg/440px-EAgronom_4okt2023_L-1120.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4367" data-file-height="6550" /></a><figcaption>Soil measuring and surveying device</figcaption></figure> Soil consists of a solid phase of minerals and organic matter (the soil matrix), as well as a <a href="/wiki/Porosity" title="Porosity">porous</a> phase that holds <a href="/wiki/Soil_gas" title="Soil gas">gases</a> (the soil atmosphere) and <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a> (the soil solution).<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> Accordingly, soil is a three-<a href="/wiki/State_of_matter" title="State of matter">state</a> system of solids, liquids, and gases.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> Soil is a product of several factors: the influence of <a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">climate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terrain" title="Terrain">relief</a> (elevation, orientation, and slope of terrain), organisms, and the soil's <a href="/wiki/Parent_material" title="Parent material">parent materials</a> (original minerals) interacting over time.<a href="#cite_note-Gilluly1975-4">[4]</a> It continually undergoes development by way of numerous physical, chemical and biological processes, which include <a href="/wiki/Weathering" title="Weathering">weathering</a> with associated <a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">erosion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> Given its complexity and strong internal <a href="/wiki/Connectedness" title="Connectedness">connectedness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soil_ecology" title="Soil ecology">soil ecologists</a> regard soil as an <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystem</a>.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> Most soils have a dry <a href="/wiki/Bulk_density" title="Bulk density">bulk density</a> (density of soil taking into account voids when dry) between 1.1 and 1.6 g/cm3, though the soil <a href="/wiki/Particle_density_(packed_density)" class="mw-redirect" title="Particle density (packed density)">particle density</a> is much higher, in the range of 2.6 to 2.7 g/cm3.<a href="#cite_note-Yu2015-7">[7]</a> Little of the soil of <a href="/wiki/Planet_Earth" class="mw-redirect" title="Planet Earth">planet Earth</a> is older than the <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a> and none is older than the <a href="/wiki/Cenozoic" title="Cenozoic">Cenozoic</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Buol-8">[8]</a> although <a href="/wiki/Paleopedological_record" title="Paleopedological record">fossilized soils</a> are preserved from as far back as the <a href="/wiki/Archean" title="Archean">Archean</a>.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> Collectively the Earth's body of soil is called the <a href="/wiki/Pedosphere" title="Pedosphere">pedosphere</a>. The pedosphere interfaces with the <a href="/wiki/Lithosphere" title="Lithosphere">lithosphere</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Hydrosphere" title="Hydrosphere">hydrosphere</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere" title="Atmosphere">atmosphere</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Biosphere" title="Biosphere">biosphere</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ches-10">[10]</a> Soil has four important <a href="/wiki/Soil_functions" title="Soil functions">functions</a>: <ul><li>as a medium for plant growth</li> <li>as a means of <a href="/wiki/Water_storage" title="Water storage">water storage</a>, supply, and purification</li> <li>as a modifier of <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Earth" title="Atmosphere of Earth">Earth's atmosphere</a></li> <li>as a habitat for organisms</li></ul> All of these functions, in their turn, modify the soil and its properties. <a href="/wiki/Soil_science" title="Soil science">Soil science</a> has two basic branches of study: <a href="/wiki/Edaphology" title="Edaphology">edaphology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pedology" title="Pedology">pedology</a>. Edaphology studies the influence of soils on living things.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Pedology focuses on the formation, description (morphology), and classification of soils in their natural environment.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> In engineering terms, soil is included in the broader concept of <a href="/wiki/Regolith" title="Regolith">regolith</a>, which also includes other loose material that lies above the bedrock, as can be found on the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_object" title="Astronomical object">celestial objects</a>.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Processes">Processes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Soil&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Processes">edit</a>]</div> Soil is a major component of the <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystem</a>. The world's ecosystems are impacted in far-reaching ways by the processes carried out in the soil, with effects ranging from <a href="/wiki/Ozone_depletion" title="Ozone depletion">ozone depletion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a> to <a href="/wiki/Rainforest_destruction" class="mw-redirect" title="Rainforest destruction">rainforest destruction</a> and <a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">water pollution</a>. With respect to Earth's <a href="/wiki/Carbon_cycle" title="Carbon cycle">carbon cycle</a>, soil acts as an important <a href="/wiki/Carbon_sink" title="Carbon sink">carbon reservoir</a>,<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> and it is potentially one of the most reactive to human disturbance<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Davidson-16">[16]</a> As the planet warms, it has been predicted that soils will add carbon dioxide to the atmosphere due to increased <a href="/wiki/Soil_biology" title="Soil biology">biological</a> activity at higher temperatures, a <a href="/wiki/Positive_feedback" title="Positive feedback">positive feedback</a> (amplification).<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> This prediction has, however, been questioned on consideration of more recent knowledge on <a href="/wiki/Soil_carbon" title="Soil carbon">soil carbon</a> turnover.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Soil acts as an engineering medium, a habitat for <a href="/wiki/Soil_organisms" class="mw-redirect" title="Soil organisms">soil organisms</a>, a recycling system for <a href="/wiki/Nutrients" class="mw-redirect" title="Nutrients">nutrients</a> and <a href="/wiki/Organic_waste" class="mw-redirect" title="Organic waste">organic wastes</a>, a regulator of <a href="/wiki/Water_quality" title="Water quality">water quality</a>, a modifier of <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_chemistry" title="Atmospheric chemistry">atmospheric composition</a>, and a medium for <a href="/wiki/Plant_growth" class="mw-redirect" title="Plant growth">plant growth</a>, making it a critically important provider of <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_services" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecosystem services">ecosystem services</a>.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Since soil has a tremendous range of available <a href="/wiki/Ecological_niche" title="Ecological niche">niches</a> and <a href="/wiki/Habitat" title="Habitat">habitats</a>, it contains a prominent part of the Earth's <a href="/wiki/Genetic_diversity" title="Genetic diversity">genetic diversity</a>. A gram of soil can contain billions of organisms, belonging to thousands of species, mostly microbial and largely still unexplored.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> Soil has a <a href="/wiki/Mean" title="Mean">mean</a> <a href="/wiki/Prokaryote" title="Prokaryote">prokaryotic</a> density of roughly 108 organisms per gram,<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> whereas the ocean has no more than 107 prokaryotic organisms per milliliter (gram) of seawater.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> <a href="/wiki/Soil_organic_matter" title="Soil organic matter">Organic carbon</a> held in soil is eventually returned to the atmosphere through the process of <a href="/wiki/Cellular_respiration" title="Cellular respiration">respiration</a> carried out by <a href="/wiki/Heterotrophic" class="mw-redirect" title="Heterotrophic">heterotrophic</a> organisms, but a substantial part is retained in the soil in the form of soil organic matter; <a href="/wiki/Tillage" title="Tillage">tillage</a> usually increases the rate of <a href="/wiki/Soil_respiration" title="Soil respiration">soil respiration</a>, leading to the depletion of soil organic matter.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Since plant roots need oxygen, <a href="/wiki/Aeration" title="Aeration">aeration</a> is an important characteristic of soil. This ventilation can be accomplished via networks of interconnected <a href="/wiki/Pore_space_in_soil" title="Pore space in soil">soil pores</a>, which also absorb and hold rainwater making it readily available for uptake by plants. Since plants require a nearly continuous supply of water, but most regions receive sporadic rainfall, the <a href="/wiki/Soil_water_(retention)" title="Soil water (retention)">water-holding capacity</a> of soils is vital for plant survival.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> Soils can effectively remove impurities,<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> kill disease agents,<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> and degrade <a href="/wiki/Contaminants" class="mw-redirect" title="Contaminants">contaminants</a>, this latter property being called <a href="/wiki/Natural_attenuation" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural attenuation">natural attenuation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> Typically, soils maintain a net absorption of <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a> and undergo a net release of <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">nitrous oxide</a>.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Soils offer plants physical support, air, water, temperature moderation, nutrients, and protection from toxins.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Soils provide readily available nutrients to plants and animals by converting dead organic matter into various nutrient forms.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Composition">Composition</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Soil&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Composition">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Estructura-suelo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="This is a diagram and related photograph of soil layers from bedrock to soil." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Estructura-suelo.jpg/220px-Estructura-suelo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Estructura-suelo.jpg/330px-Estructura-suelo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Estructura-suelo.jpg/440px-Estructura-suelo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="513" data-file-height="541" /></a><figcaption>A, B, and C represent the <a href="/wiki/Soil_horizon" title="Soil horizon">soil profile</a>, a notation firstly coined by <a href="/wiki/Vasily_Dokuchaev" title="Vasily Dokuchaev">Vasily Dokuchaev</a> (1846–1903), the father of pedology. Here, A is the <a href="/wiki/Topsoil" title="Topsoil">topsoil</a>; B is a <a href="/wiki/Regolith" title="Regolith">regolith</a>; C is a <a href="/wiki/Saprolite" title="Saprolite">saprolite</a> (a less-weathered regolith); the bottom-most layer represents the <a href="/wiki/Bedrock" title="Bedrock">bedrock</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:black; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 307.76835371753px; border-left-color:grey"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:grey"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:grey"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 82.727194597248px; border-left-color:brown"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:brown"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:brown"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:90.482705246602px 42.577929156507px 0 0; border-top-color:yellow"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:yellow"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:0px 100px 0 0; border-top-color:cyan"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:cyan"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:0; border-width:0 0px 100px 0; border-right-color:blue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;right:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 100px 0;border-color:blue"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> Components of a silt loam soil by percent volume <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  Water (25%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Gases (25%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Sand (18%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Silt (18%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Clay (9%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Organic matter (5%)</div> </div> </div></div> A typical soil is about 50% solids (45% mineral and 5% organic matter), and 50% voids (or pores) of which half is occupied by water and half by gas.<a href="#cite_note-McClellan2017-32">[32]</a> The percent soil mineral and organic content can be treated as a constant (in the short term), while the percent soil water and gas content is considered highly variable whereby a rise in one is simultaneously balanced by a reduction in the other.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Pore_space" class="mw-redirect" title="Pore space">pore space</a> allows for the infiltration and movement of air and water, both of which are critical for life existing in soil.<a href="#cite_note-Vannier1987-34">[34]</a> <a href="/wiki/Soil_compaction" title="Soil compaction">Compaction</a>, a common problem with soils, reduces this space, preventing air and water from reaching plant roots and soil organisms.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> Given sufficient time, an undifferentiated soil will evolve a <a href="/wiki/Soil_horizon" title="Soil horizon">soil profile</a> that consists of two or more layers, referred to as soil horizons. These differ in one or more properties such as in their <a href="/wiki/Soil_texture" title="Soil texture">texture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Structure" title="Structure">structure</a>, <a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">density</a>, porosity, consistency, temperature, color, and <a href="/wiki/Reactivity_(chemistry)" title="Reactivity (chemistry)">reactivity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Buol-8">[8]</a> The horizons differ greatly in thickness and generally lack sharp boundaries; their development is dependent on the type of <a href="/wiki/Parent_material" title="Parent material">parent material</a>, the processes that modify those parent materials, and the <a href="#soil-forming_factors">soil-forming factors</a> that influence those processes. The biological influences on soil properties are strongest near the surface, though the geochemical influences on soil properties increase with depth. Mature soil profiles typically include three basic master horizons: A, B, and C. The <a href="/wiki/Solum" title="Solum">solum</a> normally includes the A and B horizons. The living component of the soil is largely confined to the solum, and is generally more prominent in the A horizon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimonson195717-36">[36]</a> It has been suggested that the pedon, a column of soil extending vertically from the surface to the underlying parent material and large enough to show the characteristics of all its horizons, could be subdivided in the humipedon (the living part, where most soil organisms are dwelling, corresponding to the humus form), the copedon (in intermediary position, where most <a href="/wiki/Weathering" title="Weathering">weathering</a> of minerals takes place) and the lithopedon (in contact with the subsoil).<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> The soil texture is determined by the relative proportions of the individual particles of <a href="/wiki/Sand" title="Sand">sand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silt" title="Silt">silt</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">clay</a> that make up the soil. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SoilTextureTriangle.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/SoilTextureTriangle.svg/220px-SoilTextureTriangle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/SoilTextureTriangle.svg/330px-SoilTextureTriangle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/SoilTextureTriangle.svg/440px-SoilTextureTriangle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="924" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Soil_triangle" class="mw-redirect" title="Soil triangle">soil texture triangle</a> plot is a visual representation of the proportions of sand, silt, and clay in a soil sample.</figcaption></figure> The interaction of the individual mineral particles with organic matter, water, gases via <a href="/wiki/Biotic_component" class="mw-redirect" title="Biotic component">biotic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abiotic" class="mw-redirect" title="Abiotic">abiotic</a> processes causes those particles to <a href="/wiki/Flocculate" class="mw-redirect" title="Flocculate">flocculate</a> (stick together) to form <a href="/wiki/Soil_structure" title="Soil structure">aggregates</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ped" title="Ped">peds</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bronick2005-38">[38]</a> Where these aggregates can be identified, a soil can be said to be developed, and can be described further in terms of color, porosity, consistency, reaction (<a href="/wiki/Acidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Acidity">acidity</a>), etc. Water is a critical agent in soil development due to its involvement in the dissolution, precipitation, erosion, transport, and deposition of the materials of which a soil is composed.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> The mixture of water and dissolved or suspended materials that occupy the soil <a href="/wiki/Pore_space" class="mw-redirect" title="Pore space">pore space</a> is called the soil solution. Since soil water is never pure water, but contains hundreds of dissolved organic and mineral substances, it may be more accurately called the soil solution. Water is central to the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissolution (chemistry)">dissolution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Precipitation_(chemistry)" title="Precipitation (chemistry)">precipitation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leaching_(agriculture)" title="Leaching (agriculture)">leaching</a> of minerals from the <a href="/wiki/Soil_profile" class="mw-redirect" title="Soil profile">soil profile</a>. Finally, water affects the type of vegetation that grows in a soil, which in turn affects the development of the soil, a complex feedback which is exemplified in the dynamics of banded vegetation patterns in semi-arid regions.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> Soils supply <a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">plants</a> with <a href="/wiki/Nutrient" title="Nutrient">nutrients</a>, most of which are held in place by particles of <a href="/wiki/Soil_texture#Soil_separates" title="Soil texture">clay</a> and organic matter (<a href="/wiki/Colloid" title="Colloid">colloids</a>)<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> The nutrients may be <a href="/wiki/Adsorption" title="Adsorption">adsorbed</a> on clay mineral surfaces, bound within clay minerals (<a href="/wiki/Absorption_(chemistry)" title="Absorption (chemistry)">absorbed</a>), or bound within organic compounds as part of the living <a href="/wiki/Soil_organism" class="mw-redirect" title="Soil organism">organisms</a> or dead soil organic matter. These bound nutrients interact with soil water to <a href="/wiki/Buffer_solution" title="Buffer solution">buffer</a> the soil solution composition (attenuate changes in the soil solution) as soils wet up or dry out, as plants take up nutrients, as salts are leached, or as acids or alkalis are added.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Plant nutrient availability is affected by <a href="/wiki/Soil_pH" title="Soil pH">soil pH</a>, which is a measure of the <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> <a href="/wiki/Thermodynamic_activity" title="Thermodynamic activity">ion activity</a> in the soil solution. Soil pH is a function of many soil forming factors, and is generally lower (more acidic) where weathering is more advanced.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Most plant nutrients, with the exception of <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a>, originate from the minerals that make up the soil parent material. Some nitrogen originates from rain as dilute <a href="/wiki/Nitric_acid" title="Nitric acid">nitric acid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> but most of the nitrogen is available in soils as a result of <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_fixation" title="Nitrogen fixation">nitrogen fixation</a> by <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a>. Once in the soil-plant system, most nutrients are recycled through living organisms, plant and microbial residues (soil organic matter), mineral-bound forms, and the soil solution. Both living soil organisms (microbes, animals and plant roots) and soil organic matter are of critical importance to this recycling, and thereby to <a href="/wiki/Soil_formation" title="Soil formation">soil formation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soil_fertility" title="Soil fertility">soil fertility</a>.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> Microbial <a href="/wiki/Soil_enzyme" title="Soil enzyme">soil enzymes</a> may release nutrients from minerals or organic matter for use by plants and other microorganisms, sequester (incorporate) them into living cells, or cause their loss from the soil by <a href="/wiki/Volatilisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Volatilisation">volatilisation</a> (loss to the atmosphere as gases) or leaching.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Formation">Formation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Soil&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Formation">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Soil_formation" title="Soil formation">Soil formation</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Soil_mechanics#Genesis" title="Soil mechanics">Soil mechanics § Genesis</a></div> Soil is said to be formed when organic matter has accumulated and colloids are washed downward, leaving deposits of clay, <a href="/wiki/Humus" title="Humus">humus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iron_oxide" title="Iron oxide">iron oxide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carbonate" title="Carbonate">carbonate</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gypsum" title="Gypsum">gypsum</a>, producing a distinct layer called the B horizon. This is a somewhat arbitrary definition as mixtures of sand, silt, clay and humus will support biological and agricultural activity before that time.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> These constituents are moved from one level to another by water and animal activity. As a result, layers (horizons) form in the soil profile. The alteration and movement of materials within a soil causes the formation of distinctive <a href="/wiki/Soil_horizons" class="mw-redirect" title="Soil horizons">soil horizons</a>. However, more recent definitions of soil embrace soils without any organic matter, such as those <a href="/wiki/Regolith" title="Regolith">regoliths</a> that formed on Mars<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> and analogous conditions in planet Earth deserts.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> An example of the development of a soil would begin with the weathering of lava flow bedrock, which would produce the purely mineral-based parent material from which the soil texture forms. Soil development would proceed most rapidly from bare rock of recent flows in a warm climate, under heavy and frequent rainfall. Under such conditions, plants (in a first stage <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen-fixing" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitrogen-fixing">nitrogen-fixing</a> <a href="/wiki/Lichen" title="Lichen">lichens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cyanobacteria" title="Cyanobacteria">cyanobacteria</a> then <a href="/wiki/Epilithic" class="mw-redirect" title="Epilithic">epilithic</a> <a href="/wiki/Higher_plants" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher plants">higher plants</a>) become established very quickly on <a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">basaltic</a> lava, even though there is very little organic material.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> Basaltic minerals commonly weather relatively quickly, according to the <a href="/wiki/Goldich_dissolution_series" title="Goldich dissolution series">Goldich dissolution series</a>.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> The plants are supported by the porous rock as it is filled with nutrient-bearing water that carries minerals dissolved from the rocks. Crevasses and pockets, local topography of the rocks, would hold fine materials and harbour plant roots. The developing plant roots are associated with mineral-weathering <a href="/wiki/Mycorrhiza" title="Mycorrhiza">mycorrhizal fungi</a><a href="#cite_note-Van_Schöll2006-52">[52]</a> that assist in breaking up the porous lava, and by these means organic matter and a finer mineral soil accumulate with time. Such initial stages of soil development have been described on volcanoes,<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> inselbergs,<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> and glacial moraines.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> How soil formation proceeds is influenced by at least five classic factors that are intertwined in the evolution of a soil: parent material, climate, topography (relief), organisms, and time.<a href="#cite_note-Jenny1941-56">[56]</a> When reordered to climate, relief, organisms, parent material, and time, they form the acronym CROPT.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physical_properties">Physical properties</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Soil&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Physical properties">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Physical_properties_of_soil" title="Physical properties of soil">Physical properties of soil</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the academic discipline, see <a href="/wiki/Soil_physics" title="Soil physics">Soil physics</a>.</div> The physical properties of soils, in order of decreasing importance for ecosystem services such as <a href="/wiki/Crop_production" class="mw-redirect" title="Crop production">crop production</a>, are <a href="/wiki/Soil_texture" title="Soil texture">texture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soil_structure" title="Soil structure">structure</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulk_density" title="Bulk density">bulk density</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pore_space_in_soil" title="Pore space in soil">porosity</a>, consistency, <a href="/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature">temperature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soil_color" title="Soil color">colour</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Soil_resistivity&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Soil resistivity (page does not exist)">resistivity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> Soil texture is determined by the relative proportion of the three kinds of soil mineral particles, called soil separates: <a href="/wiki/Sand" title="Sand">sand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silt" title="Silt">silt</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">clay</a>. At the next larger scale, soil structures called <a href="/wiki/Ped" title="Ped">peds</a> or more commonly soil aggregates are created from the soil separates when <a href="/wiki/Iron_oxide" title="Iron oxide">iron oxides</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carbonate" title="Carbonate">carbonates</a>, clay, <a href="/wiki/Silica" class="mw-redirect" title="Silica">silica</a> and <a href="/wiki/Humus" title="Humus">humus</a>, coat particles and cause them to adhere into larger, relatively <a href="/wiki/Soil_aggregate_stability" title="Soil aggregate stability">stable</a> secondary structures.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> Soil <a href="/wiki/Bulk_density" title="Bulk density">bulk density</a>, when determined at standardized moisture conditions, is an estimate of <a href="/wiki/Soil_compaction_(agriculture)" title="Soil compaction (agriculture)">soil compaction</a>.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> Soil porosity consists of the void part of the soil volume and is occupied by gases or water. Soil consistency is the ability of soil materials to stick together. Soil temperature and colour are self-defining. Resistivity refers to the resistance to conduction of electric currents and affects the rate of corrosion of metal and concrete structures which are buried in soil.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> These properties vary through the depth of a soil profile, i.e. through <a href="/wiki/Soil_horizon" title="Soil horizon">soil horizons</a>. Most of these properties determine the <a href="/wiki/Permeability_of_soils" title="Permeability of soils">aeration</a> of the soil and the ability of water to <a href="/wiki/Infiltration_(hydrology)" title="Infiltration (hydrology)">infiltrate</a> and to be <a href="/wiki/Soil_water_(retention)" title="Soil water (retention)">held</a> within the soil.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Soil_moisture">Soil moisture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Soil&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Soil moisture">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Soil_moisture" title="Soil moisture">Soil moisture</a></div> Soil <a href="/wiki/Water_content" title="Water content">water content</a> can be measured as volume or <a href="/wiki/Specific_weight#Soil_mechanics" title="Specific weight">weight</a>. Soil moisture levels, in order of decreasing water content, are saturation, <a href="/wiki/Field_capacity" title="Field capacity">field capacity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wilting_point" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilting point">wilting point</a>, air dry, and oven dry. Field capacity describes a drained wet soil at the point water content reaches equilibrium with gravity. Irrigating soil above field capacity risks percolation losses. Wilting point describes the dry limit for growing plants. During growing season, soil moisture is unaffected by functional groups or specie richness.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-63">[63]</a> <a href="/wiki/Available_water_capacity" title="Available water capacity">Available water capacity</a> is the amount of water held in a soil profile available to plants. As water content drops, plants have to work against increasing forces of <a href="/wiki/Adhesion" title="Adhesion">adhesion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sorptivity" title="Sorptivity">sorptivity</a> to withdraw water. <a href="/wiki/Irrigation_scheduling" title="Irrigation scheduling">Irrigation scheduling</a> avoids <a href="/wiki/Moisture_stress" title="Moisture stress">moisture stress</a> by replenishing depleted water before stress is induced.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> <a href="/wiki/Capillary_action" title="Capillary action">Capillary action</a> is responsible for moving <a href="/wiki/Groundwater" title="Groundwater">groundwater</a> from wet regions of the soil to dry areas. <a href="/wiki/Subirrigation" title="Subirrigation">Subirrigation</a> designs (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Wicking_bed" title="Wicking bed">wicking beds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sub-irrigated_planter" title="Sub-irrigated planter">sub-irrigated planters</a>) rely on <a href="/wiki/Capillary_action" title="Capillary action">capillarity</a> to supply water to plant roots. Capillary action can result in an evaporative concentration of salts, causing land degradation through <a href="/wiki/Soil_salinity#Dry_land_salinity" title="Soil salinity">salination</a>. <a href="/wiki/Soil_moisture_measurement" class="mw-redirect" title="Soil moisture measurement">Soil moisture measurement</a>—measuring the water content of the soil, as can be expressed in terms of volume or weight—can be based on in situ probes (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Capacitance_probe" title="Capacitance probe">capacitance probes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neutron_probe" title="Neutron probe">neutron probes</a>), or <a href="/wiki/Remote_sensing" title="Remote sensing">remote sensing</a> methods. Soil moisture measurement is an important factor in determining changes in soil activity.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-63">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Soil_gas">Soil gas</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Soil&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Soil gas">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Soil_gas" title="Soil gas">Soil gas</a></div> The atmosphere of soil, or <a href="/wiki/Soil_gas" title="Soil gas">soil gas</a>, is very different from the atmosphere above. The consumption of oxygen by microbes and plant roots, and their release of carbon dioxide, decreases oxygen and increases carbon dioxide concentration. Atmospheric CO2 concentration is 0.04%, but in the soil pore space it may range from 10 to 100 times that level, thus potentially contributing to the inhibition of root respiration.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> Calcareous soils regulate CO2 concentration by <a href="/wiki/Carbonate" title="Carbonate">carbonate</a> <a href="/wiki/Buffering_agent" class="mw-redirect" title="Buffering agent">buffering</a>, contrary to acid soils in which all CO2 respired accumulates in the soil pore system.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> At extreme levels, CO2 is toxic.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> This suggests a possible <a href="/wiki/Negative_feedback" title="Negative feedback">negative feedback</a> control of soil CO2 concentration through its inhibitory effects on root and microbial respiration (also called <a href="/wiki/Soil_respiration" title="Soil respiration">soil respiration</a>).<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> In addition, the soil voids are saturated with water vapour, at least until the point of maximal <a href="/wiki/Hygroscopic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hygroscopic">hygroscopicity</a>, beyond which a <a href="/wiki/Vapour-pressure_deficit" title="Vapour-pressure deficit">vapour-pressure deficit</a> occurs in the soil pore space.<a href="#cite_note-Vannier1987-34">[34]</a> Adequate porosity is necessary, not just to allow the penetration of water, but also to allow gases to diffuse in and out. Movement of gases is by <a href="/wiki/Diffusion" title="Diffusion">diffusion</a> from high concentrations to lower, the <a href="/wiki/Diffusion_coefficient" class="mw-redirect" title="Diffusion coefficient">diffusion coefficient</a> decreasing with <a href="/wiki/Soil_compaction_(agriculture)" title="Soil compaction (agriculture)">soil compaction</a>.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> Oxygen from above atmosphere diffuses in the soil where it is consumed and levels of carbon dioxide in excess of above atmosphere diffuse out with other gases (including <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gases" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenhouse gases">greenhouse gases</a>) as well as water.<a href="#cite_note-Smith2003-71">[71]</a> <a href="/wiki/Soil_texture" title="Soil texture">Soil texture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soil_structure" title="Soil structure">structure</a> strongly affect soil porosity and gas diffusion. It is the total pore space (<a href="/wiki/Porosity" title="Porosity">porosity</a>) of soil, not the pore size, and the degree of pore interconnection (or conversely pore sealing), together with water content, air <a href="/wiki/Turbulence" title="Turbulence">turbulence</a> and temperature, that determine the rate of diffusion of gases into and out of soil.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell195735–36-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-Smith2003-71">[71]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ped#Platy" title="Ped">Platy</a> soil structure and soil compaction (low porosity) impede gas flow, and a deficiency of oxygen may encourage anaerobic bacteria to reduce (strip oxygen) from nitrate NO3 to the gases N2, N2O, and NO, which are then lost to the atmosphere, thereby depleting the soil of nitrogen, a detrimental process called <a href="/wiki/Denitrification" title="Denitrification">denitrification</a>.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> Aerated soil is also a net sink of methane (CH4)<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> but a net producer of methane (a strong heat-absorbing <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">greenhouse gas</a>) when soils are depleted of oxygen and subject to elevated temperatures.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> Soil atmosphere is also the seat of emissions of <a href="/wiki/Volatile_(astrogeology)" title="Volatile (astrogeology)">volatiles</a> other than carbon and nitrogen oxides from various soil organisms, e.g. roots,<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> bacteria,<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> fungi,<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> animals.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> These volatiles are used as chemical cues, making soil atmosphere the seat of interaction networks<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> playing a decisive role in the stability, dynamics and evolution of soil ecosystems.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> <a href="/wiki/Biogenic_substance" title="Biogenic substance">Biogenic</a> soil <a href="/wiki/Volatile_organic_compound" title="Volatile organic compound">volatile organic compounds</a> are exchanged with the aboveground atmosphere, in which they are just 1–2 orders of magnitude lower than those from aboveground vegetation.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> Humans can get some idea of the soil atmosphere through the well-known 'after-the-rain' scent, when infiltering rainwater flushes out the whole soil atmosphere after a drought period, or when soil is excavated,<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> a bulk property attributed in a <a href="/wiki/Reductionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Reductionist">reductionist</a> manner to particular biochemical compounds such as <a href="/wiki/Petrichor" title="Petrichor">petrichor</a> or <a href="/wiki/Geosmin" title="Geosmin">geosmin</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Solid_phase_(soil_matrix)">Solid phase (soil matrix)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Soil&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Solid phase (soil matrix)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Soil_matrix" title="Soil matrix">Soil matrix</a></div> Soil particles can be classified by their chemical composition (<a href="/wiki/Mineralogy" title="Mineralogy">mineralogy</a>) as well as their size. The <a href="/wiki/Particle-size_distribution" title="Particle-size distribution">particle size distribution</a> of a soil, its texture, determines many of the properties of that soil, in particular <a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_conductivity" title="Hydraulic conductivity">hydraulic conductivity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Water_potential" title="Water potential">water potential</a>,<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> but the <a href="/wiki/Mineralogy" title="Mineralogy">mineralogy</a> of those particles can strongly modify those properties. The mineralogy of the finest soil particles, clay, is especially important.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Soil_biodiversity">Soil biodiversity</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Soil&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Soil biodiversity">edit</a>]</div> Large numbers of <a href="/wiki/Microorganism" title="Microorganism">microbes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">animals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">plants</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">fungi</a> are living in soil. However, <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a> in soil is much harder to study as most of this life is invisible, hence estimates about soil biodiversity have been unsatisfactory. A recent study suggested that soil is likely home to 59 ± 15% of the species on Earth. <a href="/wiki/Enchytraeidae" title="Enchytraeidae">Enchytraeidae</a> (worms) have the greatest percentage of species in soil (98.6%), followed by fungi (90%), plants (85.5%), and termites (<a href="/wiki/Termite" title="Termite">Isoptera</a>) (84.2%). Many other groups of animals have substantial fractions of species living in soil, e.g. about 30% of <a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">insects</a>, and close to 50% of <a href="/wiki/Arachnid" title="Arachnid">arachnids</a>.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> While most <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">vertebrates</a> live above ground (ignoring aquatic species), many species are <a href="/wiki/Fossorial" title="Fossorial">fossorial</a>, that is, they live in soil, such as most <a href="/wiki/Scolecophidia" title="Scolecophidia">blind snakes</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chemistry">Chemistry</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Soil&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Chemistry">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the academic discipline, see <a href="/wiki/Soil_chemistry" title="Soil chemistry">Soil chemistry</a>.</div> The chemistry of a soil determines its ability to supply available <a href="/wiki/Plant_nutrition" title="Plant nutrition">plant nutrients</a> and affects its physical properties and the health of its living population. In addition, a soil's chemistry also determines its <a href="/wiki/Corrosivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Corrosivity">corrosivity</a>, stability, and ability to <a href="/wiki/Sorption" title="Sorption">absorb</a> <a href="/wiki/Pollutants" class="mw-redirect" title="Pollutants">pollutants</a> and to filter water. It is the <a href="/wiki/Surface_chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Surface chemistry">surface chemistry</a> of mineral and organic <a href="/wiki/Colloids" class="mw-redirect" title="Colloids">colloids</a> that determines soil's chemical properties.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> A colloid is a small, insoluble particle ranging in size from 1 <a href="/wiki/Nanometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanometer">nanometer</a> to 1 <a href="/wiki/Micrometre" title="Micrometre">micrometer</a>, thus small enough to remain suspended by <a href="/wiki/Brownian_motion" title="Brownian motion">Brownian motion</a> in a fluid medium without settling.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> Most soils contain organic colloidal particles called <a href="/wiki/Humus" title="Humus">humus</a> as well as the inorganic colloidal particles of <a href="/wiki/Clays" class="mw-redirect" title="Clays">clays</a>. The very high <a href="/wiki/Specific_surface_area" title="Specific surface area">specific surface area</a> of colloids and their net <a href="/wiki/Electrical_charge" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical charge">electrical charges</a> give soil its ability to hold and release <a href="/wiki/Ions" class="mw-redirect" title="Ions">ions</a>. Negatively charged sites on colloids attract and release <a href="/wiki/Cations" class="mw-redirect" title="Cations">cations</a> in what is referred to as <a href="/wiki/Cation_exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Cation exchange">cation exchange</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cation-exchange_capacity" title="Cation-exchange capacity">Cation-exchange capacity</a> is the amount of exchangeable <a href="/wiki/Cations" class="mw-redirect" title="Cations">cations</a> per unit weight of dry soil and is expressed in terms of <a href="/wiki/Milliequivalents" class="mw-redirect" title="Milliequivalents">milliequivalents</a> of <a href="/wiki/Positively_charged" class="mw-redirect" title="Positively charged">positively charged</a> ions per 100 grams of soil (or centimoles of positive charge per kilogram of soil; <a href="/wiki/Cation-exchange_capacity" title="Cation-exchange capacity">cmolc/kg</a>). Similarly, positively charged sites on colloids can attract and release <a href="/wiki/Anions" class="mw-redirect" title="Anions">anions</a> in the soil, giving the soil anion exchange capacity. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cation_and_anion_exchange">Cation and anion exchange</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Soil&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Cation and anion exchange">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Cation-exchange_capacity" title="Cation-exchange capacity">Cation-exchange capacity</a></div> The cation exchange, that takes place between colloids and soil water, <a href="/wiki/Buffer_solution" title="Buffer solution">buffers</a> (moderates) soil pH, alters soil structure, and purifies <a href="/wiki/Percolation" title="Percolation">percolating</a> water by adsorbing cations of all types, both useful and harmful. The negative or positive charges on colloid particles make them able to hold cations or anions, respectively, to their surfaces. The charges result from four sources.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonahueMillerShickluna1977103–106-90">[90]</a> <ol><li>Isomorphous substitution occurs in clay during its formation, when lower-valence cations substitute for higher-valence cations in the crystal structure.<a href="#cite_note-PMID10097044-91">[91]</a> Substitutions in the outermost layers are more effective than for the innermost layers, as the <a href="/wiki/Electric_charge" title="Electric charge">electric charge</a> strength drops off as the square of the distance. The net result is oxygen atoms with net negative charge and the ability to attract cations.</li> <li>Edge-of-clay oxygen atoms are not in balance ionically as the tetrahedral and octahedral structures are incomplete.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxyl" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroxyl">Hydroxyls</a> may substitute for oxygens of the silica layers, a process called <a href="/wiki/Hydroxylation" title="Hydroxylation">hydroxylation</a>. When the hydrogens of the clay hydroxyls are ionised into solution, they leave the oxygen with a negative charge (anionic clays).<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a></li> <li>Hydrogens of humus hydroxyl groups may also be ionised into solution, leaving, similarly to clay, an oxygen with a negative charge.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a></li></ol> Cations held to the negatively charged colloids resist being washed downward by water and are out of reach of plant roots, thereby preserving the <a href="/wiki/Soil_fertility" title="Soil fertility">soil fertility</a> in areas of moderate rainfall and low temperatures.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> There is a hierarchy in the process of cation exchange on colloids, as cations differ in the strength of adsorption by the colloid and hence their ability to replace one another (<a href="/wiki/Ion_exchange" title="Ion exchange">ion exchange</a>). If present in equal amounts in the soil water solution: Al3+ replaces H+ replaces Ca2+ replaces Mg2+ replaces K+ same as NH+ 4 replaces Na+<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> If one cation is added in large amounts, it may replace the others by the sheer force of its numbers. This is called <a href="/wiki/Law_of_mass_action" title="Law of mass action">law of mass action</a>. This is largely what occurs with the addition of cationic <a href="/wiki/Fertilizer" title="Fertilizer">fertilisers</a> (<a href="/wiki/Potash" title="Potash">potash</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lime_(material)" title="Lime (material)">lime</a>).<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> As the soil solution becomes more acidic (low <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a>, meaning an abundance of H+), the other cations more weakly bound to colloids are pushed into solution as hydrogen ions occupy exchange sites (<a href="/wiki/Protonation" title="Protonation">protonation</a>). A low pH may cause the hydrogen of hydroxyl groups to be pulled into solution, leaving charged sites on the colloid available to be occupied by other cations. This <a href="/wiki/Ionization" title="Ionization">ionisation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hydroxy_group" title="Hydroxy group">hydroxy groups</a> on the surface of soil colloids creates what is described as pH-dependent surface charges.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> Unlike permanent charges developed by <a href="/wiki/Isomorphous_replacement" title="Isomorphous replacement">isomorphous substitution</a>, pH-dependent charges are variable and increase with increasing pH.<a href="#cite_note-CEC-100">[100]</a> Freed cations can be made available to plants but are also prone to be leached from the soil, possibly making the soil less fertile.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> Plants are able to excrete H+ into the soil through the synthesis of <a href="/wiki/Organic_acid" title="Organic acid">organic acids</a> and by that means, change the pH of the soil near the root and push cations off the colloids, thus making those available to the plant.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cation_exchange_capacity_(CEC)">Cation exchange capacity (CEC)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Soil&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Cation exchange capacity (CEC)">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Cation_exchange_capacity" class="mw-redirect" title="Cation exchange capacity">Cation exchange capacity</a> is the soil's ability to remove cations from the soil water solution and sequester those to be exchanged later as the plant roots release hydrogen ions to the solution.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> CEC is the amount of exchangeable hydrogen cation (H+) that will combine with 100 grams dry weight of soil and whose measure is one milliequivalents per 100 grams of soil (1 meq/100 g). Hydrogen ions have a single charge and one-thousandth of a gram of hydrogen ions per 100 grams dry soil gives a measure of one milliequivalent of hydrogen ion. Calcium, with an atomic weight 40 times that of hydrogen and with a valence of two, converts to (40 ÷ 2) × 1 milliequivalent = 20 milliequivalents of hydrogen ion per 100 grams of dry soil or 20 meq/100 g.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonahueMillerShickluna1977114-104">[104]</a> The modern measure of CEC is expressed as centimoles of positive charge per kilogram (cmol/kg) of oven-dry soil. Most of the soil's CEC occurs on clay and humus colloids, and the lack of those in hot, humid, wet climates (such as <a href="/wiki/Tropical_rainforest" title="Tropical rainforest">tropical rainforests</a>), due to leaching and decomposition, respectively, explains the apparent sterility of tropical soils.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> Live plant roots also have some CEC, linked to their specific surface area.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="border-spacing: 5px; margin:auto;"> <caption>Cation exchange capacity for soils; soil textures; soil colloids<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonahueMillerShickluna1977115–116-107">[107]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" style="width:200px;">Soil </th> <th scope="col" style="width:100px;">State </th> <th scope="col" style="width:100px;">CEC meq/100 g </th></tr> <tr> <td>Charlotte fine sand</td> <td>Florida</td> <td>1.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ruston fine sandy loam</td> <td>Texas</td> <td>1.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Glouchester loam</td> <td>New Jersey</td> <td>11.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Grundy silt loam</td> <td>Illinois</td> <td>26.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Gleason clay loam</td> <td>California</td> <td>31.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Susquehanna clay loam</td> <td>Alabama</td> <td>34.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Davie mucky fine sand</td> <td>Florida</td> <td>100.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sands</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td>1–5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Fine sandy loams</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td>5–10 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Loams and silt loams</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td>5–15 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Clay loams</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td>15–30 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Clays</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td>over 30 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sesquioxides</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td>0–3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kaolinite</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td>3–15 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Illite</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td>25–40 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Montmorillonite</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td>60–100 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Vermiculite (similar to illite)</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td>80–150 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Humus</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td>100–300 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Anion_exchange_capacity_(AEC)">Anion exchange capacity (AEC)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Soil&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Anion exchange capacity (AEC)">edit</a>]</div> Anion exchange capacity is the soil's ability to remove anions (such as <a href="/wiki/Nitrate" title="Nitrate">nitrate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phosphate" title="Phosphate">phosphate</a>) from the soil water solution and sequester those for later exchange as the plant roots release carbonate anions to the soil water solution.<a href="#cite_note-Hinsinger_2001_173–195-108">[108]</a> Those colloids which have low CEC tend to have some AEC. Amorphous and sesquioxide clays have the highest AEC,<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> followed by the iron oxides.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> Levels of AEC are much lower than for CEC, because of the generally higher rate of positively (versus negatively) charged surfaces on soil colloids, to the exception of variable-charge soils.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> Phosphates tend to be held at anion exchange sites.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> Iron and aluminum hydroxide clays are able to exchange their hydroxide anions (OH−) for other anions.<a href="#cite_note-Hinsinger_2001_173–195-108">[108]</a> The order reflecting the strength of anion adhesion is as follows: <dl><dd>H 2PO− 4 replaces SO2− 4 replaces NO− 3 replaces Cl−</dd></dl> The amount of exchangeable anions is of a magnitude of tenths to a few milliequivalents per 100 g dry soil.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonahueMillerShickluna1977115–116-107">[107]</a> As pH rises, there are relatively more hydroxyls, which will displace anions from the colloids and force them into solution and out of storage; hence AEC decreases with increasing pH (alkalinity).<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reactivity_(pH)">Reactivity (pH)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Soil&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Reactivity (pH)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Soil_pH" title="Soil pH">Soil pH</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soil_pH#Effect_of_soil_pH_on_plant_growth" title="Soil pH">Soil pH § Effect of soil pH on plant growth</a></div> Soil reactivity is expressed in terms of pH and is a measure of the <a href="/wiki/Acid" title="Acid">acidity</a> or <a href="/wiki/Base_(chemistry)" title="Base (chemistry)">alkalinity</a> of the soil. More precisely, it is a measure of <a href="/wiki/Hydronium" title="Hydronium">hydronium</a> concentration in an aqueous solution and ranges in values from 0 to 14 (acidic to basic) but practically speaking for soils, pH ranges from 3.5 to 9.5, as pH values beyond those extremes are toxic to life forms.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> At 25 °C an aqueous solution that has a pH of 3.5 has 10−3.5 <a href="/wiki/Mole_(unit)" title="Mole (unit)">moles</a> H3O+ (hydronium ions) per litre of solution (and also 10−10.5 moles per litre OH−). A pH of 7, defined as neutral, has 10−7 moles of hydronium ions per litre of solution and also 10−7 moles of OH− per litre; since the two concentrations are equal, they are said to neutralise each other. A pH of 9.5 has 10−9.5 moles hydronium ions per litre of solution (and also 10−2.5 moles per litre OH−). A pH of 3.5 has one million times more hydronium ions per litre than a solution with pH of 9.5 (9.5 − 3.5 = 6 or 106) and is more acidic.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> The effect of pH on a soil is to remove from the soil or to make available certain ions. Soils with high acidity tend to have toxic amounts of <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a>.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> As a result of a trade-off between toxicity and requirement most nutrients are better available to plants at moderate pH,<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> although most minerals are more soluble in acid soils. Soil organisms are hindered by high acidity, and most agricultural crops do best with mineral soils of pH 6.5 and organic soils of pH 5.5.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonahueMillerShickluna1977116–117-118">[118]</a> Given that at low pH toxic metals (e.g. cadmium, zinc, lead) are positively charged as cations and organic pollutants are in non-ionic form, thus both made more available to organisms,<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> it has been suggested that plants, animals and microbes commonly living in acid soils are <a href="/wiki/Pre-adapted" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-adapted">pre-adapted</a> to every kind of pollution, whether of natural or human origin.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> In high rainfall areas, soils tend to acidify as the basic cations are forced off the soil colloids by the mass action of hydronium ions from usual or unusual <a href="/wiki/Acid_rain" title="Acid rain">rain acidity</a> against those attached to the colloids. High rainfall rates can then wash the nutrients out, leaving the soil inhabited only by those organisms which are particularly efficient to uptake nutrients in very acid conditions, like in <a href="/wiki/Tropical_rainforests" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropical rainforests">tropical rainforests</a>.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> Once the colloids are saturated with H3O+, the addition of any more hydronium ions or aluminum hydroxyl cations drives the pH even lower (more acidic) as the soil has been left with no buffering capacity.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> In areas of extreme rainfall and high temperatures, the clay and humus may be washed out, further reducing the buffering capacity of the soil.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> In low rainfall areas, unleached calcium pushes pH to 8.5 and with the addition of exchangeable sodium, soils may reach pH 10.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> Beyond a pH of 9, plant growth is reduced.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> High pH results in low <a href="/wiki/Micro-nutrient" class="mw-redirect" title="Micro-nutrient">micro-nutrient</a> mobility, but water-soluble <a href="/wiki/Chelates" class="mw-redirect" title="Chelates">chelates</a> of those nutrients can correct the deficit.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> Sodium can be reduced by the addition of gypsum (calcium sulphate) as calcium adheres to clay more tightly than does sodium causing sodium to be pushed into the soil water solution where it can be washed out by an abundance of water.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonahueMillerShickluna1977116–119-128">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Base_saturation_percentage">Base saturation percentage</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Soil&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Base saturation percentage">edit</a>]</div> There are acid-forming cations (e.g. hydronium, aluminium, iron) and there are base-forming cations (e.g. calcium, magnesium, sodium). The fraction of the negatively-charged soil colloid exchange sites (CEC) that are occupied by base-forming cations is called <a href="/wiki/Base_saturation" class="mw-redirect" title="Base saturation">base saturation</a>. If a soil has a CEC of 20 meq and 5 meq are aluminium and hydronium cations (acid-forming), the remainder of positions on the colloids (20 − 5 = 15 meq) are assumed occupied by base-forming cations, so that the base saturation is 15 ÷ 20 × 100% = 75% (the compliment 25% is assumed acid-forming cations). Base saturation is almost in direct proportion to pH (it increases with increasing pH).<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> It is of use in calculating the amount of lime needed to neutralise an acid soil (lime requirement). The amount of lime needed to neutralize a soil must take account of the amount of acid forming ions on the colloids (exchangeable acidity), not just those in the soil water solution (free acidity).<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> The addition of enough lime to neutralize the soil water solution will be insufficient to change the pH, as the acid forming cations stored on the soil colloids will tend to restore the original pH condition as they are pushed off those colloids by the calcium of the added lime.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonahueMillerShickluna1977119–120-132">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Buffering">Buffering</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Soil&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Buffering">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Soil_conditioner" title="Soil conditioner">Soil conditioner</a></div> The resistance of soil to change in pH, as a result of the addition of acid or basic material, is a measure of the buffering capacity of a soil and (for a particular soil type) increases as the CEC increases. Hence, pure sand has almost no buffering ability, though soils high in colloids (whether mineral or organic) have high <a href="/wiki/Buffering_capacity" class="mw-redirect" title="Buffering capacity">buffering capacity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> Buffering occurs by cation exchange and <a href="/wiki/Neutralization_(chemistry)" title="Neutralization (chemistry)">neutralisation</a>. However, colloids are not the only regulators of soil pH. The role of <a href="/wiki/Carbonates" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbonates">carbonates</a> should be underlined, too.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> More generally, according to pH levels, several buffer systems take precedence over each other, from <a href="/wiki/Calcium_carbonate" title="Calcium carbonate">calcium carbonate</a> <a href="/wiki/Buffer_range" class="mw-redirect" title="Buffer range">buffer range</a> to iron buffer range.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> The addition of a small amount of highly basic aqueous ammonia to a soil will cause the <a href="/wiki/Ammonium" title="Ammonium">ammonium</a> to displace hydronium ions from the colloids, and the end product is water and colloidally fixed ammonium, but little permanent change overall in soil pH. The addition of a small amount of <a href="/wiki/Liming_(soil)" title="Liming (soil)">lime</a>, Ca(OH)2, will displace hydronium ions from the soil colloids, causing the fixation of calcium to colloids and the evolution of CO2 and water, with little permanent change in soil pH. The above are examples of the buffering of soil pH. The general principal is that an increase in a particular cation in the soil water solution will cause that cation to be fixed to colloids (buffered) and a decrease in solution of that cation will cause it to be withdrawn from the colloid and moved into solution (buffered). The degree of buffering is often related to the CEC of the soil; the greater the CEC, the greater the buffering capacity of the soil.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonahueMillerShickluna1977120–121-136">[136]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Redox">Redox</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Soil&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Redox">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Redox#Redox_reactions_in_soils" title="Redox">Redox § Redox_reactions_in_soils</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Table_of_standard_reduction_potentials_for_half-reactions_important_in_biochemistry" title="Table of standard reduction potentials for half-reactions important in biochemistry">Table of standard reduction potentials for half-reactions important in biochemistry</a></div> Soil chemical reactions involve some combination of proton and electron transfer. Oxidation occurs if there is a loss of electrons in the transfer process while reduction occurs if there is a gain of electrons. <a href="/wiki/Reduction_potential" title="Reduction potential">Reduction potential</a> is measured in volts or millivolts. Soil microbial communities develop along <a href="/wiki/Electron_transport_chain" title="Electron transport chain">electron transport chains</a>, forming electrically conductive <a href="/wiki/Geobacter#Biofilm_conductivity" title="Geobacter">biofilms</a>, and developing networks of <a href="/wiki/Bacterial_nanowires" title="Bacterial nanowires">bacterial nanowires</a>. Redox factors in soil development, where formation of <a href="/wiki/Redoximorphic_features" title="Redoximorphic features">redoximorphic color features</a> provides critical information for soil interpretation. Understanding the <a href="/wiki/Redox_gradient#Terrestrial_Environments" title="Redox gradient">redox gradient</a> is important to managing carbon sequestration, bioremediation, <a href="/wiki/Pedosphere#Redox_conditions_in_wetland_soils" title="Pedosphere">wetland delineation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Soil-based_microbial_fuel_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Soil-based microbial fuel cell">soil-based microbial fuel cells</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nutrients">Nutrients</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Soil&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Nutrients">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable sortable floatright"> <caption>Plant nutrients, their chemical symbols, and the ionic forms common in soils and available for plant uptake<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonahueMillerShickluna1977125-137">[137]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Element</th> <th>Symbol</th> <th>Ion or molecule </th></tr> <tr> <td>Carbon</td> <td>C</td> <td>CO2 (mostly through leaves) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hydrogen</td> <td>H</td> <td>H+, H2O (water) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Oxygen</td> <td>O</td> <td>O2−, OH−, CO2− 3, SO2− 4, CO2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phosphorus</td> <td>P</td> <td>H 2PO− 4, HPO2− 4 (phosphates) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Potassium</td> <td>K</td> <td>K+ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nitrogen</td> <td>N</td> <td>NH+ 4, NO− 3 (ammonium, nitrate) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sulfur</td> <td>S</td> <td>SO2− 4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Calcium</td> <td>Ca</td> <td>Ca2+ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Iron</td> <td>Fe</td> <td>Fe2+, Fe3+ (ferrous, ferric) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Magnesium</td> <td>Mg</td> <td>Mg2+ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Boron</td> <td>B</td> <td>H3BO3, H 2BO− 3, B(OH)− 4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Manganese</td> <td>Mn</td> <td>Mn2+ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Copper</td> <td>Cu</td> <td>Cu2+ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Zinc</td> <td>Zn</td> <td>Zn2+ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Molybdenum</td> <td>Mo</td> <td>MoO2− 4 (molybdate) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Chlorine</td> <td>Cl</td> <td>Cl− (chloride) </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Plant_nutrients_in_soil" title="Plant nutrients in soil">Plant nutrients in soil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plant_nutrition" title="Plant nutrition">Plant nutrition</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Soil_pH#Effect_of_soil_pH_on_plant_growth" title="Soil pH">Soil pH § Effect of soil pH on plant growth</a></div> Seventeen elements or nutrients are essential for plant growth and reproduction. They are <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a> (C), <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> (H), <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> (O), <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a> (N), <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">phosphorus</a> (P), <a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">potassium</a> (K), <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a> (S), <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a> (Ca), <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a> (Mg), <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a> (Fe), <a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">boron</a> (B), manganese (Mn), <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a> (Cu), <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a> (Zn), <a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">molybdenum</a> (Mo), <a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">nickel</a> (Ni) and <a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">chlorine</a> (Cl).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDean195780-138">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussel1957123–125-139">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-BradyWeil-140">[140]</a> Nutrients required for plants to complete their life cycle are considered <a href="/wiki/Essential_nutrients" class="mw-redirect" title="Essential nutrients">essential nutrients</a>. Nutrients that enhance the growth of plants but are not necessary to complete the plant's life cycle are considered non-essential. With the exception of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, which are supplied by carbon dioxide and water, and nitrogen, provided through nitrogen fixation,<a href="#cite_note-BradyWeil-140">[140]</a> the nutrients derive originally from the mineral component of the soil. The <a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_Minimum" class="mw-redirect" title="Law of the Minimum">Law of the Minimum</a> expresses that when the available form of a nutrient is not in enough proportion in the soil solution, then other nutrients cannot be taken up at an optimum rate by a plant.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> A particular nutrient ratio of the soil solution is thus mandatory for optimizing plant growth, a value which might differ from nutrient ratios calculated from plant composition.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> Plant uptake of nutrients can only proceed when they are present in a plant-available form. In most situations, nutrients are absorbed in an <a href="/wiki/Ionic_compound" class="mw-redirect" title="Ionic compound">ionic</a> form from (or together with) soil water. Although minerals are the origin of most nutrients, and the bulk of most nutrient elements in the soil is held in crystalline form within <a href="/wiki/Primary_mineral" title="Primary mineral">primary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Secondary_mineral" class="mw-redirect" title="Secondary mineral">secondary minerals</a>, they weather too slowly to support rapid plant growth. For example, the application of finely ground minerals, <a href="/wiki/Feldspar" title="Feldspar">feldspar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Apatite" title="Apatite">apatite</a>, to soil seldom provides the necessary amounts of potassium and phosphorus at a rate sufficient for good plant growth, as most of the nutrients remain bound in the crystals of those minerals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDean195780–81-143">[143]</a> The nutrients adsorbed onto the surfaces of clay colloids and soil organic matter provide a more accessible reservoir of many plant nutrients (e.g. K, Ca, Mg, P, Zn). As plants absorb the nutrients from the soil water, the soluble pool is replenished from the surface-bound pool. The decomposition of soil organic matter by microorganisms is another mechanism whereby the soluble pool of nutrients is replenished – this is important for the supply of plant-available N, S, P, and B from soil.<a href="#cite_note-Roy2006Chapter4-144">[144]</a> Gram for gram, the capacity of <a href="/wiki/Humus" title="Humus">humus</a> to hold nutrients and water is far greater than that of clay minerals, most of the soil <a href="/wiki/Cation-exchange_capacity" title="Cation-exchange capacity">cation exchange capacity</a> arising from charged <a href="/wiki/Carboxylic" class="mw-redirect" title="Carboxylic">carboxylic</a> groups on organic matter.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> However, despite the great capacity of humus to retain water once water-soaked, its high <a href="/wiki/Hydrophobicity" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrophobicity">hydrophobicity</a> decreases its <a href="/wiki/Wettability" class="mw-redirect" title="Wettability">wettability</a> once dry.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> All in all, small amounts of humus may remarkably increase the soil's capacity to promote plant growth.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonahueMillerShickluna1977123–131-147">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-Roy2006Chapter4-144">[144]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Soil_organic_matter">Soil organic matter</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Soil&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Soil organic matter">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Soil_organic_matter" title="Soil organic matter">Soil organic matter</a></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Overly_detailed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-overly_detailed" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience. Specifically, details could be moved into main article. Please help by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Content_forking#Article_spinoffs:_.22Summary_style.22_meta-articles_and_summary_sections" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Content forking">spinning off</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Handling_trivia#Recommendations_for_handling_trivia" title="Wikipedia:Handling trivia">relocating</a> any relevant information, and removing excessive detail that may be against <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">Wikipedia's inclusion policy</a>. (April 2021) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> The organic material in soil is made up of <a href="/wiki/Organic_compounds" class="mw-redirect" title="Organic compounds">organic compounds</a> and includes plant, animal and microbial material, both living and dead. A typical soil has a biomass composition of 70% microorganisms, 22% macrofauna, and 8% roots. The living component of an acre of soil may include 900 lb of earthworms, 2400 lb of fungi, 1500 lb of bacteria, 133 lb of protozoa and 890 lb of arthropods and algae.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> A few percent of the soil organic matter, with small <a href="/wiki/Residence_time" title="Residence time">residence time</a>, consists of the microbial <a href="/wiki/Biomass" title="Biomass">biomass</a> and <a href="/wiki/Metabolites" class="mw-redirect" title="Metabolites">metabolites</a> of bacteria, molds, and actinomycetes that work to break down the dead organic matter.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> Were it not for the action of these micro-organisms, the entire carbon dioxide part of the atmosphere would be sequestered as organic matter in the soil. However, in the same time soil microbes contribute to <a href="/wiki/Carbon_sequestration" title="Carbon sequestration">carbon sequestration</a> in the topsoil through the formation of stable humus.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> In the aim to sequester more carbon in the soil for alleviating the <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_effect" title="Greenhouse effect">greenhouse effect</a> it would be more efficient in the long-term to stimulate <a href="/wiki/Humification" class="mw-redirect" title="Humification">humification</a> than to decrease litter <a href="/wiki/Decomposition" title="Decomposition">decomposition</a>.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> The main part of soil organic matter is a complex assemblage of small organic molecules, collectively called humus or <a href="/wiki/Humic" class="mw-redirect" title="Humic">humic</a> substances. The use of these terms, which do not rely on a clear chemical classification, has been considered as obsolete.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> Other studies showed that the classical notion of molecule is not convenient for humus, which escaped most attempts done over two centuries to resolve it in unit components, but still is chemically distinct from polysaccharides, lignins and proteins.<a href="#cite_note-Piccolo2002-154">[154]</a> Most living things in soils, including plants, animals, bacteria, and fungi, are dependent on organic matter for nutrients and/or energy. Soils have organic compounds in varying degrees of decomposition, the rate of which is dependent on the temperature, soil moisture, and aeration. Bacteria and fungi feed on the raw organic matter, which are fed upon by <a href="/wiki/Protozoa" title="Protozoa">protozoa</a>, which in turn are fed upon by <a href="/wiki/Nematodes" class="mw-redirect" title="Nematodes">nematodes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Annelids" class="mw-redirect" title="Annelids">annelids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">arthropods</a>, themselves able to consume and transform raw or humified organic matter. This has been called the <a href="/wiki/Soil_food_web" title="Soil food web">soil food web</a>, through which all organic matter is processed as in a <a href="/wiki/Digestive_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Digestive system">digestive system</a>.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> Organic matter holds soils open, allowing the infiltration of air and water, and may hold as much as twice its weight in water. Many soils, including desert and rocky-gravel soils, have little or no organic matter. Soils that are all organic matter, such as <a href="/wiki/Peat" title="Peat">peat</a> (<a href="/wiki/Histosols" class="mw-redirect" title="Histosols">histosols</a>), are infertile.<a href="#cite_note-Foth1984-156">[156]</a> In its earliest stage of decomposition, the original organic material is often called raw organic matter. The final stage of decomposition is called humus. In <a href="/wiki/Grassland" title="Grassland">grassland</a>, much of the organic matter added to the soil is from the deep, fibrous, grass root systems. By contrast, tree leaves falling on the forest floor are the principal source of soil organic matter in the forest. Another difference is the frequent occurrence in the grasslands of fires that destroy large amounts of aboveground material but stimulate even greater contributions from roots. Also, the much greater acidity under any forests inhibits the action of certain soil organisms that otherwise would mix much of the surface litter into the mineral soil. As a result, the soils under grasslands generally develop a thicker <a href="/wiki/A_horizon" class="mw-redirect" title="A horizon">A horizon</a> with a deeper distribution of organic matter than in comparable soils under forests, which characteristically store most of their organic matter in the forest floor (<a href="/wiki/O_horizon" class="mw-redirect" title="O horizon">O horizon</a>) and thin A horizon.<a href="#cite_note-Ponge2003-157">[157]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Humus">Humus</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Soil&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Humus">edit</a>]</div> Humus refers to organic matter that has been decomposed by soil microflora and fauna to the point where it is resistant to further breakdown. Humus usually constitutes only five percent of the soil or less by volume, but it is an essential source of nutrients and adds important textural qualities crucial to <a href="/wiki/Soil_health" title="Soil health">soil health</a> and plant growth.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> Humus also feeds arthropods, <a href="/wiki/Termite" title="Termite">termites</a> and <a href="/wiki/Earthworm" title="Earthworm">earthworms</a> which further improve the soil.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> The end product, humus, is suspended in <a href="/wiki/Colloidal" class="mw-redirect" title="Colloidal">colloidal</a> form in the soil solution and forms a <a href="/wiki/Weak_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Weak acid">weak acid</a> that can attack silicate minerals by <a href="/wiki/Chelation" title="Chelation">chelating</a> their iron and aluminum atoms.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> Humus has a high cation and anion exchange capacity that on a dry weight basis is many times greater than that of clay colloids. It also acts as a buffer, like clay, against changes in pH and soil moisture.<a href="#cite_note-Piccolo1996-161">[161]</a> <a href="/wiki/Humic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Humic acid">Humic acids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fulvic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Fulvic acid">fulvic acids</a>, which begin as raw organic matter, are important constituents of humus. After the death of plants, animals, and microbes, microbes begin to feed on the residues through their production of extra-cellular soil enzymes, resulting finally in the formation of humus.<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> As the residues break down, only molecules made of <a href="/wiki/Aliphatic_compound" title="Aliphatic compound">aliphatic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aromatic_hydrocarbon" class="mw-redirect" title="Aromatic hydrocarbon">aromatic</a> hydrocarbons, assembled and stabilized by oxygen and hydrogen bonds, remain in the form of complex molecular assemblages collectively called humus.<a href="#cite_note-Piccolo2002-154">[154]</a> Humus is never pure in the soil, because it reacts with metals and clays to form complexes which further contribute to its stability and to soil structure.<a href="#cite_note-Piccolo1996-161">[161]</a> Although the structure of humus has in itself few nutrients (with the exception of constitutive metals such as calcium, iron and aluminum) it is able to attract and link, by weak bonds, cation and anion nutrients that can further be released into the soil solution in response to selective root uptake and changes in soil pH, a process of paramount importance for the maintenance of fertility in tropical soils.<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lignin" title="Lignin">Lignin</a> is resistant to breakdown and accumulates within the soil. It also reacts with <a href="/wiki/Proteins" class="mw-redirect" title="Proteins">proteins</a>,<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> which further increases its resistance to decomposition, including enzymatic decomposition by microbes.<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> <a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">Fats</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wax" title="Wax">waxes</a> from plant matter have still more resistance to decomposition and persist in soils for thousand years, hence their use as tracers of past vegetation in buried soil layers.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> Clay soils often have higher organic contents that persist longer than soils without clay as the organic molecules adhere to and are stabilised by the clay.<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> Proteins normally decompose readily, to the exception of <a href="/wiki/Scleroproteins" class="mw-redirect" title="Scleroproteins">scleroproteins</a>, but when bound to clay particles they become more resistant to decomposition.<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> As for other proteins clay particles absorb the enzymes exuded by microbes, decreasing <a href="/wiki/Enzyme_activity" class="mw-redirect" title="Enzyme activity">enzyme activity</a> while protecting <a href="/wiki/Extracellular_enzymes" class="mw-redirect" title="Extracellular enzymes">extracellular enzymes</a> from degradation.<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> The addition of organic matter to clay soils can render that organic matter and any added nutrients inaccessible to plants and microbes for many years.<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> A study showed increased soil fertility following the addition of mature compost to a clay soil.<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> High soil <a href="/wiki/Tannin" title="Tannin">tannin</a> content can cause nitrogen to be sequestered as resistant tannin-protein complexes.<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fierer2001-173">[173]</a> Humus formation is a process dependent on the amount of plant material added each year and the type of base soil. Both are affected by climate and the type of organisms present.<a href="#cite_note-Ponge2003-157">[157]</a> Soils with humus can vary in nitrogen content but typically have 3 to 6 percent nitrogen. Raw organic matter, as a reserve of nitrogen and phosphorus, is a vital component affecting <a href="/wiki/Fertile_soil" class="mw-redirect" title="Fertile soil">soil fertility</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Foth1984-156">[156]</a> Humus also absorbs water, and expands and shrinks between dry and wet states to a higher extent than clay, increasing soil porosity.<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> Humus is less stable than the soil's mineral constituents, as it is reduced by microbial decomposition, and over time its concentration diminishes without the addition of new organic matter. However, humus in its most stable forms may persist over centuries if not millennia.<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> <a href="/wiki/Charcoal" title="Charcoal">Charcoal</a> is a source of highly stable humus, called <a href="/wiki/Black_carbon" title="Black carbon">black carbon</a>,<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> which had been used traditionally to improve the fertility of nutrient-poor tropical soils. This very ancient practice, as ascertained in the genesis of <a href="/wiki/Amazonian_dark_earths" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazonian dark earths">Amazonian dark earths</a>, has been renewed and became popular under the name of <a href="/wiki/Biochar" title="Biochar">biochar</a>. It has been suggested that biochar could be used to sequester more carbon in the fight against the greenhouse effect.<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climatological_influence">Climatological influence</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Soil&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Climatological influence">edit</a>]</div> The production, accumulation and degradation of organic matter are greatly dependent on climate. For example, when a <a href="/wiki/Thaw_(weather)" title="Thaw (weather)">thawing</a> event occurs, the flux of <a href="/wiki/Soil_gas" title="Soil gas">soil gases</a> with atmospheric gases is significantly influenced.<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> Temperature, soil moisture and <a href="/wiki/Topography" title="Topography">topography</a> are the major factors affecting the accumulation of organic matter in soils. Organic matter tends to accumulate under wet or cold conditions where <a href="/wiki/Decomposer" title="Decomposer">decomposer</a> activity is impeded by low temperature<a href="#cite_note-Wagai2008-179">[179]</a> or excess moisture which results in anaerobic conditions.<a href="#cite_note-Minayeva2008-180">[180]</a> Conversely, excessive rain and high temperatures of tropical climates enables rapid decomposition of organic matter and leaching of plant nutrients. Forest ecosystems on these soils rely on efficient recycling of nutrients and plant matter by the living plant and microbial biomass to maintain their productivity, a process which is disturbed by human activities.<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> Excessive slope, in particular in the presence of cultivation for the sake of agriculture, may encourage the erosion of the top layer of soil which holds most of the raw organic material that would otherwise eventually become humus.<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plant_residue">Plant residue</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Soil&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Plant residue">edit</a>]</div> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 791.58150883059px; border-left-color:#B15928"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#B15928"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#B15928"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 389.47428549299px; border-left-color:#6A3D9A"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#6A3D9A"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#6A3D9A"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 157.57478599687px; border-left-color:#FF7F00"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#FF7F00"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#FF7F00"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 54.975465219277px; border-left-color:#E31A1C"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#E31A1C"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#E31A1C"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:80.901699437495px 58.778525229247px 0 0; border-top-color:#33A02C"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#33A02C"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:0; border-width:0 307.76835371753px 100px 0; border-right-color:#1F78B4"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;right:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 100px 0;border-color:#1F78B4"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> Typical types and percentages of plant residue components <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Cellulose (45%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Lignin (20%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Hemicellulose (18%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Protein (8%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Sugars and starches (5%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Fats and waxes (2%)</div> </div> </div></div> <a href="/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose">Cellulose</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hemicellulose" title="Hemicellulose">hemicellulose</a> undergo fast decomposition by fungi and bacteria, with a half-life of 12–18 days in a temperate climate.<a href="#cite_note-Paul1997-183">[183]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wood-decay_fungus" title="Wood-decay fungus">Brown rot fungi</a> can decompose the cellulose and hemicellulose, leaving the lignin and <a href="/wiki/Phenols" title="Phenols">phenolic compounds</a> behind. <a href="/wiki/Starch" title="Starch">Starch</a>, which is an <a href="/wiki/Energy_storage" title="Energy storage">energy storage</a> system for plants, undergoes fast decomposition by bacteria and fungi. Lignin consists of <a href="/wiki/Polymers" class="mw-redirect" title="Polymers">polymers</a> composed of 500 to 600 units with a highly branched, amorphous structure, linked to cellulose, hemicellulose and <a href="/wiki/Pectin" title="Pectin">pectin</a> in <a href="/wiki/Plant_cell_walls" class="mw-redirect" title="Plant cell walls">plant cell walls</a>. Lignin undergoes very slow decomposition, mainly by <a href="/wiki/White_rot" class="mw-redirect" title="White rot">white rot</a> fungi and <a href="/wiki/Actinomycetes" class="mw-redirect" title="Actinomycetes">actinomycetes</a>; its half-life under temperate conditions is about six months.<a href="#cite_note-Paul1997-183">[183]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Horizons">Horizons</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Soil&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Horizons">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Soil_horizon" title="Soil horizon">Soil horizon</a></div> A horizontal layer of the soil, whose physical features, composition and age are distinct from those above and beneath, is referred to as a soil horizon. The naming of a horizon is based on the type of material of which it is composed. Those materials reflect the duration of specific processes of soil formation. They are labelled using a shorthand notation of letters and numbers which describe the horizon in terms of its colour, size, texture, structure, consistency, root quantity, pH, voids, boundary characteristics and presence of nodules or concretions.<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a> No soil profile has all the major horizons. Some, called <a href="/wiki/Entisols" class="mw-redirect" title="Entisols">entisols</a>, may have only one horizon or are currently considered as having no horizon, in particular incipient soils from unreclaimed <a href="/wiki/Mining_waste" class="mw-redirect" title="Mining waste">mining waste</a> deposits,<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a> <a href="/wiki/Moraines" class="mw-redirect" title="Moraines">moraines</a>,<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_cones" class="mw-redirect" title="Volcanic cones">volcanic cones</a><a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sand_dunes" class="mw-redirect" title="Sand dunes">sand dunes</a> or <a href="/wiki/Alluvial_terrace" class="mw-redirect" title="Alluvial terrace">alluvial terraces</a>.<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> Upper soil horizons may be lacking in truncated soils following wind or water ablation, with concomitant downslope burying of soil horizons, a natural process aggravated by agricultural practices such as tillage.<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> The growth of trees is another source of disturbance, creating a micro-scale heterogeneity which is still visible in soil horizons once trees have died.<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a> By passing from a horizon to another, from the top to the bottom of the soil profile, one goes back in time, with past events registered in soil horizons like in <a href="/wiki/Sediment" title="Sediment">sediment</a> layers. Sampling <a href="/wiki/Pollen" title="Pollen">pollen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Testate_amoebae" title="Testate amoebae">testate amoebae</a> and plant remains in soil horizons may help to reveal environmental changes (e.g. climate change, <a href="/wiki/Land_use" title="Land use">land use</a> change) which occurred in the course of soil formation.<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> Soil horizons can be dated by several methods such as <a href="/wiki/Radiocarbon" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiocarbon">radiocarbon</a>, using pieces of charcoal provided they are of enough size to escape <a href="/wiki/Pedoturbation" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedoturbation">pedoturbation</a> by earthworm activity and other mechanical disturbances.<a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a> Fossil soil horizons from <a href="/wiki/Paleosols" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleosols">paleosols</a> can be found within <a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_rock" title="Sedimentary rock">sedimentary rock</a> sequences, allowing the study of past environments.<a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a> The exposure of parent material to favourable conditions produces mineral soils that are marginally suitable for plant growth, as is the case in eroded soils.<a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a> The growth of vegetation results in the production of organic residues which fall on the ground as litter for plant aerial parts (<a href="/wiki/Leaf_litter" class="mw-redirect" title="Leaf litter">leaf litter</a>) or are directly produced belowground for subterranean plant organs (root litter), and then release <a href="/wiki/Dissolved_organic_matter" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissolved organic matter">dissolved organic matter</a>.<a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a> The remaining surficial organic layer, called the <a href="/wiki/Forest_floor" title="Forest floor">O horizon</a>, produces a more active soil due to the effect of the organisms that live within it. Organisms colonise and break down organic materials, making available nutrients upon which other plants and animals can live.<a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a> After sufficient time, humus moves downward and is deposited in a distinctive organic-mineral surface layer called the A horizon, in which organic matter is mixed with mineral matter through the activity of burrowing animals, a process called pedoturbation. This natural process does not go to completion in the presence of conditions detrimental to soil life such as strong acidity, cold climate or pollution, stemming in the accumulation of undecomposed organic matter within a single organic horizon overlying the mineral soil<a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a> and in the juxtaposition of humified organic matter and mineral particles, without intimate mixing, in the underlying mineral horizons.<a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Soil&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Classification">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Soil_classification" title="Soil classification">Soil classification</a></div> One of the first soil classification systems was developed by Russian scientist <a href="/wiki/Vasily_Dokuchaev" title="Vasily Dokuchaev">Vasily Dokuchaev</a> around 1880.<a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a> It was modified a number of times by American and European researchers and was developed into the system commonly used until the 1960s. It was based on the idea that soils have a particular morphology based on the materials and factors that form them. In the 1960s, a different classification system began to emerge which focused on <a href="/wiki/Soil_morphology" title="Soil morphology">soil morphology</a> instead of parental materials and soil-forming factors. Since then, it has undergone further modifications. The <a href="/wiki/World_Reference_Base_for_Soil_Resources" title="World Reference Base for Soil Resources">World Reference Base for Soil Resources</a><a href="#cite_note-WRB-200">[200]</a> aims to establish an international reference base for soil classification. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Soil&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Uses">edit</a>]</div> Soil is used in agriculture, where it serves as the anchor and primary nutrient base for plants. The types of soil and available moisture determine the species of plants that can be cultivated. <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_soil_science" title="Agricultural soil science">Agricultural soil science</a> was the primeval domain of soil knowledge, long time before the advent of <a href="/wiki/Pedology" title="Pedology">pedology</a> in the 19th century. However, as demonstrated by <a href="/wiki/Aeroponics" title="Aeroponics">aeroponics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aquaponics" title="Aquaponics">aquaponics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hydroponics" title="Hydroponics">hydroponics</a>, soil material is not an absolute essential for agriculture, and soilless cropping systems have been claimed as the future of agriculture for an endless growing mankind.<a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a> Soil material is also a critical component in mining, construction and landscape development industries.<a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a> Soil serves as a foundation for most construction projects. The movement of massive volumes of soil can be involved in <a href="/wiki/Surface_mining" title="Surface mining">surface mining</a>, <a href="/wiki/Road_building" class="mw-redirect" title="Road building">road building</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dam" title="Dam">dam</a> construction. <a href="/wiki/Earth_sheltering" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth sheltering">Earth sheltering</a> is the architectural practice of using soil for external <a href="/wiki/Thermal_mass" title="Thermal mass">thermal mass</a> against building walls. Many <a href="/wiki/Building_material" title="Building material">building materials</a> are soil based. Loss of soil through urbanization is growing at a high rate in many areas and can be critical for the maintenance of <a href="/wiki/Subsistence_agriculture" title="Subsistence agriculture">subsistence agriculture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a> Soil resources are critical to the environment, as well as to food and fibre production, producing 98.8% of food consumed by humans.<a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a> Soil provides minerals and water to plants according to several processes involved in plant nutrition. Soil absorbs rainwater and releases it later, thus preventing floods and drought, flood regulation being one of the major ecosystem services provided by soil.<a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a> Soil cleans water as it percolates through it.<a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a> Soil is the habitat for many organisms: the major part of known and unknown <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a> is in the soil, in the form of earthworms, <a href="/wiki/Woodlice" class="mw-redirect" title="Woodlice">woodlice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Millipede" title="Millipede">millipedes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Centipede" title="Centipede">centipedes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Snail" title="Snail">snails</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slug" title="Slug">slugs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mite" title="Mite">mites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Springtail" title="Springtail">springtails</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enchytraeidae" title="Enchytraeidae">enchytraeids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nematode" title="Nematode">nematodes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Protist" title="Protist">protists</a>), bacteria, <a href="/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">archaea</a>, fungi and <a href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">algae</a>; and most organisms living above ground have part of them (<a href="/wiki/Plants" class="mw-redirect" title="Plants">plants</a>) or spend part of their <a href="/wiki/Biological_life_cycle" title="Biological life cycle">life cycle</a> (<a href="/wiki/Insects" class="mw-redirect" title="Insects">insects</a>) below-ground.<a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a> Above-ground and below-ground biodiversities are tightly interconnected,<a href="#cite_note-Ponge2003-157">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-De_Deyn2005-208">[208]</a> making <a href="/wiki/Soil_protection" class="mw-redirect" title="Soil protection">soil protection</a> of paramount importance for any <a href="/wiki/Environmental_restoration" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental restoration">restoration</a> or <a href="/wiki/Nature_conservation" title="Nature conservation">conservation</a> plan. The biological component of soil is an extremely important carbon sink since about 57% of the biotic content is carbon. Even in deserts, cyanobacteria, <a href="/wiki/Lichen" title="Lichen">lichens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moss" title="Moss">mosses</a> form <a href="/wiki/Biological_soil_crust" title="Biological soil crust">biological soil crusts</a> which capture and sequester a significant amount of carbon by <a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">photosynthesis</a>. Poor farming and grazing methods have degraded soils and released much of this sequestered carbon to the atmosphere. Restoring the world's soils could offset the effect of increases in <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">greenhouse gas emissions</a> and slow global warming, while improving crop yields and reducing water needs.<a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a> <a href="/wiki/Waste_management" title="Waste management">Waste management</a> often has a soil component. <a href="/wiki/Septic_drain_field" title="Septic drain field">Septic drain fields</a> treat <a href="/wiki/Septic_tank" title="Septic tank">septic tank</a> effluent using <a href="/wiki/Aerobic_organism" title="Aerobic organism">aerobic</a> soil processes. Land application of <a href="/wiki/Waste_water" class="mw-redirect" title="Waste water">waste water</a> relies on <a href="/wiki/Soil_biology" title="Soil biology">soil biology</a> to aerobically treat <a href="/wiki/Biochemical_oxygen_demand" title="Biochemical oxygen demand">BOD</a>. Alternatively, <a href="/wiki/Landfill" title="Landfill">landfills</a> use soil for <a href="/wiki/Daily_cover" title="Daily cover">daily cover</a>, isolating waste deposits from the atmosphere and preventing unpleasant smells. <a href="/wiki/Composting" class="mw-redirect" title="Composting">Composting</a> is now widely used to treat aerobically solid domestic waste and dried effluents of <a href="/wiki/Settling_basin" title="Settling basin">settling basins</a>. Although compost is not soil, biological processes taking place during composting are similar to those occurring during decomposition and humification of soil organic matter.<a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a> Organic soils, especially peat, serve as a significant fuel and <a href="/wiki/Horticulture" title="Horticulture">horticultural</a> resource. Peat soils are also commonly used for the sake of agriculture in Nordic countries, because peatland sites, when drained, provide fertile soils for food production.<a href="#cite_note-213">[213]</a> However, wide areas of peat production, such as rain-fed <a href="/wiki/Sphagnum" title="Sphagnum">sphagnum</a> <a href="/wiki/Bog" title="Bog">bogs</a>, also called <a href="/wiki/Blanket_bog" title="Blanket bog">blanket bogs</a> or <a href="/wiki/Raised_bog" title="Raised bog">raised bogs</a>, are now protected because of their patrimonial interest. As an example, <a href="/wiki/Flow_Country" title="Flow Country">Flow Country</a>, covering 4,000 square kilometres of rolling expanse of blanket bogs in Scotland, is now candidate for being included in the <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_List" class="mw-redirect" title="World Heritage List">World Heritage List</a>. Under present-day global warming peat soils are thought to be involved in a self-reinforcing (positive feedback) process of increased emission of greenhouse gases (methane and carbon dioxide) and increased temperature,<a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a> a contention which is still under debate when replaced at field scale and including stimulated plant growth.<a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a> <a href="/wiki/Geophagy" class="mw-redirect" title="Geophagy">Geophagy</a> is the practice of eating soil-like substances. Both animals and humans occasionally consume soil for medicinal, recreational, or religious purposes.<a href="#cite_note-216">[216]</a> It has been shown that some <a href="/wiki/Monkeys" class="mw-redirect" title="Monkeys">monkeys</a> consume soil, together with their preferred food (tree <a href="/wiki/Foliage" class="mw-redirect" title="Foliage">foliage</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fruits" class="mw-redirect" title="Fruits">fruits</a>), in order to alleviate tannin toxicity.<a href="#cite_note-Setz1999-217">[217]</a> Soils filter and purify water and affect its chemistry. Rain water and pooled water from ponds, lakes and rivers percolate through the soil horizons and the upper <a href="/wiki/Stratum" title="Stratum">rock strata</a>, thus becoming <a href="/wiki/Groundwater" title="Groundwater">groundwater</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pest_(organism)" title="Pest (organism)">Pests</a> (<a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">viruses</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Pollutant" title="Pollutant">pollutants</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Persistent_organic_pollutant" title="Persistent organic pollutant">persistent organic pollutants</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chlorinated" class="mw-redirect" title="Chlorinated">chlorinated</a> <a href="/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide">pesticides</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polychlorinated_biphenyl" title="Polychlorinated biphenyl">polychlorinated biphenyls</a>), oils (<a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbon" title="Hydrocarbon">hydrocarbons</a>), heavy metals (<a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a>, zinc, <a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">cadmium</a>), and excess nutrients (nitrates, <a href="/wiki/Sulfate" title="Sulfate">sulfates</a>, phosphates) are filtered out by the soil.<a href="#cite_note-Kohne2009-218">[218]</a> Soil organisms <a href="/wiki/Metabolise" class="mw-redirect" title="Metabolise">metabolise</a> them or immobilise them in their biomass and necromass,<a href="#cite_note-Diplock2009-219">[219]</a> thereby incorporating them into stable humus.<a href="#cite_note-Moeckel2008-220">[220]</a> The physical integrity of soil is also a prerequisite for avoiding landslides in rugged landscapes.<a href="#cite_note-Rezaei2009-221">[221]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Degradation">Degradation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Soil&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Degradation">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Soil_retrogression_and_degradation" title="Soil retrogression and degradation">Soil retrogression and degradation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soil_conservation" title="Soil conservation">Soil conservation</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Land_degradation" title="Land degradation">Land degradation</a> is a human-induced or natural process which impairs the capacity of <a href="/wiki/Land_(economics)" title="Land (economics)">land</a> to function.<a href="#cite_note-222">[222]</a> <a href="/wiki/Soil_degradation" class="mw-redirect" title="Soil degradation">Soil degradation</a> involves <a href="/wiki/Soil_acidification" title="Soil acidification">acidification</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soil_contamination" title="Soil contamination">contamination</a>, <a href="/wiki/Desertification" title="Desertification">desertification</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">erosion</a> or <a href="/wiki/Soil_salinity" title="Soil salinity">salination</a>.<a href="#cite_note-223">[223]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Acidification">Acidification</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Soil&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Acidification">edit</a>]</div> Soil acidification is beneficial in the case of <a href="/wiki/Alkaline_soil" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkaline soil">alkaline soils</a>, but it degrades land when it lowers <a href="/wiki/Crop_productivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Crop productivity">crop productivity</a>, soil biological activity and increases soil vulnerability to <a href="/wiki/Contamination" title="Contamination">contamination</a> and erosion. Soils are initially acid and remain such when their parent materials are low in basic <a href="/wiki/Cation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cation">cations</a> (calcium, magnesium, potassium and <a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">sodium</a>). On parent materials richer in <a href="/wiki/Mineral_weathering" class="mw-redirect" title="Mineral weathering">weatherable minerals</a> acidification occurs when basic cations are <a href="/wiki/Leaching_(pedology)" title="Leaching (pedology)">leached</a> from the soil profile by rainfall or exported by the harvesting of forest or agricultural crops. Soil acidification is accelerated by the use of acid-forming <a href="/wiki/Nitrogenous_fertilizer" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitrogenous fertilizer">nitrogenous fertilizers</a> and by the effects of <a href="/wiki/Acid_precipitation" class="mw-redirect" title="Acid precipitation">acid precipitation</a>. <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">Deforestation</a> is another cause of soil acidification, mediated by increased leaching of soil nutrients in the absence of <a href="/wiki/Tree_canopies" class="mw-redirect" title="Tree canopies">tree canopies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-224">[224]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contamination">Contamination</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Soil&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Contamination">edit</a>]</div> Soil <a href="/wiki/Contamination" title="Contamination">contamination</a> at low levels is often within a soil's capacity to treat and assimilate <a href="/wiki/Waste" title="Waste">waste</a> material. <a href="/wiki/Soil_biota" class="mw-redirect" title="Soil biota">Soil biota</a> can treat waste by transforming it, mainly through microbial <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzymatic</a> activity.<a href="#cite_note-225">[225]</a> Soil organic matter and soil minerals can adsorb the waste material and decrease its <a href="/wiki/Toxicity" title="Toxicity">toxicity</a>,<a href="#cite_note-226">[226]</a> although when in colloidal form they may transport the adsorbed contaminants to subsurface environments.<a href="#cite_note-227">[227]</a> Many waste treatment processes rely on this natural <a href="/wiki/Bioremediation" title="Bioremediation">bioremediation</a> capacity. Exceeding treatment capacity can damage soil biota and limit soil function. Derelict soils occur where industrial contamination or other development activity damages the soil to such a degree that the land cannot be used safely or productively. <a href="/wiki/Environmental_remediation" title="Environmental remediation">Remediation</a> of derelict soil uses principles of geology, physics, chemistry and biology to degrade, attenuate, isolate or remove soil contaminants to restore <a href="/wiki/Soil_functions" title="Soil functions">soil functions</a> and values. Techniques include <a href="/wiki/Leaching_(chemistry)" title="Leaching (chemistry)">leaching</a>, <a href="/wiki/Air_sparging" title="Air sparging">air sparging</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soil_conditioner" title="Soil conditioner">soil conditioners</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phytoremediation" title="Phytoremediation">phytoremediation</a>, bioremediation and <a href="/wiki/In_situ_bioremediation" title="In situ bioremediation">Monitored Natural Attenuation</a>. An example of diffuse pollution with contaminants is copper accumulation in <a href="/wiki/Vineyard" title="Vineyard">vineyards</a> and <a href="/wiki/Orchard" title="Orchard">orchards</a> to which fungicides are repeatedly applied, even in <a href="/wiki/Organic_farming" title="Organic farming">organic farming</a>.<a href="#cite_note-228">[228]</a> <a href="/wiki/Microfiber" title="Microfiber">Microfibres</a> from synthetic textiles are another type of plastic soil contamination, 100% of agricultural soil samples from southwestern China contained plastic particles, 92% of which were microfibres. Sources of microfibres likely included string or twine, as well as irrigation water in which clothes had been washed.<a href="#cite_note-auto-229">[229]</a> The application of biosolids from sewage sludge and compost can introduce <a href="/wiki/Microplastics" title="Microplastics">microplastics</a> to soils. This adds to the burden of microplastics from other sources (e.g. the atmosphere). Approximately half the sewage sludge in Europe and North America is applied to agricultural land. In Europe it has been estimated that for every million inhabitants 113 to 770 tonnes of microplastics are added to agricultural soils each year.<a href="#cite_note-auto-229">[229]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Desertification">Desertification</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Soil&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Desertification">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Soil_erosion,_Southfield_-_geograph.org.uk_-_367917.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Soil_erosion%2C_Southfield_-_geograph.org.uk_-_367917.jpg/220px-Soil_erosion%2C_Southfield_-_geograph.org.uk_-_367917.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Soil_erosion%2C_Southfield_-_geograph.org.uk_-_367917.jpg/330px-Soil_erosion%2C_Southfield_-_geograph.org.uk_-_367917.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Soil_erosion%2C_Southfield_-_geograph.org.uk_-_367917.jpg/440px-Soil_erosion%2C_Southfield_-_geograph.org.uk_-_367917.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="506" /></a><figcaption>Desertification</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Desertification" title="Desertification">Desertification</a>, an environmental process of ecosystem degradation in arid and semi-arid regions, is often caused by badly adapted human activities such as <a href="/wiki/Overgrazing" title="Overgrazing">overgrazing</a> or excess harvesting of <a href="/wiki/Firewood" title="Firewood">firewood</a>. It is a common misconception that <a href="/wiki/Drought" title="Drought">drought</a> causes desertification.<a href="#cite_note-230">[230]</a> Droughts are common in arid and semiarid lands. Well-managed lands can recover from drought when the rains return. <a href="/wiki/Soil_management" title="Soil management">Soil management</a> tools include maintaining soil nutrient and organic matter levels, reduced tillage and increased cover.<a href="#cite_note-231">[231]</a> These practices help to control erosion and maintain productivity during periods when moisture is available. Continued land abuse during droughts, however, increases <a href="/wiki/Land_degradation" title="Land degradation">land degradation</a>. Increased population and livestock pressure on marginal lands accelerates desertification.<a href="#cite_note-232">[232]</a> It is now questioned whether present-day climate warming will favour or disfavour desertification, with contradictory reports about predicted rainfall trends associated with increased temperature, and strong discrepancies among regions, even in the same country.<a href="#cite_note-233">[233]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Erosion">Erosion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Soil&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Erosion">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Riparian_buffer_on_Bear_Creek_in_Story_County,_Iowa.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Riparian_buffer_on_Bear_Creek_in_Story_County%2C_Iowa.JPG/170px-Riparian_buffer_on_Bear_Creek_in_Story_County%2C_Iowa.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Riparian_buffer_on_Bear_Creek_in_Story_County%2C_Iowa.JPG/255px-Riparian_buffer_on_Bear_Creek_in_Story_County%2C_Iowa.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Riparian_buffer_on_Bear_Creek_in_Story_County%2C_Iowa.JPG/340px-Riparian_buffer_on_Bear_Creek_in_Story_County%2C_Iowa.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="2100" /></a><figcaption>Erosion control</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">Erosion</a> of soil is caused by <a href="/wiki/Water_erosion#Rainfall" class="mw-redirect" title="Water erosion">water</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_erosion#Wind_erosion" class="mw-redirect" title="Water erosion">wind</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_erosion#Glaciers" class="mw-redirect" title="Water erosion">ice</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Water_erosion#Mass_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Water erosion">movement in response to gravity</a>. More than one kind of erosion can occur simultaneously. Erosion is distinguished from <a href="/wiki/Weathering" title="Weathering">weathering</a>, since erosion also transports eroded soil away from its place of origin (soil in transit may be described as <a href="/wiki/Sediment" title="Sediment">sediment</a>). Erosion is an intrinsic natural process, but in many places it is greatly increased by human activity, especially unsuitable land use practices.<a href="#cite_note-234">[234]</a> These include <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agricultural</a> activities which leave the soil bare during times of heavy rain or strong winds, <a href="/wiki/Overgrazing" title="Overgrazing">overgrazing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">deforestation</a>, and improper <a href="/wiki/Construction" title="Construction">construction</a> activity. Improved management can limit erosion. <a href="/wiki/Soil_conservation#Erosion_prevention" title="Soil conservation">Soil conservation techniques</a> which are employed include changes of land use (such as replacing erosion-prone <a href="/wiki/Crop" title="Crop">crops</a> with <a href="/wiki/Grass" class="mw-redirect" title="Grass">grass</a> or other soil-binding plants), changes to the timing or type of agricultural operations, <a href="/wiki/Terrace_(agriculture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrace (agriculture)">terrace</a> building, use of erosion-suppressing cover materials (including <a href="/wiki/Cover_crop#Water_management" title="Cover crop">cover crops</a> and other plants), limiting disturbance during construction, and avoiding construction during erosion-prone periods and in erosion-prone places such as steep slopes.<a href="#cite_note-235">[235]</a> Historically, one of the best examples of large-scale soil erosion due to unsuitable land-use practices is wind erosion (the so-called <a href="/wiki/Dust_Bowl" title="Dust Bowl">dust bowl</a>) which ruined American and Canadian prairies during the 1930s, when immigrant farmers, encouraged by the federal government of both countries, settled and converted the original <a href="/wiki/Shortgrass_prairie" title="Shortgrass prairie">shortgrass prairie</a> to <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_crops" class="mw-redirect" title="Agricultural crops">agricultural crops</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cattle_ranching" class="mw-redirect" title="Cattle ranching">cattle ranching</a>. A serious and long-running water erosion problem occurs in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, on the middle reaches of the <a href="/wiki/Yellow_River" title="Yellow River">Yellow River</a> and the upper reaches of the <a href="/wiki/Yangtze_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Yangtze River">Yangtze River</a>. From the Yellow River, over 1.6 billion tons of sediment flow each year into the ocean. The sediment originates primarily from water erosion (gully erosion) in the <a href="/wiki/Loess_Plateau" title="Loess Plateau">Loess Plateau</a> region of northwest China.<a href="#cite_note-236">[236]</a> Soil piping is a particular form of soil erosion that occurs below the soil surface.<a href="#cite_note-237">[237]</a> It causes <a href="/wiki/Levee" title="Levee">levee</a> and dam failure, as well as <a href="/wiki/Sinkhole" title="Sinkhole">sink hole</a> formation. Turbulent flow removes soil starting at the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Seep_(hydrology)" title="Seep (hydrology)">seep</a> flow and the <a href="/wiki/Subsoil" title="Subsoil">subsoil</a> erosion advances up-gradient.<a href="#cite_note-238">[238]</a> The term <a href="/wiki/Sand_boil" title="Sand boil">sand boil</a> is used to describe the appearance of the discharging end of an active soil pipe.<a href="#cite_note-239">[239]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Salination">Salination</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Soil&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Salination">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Soil_salination" class="mw-redirect" title="Soil salination">Soil salination</a> is the accumulation of free <a href="/wiki/Salt" title="Salt">salts</a> to such an extent that it leads to degradation of the agricultural value of soils and vegetation. Consequences include <a href="/wiki/Corrosion" title="Corrosion">corrosion</a> damage, reduced plant growth, erosion due to loss of plant cover and soil structure, and <a href="/wiki/Water_quality" title="Water quality">water quality</a> problems due to <a href="/wiki/Sedimentation" title="Sedimentation">sedimentation</a>. Salination occurs due to a combination of natural and human-caused processes. Arid conditions favour salt accumulation. This is especially apparent when soil parent material is saline. <a href="/wiki/Surface_irrigation" title="Surface irrigation">Irrigation</a> of arid lands is especially problematic.<a href="#cite_note-240">[240]</a> All irrigation water has some level of salinity. Irrigation, especially when it involves leakage from canals and overirrigation in the field, often raises the underlying <a href="/wiki/Water_table" title="Water table">water table</a>. Rapid salination occurs when the land surface is within the <a href="/wiki/Capillary_fringe" title="Capillary fringe">capillary fringe</a> of saline groundwater. <a href="/wiki/Soil_salinity_control" title="Soil salinity control">Soil salinity control</a> involves <a href="/wiki/Watertable_control" title="Watertable control">watertable control</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leaching_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Leaching model">flushing</a> with higher levels of applied water in combination with <a href="/wiki/Tile_drainage" title="Tile drainage">tile drainage</a> or another form of <a href="/wiki/Drainage_system_(agriculture)" title="Drainage system (agriculture)">subsurface drainage</a>.<a href="#cite_note-241">[241]</a><a href="#cite_note-Waterlog-242">[242]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reclamation">Reclamation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Soil&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Reclamation">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Soil_regeneration" title="Soil regeneration">Soil regeneration</a></div> Soils which contain high levels of particular clays with high swelling properties, such as <a href="/wiki/Smectite" title="Smectite">smectites</a>, are often very fertile. For example, the smectite-rich <a href="/wiki/Paddy_field" title="Paddy field">paddy</a> soils of Thailand's <a href="/wiki/Central_Thailand" title="Central Thailand">Central Plains</a> are among the most productive in the world. However, the overuse of mineral nitrogen <a href="/wiki/Fertilizer" title="Fertilizer">fertilizers</a> and pesticides in <a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">irrigated</a> intensive <a href="/wiki/Rice_production_in_Thailand" title="Rice production in Thailand">rice production</a> has endangered these soils, forcing farmers to implement <a href="/wiki/Integrated_farming" title="Integrated farming">integrated practices</a> based on Cost Reduction Operating Principles.<a href="#cite_note-243">[243]</a> Many farmers in tropical areas, however, struggle to retain organic matter and clay in the soils they work. In recent years, for example, productivity has declined and soil erosion has increased in the low-clay soils of northern Thailand, following the abandonment of <a href="/wiki/Shifting_cultivation" title="Shifting cultivation">shifting cultivation</a> for a more permanent land use.<a href="#cite_note-244">[244]</a> Farmers initially responded by adding organic matter and clay from <a href="/wiki/Mound-building_termites" title="Mound-building termites">termite mound</a> material, but this was <a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">unsustainable</a> in the long-term because of rarefaction of termite mounds. Scientists experimented with adding <a href="/wiki/Bentonite" title="Bentonite">bentonite</a>, one of the smectite family of clays, to the soil. In field trials, conducted by scientists from the <a href="/wiki/International_Water_Management_Institute" title="International Water Management Institute">International Water Management Institute</a> (IWMI) in cooperation with <a href="/wiki/Khon_Kaen_University" title="Khon Kaen University">Khon Kaen University</a> and local farmers, this had the effect of helping retain water and nutrients. Supplementing the farmer's usual practice with a single application of 200 <a href="/wiki/Kilogram" title="Kilogram">kilograms</a> per <a href="/wiki/Rai_(unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rai (unit)">rai</a> (1,300 kg/ha; 1,100 lb/acre) of bentonite resulted in an average yield increase of 73%.<a href="#cite_note-245">[245]</a> Other studies showed that applying bentonite to degraded sandy soils reduced the risk of crop failure during drought years.<a href="#cite_note-246">[246]</a> In 2008, three years after the initial trials, IWMI scientists conducted a survey among 250 farmers in northeast Thailand, half of whom had applied bentonite to their fields. The average improvement for those using the clay addition was 18% higher than for non-clay users. Using the clay had enabled some farmers to switch to growing vegetables, which need more fertile soil. This helped to increase their income. The researchers estimated that 200 farmers in northeast Thailand and 400 in Cambodia had adopted the use of clays, and that a further 20,000 farmers were introduced to the new technique.<a href="#cite_note-Water_Management_Institute2010-247">[247]</a> If the soil is too high in clay or salts (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Saline_sodic_soil" class="mw-redirect" title="Saline sodic soil">saline sodic soil</a>), adding gypsum, washed river sand and organic matter (e.g.<a href="/wiki/Municipal_solid_waste" title="Municipal solid waste">municipal solid waste</a>) will balance the composition.<a href="#cite_note-248">[248]</a> Adding organic matter, like <a href="/wiki/Ramial_chipped_wood" title="Ramial chipped wood">ramial chipped wood</a> or <a href="/wiki/Compost" title="Compost">compost</a>, to soil which is depleted in nutrients and too high in sand will boost its quality and improve production.<a href="#cite_note-249">[249]</a><a href="#cite_note-250">[250]</a> Special mention must be made of the use of <a href="/wiki/Charcoal" title="Charcoal">charcoal</a>, and more generally <a href="/wiki/Biochar" title="Biochar">biochar</a> to improve nutrient-poor tropical soils, a process based on the higher fertility of anthropogenic <a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">pre-Columbian</a> Amazonian <a href="/wiki/Dark_earth" title="Dark earth">Dark Earths</a>, also called <a href="/wiki/Terra_Preta" class="mw-redirect" title="Terra Preta">Terra Preta</a> de Índio, due to interesting physical and chemical properties of soil black carbon as a source of stable humus.<a href="#cite_note-251">[251]</a> However, the uncontrolled application of <a href="/wiki/Charring" title="Charring">charred</a> waste products of all kinds may endanger soil life and human health.<a href="#cite_note-252">[252]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_studies_and_research">History of studies and research</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Soil&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: History of studies and research">edit</a>]</div> The history of the study of soil is intimately tied to humans' urgent need to provide food for themselves and forage for their animals. Throughout history, civilizations have prospered or declined as a function of the availability and productivity of their soils.<a href="#cite_note-253">[253]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Studies_of_soil_fertility">Studies of soil fertility</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Soil&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Studies of soil fertility">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Soil_fertility" title="Soil fertility">Soil fertility</a></div> The Greek historian <a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a> (450–355 <a href="/wiki/Before_the_Common_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Before the Common Era">BCE</a>) was the first to expound upon the merits of green-manuring crops: 'But then whatever weeds are upon the ground, being turned into earth, enrich the soil as much as dung.'<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonahueMillerShickluna19774-254">[254]</a> <a href="/wiki/Columella" title="Columella">Columella</a>'s Of husbandry, circa 60 <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">CE</a>, advocated the use of lime and that <a href="/wiki/Clover" title="Clover">clover</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alfalfa" title="Alfalfa">alfalfa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Green_manure" title="Green manure">green manure</a>) should be turned under,<a href="#cite_note-255">[255]</a> and was used by 15 generations (450 years) under the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> until its collapse.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonahueMillerShickluna19774-254">[254]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKellogg19571-256">[256]</a> From the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall of Rome">fall of Rome</a> to the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>, knowledge of soil and agriculture was passed on from parent to child and as a result, crop yields were low. During the European <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-%27Awwam" title="Ibn al-'Awwam">Yahya Ibn al-'Awwam</a>'s handbook,<a href="#cite_note-257">[257]</a> with its emphasis on irrigation, guided the people of North Africa, Spain and the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>; a translation of this work was finally carried to the southwest of the United States when under Spanish influence.<a href="#cite_note-258">[258]</a> <a href="/wiki/Olivier_de_Serres" title="Olivier de Serres">Olivier de Serres</a>, considered the father of French <a href="/wiki/Agronomy" title="Agronomy">agronomy</a>, was the first to suggest the abandonment of <a href="/wiki/Fallowing" class="mw-redirect" title="Fallowing">fallowing</a> and its replacement by hay <a href="/wiki/Meadows" class="mw-redirect" title="Meadows">meadows</a> within <a href="/wiki/Crop_rotation" title="Crop rotation">crop rotations</a>. He also highlighted the importance of soil (the French <a href="/wiki/Terroir" title="Terroir">terroir</a>) in the management of vineyards. His famous book Le Théâtre d'Agriculture et mesnage des champs<a href="#cite_note-259">[259]</a> contributed to the rise of modern, <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_agriculture" title="Sustainable agriculture">sustainable agriculture</a> and to the collapse of old <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_practices" class="mw-redirect" title="Agricultural practices">agricultural practices</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Soil_amendment" class="mw-redirect" title="Soil amendment">soil amendment</a> for crops by the lifting of <a href="/wiki/Forest_litter" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest litter">forest litter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Assarting" title="Assarting">assarting</a>, which ruined the soils of western Europe during the Middle Ages and even later on according to regions.<a href="#cite_note-260">[260]</a> Experiments into what made plants grow first led to the idea that the ash left behind when plant matter was burned was the essential element but overlooked the role of nitrogen, which is not left on the ground after combustion, a belief which prevailed until the 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-261">[261]</a> In about 1635, the Flemish chemist <a href="/wiki/Jan_Baptist_van_Helmont" title="Jan Baptist van Helmont">Jan Baptist van Helmont</a> thought he had proved water to be the essential element from his famous five years' experiment with a willow tree grown with only the addition of rainwater. His conclusion came from the fact that the increase in the plant's weight had apparently been produced only by the addition of water, with no reduction in the soil's weight.<a href="#cite_note-262">[262]</a><a href="#cite_note-Brady-263">[263]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKellogg19573-264">[264]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Woodward_(naturalist)" title="John Woodward (naturalist)">John Woodward</a> (<abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 1728) experimented with various types of water ranging from clean to muddy and found muddy water the best, and so he concluded that earthy matter was the essential element. Others concluded it was humus in the soil that passed some essence to the growing plant. Still others held that the vital growth principal was something passed from dead plants or animals to the new plants. At the start of the 18th century, <a href="/wiki/Jethro_Tull_(agriculturist)" title="Jethro Tull (agriculturist)">Jethro Tull</a> demonstrated that it was beneficial to cultivate (stir) the soil, but his opinion that the stirring made the fine parts of soil available for plant absorption was erroneous.<a href="#cite_note-Brady-263">[263]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKellogg19572-265">[265]</a> As chemistry developed, it was applied to the investigation of soil fertility. The French chemist <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier">Antoine Lavoisier</a> showed in about 1778 that plants and animals must <a href="/wiki/Combustion" title="Combustion">combust</a> oxygen internally to live. He was able to deduce that most of the 165-pound (75 kg) weight of van Helmont's willow tree derived from air.<a href="#cite_note-266">[266]</a> It was the French agriculturalist <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Boussingault" title="Jean-Baptiste Boussingault">Jean-Baptiste Boussingault</a> who by means of experimentation obtained evidence showing that the main sources of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen for plants were air and water, while nitrogen was taken from soil.<a href="#cite_note-267">[267]</a> <a href="/wiki/Justus_von_Liebig" title="Justus von Liebig">Justus von Liebig</a> in his book Organic chemistry in its applications to agriculture and physiology (published 1840), asserted that the chemicals in plants must have come from the soil and air and that to maintain soil fertility, the used minerals must be replaced.<a href="#cite_note-268">[268]</a> Liebig nevertheless believed the nitrogen was supplied from the air. The enrichment of soil with guano by the Incas was rediscovered in 1802, by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Humboldt" title="Alexander von Humboldt">Alexander von Humboldt</a>. This led to its mining and that of Chilean nitrate and to its application to soil in the United States and Europe after 1840.<a href="#cite_note-269">[269]</a> The work of Liebig was a revolution for agriculture, and so other investigators started experimentation based on it. In England <a href="/wiki/John_Bennet_Lawes" title="John Bennet Lawes">John Bennet Lawes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Henry_Gilbert" title="Joseph Henry Gilbert">Joseph Henry Gilbert</a> worked in the <a href="/wiki/Rothamsted_Research" title="Rothamsted Research">Rothamsted Experimental Station</a>, founded by the former, and (re)discovered that plants took nitrogen from the soil, and that salts needed to be in an available state to be absorbed by plants. Their investigations also produced the <a href="/wiki/Superphosphate" title="Superphosphate">superphosphate</a>, consisting in the acid treatment of phosphate rock.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKellogg19574-270">[270]</a> This led to the invention and use of salts of potassium (K) and nitrogen (N) as fertilizers. Ammonia generated by the production of <a href="/wiki/Coke_(fuel)" title="Coke (fuel)">coke</a> was recovered and used as fertiliser.<a href="#cite_note-271">[271]</a> Finally, the chemical basis of nutrients delivered to the soil in manure was understood and in the mid-19th century chemical fertilisers were applied. However, the dynamic interaction of soil and its life forms was still not understood. In 1856, J. Thomas Way discovered that ammonia contained in fertilisers was transformed into nitrates,<a href="#cite_note-272">[272]</a> and twenty years later <a href="/wiki/Robert_Warington" title="Robert Warington">Robert Warington</a> proved that this transformation was done by living organisms.<a href="#cite_note-273">[273]</a> In 1890 <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Winogradsky" title="Sergei Winogradsky">Sergei Winogradsky</a> announced he had found the bacteria responsible for this transformation.<a href="#cite_note-274">[274]</a> It was known that certain <a href="/wiki/Legume" title="Legume">legumes</a> could take up nitrogen from the air and fix it to the soil but it took the development of bacteriology towards the end of the 19th century to lead to an understanding of the role played in nitrogen fixation by bacteria. The symbiosis of bacteria and leguminous roots, and the fixation of nitrogen by the bacteria, were simultaneously discovered by the German agronomist <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Hellriegel" title="Hermann Hellriegel">Hermann Hellriegel</a> and the Dutch microbiologist <a href="/wiki/Martinus_Beijerinck" title="Martinus Beijerinck">Martinus Beijerinck</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKellogg19574-270">[270]</a> Crop rotation, mechanisation, chemical and natural fertilisers led to a doubling of wheat yields in western Europe between 1800 and 1900.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKellogg19571–4-275">[275]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Studies_of_soil_formation">Studies of soil formation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Soil&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Studies of soil formation">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Soil_formation" title="Soil formation">Soil formation</a></div> Scientists who studied soil in connection with agricultural practices considered it mainly a static substrate. However, the soil is the result of evolution from more ancient geological materials under the action of biotic and abiotic processes. After studies of soil improvement commenced, other researchers began to study soil genesis and, as a result, soil types and classifications. In 1860, while in Mississippi, <a href="/wiki/Eugene_W._Hilgard" title="Eugene W. Hilgard">Eugene W. Hilgard</a> (1833–1916) studied the relationship between rock material, climate, vegetation, and the type of soils that were developed. He realised that the soils were dynamic and considered the classification of soil types.<a href="#cite_note-276">[276]</a> (See also at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/73975">Project Gutenberg</a>). His work was not continued. At about the same time, <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Albert_Fallou" title="Friedrich Albert Fallou">Friedrich Albert Fallou</a> described soil profiles and related soil characteristics to their formation as part of his professional work evaluating forest and farmland for the principality of <a href="/wiki/Saxony" title="Saxony">Saxony</a>. His 1857 book, Anfangsgründe der Bodenkunde (First Principles of soil science), established modern soil science.<a href="#cite_note-277">[277]</a> Contemporary with Fallou's work, and driven by the same need to accurately assess land for equitable taxation, Vasily Dokuchaev led a team of soil scientists in Russia who conducted an extensive survey of soils, observing that similar basic rocks, climate and vegetation types lead to similar soil layering and types, and established the concepts for soil classifications. Due to language barriers, the work of this team was not communicated to Western Europe until 1914 through a publication in German by <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Glinka" title="Konstantin Glinka">Konstantin Glinka</a>, a member of the Russian team.<a href="#cite_note-278">[278]</a> <a href="/wiki/Curtis_F._Marbut" title="Curtis F. Marbut">Curtis F. Marbut</a>, influenced by the work of the Russian team, translated Glinka's publication into English,<a href="#cite_note-279">[279]</a> and, as he was placed in charge of the U.S. <a href="/wiki/National_Cooperative_Soil_Survey" title="National Cooperative Soil Survey">National Cooperative Soil Survey</a>, applied it to a national soil classification system.<a href="#cite_note-Brady-263">[263]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Soil&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/32px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/48px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/64px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="700" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Environment" title="Portal:Environment">Environment portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:WikiProject_Geology.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/WikiProject_Geology.svg/28px-WikiProject_Geology.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/WikiProject_Geology.svg/42px-WikiProject_Geology.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/WikiProject_Geology.svg/56px-WikiProject_Geology.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="327" data-file-height="328" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Geology" title="Portal:Geology">Geology portal</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid_sulfate_soil" title="Acid sulfate soil">Acid sulfate soil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_science" title="Agricultural science">Agricultural science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrophysics" title="Agrophysics">Agrophysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crust_(geology)" title="Crust (geology)">Crust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factors_affecting_permeability_of_soils" class="mw-redirect" title="Factors affecting permeability of soils">Factors affecting permeability of soils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_soil-related_articles" title="Index of soil-related articles">Index of soil-related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_soil" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunar soil">Lunar soil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Martian_soil" class="mw-redirect" title="Martian soil">martian soil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycorrhizal_fungi_and_soil_carbon_storage" title="Mycorrhizal fungi and soil carbon storage">Mycorrhizal fungi and soil carbon storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_soil" title="Red soil">Red soil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrink%E2%80%93swell_capacity" title="Shrink–swell capacity">Shrink–swell capacity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_biodiversity" title="Soil biodiversity">Soil biodiversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_liquefaction" title="Soil liquefaction">Soil liquefaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_moisture_velocity_equation" title="Soil moisture velocity equation">Soil moisture velocity equation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_zoology" title="Soil zoology">Soil zoology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tillage_erosion" title="Tillage erosion">Tillage erosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Soil_Museum" title="World Soil Museum">World Soil Museum</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Soil&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFVoroneyHeck2007" class="citation book cs1">Voroney, R. Paul; Heck, Richard J. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fr.art1lib.org/book/34240339/73458e">"The soil habitat"</a>. In Paul, Eldor A. (ed.). Soil microbiology, ecology and biochemistry (3rd ed.). Amsterdam, the Netherlands: <a href="/wiki/Elsevier" title="Elsevier">Elsevier</a>. pp. 25–49. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FB978-0-08-047514-1.50006-8">10.1016/B978-0-08-047514-1.50006-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-546807-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-546807-7"><bdi>978-0-12-546807-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180710102532/http://csmi.issas.ac.cn/uploadfiles/Soil%20Microbiology%2C%20Ecology%20%26%20Biochemistry.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 10 July 2018. Retrieved 27 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+soil+habitat&rft.btitle=Soil+microbiology%2C+ecology+and+biochemistry&rft.place=Amsterdam%2C+the+Netherlands&rft.pages=25-49&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FB978-0-08-047514-1.50006-8&rft.isbn=978-0-12-546807-7&rft.aulast=Voroney&rft.aufirst=R.+Paul&rft.au=Heck%2C+Richard+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffr.art1lib.org%2Fbook%2F34240339%2F73458e&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylorAshcroft1972" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, Sterling A.; Ashcroft, Gaylen L. (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/physicaledapholo0000tayl">Physical edaphology: the physics of irrigated and nonirrigated soils</a>. San Francisco, California: <a href="/wiki/W._H._Freeman_and_Company" title="W. H. Freeman and Company">W.H. Freeman</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7167-0818-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7167-0818-6"><bdi>978-0-7167-0818-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Physical+edaphology%3A+the+physics+of+irrigated+and+nonirrigated+soils&rft.place=San+Francisco%2C+California&rft.pub=W.H.+Freeman&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0-7167-0818-6&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Sterling+A.&rft.au=Ashcroft%2C+Gaylen+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fphysicaledapholo0000tayl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCarthy2014" class="citation book cs1">McCarthy, David F. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221016144604/https://fr.b-ok.cc/book/3555343/0f8f97">Essentials of soil mechanics and foundations: basic geotechnics</a> (7th ed.). London, United Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Pearson_Education" title="Pearson Education">Pearson</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781292039398" title="Special:BookSources/9781292039398"><bdi>9781292039398</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fr.book4you.org/book/3555343/0f8f97">the original</a> on 16 October 2022. Retrieved 27 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essentials+of+soil+mechanics+and+foundations%3A+basic+geotechnics&rft.place=London%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.edition=7th&rft.pub=Pearson&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781292039398&rft.aulast=McCarthy&rft.aufirst=David+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffr.book4you.org%2Fbook%2F3555343%2F0f8f97&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gilluly1975-4"><a href="#cite_ref-Gilluly1975_4-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGillulyWatersWoodford1975" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Gilluly" title="James Gilluly">Gilluly, James</a>; Waters, Aaron Clement; Woodford, Alfred Oswald (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/principlesofgeol0000gill">Principles of geology</a> (4th ed.). San Francisco, California: <a href="/wiki/W._H._Freeman_and_Company" title="W. H. Freeman and Company">W.H. Freeman</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7167-0269-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7167-0269-6"><bdi>978-0-7167-0269-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+of+geology&rft.place=San+Francisco%2C+California&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=W.H.+Freeman&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-7167-0269-6&rft.aulast=Gilluly&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Waters%2C+Aaron+Clement&rft.au=Woodford%2C+Alfred+Oswald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprinciplesofgeol0000gill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuggett2011" class="citation book cs1">Huggett, Richard John (2011). "What is geomorphology?". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cc1lib.vip/book/1220195/5e924c">Fundamentals of geomorphology</a>. Routledge Fundamentals of Physical Geography Series (3rd ed.). London, United Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 148–150. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-86008-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-86008-3"><bdi>978-0-203-86008-3</bdi></a>. Retrieved 16 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=What+is+geomorphology%3F&rft.btitle=Fundamentals+of+geomorphology&rft.place=London%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.series=Routledge+Fundamentals+of+Physical+Geography+Series&rft.pages=148-150&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-203-86008-3&rft.aulast=Huggett&rft.aufirst=Richard+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcc1lib.vip%2Fbook%2F1220195%2F5e924c&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPonge2015" class="citation journal cs1">Ponge, Jean-François (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/276090499">"The soil as an ecosystem"</a>. Biology and Fertility of Soils. 51 (6): 645–648. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015BioFS..51..645P">2015BioFS..51..645P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00374-015-1016-1">10.1007/s00374-015-1016-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:18251180">18251180</a>. Retrieved 3 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biology+and+Fertility+of+Soils&rft.atitle=The+soil+as+an+ecosystem&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=645-648&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A18251180%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00374-015-1016-1&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015BioFS..51..645P&rft.aulast=Ponge&rft.aufirst=Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F276090499&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yu2015-7"><a href="#cite_ref-Yu2015_7-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYuKambojWangCheng2015" class="citation web cs1">Yu, Charley; Kamboj, Sunita; Wang, Cheng; Cheng, Jing-Jy (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://resrad.evs.anl.gov/docs/data_collection.pdf">"Data collection handbook to support modeling impacts of radioactive material in soil and building structures"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Argonne_National_Laboratory" title="Argonne National Laboratory">Argonne National Laboratory</a>. pp. 13–21. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180804105951/http://resrad.evs.anl.gov/docs/data_collection.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 4 August 2018. Retrieved 3 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Argonne+National+Laboratory&rft.atitle=Data+collection+handbook+to+support+modeling+impacts+of+radioactive+material+in+soil+and+building+structures&rft.pages=13-21&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Yu&rft.aufirst=Charley&rft.au=Kamboj%2C+Sunita&rft.au=Wang%2C+Cheng&rft.au=Cheng%2C+Jing-Jy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresrad.evs.anl.gov%2Fdocs%2Fdata_collection.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Buol-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Buol_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Buol_8-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuolSouthardGrahamMcDaniel2011" class="citation book cs1">Buol, Stanley W.; Southard, Randal J.; Graham, Robert C.; McDaniel, Paul A. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230422182641/https://fr1lib.org/book/2156097/707d35">Soil genesis and classification</a> (6th ed.). Ames, Iowa: <a href="/wiki/Wiley-Blackwell" title="Wiley-Blackwell">Wiley-Blackwell</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-96060-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-96060-8"><bdi>978-0-470-96060-8</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fr1lib.org/book/2156097/707d35">the original</a> on 22 April 2023. Retrieved 3 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soil+genesis+and+classification&rft.place=Ames%2C+Iowa&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-470-96060-8&rft.aulast=Buol&rft.aufirst=Stanley+W.&rft.au=Southard%2C+Randal+J.&rft.au=Graham%2C+Robert+C.&rft.au=McDaniel%2C+Paul+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffr1lib.org%2Fbook%2F2156097%2F707d35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRetallackKrinsleyFischerRazink2016" class="citation journal cs1">Retallack, Gregory J.; Krinsley, David H.; Fischer, Robert; Razink, Joshua J.; Langworthy, Kurt A. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cpb-us-e1.wpmucdn.com/blogs.uoregon.edu/dist/d/3735/files/2013/07/Retallack-et-al.-2016-Farrel-1gt7uft.pdf">"Archean coastal-plain paleosols and life on land"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Gondwana_Research" title="Gondwana Research">Gondwana Research</a>. 40: 1–20. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016GondR..40....1R">2016GondR..40....1R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.gr.2016.08.003">10.1016/j.gr.2016.08.003</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181113075710/https://cpb-us-e1.wpmucdn.com/blogs.uoregon.edu/dist/d/3735/files/2013/07/Retallack-et-al.-2016-Farrel-1gt7uft.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 13 November 2018. Retrieved 3 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gondwana+Research&rft.atitle=Archean+coastal-plain+paleosols+and+life+on+land&rft.volume=40&rft.pages=1-20&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.gr.2016.08.003&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016GondR..40....1R&rft.aulast=Retallack&rft.aufirst=Gregory+J.&rft.au=Krinsley%2C+David+H.&rft.au=Fischer%2C+Robert&rft.au=Razink%2C+Joshua+J.&rft.au=Langworthy%2C+Kurt+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcpb-us-e1.wpmucdn.com%2Fblogs.uoregon.edu%2Fdist%2Fd%2F3735%2Ffiles%2F2013%2F07%2FRetallack-et-al.-2016-Farrel-1gt7uft.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ches-10"><a href="#cite_ref-ches_10-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChesworth2008" class="citation book cs1">Chesworth, Ward, ed. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fr1lib.org/book/563235/8e916e">Encyclopedia of soil science</a> (1st ed.). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: <a href="/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media" title="Springer Science+Business Media">Springer</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-3994-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-3994-2"><bdi>978-1-4020-3994-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180905002957/http://www.encyclopedias.biz/dw/Encyclopedia%20of%20Soil%20Science.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 5 September 2018. Retrieved 27 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+soil+science&rft.place=Dordrecht%2C+The+Netherlands&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4020-3994-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffr1lib.org%2Fbook%2F563235%2F8e916e&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sis.agr.gc.ca/cansis/glossary/e/index.html">"Glossary of terms in soil science"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_and_Agri-Food_Canada" title="Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada">Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada</a>. 13 December 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181027045042/http://sis.agr.gc.ca/cansis/glossary/e/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 October 2018. Retrieved 3 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Agriculture+and+Agri-Food+Canada&rft.atitle=Glossary+of+terms+in+soil+science&rft.date=2013-12-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsis.agr.gc.ca%2Fcansis%2Fglossary%2Fe%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmundson" class="citation web cs1">Amundson, Ronald. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180612140029/http://natres.psu.ac.th/Link/SoilCongress/bdd/symp45/75-t.pdf">"Soil preservation and the future of pedology"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.552.237">10.1.1.552.237</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://natres.psu.ac.th/Link/SoilCongress/bdd/symp45/75-t.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 12 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Soil+preservation+and+the+future+of+pedology&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.552.237%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft.aulast=Amundson&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnatres.psu.ac.th%2FLink%2FSoilCongress%2Fbdd%2Fsymp45%2F75-t.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKüppersVincent" class="citation web cs1">Küppers, Michael; Vincent, Jean-Baptiste. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mps.mpg.de/phd/planetary-interiors-and-surfaces-2011-part-05">"Impacts and formation of regolith"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Solar_System_Research" title="Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research">Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180804200824/https://www.mps.mpg.de/phd/planetary-interiors-and-surfaces-2011-part-05">Archived</a> from the original on 4 August 2018. Retrieved 3 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Max+Planck+Institute+for+Solar+System+Research&rft.atitle=Impacts+and+formation+of+regolith&rft.aulast=K%C3%BCppers&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Vincent%2C+Jean-Baptiste&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mps.mpg.de%2Fphd%2Fplanetary-interiors-and-surfaces-2011-part-05&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmelungBossioDe_VriesKögel-Knabner2020" class="citation journal cs1">Amelung, Wulf; Bossio, Deborah; De Vries, Wim; Kögel-Knabner, Ingrid; Lehmann, Johannes; Amundson, Ronald; Bol, Roland; Collins, Chris; Lal, Rattan; Leifeld, Jens; Minasny, Buniman; Pan, Gen-Xing; Paustian, Keith; Rumpel, Cornelia; Sanderman, Jonathan; Van Groeningen, Jan Willem; Mooney, Siân; Van Wesemael, Bas; Wander, Michelle; Chabbi, Abad (27 October 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-020-18887-7.pdf">"Towards a global-scale soil climate mitigation strategy"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Nature_Communications" title="Nature Communications">Nature Communications</a>. 11 (1): 5427. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020NatCo..11.5427A">2020NatCo..11.5427A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41467-020-18887-7">10.1038/s41467-020-18887-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2041-1723">2041-1723</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7591914">7591914</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33110065">33110065</a>. Retrieved 3 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Communications&rft.atitle=Towards+a+global-scale+soil+climate+mitigation+strategy&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=5427&rft.date=2020-10-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7591914%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020NatCo..11.5427A&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33110065&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41467-020-18887-7&rft.issn=2041-1723&rft.aulast=Amelung&rft.aufirst=Wulf&rft.au=Bossio%2C+Deborah&rft.au=De+Vries%2C+Wim&rft.au=K%C3%B6gel-Knabner%2C+Ingrid&rft.au=Lehmann%2C+Johannes&rft.au=Amundson%2C+Ronald&rft.au=Bol%2C+Roland&rft.au=Collins%2C+Chris&rft.au=Lal%2C+Rattan&rft.au=Leifeld%2C+Jens&rft.au=Minasny%2C+Buniman&rft.au=Pan%2C+Gen-Xing&rft.au=Paustian%2C+Keith&rft.au=Rumpel%2C+Cornelia&rft.au=Sanderman%2C+Jonathan&rft.au=Van+Groeningen%2C+Jan+Willem&rft.au=Mooney%2C+Si%C3%A2n&rft.au=Van+Wesemael%2C+Bas&rft.au=Wander%2C+Michelle&rft.au=Chabbi%2C+Abad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fs41467-020-18887-7.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPouyatGroffmanYesilonisHernandez2002" class="citation journal cs1">Pouyat, Richard; Groffman, Peter; Yesilonis, Ian; Hernandez, Luis (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/11526697">"Soil carbon pools and fluxes in urban ecosystems"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Environmental_Pollution_(journal)" title="Environmental Pollution (journal)">Environmental Pollution</a>. 116 (Supplement 1): S107–S118. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0269-7491%2801%2900263-9">10.1016/S0269-7491(01)00263-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11833898">11833898</a>. Retrieved 3 April 2022. <q>Our analysis of pedon data from several disturbed soil profiles suggests that physical disturbances and anthropogenic inputs of various materials (direct effects) can greatly alter the amount of C stored in these human "made" soils.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Pollution&rft.atitle=Soil+carbon+pools+and+fluxes+in+urban+ecosystems&rft.volume=116&rft.issue=Supplement+1&rft.pages=S107-S118&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0269-7491%2801%2900263-9&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11833898&rft.aulast=Pouyat&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Groffman%2C+Peter&rft.au=Yesilonis%2C+Ian&rft.au=Hernandez%2C+Luis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F11526697&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davidson-16"><a href="#cite_ref-Davidson_16-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavidsonJanssens2006" class="citation journal cs1">Davidson, Eric A.; Janssens, Ivan A. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/nature04514.pdf">"Temperature sensitivity of soil carbon decomposition and feedbacks to climate change"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a>. 440 (9 March 2006): 165‒73. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006Natur.440..165D">2006Natur.440..165D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature04514">10.1038/nature04514</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16525463">16525463</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4404915">4404915</a>. Retrieved 3 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Temperature+sensitivity+of+soil+carbon+decomposition+and+feedbacks+to+climate+change&rft.volume=440&rft.issue=9+March+2006&rft.pages=165%E2%80%9273&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature04514&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4404915%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16525463&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006Natur.440..165D&rft.aulast=Davidson&rft.aufirst=Eric+A.&rft.au=Janssens%2C+Ivan+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fnature04514.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowlson2005" class="citation journal cs1">Powlson, David (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220922110017/https://fr.art1lib.org/book/10543301/528a68">"Will soil amplify climate change?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a>. 433 (20 January 2005): 204‒05. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005Natur.433..204P">2005Natur.433..204P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F433204a">10.1038/433204a</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15662396">15662396</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:35007042">35007042</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fr.art1lib.org/book/10543301/528a68">the original</a> on 22 September 2022. Retrieved 3 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Will+soil+amplify+climate+change%3F&rft.volume=433&rft.issue=20+January+2005&rft.pages=204%E2%80%9205&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F433204a&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A35007042%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15662396&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005Natur.433..204P&rft.aulast=Powlson&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffr.art1lib.org%2Fbook%2F10543301%2F528a68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradfordWiederBonanFierer2016" class="citation journal cs1">Bradford, Mark A.; Wieder, William R.; Bonan, Gordon B.; Fierer, Noah; Raymond, Peter A.; Crowther, Thomas W. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170410025316/http://fiererlab.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Bradford_etal_2016_NCC.pdf">"Managing uncertainty in soil carbon feedbacks to climate change"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Nature_Climate_Change" title="Nature Climate Change">Nature Climate Change</a>. 6 (27 July 2016): 751–758. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016NatCC...6..751B">2016NatCC...6..751B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnclimate3071">10.1038/nclimate3071</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11755%2Fc1792dbf-ce96-4dc7-8851-1ca50a35e5e0">20.500.11755/c1792dbf-ce96-4dc7-8851-1ca50a35e5e0</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:43955196">43955196</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fiererlab.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Bradford_etal_2016_NCC.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 10 April 2017. Retrieved 3 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Climate+Change&rft.atitle=Managing+uncertainty+in+soil+carbon+feedbacks+to+climate+change&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=27+July+2016&rft.pages=751-758&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F20.500.11755%2Fc1792dbf-ce96-4dc7-8851-1ca50a35e5e0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A43955196%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnclimate3071&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016NatCC...6..751B&rft.aulast=Bradford&rft.aufirst=Mark+A.&rft.au=Wieder%2C+William+R.&rft.au=Bonan%2C+Gordon+B.&rft.au=Fierer%2C+Noah&rft.au=Raymond%2C+Peter+A.&rft.au=Crowther%2C+Thomas+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffiererlab.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2014%2F09%2FBradford_etal_2016_NCC.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDominatiPattersonMackay2010" class="citation journal cs1">Dominati, Estelle; Patterson, Murray; Mackay, Alec (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/223852147">"A framework for classifying and quantifying the natural capital and ecosystem services of soils"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ecological_Economics_(journal)" title="Ecological Economics (journal)">Ecological Economics</a>. 69 (9): 1858‒68. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010EcoEc..69.1858D">2010EcoEc..69.1858D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ecolecon.2010.05.002">10.1016/j.ecolecon.2010.05.002</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170808082847/http://esanalysis.colmex.mx/Sorted%20Papers/2010/2010%20NZL%20-3F%20Phys.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 8 August 2017. Retrieved 10 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ecological+Economics&rft.atitle=A+framework+for+classifying+and+quantifying+the+natural+capital+and+ecosystem+services+of+soils&rft.volume=69&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=1858%E2%80%9268&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ecolecon.2010.05.002&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010EcoEc..69.1858D&rft.aulast=Dominati&rft.aufirst=Estelle&rft.au=Patterson%2C+Murray&rft.au=Mackay%2C+Alec&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F223852147&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDykhuizen1998" class="citation journal cs1">Dykhuizen, Daniel E. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/13682480">"Santa Rosalia revisited: why are there so many species of bacteria?"</a>. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. 73 (1): 25‒33. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1000665216662">10.1023/A:1000665216662</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9602276">9602276</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:17779069">17779069</a>. Retrieved 10 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Antonie+van+Leeuwenhoek&rft.atitle=Santa+Rosalia+revisited%3A+why+are+there+so+many+species+of+bacteria%3F&rft.volume=73&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=25%E2%80%9233&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A17779069%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9602276&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1023%2FA%3A1000665216662&rft.aulast=Dykhuizen&rft.aufirst=Daniel+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F13682480&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTorsvikØvreås2002" class="citation journal cs1">Torsvik, Vigdis; Øvreås, Lise (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/13038690">"Microbial diversity and function in soil: from genes to ecosystems"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Current_Opinion_in_Microbiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Current Opinion in Microbiology">Current Opinion in Microbiology</a>. 5 (3): 240‒45. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS1369-5274%2802%2900324-7">10.1016/S1369-5274(02)00324-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12057676">12057676</a>. Retrieved 10 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Opinion+in+Microbiology&rft.atitle=Microbial+diversity+and+function+in+soil%3A+from+genes+to+ecosystems&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=240%E2%80%9245&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS1369-5274%2802%2900324-7&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12057676&rft.aulast=Torsvik&rft.aufirst=Vigdis&rft.au=%C3%98vre%C3%A5s%2C+Lise&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F13038690&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaynaudNunan2014" class="citation journal cs1">Raynaud, Xavier; Nunan, Naoise (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3905020">"Spatial ecology of bacteria at the microscale in soil"</a>. <a href="/wiki/PLOS_ONE" class="mw-redirect" title="PLOS ONE">PLOS ONE</a>. 9 (1): e87217. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PLoSO...987217R">2014PLoSO...987217R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0087217">10.1371/journal.pone.0087217</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3905020">3905020</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24489873">24489873</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=Spatial+ecology+of+bacteria+at+the+microscale+in+soil&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=e87217&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3905020%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24489873&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0087217&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014PLoSO...987217R&rft.aulast=Raynaud&rft.aufirst=Xavier&rft.au=Nunan%2C+Naoise&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3905020&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitmanColemanWiebe1998" class="citation journal cs1">Whitman, William B.; Coleman, David C.; Wiebe, William J. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC33863">"Prokaryotes: the unseen majority"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_National_Academy_of_Sciences_of_the_USA" class="mw-redirect" title="Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA</a>. 95 (12): 6578‒83. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998PNAS...95.6578W">1998PNAS...95.6578W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.95.12.6578">10.1073/pnas.95.12.6578</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC33863">33863</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9618454">9618454</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+USA&rft.atitle=Prokaryotes%3A+the+unseen+majority&rft.volume=95&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=6578%E2%80%9283&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC33863%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9618454&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.95.12.6578&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1998PNAS...95.6578W&rft.aulast=Whitman&rft.aufirst=William+B.&rft.au=Coleman%2C+David+C.&rft.au=Wiebe%2C+William+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC33863&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchlesingerAndrews2000" class="citation journal cs1">Schlesinger, William H.; Andrews, Jeffrey A. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/51997678">"Soil respiration and the global carbon cycle"</a>. Biogeochemistry. 48 (1): 7‒20. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1006247623877">10.1023/A:1006247623877</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:94252768">94252768</a>. Retrieved 10 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biogeochemistry&rft.atitle=Soil+respiration+and+the+global+carbon+cycle&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=7%E2%80%9220&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1023%2FA%3A1006247623877&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A94252768%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Schlesinger&rft.aufirst=William+H.&rft.au=Andrews%2C+Jeffrey+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F51997678&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDenmeadShaw1962" class="citation journal cs1">Denmead, Owen Thomas; Shaw, Robert Harold (1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/250098028">"Availability of soil water to plants as affected by soil moisture content and meteorological conditions"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Agronomy_Journal" title="Agronomy Journal">Agronomy Journal</a>. 54 (5): 385‒90. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1962AgrJ...54..385D">1962AgrJ...54..385D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2134%2Fagronj1962.00021962005400050005x">10.2134/agronj1962.00021962005400050005x</a>. Retrieved 10 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Agronomy+Journal&rft.atitle=Availability+of+soil+water+to+plants+as+affected+by+soil+moisture+content+and+meteorological+conditions&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=385%E2%80%9290&rft.date=1962&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2134%2Fagronj1962.00021962005400050005x&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1962AgrJ...54..385D&rft.aulast=Denmead&rft.aufirst=Owen+Thomas&rft.au=Shaw%2C+Robert+Harold&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F250098028&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHouseBergmannStompFrederick1999" class="citation journal cs1">House, Christopher H.; Bergmann, Ben A.; Stomp, Anne-Marie; Frederick, Douglas J. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222464331">"Combining constructed wetlands and aquatic and soil filters for reclamation and reuse of water"</a>. Ecological Engineering. 12 (1–2): 27–38. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999EcEng..12...27H">1999EcEng..12...27H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0925-8574%2898%2900052-4">10.1016/S0925-8574(98)00052-4</a>. Retrieved 10 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ecological+Engineering&rft.atitle=Combining+constructed+wetlands+and+aquatic+and+soil+filters+for+reclamation+and+reuse+of+water&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=27-38&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0925-8574%2898%2900052-4&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1999EcEng..12...27H&rft.aulast=House&rft.aufirst=Christopher+H.&rft.au=Bergmann%2C+Ben+A.&rft.au=Stomp%2C+Anne-Marie&rft.au=Frederick%2C+Douglas+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F222464331&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_BruggenSemenov2000" class="citation journal cs1">Van Bruggen, Ariena H.C.; Semenov, Alexander M. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222520930">"In search of biological indicators for soil health and disease suppression"</a>. Applied Soil Ecology. 15 (1): 13–24. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000AppSE..15...13V">2000AppSE..15...13V</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0929-1393%2800%2900068-8">10.1016/S0929-1393(00)00068-8</a>. Retrieved 10 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Applied+Soil+Ecology&rft.atitle=In+search+of+biological+indicators+for+soil+health+and+disease+suppression&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=13-24&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0929-1393%2800%2900068-8&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2000AppSE..15...13V&rft.aulast=Van+Bruggen&rft.aufirst=Ariena+H.C.&rft.au=Semenov%2C+Alexander+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F222520930&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://semspub.epa.gov/work/HQ/401611.pdf">"Community guide to monitored natural attenuation"</a> (PDF). Retrieved 10 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Community+guide+to+monitored+natural+attenuation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsemspub.epa.gov%2Fwork%2FHQ%2F401611.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinnDoran1984" class="citation journal cs1">Linn, Daniel Myron; Doran, John W. (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230318043457/https://fr.art1lib.org/book/23108771/821c3f">"Effect of water-filled pore space on carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide production in tilled and nontilled soils"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Soil_Science_Society_of_America_Journal" title="Soil Science Society of America Journal">Soil Science Society of America Journal</a>. 48 (6): 1267–1272. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1984SSASJ..48.1267L">1984SSASJ..48.1267L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2136%2Fsssaj1984.03615995004800060013x">10.2136/sssaj1984.03615995004800060013x</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fr.art1lib.org/book/23108771/821c3f">the original</a> on 18 March 2023. Retrieved 10 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Soil+Science+Society+of+America+Journal&rft.atitle=Effect+of+water-filled+pore+space+on+carbon+dioxide+and+nitrous+oxide+production+in+tilled+and+nontilled+soils&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1267-1272&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2136%2Fsssaj1984.03615995004800060013x&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1984SSASJ..48.1267L&rft.aulast=Linn&rft.aufirst=Daniel+Myron&rft.au=Doran%2C+John+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffr.art1lib.org%2Fbook%2F23108771%2F821c3f&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregoryNortcliff2013" class="citation book cs1">Gregory, Peter J.; Nortcliff, Stephen (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230422182643/https://fr.book4you.org/book/2156095/fd863f">Soil conditions and plant growth</a>. Hoboken, New Jersey: <a href="/wiki/Wiley-Blackwell" title="Wiley-Blackwell">Wiley-Blackwell</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781405197700" title="Special:BookSources/9781405197700"><bdi>9781405197700</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fr.book4you.org/book/2156095/fd863f">the original</a> on 22 April 2023. Retrieved 10 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soil+conditions+and+plant+growth&rft.place=Hoboken%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781405197700&rft.aulast=Gregory&rft.aufirst=Peter+J.&rft.au=Nortcliff%2C+Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffr.book4you.org%2Fbook%2F2156095%2Ffd863f&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBotBenites2005" class="citation book cs1">Bot, Alexandra; Benites, José (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/3/a-a0100e.pdf">The importance of soil organic matter: key to drought-resistant soil and sustained food and production</a> (PDF). Rome: <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization_of_the_United_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations">Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-5-105366-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-5-105366-9"><bdi>978-92-5-105366-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved 10 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+importance+of+soil+organic+matter%3A+key+to+drought-resistant+soil+and+sustained+food+and+production&rft.place=Rome&rft.pub=Food+and+Agriculture+Organization+of+the+United+Nations&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-92-5-105366-9&rft.aulast=Bot&rft.aufirst=Alexandra&rft.au=Benites%2C+Jos%C3%A9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2F3%2Fa-a0100e.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-McClellan2017-32"><a href="#cite_ref-McClellan2017_32-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcClellan" class="citation web cs1">McClellan, Tai. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/mauisoil/a_comp.aspx">"Soil composition"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hawai%CA%BBi" title="University of Hawaiʻi">University of Hawaiʻi</a> at Mānoa, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources. Retrieved 18 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Soil+composition&rft.pub=University+of+Hawai%CA%BBi+at+M%C4%81noa%2C+College+of+Tropical+Agriculture+and+Human+Resources&rft.aulast=McClellan&rft.aufirst=Tai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ctahr.hawaii.edu%2Fmauisoil%2Fa_comp.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160529015259/http://ag.arizona.edu/pubs/garden/mg/soils/soils.html">"Arizona Master Gardener Manual"</a>. Cooperative Extension, College of Agriculture, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Arizona" title="University of Arizona">University of Arizona</a>. 9 November 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ag.arizona.edu/pubs/garden/mg/soils/soils.html">the original</a> on 29 May 2016. Retrieved 17 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Arizona+Master+Gardener+Manual&rft.pub=Cooperative+Extension%2C+College+of+Agriculture%2C+University+of+Arizona&rft.date=2017-11-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fag.arizona.edu%2Fpubs%2Fgarden%2Fmg%2Fsoils%2Fsoils.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vannier1987-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vannier1987_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vannier1987_34-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVannier1987" class="citation journal cs1">Vannier, Guy (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/BF00260577.pdf">"The porosphere as an ecological medium emphasized in Professor Ghilarov's work on soil animal adaptations"</a> (PDF). Biology and Fertility of Soils. 3 (1): 39–44. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00260577">10.1007/BF00260577</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:297400">297400</a>. Retrieved 18 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biology+and+Fertility+of+Soils&rft.atitle=The+porosphere+as+an+ecological+medium+emphasized+in+Professor+Ghilarov%27s+work+on+soil+animal+adaptations&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=39-44&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF00260577&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A297400%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Vannier&rft.aufirst=Guy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fcontent%2Fpdf%2F10.1007%2FBF00260577.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTorbertWood1992" class="citation journal cs1">Torbert, H. Allen; Wood, Wes (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/240546132">"Effect of soil compaction and water-filled pore space on soil microbial activity and N losses"</a>. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis. 23 (11): 1321‒31. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1992CSSPA..23.1321T">1992CSSPA..23.1321T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00103629209368668">10.1080/00103629209368668</a>. Retrieved 18 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Communications+in+Soil+Science+and+Plant+Analysis&rft.atitle=Effect+of+soil+compaction+and+water-filled+pore+space+on+soil+microbial+activity+and+N+losses&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=1321%E2%80%9231&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00103629209368668&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1992CSSPA..23.1321T&rft.aulast=Torbert&rft.aufirst=H.+Allen&rft.au=Wood%2C+Wes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F240546132&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESimonson195717-36"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimonson195717_36-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSimonson1957">Simonson 1957</a>, p. 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZanellaKatzensteinerPongeJabiol2019" class="citation journal cs1">Zanella, Augusto; Katzensteiner, Klaus; Ponge, Jean-François; Jabiol, Bernard; Sartori, Giacomo; Kolb, Eckart; Le Bayon, Renée-Claire; Aubert, Michaël; Ascher-Jenull, Judith; Englisch, Michael; Hager, Herbert (June 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/332080061">"TerrHum: an iOS App for classifying terrestrial humipedons and some considerations about soil classification"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Soil_Science_Society_of_America_Journal" title="Soil Science Society of America Journal">Soil Science Society of America Journal</a>. 83 (S1): S42–S48. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2136%2Fsssaj2018.07.0279">10.2136/sssaj2018.07.0279</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11577%2F3315165">11577/3315165</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:197555747">197555747</a>. Retrieved 18 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Soil+Science+Society+of+America+Journal&rft.atitle=TerrHum%3A+an+iOS+App+for+classifying+terrestrial+humipedons+and+some+considerations+about+soil+classification&rft.volume=83&rft.issue=S1&rft.pages=S42-S48&rft.date=2019-06&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11577%2F3315165&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A197555747%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2136%2Fsssaj2018.07.0279&rft.aulast=Zanella&rft.aufirst=Augusto&rft.au=Katzensteiner%2C+Klaus&rft.au=Ponge%2C+Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois&rft.au=Jabiol%2C+Bernard&rft.au=Sartori%2C+Giacomo&rft.au=Kolb%2C+Eckart&rft.au=Le+Bayon%2C+Ren%C3%A9e-Claire&rft.au=Aubert%2C+Micha%C3%ABl&rft.au=Ascher-Jenull%2C+Judith&rft.au=Englisch%2C+Michael&rft.au=Hager%2C+Herbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F332080061&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bronick2005-38"><a href="#cite_ref-Bronick2005_38-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBronickLal2005" class="citation journal cs1">Bronick, Carol J.; Lal, Ratan (January 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tinread.usarb.md:8888/tinread/fulltext/lal/soil_structure.pdf">"Soil structure and management: a review"</a> (PDF). Geoderma. 124 (1–2): 3–22. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005Geode.124....3B">2005Geode.124....3B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.geoderma.2004.03.005">10.1016/j.geoderma.2004.03.005</a>. Retrieved 18 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geoderma&rft.atitle=Soil+structure+and+management%3A+a+review&rft.volume=124&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=3-22&rft.date=2005-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.geoderma.2004.03.005&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005Geode.124....3B&rft.aulast=Bronick&rft.aufirst=Carol+J.&rft.au=Lal%2C+Ratan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftinread.usarb.md%3A8888%2Ftinread%2Ffulltext%2Flal%2Fsoil_structure.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fao.org/3/r4082e/r4082e03.htm">"Soil and water"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization_of_the_United_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations">Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations</a>. Retrieved 18 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Food+and+Agriculture+Organization+of+the+United+Nations&rft.atitle=Soil+and+water&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2F3%2Fr4082e%2Fr4082e03.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFValentind'HerbèsPoesen1999" class="citation journal cs1">Valentin, Christian; d'Herbès, Jean-Marc; Poesen, Jean (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/35300713">"Soil and water components of banded vegetation patterns"</a>. Catena. 37 (1): 1‒24. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999Caten..37....1V">1999Caten..37....1V</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0341-8162%2899%2900053-3">10.1016/S0341-8162(99)00053-3</a>. Retrieved 18 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Catena&rft.atitle=Soil+and+water+components+of+banded+vegetation+patterns&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1%E2%80%9224&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0341-8162%2899%2900053-3&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1999Caten..37....1V&rft.aulast=Valentin&rft.aufirst=Christian&rft.au=d%27Herb%C3%A8s%2C+Jean-Marc&rft.au=Poesen%2C+Jean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F35300713&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradyWeil2007" class="citation book cs1">Brady, Nyle C.; Weil, Ray R. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/309630422">"The colloidal fraction: seat of soil chemical and physical activity"</a>. In Brady, Nyle C.; Weil, Ray R. (eds.). The nature and properties of soils (14th ed.). London, United Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Pearson_Education" title="Pearson Education">Pearson</a>. pp. 310–357. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0132279383" title="Special:BookSources/978-0132279383"><bdi>978-0132279383</bdi></a>. Retrieved 18 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+colloidal+fraction%3A+seat+of+soil+chemical+and+physical+activity&rft.btitle=The+nature+and+properties+of+soils&rft.place=London%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pages=310-357&rft.edition=14th&rft.pub=Pearson&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0132279383&rft.aulast=Brady&rft.aufirst=Nyle+C.&rft.au=Weil%2C+Ray+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F309630422&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eagri.org/eagri50/SSAC121/lec14.pdf">"Soil colloids: properties, nature, types and significance"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Agricultural_University" title="Tamil Nadu Agricultural University">Tamil Nadu Agricultural University</a>. Retrieved 18 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tamil+Nadu+Agricultural+University&rft.atitle=Soil+colloids%3A+properties%2C+nature%2C+types+and+significance&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feagri.org%2Feagri50%2FSSAC121%2Flec14.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller" class="citation web cs1">Miller, Jarrod O. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/305775103">"Soil pH affects nutrient availability"</a>. Retrieved 18 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Soil+pH+affects+nutrient+availability&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Jarrod+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F305775103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGouldingBaileyBradburyHargreaves1998" class="citation journal cs1">Goulding, Keith W.T.; Bailey, Neal J.; Bradbury, Nicola J.; Hargreaves, Patrick; Howe, M.T.; Murphy, Daniel V.; Poulton, Paul R.; Willison, Toby W. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1469-8137.1998.00182.x">"Nitrogen deposition and its contribution to nitrogen cycling and associated soil processes"</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_Phytologist" title="New Phytologist">New Phytologist</a>. 139 (1): 49‒58. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1469-8137.1998.00182.x">10.1046/j.1469-8137.1998.00182.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Phytologist&rft.atitle=Nitrogen+deposition+and+its+contribution+to+nitrogen+cycling+and+associated+soil+processes&rft.volume=139&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=49%E2%80%9258&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1046%2Fj.1469-8137.1998.00182.x&rft.aulast=Goulding&rft.aufirst=Keith+W.T.&rft.au=Bailey%2C+Neal+J.&rft.au=Bradbury%2C+Nicola+J.&rft.au=Hargreaves%2C+Patrick&rft.au=Howe%2C+M.T.&rft.au=Murphy%2C+Daniel+V.&rft.au=Poulton%2C+Paul+R.&rft.au=Willison%2C+Toby+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1046%252Fj.1469-8137.1998.00182.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKononova2013" class="citation book cs1">Kononova, M.M. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230322091500/https://fr1lib.org/book/2275488/ea4395">Soil organic matter: its nature, its role in soil formation and in soil fertility</a> (2nd ed.). Amsterdam, the Netherlands: <a href="/wiki/Elsevier" title="Elsevier">Elsevier</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4831-8568-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4831-8568-2"><bdi>978-1-4831-8568-2</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fr1lib.org/book/2275488/ea4395">the original</a> on 22 March 2023. Retrieved 24 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soil+organic+matter%3A+its+nature%2C+its+role+in+soil+formation+and+in+soil+fertility&rft.place=Amsterdam%2C+the+Netherlands&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4831-8568-2&rft.aulast=Kononova&rft.aufirst=M.M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffr1lib.org%2Fbook%2F2275488%2Fea4395&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurnsDeForestMarxsenSinsabaugh2013" class="citation journal cs1">Burns, Richards G.; DeForest, Jared L.; Marxsen, Jürgen; Sinsabaugh, Robert L.; Stromberger, Mary E.; Wallenstein, Matthew D.; Weintraub, Michael N.; Zoppini, Annamaria (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/25235991">"Soil enzymes in a changing environment: current knowledge and future directions"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Soil_Biology_and_Biochemistry" title="Soil Biology and Biochemistry">Soil Biology and Biochemistry</a>. 58: 216‒34. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013SBiBi..58..216B">2013SBiBi..58..216B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.soilbio.2012.11.009">10.1016/j.soilbio.2012.11.009</a>. Retrieved 24 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Soil+Biology+and+Biochemistry&rft.atitle=Soil+enzymes+in+a+changing+environment%3A+current+knowledge+and+future+directions&rft.volume=58&rft.pages=216%E2%80%9234&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.soilbio.2012.11.009&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013SBiBi..58..216B&rft.aulast=Burns&rft.aufirst=Richards+G.&rft.au=DeForest%2C+Jared+L.&rft.au=Marxsen%2C+J%C3%BCrgen&rft.au=Sinsabaugh%2C+Robert+L.&rft.au=Stromberger%2C+Mary+E.&rft.au=Wallenstein%2C+Matthew+D.&rft.au=Weintraub%2C+Michael+N.&rft.au=Zoppini%2C+Annamaria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F25235991&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSenguptaKushwahaJimTroch2020" class="citation journal cs1">Sengupta, Aditi; Kushwaha, Priyanka; Jim, Antonia; Troch, Peter A.; Maier, Raina (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fsu12104209">"New soil, old plants, and ubiquitous microbes: evaluating the potential of incipient basaltic soil to support native plant growth and influence belowground soil microbial community composition"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sustainability_(journal)" title="Sustainability (journal)">Sustainability</a>. 12 (10): 4209. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fsu12104209">10.3390/su12104209</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sustainability&rft.atitle=New+soil%2C+old+plants%2C+and+ubiquitous+microbes%3A+evaluating+the+potential+of+incipient+basaltic+soil+to+support+native+plant+growth+and+influence+belowground+soil+microbial+community+composition&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=4209&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fsu12104209&rft.aulast=Sengupta&rft.aufirst=Aditi&rft.au=Kushwaha%2C+Priyanka&rft.au=Jim%2C+Antonia&rft.au=Troch%2C+Peter+A.&rft.au=Maier%2C+Raina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3390%252Fsu12104209&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBishopMurchiePietersZent2002" class="citation journal cs1">Bishop, Janice L.; Murchie, Scott L.; Pieters, Carlé L.; Zent, Aaron P. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2001JE001581">"A model for formation of dust, soil, and rock coatings on Mars: physical and chemical processes on the Martian surface"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Geophysical_Research" title="Journal of Geophysical Research">Journal of Geophysical Research</a>. 107 (E11): 7-1–7-17. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002JGRE..107.5097B">2002JGRE..107.5097B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2001JE001581">10.1029/2001JE001581</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Geophysical+Research&rft.atitle=A+model+for+formation+of+dust%2C+soil%2C+and+rock+coatings+on+Mars%3A+physical+and+chemical+processes+on+the+Martian+surface&rft.volume=107&rft.issue=E11&rft.pages=7-1-7-17&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2001JE001581&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2002JGRE..107.5097B&rft.aulast=Bishop&rft.aufirst=Janice+L.&rft.au=Murchie%2C+Scott+L.&rft.au=Pieters%2C+Carl%C3%A9+L.&rft.au=Zent%2C+Aaron+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1029%252F2001JE001581&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNavarro-GonzálezRaineyMolinaBagaley2003" class="citation journal cs1">Navarro-González, Rafael; Rainey, Fred A.; Molina, Paola; Bagaley, Danielle R.; Hollen, Becky J.; de la Rosa, José; Small, Alanna M.; Quinn, Richard C.; Grunthaner, Frank J.; Cáceres, Luis; Gomez-Silva, Benito; McKay, Christopher P. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/9020258">"Mars-like soils in the Atacama desert, Chile, and the dry limit of microbial life"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a>. 302 (5647): 1018–1021. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003Sci...302.1018N">2003Sci...302.1018N</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1089143">10.1126/science.1089143</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14605363">14605363</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:18220447">18220447</a>. Retrieved 24 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Mars-like+soils+in+the+Atacama+desert%2C+Chile%2C+and+the+dry+limit+of+microbial+life&rft.volume=302&rft.issue=5647&rft.pages=1018-1021&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1089143&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A18220447%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14605363&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003Sci...302.1018N&rft.aulast=Navarro-Gonz%C3%A1lez&rft.aufirst=Rafael&rft.au=Rainey%2C+Fred+A.&rft.au=Molina%2C+Paola&rft.au=Bagaley%2C+Danielle+R.&rft.au=Hollen%2C+Becky+J.&rft.au=de+la+Rosa%2C+Jos%C3%A9&rft.au=Small%2C+Alanna+M.&rft.au=Quinn%2C+Richard+C.&rft.au=Grunthaner%2C+Frank+J.&rft.au=C%C3%A1ceres%2C+Luis&rft.au=Gomez-Silva%2C+Benito&rft.au=McKay%2C+Christopher+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F9020258&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuoFujimuraSatoSuda2014" class="citation journal cs1">Guo, Yong; Fujimura, Reiko; Sato, Yoshinori; Suda, Wataru; Kim, Seok-won; Oshima, Kenshiro; Hattori, Masahira; Kamijo, Takashi; Narisawa, Kazuhiko; Ohta, Hiroyuki (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4041228">"Characterization of early microbial communities on volcanic deposits along a vegetation gradient on the island of Miyake, Japan"</a>. Microbes and Environments. 29 (1): 38–49. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1264%2Fjsme2.ME13142">10.1264/jsme2.ME13142</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4041228">4041228</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24463576">24463576</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Microbes+and+Environments&rft.atitle=Characterization+of+early+microbial+communities+on+volcanic+deposits+along+a+vegetation+gradient+on+the+island+of+Miyake%2C+Japan&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=38-49&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4041228%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24463576&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1264%2Fjsme2.ME13142&rft.aulast=Guo&rft.aufirst=Yong&rft.au=Fujimura%2C+Reiko&rft.au=Sato%2C+Yoshinori&rft.au=Suda%2C+Wataru&rft.au=Kim%2C+Seok-won&rft.au=Oshima%2C+Kenshiro&rft.au=Hattori%2C+Masahira&rft.au=Kamijo%2C+Takashi&rft.au=Narisawa%2C+Kazuhiko&rft.au=Ohta%2C+Hiroyuki&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4041228&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldich1938" class="citation journal cs1">Goldich, Samuel S. (1938). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220327065200/https://fr.art1lib.org/book/60175497/a54b2b">"A study in rock-weathering"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_Geology" title="The Journal of Geology">The Journal of Geology</a>. 46 (1): 17–58. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1938JG.....46...17G">1938JG.....46...17G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F624619">10.1086/624619</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-1376">0022-1376</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:128498195">128498195</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fr.art1lib.org/book/60175497/a54b2b">the original</a> on 27 March 2022. Retrieved 24 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Geology&rft.atitle=A+study+in+rock-weathering&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=17-58&rft.date=1938&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F624619&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A128498195%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0022-1376&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1938JG.....46...17G&rft.aulast=Goldich&rft.aufirst=Samuel+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffr.art1lib.org%2Fbook%2F60175497%2Fa54b2b&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Van_Schöll2006-52"><a href="#cite_ref-Van_Schöll2006_52-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_SchöllSmitsHoffland2006" class="citation journal cs1">Van Schöll, Laura; Smits, Mark M.; Hoffland, Ellis (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1469-8137.2006.01790.x">"Ectomycorrhizal weathering of the soil minerals muscovite and hornblende"</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_Phytologist" title="New Phytologist">New Phytologist</a>. 171 (4): 805–814. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1469-8137.2006.01790.x">10.1111/j.1469-8137.2006.01790.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16918551">16918551</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Phytologist&rft.atitle=Ectomycorrhizal+weathering+of+the+soil+minerals+muscovite+and+hornblende&rft.volume=171&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=805-814&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1469-8137.2006.01790.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16918551&rft.aulast=Van+Sch%C3%B6ll&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft.au=Smits%2C+Mark+M.&rft.au=Hoffland%2C+Ellis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1469-8137.2006.01790.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStretchViles2002" class="citation journal cs1">Stretch, Rachelle C.; Viles, Heather A. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230422182644/https://fr.art1lib.org/book/17831662/8253cd">"The nature and rate of weathering by lichens on lava flows on Lanzarote"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Geomorphology_(journal)" title="Geomorphology (journal)">Geomorphology</a>. 47 (1): 87–94. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002Geomo..47...87S">2002Geomo..47...87S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0169-555X%2802%2900143-5">10.1016/S0169-555X(02)00143-5</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fr.art1lib.org/book/17831662/8253cd">the original</a> on 22 April 2023. Retrieved 24 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geomorphology&rft.atitle=The+nature+and+rate+of+weathering+by+lichens+on+lava+flows+on+Lanzarote&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=87-94&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0169-555X%2802%2900143-5&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2002Geomo..47...87S&rft.aulast=Stretch&rft.aufirst=Rachelle+C.&rft.au=Viles%2C+Heather+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffr.art1lib.org%2Fbook%2F17831662%2F8253cd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDojaniLakatosRascherWaneck2007" class="citation journal cs1">Dojani, Stephanie; Lakatos, Michael; Rascher, Uwe; Waneck, Wolfgang; Luettge, Ulrich; Büdel, Burkhard (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/224026482">"Nitrogen input by cyanobacterial biofilms of an inselberg into a tropical rainforest in French Guiana"</a>. Flora. 202 (7): 521–529. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007FMDFE.202..521D">2007FMDFE.202..521D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.flora.2006.12.001">10.1016/j.flora.2006.12.001</a>. Retrieved 21 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Flora&rft.atitle=Nitrogen+input+by+cyanobacterial+biofilms+of+an+inselberg+into+a+tropical+rainforest+in+French+Guiana&rft.volume=202&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=521-529&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.flora.2006.12.001&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007FMDFE.202..521D&rft.aulast=Dojani&rft.aufirst=Stephanie&rft.au=Lakatos%2C+Michael&rft.au=Rascher%2C+Uwe&rft.au=Waneck%2C+Wolfgang&rft.au=Luettge%2C+Ulrich&rft.au=B%C3%BCdel%2C+Burkhard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F224026482&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKabalaKubicz2012" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Kabala, Cesary; Kubicz, Justyna (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/31221217">"Initial soil development and carbon accumulation on moraines of the rapidly retreating Werenskiold Glacier, SW Spitsbergen, Svalbard archipelago"</a>. Geoderma. 175–176: 9–20. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012Geode.175....9K">2012Geode.175....9K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.geoderma.2012.01.025">10.1016/j.geoderma.2012.01.025</a>. Retrieved 24 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geoderma&rft.atitle=Initial+soil+development+and+carbon+accumulation+on+moraines+of+the+rapidly+retreating+Werenskiold+Glacier%2C+SW+Spitsbergen%2C+Svalbard+archipelago&rft.volume=175%E2%80%93176&rft.pages=9-20&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.geoderma.2012.01.025&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012Geode.175....9K&rft.aulast=Kabala&rft.aufirst=Cesary&rft.au=Kubicz%2C+Justyna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F31221217&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jenny1941-56"><a href="#cite_ref-Jenny1941_56-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJenny1941" class="citation book cs1">Jenny, Hans (1941). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://netedu.xauat.edu.cn/sykc/hjx/content/ckzl/6/2.pdf">Factors of soil formation: a system of qunatitative pedology</a> (PDF). New York: <a href="/wiki/McGraw-Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="McGraw-Hill">McGraw-Hill</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170808104008/http://netedu.xauat.edu.cn/sykc/hjx/content/ckzl/6/2.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 8 August 2017. Retrieved 24 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Factors+of+soil+formation%3A+a+system+of+qunatitative+pedology&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=1941&rft.aulast=Jenny&rft.aufirst=Hans&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnetedu.xauat.edu.cn%2Fsykc%2Fhjx%2Fcontent%2Fckzl%2F6%2F2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRitter" class="citation web cs1">Ritter, Michael E. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tsu-excel4ed.org/reviews/Geography%20Template_The%20Physical%20Environment_Cunha.pdf">"The physical environment: an introduction to physical geography"</a> (PDF). Retrieved 24 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+physical+environment%3A+an+introduction+to+physical+geography&rft.aulast=Ritter&rft.aufirst=Michael+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tsu-excel4ed.org%2Freviews%2FGeography%2520Template_The%2520Physical%2520Environment_Cunha.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGardnerLaryeaUnger1999" class="citation book cs1">Gardner, Catriona M.K.; Laryea, Kofi Buna; Unger, Paul W. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170808175354/http://www.plantstress.com/Files/Soil_Physical_Constraints.pdf">Soil physical constraints to plant growth and crop production</a> (PDF) (first ed.). Rome, Italy: <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization_of_the_United_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations">Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.plantstress.com/Files/Soil_Physical_Constraints.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 8 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soil+physical+constraints+to+plant+growth+and+crop+production&rft.place=Rome%2C+Italy&rft.edition=first&rft.pub=Food+and+Agriculture+Organization+of+the+United+Nations&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Gardner&rft.aufirst=Catriona+M.K.&rft.au=Laryea%2C+Kofi+Buna&rft.au=Unger%2C+Paul+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.plantstress.com%2FFiles%2FSoil_Physical_Constraints.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSixPaustianElliottCombrink2000" class="citation journal cs1">Six, Johan; Paustian, Keith; Elliott, Edward T.; Combrink, Clay (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280798601">"Soil structure and organic matter. I. Distribution of aggregate-size classes and aggregate-associated carbon"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Soil_Science_Society_of_America_Journal" title="Soil Science Society of America Journal">Soil Science Society of America Journal</a>. 64 (2): 681–689. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000SSASJ..64..681S">2000SSASJ..64..681S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2136%2Fsssaj2000.642681x">10.2136/sssaj2000.642681x</a>. Retrieved 7 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Soil+Science+Society+of+America+Journal&rft.atitle=Soil+structure+and+organic+matter.+I.+Distribution+of+aggregate-size+classes+and+aggregate-associated+carbon&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=681-689&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2136%2Fsssaj2000.642681x&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2000SSASJ..64..681S&rft.aulast=Six&rft.aufirst=Johan&rft.au=Paustian%2C+Keith&rft.au=Elliott%2C+Edward+T.&rft.au=Combrink%2C+Clay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F280798601&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHåkanssonLipiec2000" class="citation journal cs1">Håkansson, Inge; Lipiec, Jerzy (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222541793">"A review of the usefulness of relative bulk density values in studies of soil structure and compaction"</a>. Soil and Tillage Research. 53 (2): 71–85. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000STilR..53...71H">2000STilR..53...71H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0167-1987%2899%2900095-1">10.1016/S0167-1987(99)00095-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:30045538">30045538</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220516120555/http://directory.umm.ac.id/Data%20Elmu/jurnal/S/Soil%20%26%20Tillage%20Research/Vol53.Issue2.Jan2000/1452.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 16 May 2022. Retrieved 26 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Soil+and+Tillage+Research&rft.atitle=A+review+of+the+usefulness+of+relative+bulk+density+values+in+studies+of+soil+structure+and+compaction&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=71-85&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A30045538%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0167-1987%2899%2900095-1&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2000STilR..53...71H&rft.aulast=H%C3%A5kansson&rft.aufirst=Inge&rft.au=Lipiec%2C+Jerzy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F222541793&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwerdtfeger1965" class="citation journal cs1">Schwerdtfeger, William J. (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/jres/69C/jresv69Cn1p71_A1b.pdf">"Soil resistivity as related to underground corrosion and cathodic protection"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Research_of_the_National_Bureau_of_Standards" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards">Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards</a>. 69C (1): 71–77. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.6028%2Fjres.069c.012">10.6028/jres.069c.012</a>. Retrieved 7 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Research+of+the+National+Bureau+of+Standards&rft.atitle=Soil+resistivity+as+related+to+underground+corrosion+and+cathodic+protection&rft.volume=69C&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=71-77&rft.date=1965&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.6028%2Fjres.069c.012&rft.aulast=Schwerdtfeger&rft.aufirst=William+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnvlpubs.nist.gov%2Fnistpubs%2Fjres%2F69C%2Fjresv69Cn1p71_A1b.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTamboli1961" class="citation book cs1">Tamboli, Prabhakar Mahadeo (1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dr.lib.iastate.edu/bitstreams/85621186-4b03-4140-ad1c-b18c3ab3b4a8/download">The influence of bulk density and aggregate size on soil moisture retention</a>. Ames, Iowa: <a href="/wiki/Iowa_State_University" title="Iowa State University">Iowa State University</a>. Retrieved 7 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+influence+of+bulk+density+and+aggregate+size+on+soil+moisture+retention&rft.place=Ames%2C+Iowa&rft.pub=Iowa+State+University&rft.date=1961&rft.aulast=Tamboli&rft.aufirst=Prabhakar+Mahadeo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdr.lib.iastate.edu%2Fbitstreams%2F85621186-4b03-4140-ad1c-b18c3ab3b4a8%2Fdownload&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-63">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_63-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_63-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpehnJoshiSchmidAlphei2000" class="citation journal cs1">Spehn, Eva M.; Joshi, Jasmin; Schmid, Bernhard; Alphei, Jörn; Körner, Christian (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://link.springer.com/10.1023/A:1004891807664">"Plant diversity effects on soil heterotrophic activity in experimental grassland ecosystems"</a>. Plant and Soil. 224 (2): 217–230. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1004891807664">10.1023/A:1004891807664</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:25639544">25639544</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Plant+and+Soil&rft.atitle=Plant+diversity+effects+on+soil+heterotrophic+activity+in+experimental+grassland+ecosystems&rft.volume=224&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=217-230&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1023%2FA%3A1004891807664&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A25639544%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Spehn&rft.aufirst=Eva+M.&rft.au=Joshi%2C+Jasmin&rft.au=Schmid%2C+Bernhard&rft.au=Alphei%2C+J%C3%B6rn&rft.au=K%C3%B6rner%2C+Christian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2F10.1023%2FA%3A1004891807664&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://forages.oregonstate.edu/ssis/soils/characteristics/water-holding-capacity">"Water holding capacity"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oregon_State_University" title="Oregon State University">Oregon State University</a>. 24 June 2016. Retrieved 9 October 2022. <q>Irrigators must have knowledge of the readily available moisture capacity so that water can be applied before plants have to expend excessive energy to extract moisture</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oregon+State+University&rft.atitle=Water+holding+capacity&rft.date=2016-06-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforages.oregonstate.edu%2Fssis%2Fsoils%2Fcharacteristics%2Fwater-holding-capacity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://extension.umn.edu/irrigation/basics-irrigation-scheduling">"Basics of irrigation scheduling"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Minnesota_Extension" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Minnesota Extension">University of Minnesota Extension</a>. Retrieved 9 October 2022. <q>Only a portion of the available water holding capacity is easily used by the crop before crop water stress develop</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Minnesota+Extension&rft.atitle=Basics+of+irrigation+scheduling&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fextension.umn.edu%2Firrigation%2Fbasics-irrigation-scheduling&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQiMarshallMattson1994" class="citation journal cs1">Qi, Jingen; Marshall, John D.; Mattson, Kim G. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1469-8137.1994.tb02989.x">"High soil carbon dioxide concentrations inhibit root respiration of Douglas fir"</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_Phytologist" title="New Phytologist">New Phytologist</a>. 128 (3): 435–442. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1469-8137.1994.tb02989.x">10.1111/j.1469-8137.1994.tb02989.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33874575">33874575</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Phytologist&rft.atitle=High+soil+carbon+dioxide+concentrations+inhibit+root+respiration+of+Douglas+fir&rft.volume=128&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=435-442&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1469-8137.1994.tb02989.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33874575&rft.aulast=Qi&rft.aufirst=Jingen&rft.au=Marshall%2C+John+D.&rft.au=Mattson%2C+Kim+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1469-8137.1994.tb02989.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarbergPregitzerKingFriend2005" class="citation journal cs1">Karberg, Noah J.; Pregitzer, Kurt S.; King, John S.; Friend, Aaron L.; Wood, James R. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/8337234">"Soil carbon dioxide partial pressure and dissolved inorganic carbonate chemistry under elevated carbon dioxide and ozone"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oecologia" title="Oecologia">Oecologia</a>. 142 (2): 296–306. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005Oecol.142..296K">2005Oecol.142..296K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00442-004-1665-5">10.1007/s00442-004-1665-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15378342">15378342</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6161016">6161016</a>. Retrieved 13 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oecologia&rft.atitle=Soil+carbon+dioxide+partial+pressure+and+dissolved+inorganic+carbonate+chemistry+under+elevated+carbon+dioxide+and+ozone&rft.volume=142&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=296-306&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00442-004-1665-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A6161016%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15378342&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005Oecol.142..296K&rft.aulast=Karberg&rft.aufirst=Noah+J.&rft.au=Pregitzer%2C+Kurt+S.&rft.au=King%2C+John+S.&rft.au=Friend%2C+Aaron+L.&rft.au=Wood%2C+James+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F8337234&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChangLoomis1945" class="citation journal cs1">Chang, H.T.; Loomis, Walter E. (1945). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC437214">"Effect of carbon dioxide on absorption of water and nutrients by roots"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Plant_Physiology_(journal)" title="Plant Physiology (journal)">Plant Physiology</a>. 20 (2): 221–232. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1104%2Fpp.20.2.221">10.1104/pp.20.2.221</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC437214">437214</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16653979">16653979</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Plant+Physiology&rft.atitle=Effect+of+carbon+dioxide+on+absorption+of+water+and+nutrients+by+roots&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=221-232&rft.date=1945&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC437214%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16653979&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1104%2Fpp.20.2.221&rft.aulast=Chang&rft.aufirst=H.T.&rft.au=Loomis%2C+Walter+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC437214&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDowellMarshallQiMattson1999" class="citation journal cs1">McDowell, Nate J.; Marshall, John D.; Qi, Jingen; Mattson, Kim (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ftreephys%2F19.9.599">"Direct inhibition of maintenance respiration in western hemlock roots exposed to ambient soil carbon dioxide concentrations"</a>. Tree Physiology. 19 (9): 599–605. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ftreephys%2F19.9.599">10.1093/treephys/19.9.599</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12651534">12651534</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tree+Physiology&rft.atitle=Direct+inhibition+of+maintenance+respiration+in+western+hemlock+roots+exposed+to+ambient+soil+carbon+dioxide+concentrations&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=599-605&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Ftreephys%2F19.9.599&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12651534&rft.aulast=McDowell&rft.aufirst=Nate+J.&rft.au=Marshall%2C+John+D.&rft.au=Qi%2C+Jingen&rft.au=Mattson%2C+Kim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Ftreephys%252F19.9.599&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXuNieberGupta1992" class="citation journal cs1">Xu, Xia; Nieber, John L.; Gupta, Satish C. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/6547475">"Compaction effect on the gas diffusion coefficient in soils"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Soil_Science_Society_of_America_Journal" title="Soil Science Society of America Journal">Soil Science Society of America Journal</a>. 56 (6): 1743–1750. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1992SSASJ..56.1743X">1992SSASJ..56.1743X</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2136%2Fsssaj1992.03615995005600060014x">10.2136/sssaj1992.03615995005600060014x</a>. Retrieved 13 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Soil+Science+Society+of+America+Journal&rft.atitle=Compaction+effect+on+the+gas+diffusion+coefficient+in+soils&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1743-1750&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2136%2Fsssaj1992.03615995005600060014x&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1992SSASJ..56.1743X&rft.aulast=Xu&rft.aufirst=Xia&rft.au=Nieber%2C+John+L.&rft.au=Gupta%2C+Satish+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F6547475&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith2003-71">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Smith2003_71-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith2003_71-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmithBallConenDobbie2003" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, Keith A.; Ball, Tom; Conen, Franz; Dobbie, Karen E.; Massheder, Jonathan; Rey, Ana (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/14433607">"Exchange of greenhouse gases between soil and atmosphere: interactions of soil physical factors and biological processes"</a>. European Journal of Soil Science. 54 (4): 779–791. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003EuJSS..54..779S">2003EuJSS..54..779S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1351-0754.2003.0567.x">10.1046/j.1351-0754.2003.0567.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:18442559">18442559</a>. Retrieved 13 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Soil+Science&rft.atitle=Exchange+of+greenhouse+gases+between+soil+and+atmosphere%3A+interactions+of+soil+physical+factors+and+biological+processes&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=779-791&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A18442559%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1046%2Fj.1351-0754.2003.0567.x&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003EuJSS..54..779S&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Keith+A.&rft.au=Ball%2C+Tom&rft.au=Conen%2C+Franz&rft.au=Dobbie%2C+Karen+E.&rft.au=Massheder%2C+Jonathan&rft.au=Rey%2C+Ana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F14433607&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell195735–36-72"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell195735–36_72-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRussell1957">Russell 1957</a>, pp. 35–36. </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuserFlessaRussowSchmidt2006" class="citation journal cs1">Ruser, Reiner; Flessa, Heiner; Russow, Rolf; Schmidt, G.; Buegger, Franz; Munch, J.C. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0038071705001975">"Emission of N2O, N2 and CO2 from soil fertilized with nitrate: effect of compaction, soil moisture and rewetting"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Soil_Biology_and_Biochemistry" title="Soil Biology and Biochemistry">Soil Biology and Biochemistry</a>. 38 (2): 263–274. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.soilbio.2005.05.005">10.1016/j.soilbio.2005.05.005</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Soil+Biology+and+Biochemistry&rft.atitle=Emission+of+N%3Csub%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3EO%2C+N%3Csub%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3E+and+CO%3Csub%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3E+from+soil+fertilized+with+nitrate%3A+effect+of+compaction%2C+soil+moisture+and+rewetting&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=263-274&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.soilbio.2005.05.005&rft.aulast=Ruser&rft.aufirst=Reiner&rft.au=Flessa%2C+Heiner&rft.au=Russow%2C+Rolf&rft.au=Schmidt%2C+G.&rft.au=Buegger%2C+Franz&rft.au=Munch%2C+J.C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fpii%2FS0038071705001975&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHartmannBuchmannNiklaus2011" class="citation journal cs1">Hartmann, Adrian A.; Buchmann, Nina; Niklaus, Pascal A. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.research-collection.ethz.ch/bitstream/handle/20.500.11850/34759/2/11104_2010_Article_690.pdf">"A study of soil methane sink regulation in two grasslands exposed to drought and N fertilization"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Plant_and_Soil" title="Plant and Soil">Plant and Soil</a>. 342 (1–2): 265–275. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011PlSoi.342..265H">2011PlSoi.342..265H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11104-010-0690-x">10.1007/s11104-010-0690-x</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11850%2F34759">20.500.11850/34759</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:25691034">25691034</a>. Retrieved 13 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Plant+and+Soil&rft.atitle=A+study+of+soil+methane+sink+regulation+in+two+grasslands+exposed+to+drought+and+N+fertilization&rft.volume=342&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=265-275&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F20.500.11850%2F34759&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A25691034%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11104-010-0690-x&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011PlSoi.342..265H&rft.aulast=Hartmann&rft.aufirst=Adrian+A.&rft.au=Buchmann%2C+Nina&rft.au=Niklaus%2C+Pascal+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.research-collection.ethz.ch%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F20.500.11850%2F34759%2F2%2F11104_2010_Article_690.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMooreDalva1993" class="citation journal cs1">Moore, Tim R.; Dalva, Moshe (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/229878721">"The influence of temperature and water table position on carbon dioxide and methane emissions from laboratory columns of peatland soils"</a>. Journal of Soil Science. 44 (4): 651–664. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2389.1993.tb02330.x">10.1111/j.1365-2389.1993.tb02330.x</a>. Retrieved 13 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Soil+Science&rft.atitle=The+influence+of+temperature+and+water+table+position+on+carbon+dioxide+and+methane+emissions+from+laboratory+columns+of+peatland+soils&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=651-664&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1365-2389.1993.tb02330.x&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=Tim+R.&rft.au=Dalva%2C+Moshe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F229878721&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHiltpoldToepferKuhlmannTurlings2010" class="citation journal cs1">Hiltpold, Ivan; Toepfer, Stefan; Kuhlmann, Ulrich; Turlings, Ted C.J. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/215470509">"How maize root volatiles affect the efficacy of entomopathogenic nematodes in controlling the western corn rootworm?"</a>. Chemoecology. 20 (2): 155–162. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010Checo..20..155H">2010Checo..20..155H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00049-009-0034-6">10.1007/s00049-009-0034-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:30214059">30214059</a>. Retrieved 13 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chemoecology&rft.atitle=How+maize+root+volatiles+affect+the+efficacy+of+entomopathogenic+nematodes+in+controlling+the+western+corn+rootworm%3F&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=155-162&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A30214059%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00049-009-0034-6&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010Checo..20..155H&rft.aulast=Hiltpold&rft.aufirst=Ivan&rft.au=Toepfer%2C+Stefan&rft.au=Kuhlmann%2C+Ulrich&rft.au=Turlings%2C+Ted+C.J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F215470509&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRyuFaragHuReddy2003" class="citation journal cs1">Ryu, Choong-Min; Farag, Mohamed A.; Hu, Chia-Hui; Reddy, Munagala S.; Wei, Han-Xun; Paré, Paul W.; Kloepper, Joseph W. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC153657">"Bacterial volatiles promote growth in Arabidopsis"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_National_Academy_of_Sciences_of_the_United_States_of_America" title="Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</a>. 100 (8): 4927–4932. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003PNAS..100.4927R">2003PNAS..100.4927R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0730845100">10.1073/pnas.0730845100</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC153657">153657</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12684534">12684534</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=Bacterial+volatiles+promote+growth+in+Arabidopsis&rft.volume=100&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=4927-4932&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC153657%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12684534&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.0730845100&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003PNAS..100.4927R&rft.aulast=Ryu&rft.aufirst=Choong-Min&rft.au=Farag%2C+Mohamed+A.&rft.au=Hu%2C+Chia-Hui&rft.au=Reddy%2C+Munagala+S.&rft.au=Wei%2C+Han-Xun&rft.au=Par%C3%A9%2C+Paul+W.&rft.au=Kloepper%2C+Joseph+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC153657&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHungLeeBennett2015" class="citation journal cs1">Hung, Richard; Lee, Samantha; Bennett, Joan W. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/273638498">"Fungal volatile organic compounds and their role in ecosystems"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Applied_Microbiology_and_Biotechnology" title="Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology">Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology</a>. 99 (8): 3395–3405. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00253-015-6494-4">10.1007/s00253-015-6494-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25773975">25773975</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14509047">14509047</a>. Retrieved 13 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Applied+Microbiology+and+Biotechnology&rft.atitle=Fungal+volatile+organic+compounds+and+their+role+in+ecosystems&rft.volume=99&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=3395-3405&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A14509047%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25773975&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00253-015-6494-4&rft.aulast=Hung&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Lee%2C+Samantha&rft.au=Bennett%2C+Joan+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F273638498&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPurringtonKendallBaterStinner1991" class="citation journal cs1">Purrington, Foster Forbes; Kendall, Paricia A.; Bater, John E.; Stinner, Benjamin R. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.valpo.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1732&context=tgle">"Alarm pheromone in a gregarious poduromorph collembolan (Collembola: Hypogastruridae)"</a>. Great Lakes Entomologist. 24 (2): 75–78. Retrieved 13 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Great+Lakes+Entomologist&rft.atitle=Alarm+pheromone+in+a+gregarious+poduromorph+collembolan+%28Collembola%3A+Hypogastruridae%29&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=75-78&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Purrington&rft.aufirst=Foster+Forbes&rft.au=Kendall%2C+Paricia+A.&rft.au=Bater%2C+John+E.&rft.au=Stinner%2C+Benjamin+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholar.valpo.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1732%26context%3Dtgle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBadriWeirVan_der_LelieVivanco2009" class="citation journal cs1">Badri, Dayakar V.; Weir, Tiffany L.; Van der Lelie, Daniel; Vivanco, Jorge M (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220921224421/http://www.bicga.org.uk/docs/Rhizosphere_chemical_dialogues_plant.pdf">"Rhizosphere chemical dialogues: plant–microbe interactions"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Current_Opinion_in_Biotechnology" class="mw-redirect" title="Current Opinion in Biotechnology">Current Opinion in Biotechnology</a>. 20 (6): 642–650. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.copbio.2009.09.014">10.1016/j.copbio.2009.09.014</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19875278">19875278</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bicga.org.uk/docs/Rhizosphere_chemical_dialogues_plant.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 21 September 2022. Retrieved 13 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Opinion+in+Biotechnology&rft.atitle=Rhizosphere+chemical+dialogues%3A+plant%E2%80%93microbe+interactions&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=642-650&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.copbio.2009.09.014&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19875278&rft.aulast=Badri&rft.aufirst=Dayakar+V.&rft.au=Weir%2C+Tiffany+L.&rft.au=Van+der+Lelie%2C+Daniel&rft.au=Vivanco%2C+Jorge+M&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bicga.org.uk%2Fdocs%2FRhizosphere_chemical_dialogues_plant.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalmonPonge2001" class="citation journal cs1">Salmon, Sandrine; Ponge, Jean-François (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/20508985">"Earthworm excreta attract soil springtails: laboratory experiments on Heteromurus nitidus (Collembola: Entomobryidae)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Soil_Biology_and_Biochemistry" title="Soil Biology and Biochemistry">Soil Biology and Biochemistry</a>. 33 (14): 1959–1969. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001SBiBi..33.1959S">2001SBiBi..33.1959S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0038-0717%2801%2900129-8">10.1016/S0038-0717(01)00129-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:26647480">26647480</a>. Retrieved 13 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Soil+Biology+and+Biochemistry&rft.atitle=Earthworm+excreta+attract+soil+springtails%3A+laboratory+experiments+on+Heteromurus+nitidus+%28Collembola%3A+Entomobryidae%29&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=14&rft.pages=1959-1969&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A26647480%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0038-0717%2801%2900129-8&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001SBiBi..33.1959S&rft.aulast=Salmon&rft.aufirst=Sandrine&rft.au=Ponge%2C+Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F20508985&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLambersMougelJaillardHinsinger2009" class="citation journal cs1">Lambers, Hans; Mougel, Christophe; Jaillard, Benoît; Hinsinger, Philipe (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/25517742">"Plant-microbe-soil interactions in the rhizosphere: an evolutionary perspective"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Plant_and_Soil" title="Plant and Soil">Plant and Soil</a>. 321 (1–2): 83–115. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009PlSoi.321...83L">2009PlSoi.321...83L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11104-009-0042-x">10.1007/s11104-009-0042-x</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6840457">6840457</a>. Retrieved 13 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Plant+and+Soil&rft.atitle=Plant-microbe-soil+interactions+in+the+rhizosphere%3A+an+evolutionary+perspective&rft.volume=321&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=83-115&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A6840457%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11104-009-0042-x&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009PlSoi.321...83L&rft.aulast=Lambers&rft.aufirst=Hans&rft.au=Mougel%2C+Christophe&rft.au=Jaillard%2C+Beno%C3%AEt&rft.au=Hinsinger%2C+Philipe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F25517742&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeñuelasAsensioThollWenke2014" class="citation journal cs1">Peñuelas, Josep; Asensio, Dolores; Tholl, Dorothea; Wenke, Katrin; Rosenkranz, Maaria; Piechulla, Birgit; Schnitzler, Jörg-Petter (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fpce.12340">"Biogenic volatile emissions from the soil"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Plant,_Cell_and_Environment" class="mw-redirect" title="Plant, Cell and Environment">Plant, Cell and Environment</a>. 37 (8): 1866–1891. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fpce.12340">10.1111/pce.12340</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24689847">24689847</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Plant%2C+Cell+and+Environment&rft.atitle=Biogenic+volatile+emissions+from+the+soil&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=1866-1891&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fpce.12340&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24689847&rft.aulast=Pe%C3%B1uelas&rft.aufirst=Josep&rft.au=Asensio%2C+Dolores&rft.au=Tholl%2C+Dorothea&rft.au=Wenke%2C+Katrin&rft.au=Rosenkranz%2C+Maaria&rft.au=Piechulla%2C+Birgit&rft.au=Schnitzler%2C+J%C3%B6rg-Petter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fpce.12340&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuzuleciuCraneParker2016" class="citation journal cs1">Buzuleciu, Samuel A.; Crane, Derek P.; Parker, Scott L. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.herpconbio.org/Volume_11/Issue_3/Buzuleciu_etal_2016.pdf">"Scent of disinterred soil as an olfactory cue used by raccoons to locate nests of diamond-backed terrapins (Malaclemys terrapin)"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Herpetological_Conservation_and_Biology" title="Herpetological Conservation and Biology">Herpetological Conservation and Biology</a>. 11 (3): 539–551. Retrieved 27 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Herpetological+Conservation+and+Biology&rft.atitle=Scent+of+disinterred+soil+as+an+olfactory+cue+used+by+raccoons+to+locate+nests+of+diamond-backed+terrapins+%28Malaclemys+terrapin%29&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=539-551&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Buzuleciu&rft.aufirst=Samuel+A.&rft.au=Crane%2C+Derek+P.&rft.au=Parker%2C+Scott+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.herpconbio.org%2FVolume_11%2FIssue_3%2FBuzuleciu_etal_2016.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaxtonRawls2006" class="citation journal cs1">Saxton, Keith E.; Rawls, Walter J. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hrsl.ba.ars.usda.gov/SPAW/Soil%20Water%20Characteristics-Paper.pdf">"Soil water characteristic estimates by texture and organic matter for hydrologic solutions"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Soil_Science_Society_of_America_Journal" title="Soil Science Society of America Journal">Soil Science Society of America Journal</a>. 70 (5): 1569–1578. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006SSASJ..70.1569S">2006SSASJ..70.1569S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2136%2Fsssaj2005.0117">10.2136/sssaj2005.0117</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:16826314">16826314</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180902183902/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/5e63/c886c4f68af5e5c242c006d2d882f0a65bfe.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2 September 2018. Retrieved 15 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Soil+Science+Society+of+America+Journal&rft.atitle=Soil+water+characteristic+estimates+by+texture+and+organic+matter+for+hydrologic+solutions&rft.volume=70&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1569-1578&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A16826314%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2136%2Fsssaj2005.0117&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006SSASJ..70.1569S&rft.aulast=Saxton&rft.aufirst=Keith+E.&rft.au=Rawls%2C+Walter+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhrsl.ba.ars.usda.gov%2FSPAW%2FSoil%2520Water%2520Characteristics-Paper.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollege_of_Tropical_Agriculture_and_Human_Resources" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/College_of_Tropical_Agriculture_and_Human_Resources" title="College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources">College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/mauisoil/a_factor_mineralogy.aspx">"Soil mineralogy"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hawai%CA%BBi_at_M%C4%81noa" title="University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa">University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa</a>. Retrieved 15 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Soil+mineralogy&rft.pub=University+of+Hawai%CA%BBi+at+M%C4%81noa&rft.au=College+of+Tropical+Agriculture+and+Human+Resources&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ctahr.hawaii.edu%2Fmauisoil%2Fa_factor_mineralogy.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnthonyBendervan_der_Heijden2023" class="citation journal cs1">Anthony, Mark A.; Bender, S. Franz; van der Heijden, Marcel G. A. (15 August 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10437432">"Enumerating soil biodiversity"</a>. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 120 (33): e2304663120. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023PNAS..12004663A">2023PNAS..12004663A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.2304663120">10.1073/pnas.2304663120</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0027-8424">0027-8424</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10437432">10437432</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37549278">37549278</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Enumerating+soil+biodiversity&rft.volume=120&rft.issue=33&rft.pages=e2304663120&rft.date=2023-08-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10437432%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2023PNAS..12004663A&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F37549278&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.2304663120&rft.issn=0027-8424&rft.aulast=Anthony&rft.aufirst=Mark+A.&rft.au=Bender%2C+S.+Franz&rft.au=van+der+Heijden%2C+Marcel+G.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10437432&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSposito1984" class="citation book cs1">Sposito, Garrison (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://epdf.pub/the-surface-chemistry-of-soils.html">The surface chemistry of soils</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. Retrieved 15 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+surface+chemistry+of+soils&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Sposito&rft.aufirst=Garrison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fepdf.pub%2Fthe-surface-chemistry-of-soils.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWynot" class="citation web cs1">Wynot, Christopher. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.owlnet.rice.edu/~ceng402/proj02/cwynot/402project.htm">"Theory of diffusion in colloidal suspensions"</a>. Retrieved 15 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Theory+of+diffusion+in+colloidal+suspensions&rft.aulast=Wynot&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.owlnet.rice.edu%2F~ceng402%2Fproj02%2Fcwynot%2F402project.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonahueMillerShickluna1977103–106-90"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonahueMillerShickluna1977103–106_90-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDonahueMillerShickluna1977">Donahue, Miller & Shickluna 1977</a>, p. 103–106. </li> <li id="cite_note-PMID10097044-91"><a href="#cite_ref-PMID10097044_91-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpositoSkipperSuttonPark1999" class="citation journal cs1">Sposito, Garrison; Skipper, Neal T.; Sutton, Rebecca; Park, Sung-Ho; Soper, Alan K.; Greathouse, Jeffery A. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC34275">"Surface geochemistry of the clay minerals"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_National_Academy_of_Sciences_of_the_United_States_of_America" title="Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</a>. 96 (7): 3358–3364. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999PNAS...96.3358S">1999PNAS...96.3358S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.96.7.3358">10.1073/pnas.96.7.3358</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC34275">34275</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10097044">10097044</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=Surface+geochemistry+of+the+clay+minerals&rft.volume=96&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=3358-3364&rft.date=1999&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC34275%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10097044&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.96.7.3358&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1999PNAS...96.3358S&rft.aulast=Sposito&rft.aufirst=Garrison&rft.au=Skipper%2C+Neal+T.&rft.au=Sutton%2C+Rebecca&rft.au=Park%2C+Sung-Ho&rft.au=Soper%2C+Alan+K.&rft.au=Greathouse%2C+Jeffery+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC34275&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBickmoreRossoNagyCygan2003" class="citation journal cs1">Bickmore, Barry R.; Rosso, Kevin M.; Nagy, Kathryn L.; Cygan, Randall T.; Tadanier, Christopher J. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://randallcygan.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/Bickmore2003CCM.pdf">"Ab initio determination of edge surface structures for dioctahedral 2:1 phyllosilicates: implications for acid-base reactivity"</a> (PDF). Clays and Clay Minerals. 51 (4): 359–371. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003CCM....51..359B">2003CCM....51..359B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1346%2FCCMN.2003.0510401">10.1346/CCMN.2003.0510401</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:97428106">97428106</a>. Retrieved 15 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clays+and+Clay+Minerals&rft.atitle=Ab+initio+determination+of+edge+surface+structures+for+dioctahedral+2%3A1+phyllosilicates%3A+implications+for+acid-base+reactivity&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=359-371&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A97428106%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1346%2FCCMN.2003.0510401&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003CCM....51..359B&rft.aulast=Bickmore&rft.aufirst=Barry+R.&rft.au=Rosso%2C+Kevin+M.&rft.au=Nagy%2C+Kathryn+L.&rft.au=Cygan%2C+Randall+T.&rft.au=Tadanier%2C+Christopher+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frandallcygan.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2017%2F06%2FBickmore2003CCM.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRajamathiThomasKamath2001" class="citation journal cs1">Rajamathi, Michael; Thomas, Grace S.; Kamath, P. Vishnu (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/56207482">"The many ways of making anionic clays"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Chemical_Sciences" title="Journal of Chemical Sciences">Journal of Chemical Sciences</a>. 113 (5–6): 671–680. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02708799">10.1007/BF02708799</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:97507578">97507578</a>. Retrieved 15 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chemical+Sciences&rft.atitle=The+many+ways+of+making+anionic+clays&rft.volume=113&rft.issue=5%E2%80%936&rft.pages=671-680&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF02708799&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A97507578%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Rajamathi&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Thomas%2C+Grace+S.&rft.au=Kamath%2C+P.+Vishnu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F56207482&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoayediKazemian2012" class="citation journal cs1">Moayedi, Hossein; Kazemian, Sina (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/10587240">"Zeta potentials of suspended humus in multivalent cationic saline solution and its effect on electro-osomosis behavior"</a>. Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology. 34 (2): 283–294. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01932691.2011.646601">10.1080/01932691.2011.646601</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:94333872">94333872</a>. Retrieved 15 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Dispersion+Science+and+Technology&rft.atitle=Zeta+potentials+of+suspended+humus+in+multivalent+cationic+saline+solution+and+its+effect+on+electro-osomosis+behavior&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=283-294&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01932691.2011.646601&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A94333872%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Moayedi&rft.aufirst=Hossein&rft.au=Kazemian%2C+Sina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F10587240&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPettit" class="citation web cs1">Pettit, Robert E. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.harvestgrow.com/.pdf%20web%20site/Humates%20General%20Info.pdf">"Organic matter, humus, humate, humic acid, fulvic acid and humin: their importance in soil fertility and plant health"</a> (PDF). Retrieved 15 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Organic+matter%2C+humus%2C+humate%2C+humic+acid%2C+fulvic+acid+and+humin%3A+their+importance+in+soil+fertility+and+plant+health&rft.aulast=Pettit&rft.aufirst=Robert+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.harvestgrow.com%2F.pdf%2520web%2520site%2FHumates%2520General%2520Info.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiamondKinter1965" class="citation journal cs1">Diamond, Sidney; Kinter, Earl B. (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/hrr/1965/92/92-006.pdf">"Mechanisms of soil-lime stabilization: an interpretive review"</a> (PDF). Highway Research Record. 92: 83–102. Retrieved 15 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Highway+Research+Record&rft.atitle=Mechanisms+of+soil-lime+stabilization%3A+an+interpretive+review&rft.volume=92&rft.pages=83-102&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Diamond&rft.aufirst=Sidney&rft.au=Kinter%2C+Earl+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fonlinepubs.trb.org%2Fonlinepubs%2Fhrr%2F1965%2F92%2F92-006.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodruff1955" class="citation journal cs1">Woodruff, Clarence M. (1955). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipipotash.org/uploads/pdf/review/30_1956_1.pdf">"The energies of replacement of calcium by potassium in soils"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Soil_Science_Society_of_America_Journal" title="Soil Science Society of America Journal">Soil Science Society of America Journal</a>. 19 (2): 167–171. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1955SSASJ..19..167W">1955SSASJ..19..167W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2136%2Fsssaj1955.03615995001900020014x">10.2136/sssaj1955.03615995001900020014x</a>. Retrieved 15 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Soil+Science+Society+of+America+Journal&rft.atitle=The+energies+of+replacement+of+calcium+by+potassium+in+soils&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=167-171&rft.date=1955&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2136%2Fsssaj1955.03615995001900020014x&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1955SSASJ..19..167W&rft.aulast=Woodruff&rft.aufirst=Clarence+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipipotash.org%2Fuploads%2Fpdf%2Freview%2F30_1956_1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFronæus1953" class="citation journal cs1">Fronæus, Sture (1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3891%2Facta.chem.scand.07-0469">"On the application of the mass action law to cation exchange equilibria"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Acta_Chemica_Scandinavica" title="Acta Chemica Scandinavica">Acta Chemica Scandinavica</a>. 7: 469–480. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3891%2Facta.chem.scand.07-0469">10.3891/acta.chem.scand.07-0469</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Chemica+Scandinavica&rft.atitle=On+the+application+of+the+mass+action+law+to+cation+exchange+equilibria&rft.volume=7&rft.pages=469-480&rft.date=1953&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3891%2Facta.chem.scand.07-0469&rft.aulast=Fron%C3%A6us&rft.aufirst=Sture&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3891%252Facta.chem.scand.07-0469&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBollandPosnerQuirk1980" class="citation journal cs1">Bolland, Mike D. A.; Posner, Alan M.; Quirk, James P. (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237294635">"pH-independent and pH-dependent surface charges on kaolinite"</a>. Clays and Clay Minerals. 28 (6): 412–418. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1980CCM....28..412B">1980CCM....28..412B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1346%2FCCMN.1980.0280602">10.1346/CCMN.1980.0280602</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:12462516">12462516</a>. Retrieved 15 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clays+and+Clay+Minerals&rft.atitle=pH-independent+and+pH-dependent+surface+charges+on+kaolinite&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=412-418&rft.date=1980&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A12462516%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1346%2FCCMN.1980.0280602&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1980CCM....28..412B&rft.aulast=Bolland&rft.aufirst=Mike+D.+A.&rft.au=Posner%2C+Alan+M.&rft.au=Quirk%2C+James+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F237294635&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CEC-100"><a href="#cite_ref-CEC_100-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChakraborty2022" class="citation web cs1">Chakraborty, Meghna (8 August 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.soilminerals.com/Cation_Exchange_Simplified.htm">"What is cation exchange capacity in soils?"</a>. Retrieved 15 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+is+cation+exchange+capacity+in+soils%3F&rft.date=2022-08-08&rft.aulast=Chakraborty&rft.aufirst=Meghna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.soilminerals.com%2FCation_Exchange_Simplified.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilberLevkovitchGraber2010" class="citation journal cs1">Silber, Avner; Levkovitch, Irit; Graber, Ellen R. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/24532141">"pH-dependent mineral release and surface properties of cornstraw biochar: agronomic implications"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Environmental_Science_and_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental Science and Technology">Environmental Science and Technology</a>. 44 (24): 9318–23. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010EnST...44.9318S">2010EnST...44.9318S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fes101283d">10.1021/es101283d</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21090742">21090742</a>. Retrieved 15 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Science+and+Technology&rft.atitle=pH-dependent+mineral+release+and+surface+properties+of+cornstraw+biochar%3A+agronomic+implications&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=24&rft.pages=9318-23&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21090742&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fes101283d&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010EnST...44.9318S&rft.aulast=Silber&rft.aufirst=Avner&rft.au=Levkovitch%2C+Irit&rft.au=Graber%2C+Ellen+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F24532141&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDakoraPhillips2002" class="citation journal cs1">Dakora, Felix D.; Phillips, Donald D. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/225265745">"Root exudates as mediators of mineral acquisition in low-nutrient environments"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Plant_and_Soil" title="Plant and Soil">Plant and Soil</a>. 245: 35–47. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1020809400075">10.1023/A:1020809400075</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:3330737">3330737</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190819123707/http://www.plantstress.com/articles/min_deficiency_i/root_exudates.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 19 August 2019. Retrieved 15 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Plant+and+Soil&rft.atitle=Root+exudates+as+mediators+of+mineral+acquisition+in+low-nutrient+environments&rft.volume=245&rft.pages=35-47&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1023%2FA%3A1020809400075&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A3330737%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Dakora&rft.aufirst=Felix+D.&rft.au=Phillips%2C+Donald+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F225265745&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1978" class="citation journal cs1">Brown, John C. (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://booksc.me/book/9318043/764ac6">"Mechanism of iron uptake by plants"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Plant,_Cell_%26_Environment" title="Plant, Cell & Environment">Plant, Cell and Environment</a>. 1 (4): 249–257. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-3040.1978.tb02037.x">10.1111/j.1365-3040.1978.tb02037.x</a>. Retrieved 29 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Plant%2C+Cell+and+Environment&rft.atitle=Mechanism+of+iron+uptake+by+plants&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=249-257&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1365-3040.1978.tb02037.x&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooksc.me%2Fbook%2F9318043%2F764ac6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonahueMillerShickluna1977114-104"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonahueMillerShickluna1977114_104-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDonahueMillerShickluna1977">Donahue, Miller & Shickluna 1977</a>, p. 114. </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinghRaghubanshiSinghSrivastava1989" class="citation journal cs1">Singh, Jamuna Sharan; Raghubanshi, Akhilesh Singh; Singh, Raj S.; Srivastava, S. C. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236941524">"Microbial biomass acts as a source of plant nutrient in dry tropical forest and savanna"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a>. 338 (6215): 499–500. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989Natur.338..499S">1989Natur.338..499S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F338499a0">10.1038/338499a0</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4301023">4301023</a>. Retrieved 29 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Microbial+biomass+acts+as+a+source+of+plant+nutrient+in+dry+tropical+forest+and+savanna&rft.volume=338&rft.issue=6215&rft.pages=499-500&rft.date=1989&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4301023%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F338499a0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1989Natur.338..499S&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Jamuna+Sharan&rft.au=Raghubanshi%2C+Akhilesh+Singh&rft.au=Singh%2C+Raj+S.&rft.au=Srivastava%2C+S.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F236941524&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSzatanik-KlocSzerementJózefaciuk2017" class="citation journal cs1">Szatanik-Kloc, Alicja; Szerement, Justyna; Józefaciuk, Grzegorz (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://booksc.me/book/65260543/5df35d">"The role of cell walls and pectins in cation exchange and surface area of plant roots"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Plant_Physiology" title="Journal of Plant Physiology">Journal of Plant Physiology</a>. 215: 85–90. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JPPhy.215...85S">2017JPPhy.215...85S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jplph.2017.05.017">10.1016/j.jplph.2017.05.017</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28600926">28600926</a>. Retrieved 29 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Plant+Physiology&rft.atitle=The+role+of+cell+walls+and+pectins+in+cation+exchange+and+surface+area+of+plant+roots&rft.volume=215&rft.pages=85-90&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28600926&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jplph.2017.05.017&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017JPPhy.215...85S&rft.aulast=Szatanik-Kloc&rft.aufirst=Alicja&rft.au=Szerement%2C+Justyna&rft.au=J%C3%B3zefaciuk%2C+Grzegorz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooksc.me%2Fbook%2F65260543%2F5df35d&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonahueMillerShickluna1977115–116-107">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonahueMillerShickluna1977115–116_107-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonahueMillerShickluna1977115–116_107-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDonahueMillerShickluna1977">Donahue, Miller & Shickluna 1977</a>, pp. 115–116. </li> <li id="cite_note-Hinsinger_2001_173–195-108">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hinsinger_2001_173–195_108-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hinsinger_2001_173–195_108-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHinsinger2001" class="citation journal cs1">Hinsinger, Philippe (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/225852665">"Bioavailability of soil inorganic P in the rhizosphere as affected by root-induced chemical changes: a review"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Plant_and_Soil" title="Plant and Soil">Plant and Soil</a>. 237 (2): 173–95. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1013351617532">10.1023/A:1013351617532</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:8562338">8562338</a>. Retrieved 29 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Plant+and+Soil&rft.atitle=Bioavailability+of+soil+inorganic+P+in+the+rhizosphere+as+affected+by+root-induced+chemical+changes%3A+a+review&rft.volume=237&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=173-95&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1023%2FA%3A1013351617532&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A8562338%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Hinsinger&rft.aufirst=Philippe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F225852665&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuSchulz1991" class="citation journal cs1">Gu, Baohua; Schulz, Robert K. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/5980032">"Anion retention in soil: possible application to reduce migration of buried technetium and iodine, a review"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2172%2F5980032">10.2172/5980032</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:91359494">91359494</a>. Retrieved 29 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Anion+retention+in+soil%3A+possible+application+to+reduce+migration+of+buried+technetium+and+iodine%2C+a+review&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2172%2F5980032&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A91359494%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Gu&rft.aufirst=Baohua&rft.au=Schulz%2C+Robert+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.osti.gov%2Fservlets%2Fpurl%2F5980032&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawrinenkoJingBanikLaird2017" class="citation journal cs1">Lawrinenko, Michael; Jing, Dapeng; Banik, Chumki; Laird, David A. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/90757446">"Aluminum and iron biomass pretreatment impacts on biochar anion exchange capacity"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Carbon_(journal)" title="Carbon (journal)">Carbon</a>. 118: 422–30. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017Carbo.118..422L">2017Carbo.118..422L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.carbon.2017.03.056">10.1016/j.carbon.2017.03.056</a>. Retrieved 29 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Carbon&rft.atitle=Aluminum+and+iron+biomass+pretreatment+impacts+on+biochar+anion+exchange+capacity&rft.volume=118&rft.pages=422-30&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.carbon.2017.03.056&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017Carbo.118..422L&rft.aulast=Lawrinenko&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Jing%2C+Dapeng&rft.au=Banik%2C+Chumki&rft.au=Laird%2C+David+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F90757446&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSollinsRobertsonUehara1988" class="citation journal cs1">Sollins, Phillip; Robertson, G. Philip; Uehara, Goro (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lter.kbs.msu.edu/docs/robertson/Sollins_et_al._1988_Biogeochemistry.pdf">"Nutrient mobility in variable- and permanent-charge soils"</a> (PDF). Biogeochemistry. 6 (3): 181–99. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1988Biogc...6..181S">1988Biogc...6..181S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02182995">10.1007/BF02182995</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4505438">4505438</a>. Retrieved 29 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biogeochemistry&rft.atitle=Nutrient+mobility+in+variable-+and+permanent-charge+soils&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=181-99&rft.date=1988&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4505438%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF02182995&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1988Biogc...6..181S&rft.aulast=Sollins&rft.aufirst=Phillip&rft.au=Robertson%2C+G.+Philip&rft.au=Uehara%2C+Goro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flter.kbs.msu.edu%2Fdocs%2Frobertson%2FSollins_et_al._1988_Biogeochemistry.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanders1964" class="citation journal cs1">Sanders, W. M. H. (1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00288233.1964.10416423">"Extraction of soil phosphate by anion-exchange membrane"</a>. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research. 7 (3): 427–31. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1964NZJAR...7..427S">1964NZJAR...7..427S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00288233.1964.10416423">10.1080/00288233.1964.10416423</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Zealand+Journal+of+Agricultural+Research&rft.atitle=Extraction+of+soil+phosphate+by+anion-exchange+membrane&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=427-31&rft.date=1964&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00288233.1964.10416423&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1964NZJAR...7..427S&rft.aulast=Sanders&rft.aufirst=W.+M.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F00288233.1964.10416423&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawrinenkoLaird2015" class="citation journal cs1">Lawrinenko, Mike; Laird, David A. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280973853">"Anion exchange capacity of biochar"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Green_Chemistry_(journal)" title="Green Chemistry (journal)">Green Chemistry</a>. 17 (9): 4628–36. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1039%2FC5GC00828J">10.1039/C5GC00828J</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:52972476">52972476</a>. Retrieved 29 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Green+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Anion+exchange+capacity+of+biochar&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=4628-36&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1039%2FC5GC00828J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A52972476%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Lawrinenko&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft.au=Laird%2C+David+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F280973853&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobertson" class="citation web cs1">Robertson, Bryan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210508070517/https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralvalley/water_issues/basin_plans/ph_turbidity/ph_turbidity_04phreq.pdf">"pH requirements of freshwater aquatic life"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralvalley/water_issues/basin_plans/ph_turbidity/ph_turbidity_04phreq.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 8 May 2021. Retrieved 6 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=pH+requirements+of+freshwater+aquatic+life&rft.aulast=Robertson&rft.aufirst=Bryan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.waterboards.ca.gov%2Fcentralvalley%2Fwater_issues%2Fbasin_plans%2Fph_turbidity%2Fph_turbidity_04phreq.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChang2010" class="citation book cs1">Chang, Raymond, ed. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/44394574">Chemistry</a> (12th ed.). New York, New York: <a href="/wiki/McGraw-Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="McGraw-Hill">McGraw-Hill</a>. p. 666. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780078021510" title="Special:BookSources/9780078021510"><bdi>9780078021510</bdi></a>. Retrieved 6 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemistry&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pages=666&rft.edition=12th&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780078021510&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F44394574&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingletonEdmeadesSmartWheeler2001" class="citation journal cs1">Singleton, Peter L.; Edmeades, Doug C.; Smart, R. E.; Wheeler, David M. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02708799">"The many ways of making anionic clays"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Chemical_Sciences" title="Journal of Chemical Sciences">Journal of Chemical Sciences</a>. 113 (5–6): 671–680. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02708799">10.1007/BF02708799</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:97507578">97507578</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chemical+Sciences&rft.atitle=The+many+ways+of+making+anionic+clays&rft.volume=113&rft.issue=5%E2%80%936&rft.pages=671-680&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF02708799&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A97507578%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Singleton&rft.aufirst=Peter+L.&rft.au=Edmeades%2C+Doug+C.&rft.au=Smart%2C+R.+E.&rft.au=Wheeler%2C+David+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%252FBF02708799&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLäuchliGrattan2012" class="citation book cs1">Läuchli, André; Grattan, Steve R. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/269112359">"Soil pH extremes"</a>. In Shabala, Sergey (ed.). Plant stress physiology (1st ed.). Wallingford, United Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/CAB_International" title="CAB International">CAB International</a>. pp. 194–209. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1079%2F9781845939953.0194">10.1079/9781845939953.0194</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1845939953" title="Special:BookSources/978-1845939953"><bdi>978-1845939953</bdi></a>. Retrieved 13 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Soil+pH+extremes&rft.btitle=Plant+stress+physiology&rft.place=Wallingford%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pages=194-209&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=CAB+International&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1079%2F9781845939953.0194&rft.isbn=978-1845939953&rft.aulast=L%C3%A4uchli&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9&rft.au=Grattan%2C+Steve+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F269112359&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonahueMillerShickluna1977116–117-118"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonahueMillerShickluna1977116–117_118-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDonahueMillerShickluna1977">Donahue, Miller & Shickluna 1977</a>, pp. 116–117. </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalmanoHongFörstner1993" class="citation journal cs1">Calmano, Wolfgang; Hong, Jihua; Förstner, Ulrich (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/234056281">"Binding and mobilization of heavy metals in contaminated sediments affected by pH and redox potential"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Water_Science_and_Technology" title="Water Science and Technology">Water Science and Technology</a>. 28 (8–9): 223–235. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2166%2Fwst.1993.0622">10.2166/wst.1993.0622</a>. Retrieved 13 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Water+Science+and+Technology&rft.atitle=Binding+and+mobilization+of+heavy+metals+in+contaminated+sediments+affected+by+pH+and+redox+potential&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=8%E2%80%939&rft.pages=223-235&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2166%2Fwst.1993.0622&rft.aulast=Calmano&rft.aufirst=Wolfgang&rft.au=Hong%2C+Jihua&rft.au=F%C3%B6rstner%2C+Ulrich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F234056281&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRenZengTangWang2018" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Ren, Xiaoya; Zeng, Guangming; Tang, Lin; Wang, Jingjing; Wan, Jia; Liu, Yani; Yu, Jiangfang; Yi, Huan; Ye, Shujing; Deng, Rui (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ee.hnu.edu.cn/__local/E/E3/44/F76DCA19501AE153573A22D4C29_17709BE2_110161.pdf">"Sorption, transport and biodegradation: an insight into bioavailability of persistent organic pollutants in soil"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Science_of_the_Total_Environment" title="Science of the Total Environment">Science of the Total Environment</a>. 610–611: 1154–1163. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ScTEn.610.1154R">2018ScTEn.610.1154R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.scitotenv.2017.08.089">10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.08.089</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28847136">28847136</a>. Retrieved 13 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+of+the+Total+Environment&rft.atitle=Sorption%2C+transport+and+biodegradation%3A+an+insight+into+bioavailability+of+persistent+organic+pollutants+in+soil&rft.volume=610%E2%80%93611&rft.pages=1154-1163&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28847136&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.scitotenv.2017.08.089&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018ScTEn.610.1154R&rft.aulast=Ren&rft.aufirst=Xiaoya&rft.au=Zeng%2C+Guangming&rft.au=Tang%2C+Lin&rft.au=Wang%2C+Jingjing&rft.au=Wan%2C+Jia&rft.au=Liu%2C+Yani&rft.au=Yu%2C+Jiangfang&rft.au=Yi%2C+Huan&rft.au=Ye%2C+Shujing&rft.au=Deng%2C+Rui&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fee.hnu.edu.cn%2F__local%2FE%2FE3%2F44%2FF76DCA19501AE153573A22D4C29_17709BE2_110161.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPonge2003" class="citation journal cs1">Ponge, Jean-François (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/20508983">"Humus forms in terrestrial ecosystems: a framework to biodiversity"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Soil_Biology_and_Biochemistry" title="Soil Biology and Biochemistry">Soil Biology and Biochemistry</a>. 35 (7): 935–945. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003SBiBi..35..935P">2003SBiBi..35..935P</a>. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.467.4937">10.1.1.467.4937</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0038-0717%2803%2900149-4">10.1016/S0038-0717(03)00149-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:44160220">44160220</a>. Retrieved 13 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Soil+Biology+and+Biochemistry&rft.atitle=Humus+forms+in+terrestrial+ecosystems%3A+a+framework+to+biodiversity&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=935-945&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.467.4937%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A44160220%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0038-0717%2803%2900149-4&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003SBiBi..35..935P&rft.aulast=Ponge&rft.aufirst=Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F20508983&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFujii2003" class="citation journal cs1">Fujii, Kazumichi (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11284-014-1144-3">"Soil acidification and adaptations of plants and microorganisms in Bornean tropical forests"</a>. Ecological Research. 29 (3): 371–381. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11284-014-1144-3">10.1007/s11284-014-1144-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ecological+Research&rft.atitle=Soil+acidification+and+adaptations+of+plants+and+microorganisms+in+Bornean+tropical+forests&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=371-381&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11284-014-1144-3&rft.aulast=Fujii&rft.aufirst=Kazumichi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%252Fs11284-014-1144-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKauppiKämäriPoschKauppi1986" class="citation journal cs1">Kauppi, Pekka; Kämäri, Juha; Posch, Maximilian; Kauppi, Lea (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pure.iiasa.ac.at/id/eprint/2766/1/RR-87-05.pdf">"Acidification of forest soils: model development and application for analyzing impacts of acidic deposition in Europe"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Ecological_Modelling" title="Ecological Modelling">Ecological Modelling</a>. 33 (2–4): 231–253. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1986EcMod..33..231K">1986EcMod..33..231K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0304-3800%2886%2990042-6">10.1016/0304-3800(86)90042-6</a>. Retrieved 13 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ecological+Modelling&rft.atitle=Acidification+of+forest+soils%3A+model+development+and+application+for+analyzing+impacts+of+acidic+deposition+in+Europe&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=2%E2%80%934&rft.pages=231-253&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0304-3800%2886%2990042-6&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1986EcMod..33..231K&rft.aulast=Kauppi&rft.aufirst=Pekka&rft.au=K%C3%A4m%C3%A4ri%2C+Juha&rft.au=Posch%2C+Maximilian&rft.au=Kauppi%2C+Lea&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpure.iiasa.ac.at%2Fid%2Feprint%2F2766%2F1%2FRR-87-05.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndriesse1969" class="citation journal cs1">Andriesse, Jacobus Pieter (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://coek.info/pdf-a-study-of-the-environment-and-characteristics-of-tropical-podzols-in-sarawak-ea.html">"A study of the environment and characteristics of tropical podzols in Sarawak (East-Malaysia)"</a>. Geoderma. 2 (3): 201–227. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1969Geode...2..201A">1969Geode...2..201A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0016-7061%2869%2990038-X">10.1016/0016-7061(69)90038-X</a>. Retrieved 13 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geoderma&rft.atitle=A+study+of+the+environment+and+characteristics+of+tropical+podzols+in+Sarawak+%28East-Malaysia%29&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=201-227&rft.date=1969&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0016-7061%2869%2990038-X&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1969Geode...2..201A&rft.aulast=Andriesse&rft.aufirst=Jacobus+Pieter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcoek.info%2Fpdf-a-study-of-the-environment-and-characteristics-of-tropical-podzols-in-sarawak-ea.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRengasamy2006" class="citation journal cs1">Rengasamy, Pichu (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjxb%2Ferj108">"World salinization with emphasis on Australia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Experimental_Botany" title="Journal of Experimental Botany">Journal of Experimental Botany</a>. 57 (5): 1017–1023. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjxb%2Ferj108">10.1093/jxb/erj108</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16510516">16510516</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Experimental+Botany&rft.atitle=World+salinization+with+emphasis+on+Australia&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1017-1023&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjxb%2Ferj108&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16510516&rft.aulast=Rengasamy&rft.aufirst=Pichu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fjxb%252Ferj108&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnonJohnson1942" class="citation journal cs1">Arnon, Daniel I.; Johnson, Clarence M. (1942). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC438054">"Influence of hydrogen ion concentration on the growth of higher plants under controlled conditions"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Plant_Physiology_(journal)" title="Plant Physiology (journal)">Plant Physiology</a>. 17 (4): 525–539. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1104%2Fpp.17.4.525">10.1104/pp.17.4.525</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC438054">438054</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16653803">16653803</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Plant+Physiology&rft.atitle=Influence+of+hydrogen+ion+concentration+on+the+growth+of+higher+plants+under+controlled+conditions&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=525-539&rft.date=1942&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC438054%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16653803&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1104%2Fpp.17.4.525&rft.aulast=Arnon&rft.aufirst=Daniel+I.&rft.au=Johnson%2C+Clarence+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC438054&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaneyBrownTiffin1972" class="citation journal cs1">Chaney, Rufus L.; Brown, John C.; Tiffin, Lee O. (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC366111">"Obligatory reduction of ferric chelates in iron uptake by soybeans"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Plant_Physiology_(journal)" title="Plant Physiology (journal)">Plant Physiology</a>. 50 (2): 208–213. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1104%2Fpp.50.2.208">10.1104/pp.50.2.208</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC366111">366111</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16658143">16658143</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Plant+Physiology&rft.atitle=Obligatory+reduction+of+ferric+chelates+in+iron+uptake+by+soybeans&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=208-213&rft.date=1972&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC366111%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16658143&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1104%2Fpp.50.2.208&rft.aulast=Chaney&rft.aufirst=Rufus+L.&rft.au=Brown%2C+John+C.&rft.au=Tiffin%2C+Lee+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC366111&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonahueMillerShickluna1977116–119-128"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonahueMillerShickluna1977116–119_128-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDonahueMillerShickluna1977">Donahue, Miller & Shickluna 1977</a>, pp. 116–119. </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmadGhafoorQadirAziz2006" class="citation journal cs1">Ahmad, Sagheer; Ghafoor, Abdul; Qadir, Manzoor; Aziz, M. Abbas (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228966353">"Amelioration of a calcareous saline-sodic soil by gypsum application and different crop rotations"</a>. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology. 8 (2): 142–46. Retrieved 13 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Agriculture+and+Biology&rft.atitle=Amelioration+of+a+calcareous+saline-sodic+soil+by+gypsum+application+and+different+crop+rotations&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=142-46&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Ahmad&rft.aufirst=Sagheer&rft.au=Ghafoor%2C+Abdul&rft.au=Qadir%2C+Manzoor&rft.au=Aziz%2C+M.+Abbas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F228966353&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcFeeKellyBeck1977" class="citation journal cs1">McFee, William W.; Kelly, J. Michael; Beck, Robert H. (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00284134">"Acid precipitation effects on soil pH and base saturation of exchange sites"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Water,_Air,_%26_Soil_Pollution" title="Water, Air, & Soil Pollution">Water, Air, and Soil Pollution</a>. 7 (3): 4014–08. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1977WASP....7..401M">1977WASP....7..401M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00284134">10.1007/BF00284134</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Water%2C+Air%2C+and+Soil+Pollution&rft.atitle=Acid+precipitation+effects+on+soil+pH+and+base+saturation+of+exchange+sites&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=4014-08&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF00284134&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1977WASP....7..401M&rft.aulast=McFee&rft.aufirst=William+W.&rft.au=Kelly%2C+J.+Michael&rft.au=Beck%2C+Robert+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%252FBF00284134&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarinaSumnerPlankLetzsch1980" class="citation journal cs1">Farina, Martin Patrick W.; Sumner, Malcolm E.; Plank, C. Owen; Letzsch, W. Stephen (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/250123873">"Exchangeable aluminum and pH as indicators of lime requirement for corn"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Soil_Science_Society_of_America_Journal" title="Soil Science Society of America Journal">Soil Science Society of America Journal</a>. 44 (5): 1036–1041. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1980SSASJ..44.1036F">1980SSASJ..44.1036F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2136%2Fsssaj1980.03615995004400050033x">10.2136/sssaj1980.03615995004400050033x</a>. Retrieved 20 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Soil+Science+Society+of+America+Journal&rft.atitle=Exchangeable+aluminum+and+pH+as+indicators+of+lime+requirement+for+corn&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1036-1041&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2136%2Fsssaj1980.03615995004400050033x&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1980SSASJ..44.1036F&rft.aulast=Farina&rft.aufirst=Martin+Patrick+W.&rft.au=Sumner%2C+Malcolm+E.&rft.au=Plank%2C+C.+Owen&rft.au=Letzsch%2C+W.+Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F250123873&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonahueMillerShickluna1977119–120-132"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonahueMillerShickluna1977119–120_132-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDonahueMillerShickluna1977">Donahue, Miller & Shickluna 1977</a>, pp. 119–120. </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpositoSkipperSuttonPark1999" class="citation journal cs1">Sposito, Garrison; Skipper, Neal T.; Sutton, Rebecca; Park, Sun-Ho; Soper, Alan K.; Greathouse, Jeffery A. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC34275">"Surface geochemistry of the clay minerals"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_National_Academy_of_Sciences_of_the_United_States_of_America" title="Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</a>. 96 (7): 3358–3364. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999PNAS...96.3358S">1999PNAS...96.3358S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.96.7.3358">10.1073/pnas.96.7.3358</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC34275">34275</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10097044">10097044</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=Surface+geochemistry+of+the+clay+minerals&rft.volume=96&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=3358-3364&rft.date=1999&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC34275%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10097044&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.96.7.3358&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1999PNAS...96.3358S&rft.aulast=Sposito&rft.aufirst=Garrison&rft.au=Skipper%2C+Neal+T.&rft.au=Sutton%2C+Rebecca&rft.au=Park%2C+Sun-Ho&rft.au=Soper%2C+Alan+K.&rft.au=Greathouse%2C+Jeffery+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC34275&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSparks" class="citation web cs1">Sparks, Donald L. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lawr.ucdavis.edu/classes/ssc102/Section8.pdf">"Acidic and basic soils: buffering"</a> (PDF). Davis, California: <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Davis" title="University of California, Davis">University of California, Davis</a>, Department of Land, Air, and Water Resources. Retrieved 20 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Acidic+and+basic+soils%3A+buffering&rft.place=Davis%2C+California&rft.pub=University+of+California%2C+Davis%2C+Department+of+Land%2C+Air%2C+and+Water+Resources&rft.aulast=Sparks&rft.aufirst=Donald+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flawr.ucdavis.edu%2Fclasses%2Fssc102%2FSection8.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUlrich1983" class="citation book cs1">Ulrich, Bernhard (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rd.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2F978-94-009-6983-4_10.pdf">"Soil Acidity and its Relations to Acid Deposition"</a> (PDF). In Ulrich, Bernhard; Pankrath, Jürgen (eds.). Effects of Accumulation of Air Pollutants in Forest Ecosystems (1st ed.). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: <a href="/wiki/D._Reidel_Publishing_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="D. Reidel Publishing Company">D. Reidel Publishing Company</a>. pp. 127–146. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-94-009-6983-4_10">10.1007/978-94-009-6983-4_10</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-009-6985-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-009-6985-8"><bdi>978-94-009-6985-8</bdi></a>. Retrieved 21 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Soil+Acidity+and+its+Relations+to+Acid+Deposition&rft.btitle=Effects+of+Accumulation+of+Air+Pollutants+in+Forest+Ecosystems&rft.place=Dordrecht%2C+The+Netherlands&rft.pages=127-146&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=D.+Reidel+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-94-009-6983-4_10&rft.isbn=978-94-009-6985-8&rft.aulast=Ulrich&rft.aufirst=Bernhard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frd.springer.com%2Fcontent%2Fpdf%2F10.1007%252F978-94-009-6983-4_10.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonahueMillerShickluna1977120–121-136"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonahueMillerShickluna1977120–121_136-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDonahueMillerShickluna1977">Donahue, Miller & Shickluna 1977</a>, pp. 120–121. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonahueMillerShickluna1977125-137"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonahueMillerShickluna1977125_137-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDonahueMillerShickluna1977">Donahue, Miller & Shickluna 1977</a>, p. 125. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDean195780-138"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDean195780_138-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDean1957">Dean 1957</a>, p. 80. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERussel1957123–125-139"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussel1957123–125_139-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRussel1957">Russel 1957</a>, pp. 123–125. </li> <li id="cite_note-BradyWeil-140">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BradyWeil_140-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BradyWeil_140-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeilBrady2016" class="citation book cs1">Weil, Ray R.; Brady, Nyle C. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231210092639/https://fr.z-library.se/book/6018037/51b2d6">The nature and properties of soils</a> (15th ed.). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: <a href="/wiki/Pearson_Education" title="Pearson Education">Pearson</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0133254488" title="Special:BookSources/978-0133254488"><bdi>978-0133254488</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fr.z-library.se/book/6018037/51b2d6">the original</a> on 10 December 2023. Retrieved 10 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+nature+and+properties+of+soils&rft.place=Upper+Saddle+River%2C+New+Jersey&rft.edition=15th&rft.pub=Pearson&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0133254488&rft.aulast=Weil&rft.aufirst=Ray+R.&rft.au=Brady%2C+Nyle+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffr.z-library.se%2Fbook%2F6018037%2F51b2d6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_der_PloegBöhmKirkham1999" class="citation journal cs1">Van der Ploeg, Rienk R.; Böhm, Wolfgang; Kirkham, Mary Beth (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2136%2Fsssaj1999.6351055x">"On the origin of the theory of mineral nutrition of plants and the Law of the Minimum"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Soil_Science_Society_of_America_Journal" title="Soil Science Society of America Journal">Soil Science Society of America Journal</a>. 63 (5): 1055–1062. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999SSASJ..63.1055V">1999SSASJ..63.1055V</a>. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.475.7392">10.1.1.475.7392</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2136%2Fsssaj1999.6351055x">10.2136/sssaj1999.6351055x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Soil+Science+Society+of+America+Journal&rft.atitle=On+the+origin+of+the+theory+of+mineral+nutrition+of+plants+and+the+Law+of+the+Minimum&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1055-1062&rft.date=1999&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.475.7392%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2136%2Fsssaj1999.6351055x&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1999SSASJ..63.1055V&rft.aulast=Van+der+Ploeg&rft.aufirst=Rienk+R.&rft.au=B%C3%B6hm%2C+Wolfgang&rft.au=Kirkham%2C+Mary+Beth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.2136%252Fsssaj1999.6351055x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnechtGöransson2004" class="citation journal cs1">Knecht, Magnus F.; Göransson, Anders (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ftreephys%2F24.4.447">"Terrestrial plants require nutrients in similar proportions"</a>. Tree Physiology. 24 (4): 447–460. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ftreephys%2F24.4.447">10.1093/treephys/24.4.447</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14757584">14757584</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tree+Physiology&rft.atitle=Terrestrial+plants+require+nutrients+in+similar+proportions&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=447-460&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Ftreephys%2F24.4.447&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14757584&rft.aulast=Knecht&rft.aufirst=Magnus+F.&rft.au=G%C3%B6ransson%2C+Anders&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Ftreephys%252F24.4.447&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDean195780–81-143"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDean195780–81_143-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDean1957">Dean 1957</a>, pp. 80–81. </li> <li id="cite_note-Roy2006Chapter4-144">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Roy2006Chapter4_144-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roy2006Chapter4_144-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoyFinckBlairTandon2006" class="citation book cs1">Roy, R. N.; Finck, Arnold; Blair, Graeme J.; Tandon, Hari Lal Singh (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/soilbiodiversity/Downloadable_files/fpnb16.pdf">"Soil fertility and crop production"</a> (PDF). Plant nutrition for food security: a guide for integrated nutrient management. Rome, Italy: <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization_of_the_United_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations">Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations</a>. pp. 43–90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-5-105490-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-5-105490-1"><bdi>978-92-5-105490-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved 17 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Soil+fertility+and+crop+production&rft.btitle=Plant+nutrition+for+food+security%3A+a+guide+for+integrated+nutrient+management&rft.place=Rome%2C+Italy&rft.pages=43-90&rft.pub=Food+and+Agriculture+Organization+of+the+United+Nations&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-92-5-105490-1&rft.aulast=Roy&rft.aufirst=R.+N.&rft.au=Finck%2C+Arnold&rft.au=Blair%2C+Graeme+J.&rft.au=Tandon%2C+Hari+Lal+Singh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2Ffileadmin%2Ftemplates%2Fsoilbiodiversity%2FDownloadable_files%2Ffpnb16.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParfittGiltrapWhitton1995" class="citation journal cs1">Parfitt, Roger L.; Giltrap, Donna J.; Whitton, Joe S. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/249073571">"Contribution of organic matter and clay minerals to the cation exchange capacity of soil"</a>. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis. 26 (9–10): 1343–55. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995CSSPA..26.1343P">1995CSSPA..26.1343P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00103629509369376">10.1080/00103629509369376</a>. Retrieved 17 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Communications+in+Soil+Science+and+Plant+Analysis&rft.atitle=Contribution+of+organic+matter+and+clay+minerals+to+the+cation+exchange+capacity+of+soil&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=9%E2%80%9310&rft.pages=1343-55&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00103629509369376&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1995CSSPA..26.1343P&rft.aulast=Parfitt&rft.aufirst=Roger+L.&rft.au=Giltrap%2C+Donna+J.&rft.au=Whitton%2C+Joe+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F249073571&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHajnosJozefaciukSokołowskaGreiffenhagen2003" class="citation journal cs1">Hajnos, Mieczyslaw; Jozefaciuk, Grzegorz; Sokołowska, Zofia; Greiffenhagen, Andreas; Wessolek, Gerd (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/229970348">"Water storage, surface, and structural properties of sandy forest humus horizons"</a>. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science. 166 (5): 625–34. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003JPNSS.166..625H">2003JPNSS.166..625H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fjpln.200321161">10.1002/jpln.200321161</a>. Retrieved 17 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Plant+Nutrition+and+Soil+Science&rft.atitle=Water+storage%2C+surface%2C+and+structural+properties+of+sandy+forest+humus+horizons&rft.volume=166&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=625-34&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fjpln.200321161&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003JPNSS.166..625H&rft.aulast=Hajnos&rft.aufirst=Mieczyslaw&rft.au=Jozefaciuk%2C+Grzegorz&rft.au=Soko%C5%82owska%2C+Zofia&rft.au=Greiffenhagen%2C+Andreas&rft.au=Wessolek%2C+Gerd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F229970348&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonahueMillerShickluna1977123–131-147"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonahueMillerShickluna1977123–131_147-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDonahueMillerShickluna1977">Donahue, Miller & Shickluna 1977</a>, pp. 123–131. </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPimentelHarveyResosudarmoSinclair1995" class="citation journal cs1">Pimentel, David; Harvey, Celia; Resosudarmo, Pradnja; Sinclair, K.; Kurz, D.; McNair, M.; Crist, S.; Shpritz, L.; Fitton, L.; Saffouri, R.; Blair, R. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/9512072">"Environmental and economic costs of soil erosion and conservation benefits"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a>. 267 (5201): 1117–23. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995Sci...267.1117P">1995Sci...267.1117P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.267.5201.1117">10.1126/science.267.5201.1117</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17789193">17789193</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11936877">11936877</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161213065558/http://www.rachel.org/files/document/Environmental_and_Economic_Costs_of_Soil_Erosi.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 13 December 2016. Retrieved 4 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Environmental+and+economic+costs+of+soil+erosion+and+conservation+benefits&rft.volume=267&rft.issue=5201&rft.pages=1117-23&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.267.5201.1117&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A11936877%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17789193&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1995Sci...267.1117P&rft.aulast=Pimentel&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Harvey%2C+Celia&rft.au=Resosudarmo%2C+Pradnja&rft.au=Sinclair%2C+K.&rft.au=Kurz%2C+D.&rft.au=McNair%2C+M.&rft.au=Crist%2C+S.&rft.au=Shpritz%2C+L.&rft.au=Fitton%2C+L.&rft.au=Saffouri%2C+R.&rft.au=Blair%2C+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F9512072&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchnürerClarholmRosswall1985" class="citation journal cs1">Schnürer, Johan; Clarholm, Marianne; Rosswall, Thomas (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/20647751">"Microbial biomass and activity in an agricultural soil with different organic matter contents"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Soil_Biology_and_Biochemistry" title="Soil Biology and Biochemistry">Soil Biology and Biochemistry</a>. 17 (5): 611–618. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1985SBiBi..17..611S">1985SBiBi..17..611S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0038-0717%2885%2990036-7">10.1016/0038-0717(85)90036-7</a>. Retrieved 4 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Soil+Biology+and+Biochemistry&rft.atitle=Microbial+biomass+and+activity+in+an+agricultural+soil+with+different+organic+matter+contents&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=611-618&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0038-0717%2885%2990036-7&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1985SBiBi..17..611S&rft.aulast=Schn%C3%BCrer&rft.aufirst=Johan&rft.au=Clarholm%2C+Marianne&rft.au=Rosswall%2C+Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F20647751&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSparling1992" class="citation journal cs1">Sparling, Graham P. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/248884528">"Ratio of microbial biomass carbon to soil organic carbon as a sensitive indicator of changes in soil organic matter"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Australian_Journal_of_Soil_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Journal of Soil Research">Australian Journal of Soil Research</a>. 30 (2): 195–207. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1071%2FSR9920195">10.1071/SR9920195</a>. Retrieved 4 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Australian+Journal+of+Soil+Research&rft.atitle=Ratio+of+microbial+biomass+carbon+to+soil+organic+carbon+as+a+sensitive+indicator+of+changes+in+soil+organic+matter&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=195-207&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1071%2FSR9920195&rft.aulast=Sparling&rft.aufirst=Graham+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F248884528&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVaradachariGhosh1984" class="citation journal cs1">Varadachari, Chandrika; Ghosh, Kunal (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02182933">"On humus formation"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Plant_and_Soil" title="Plant and Soil">Plant and Soil</a>. 77 (2): 305–313. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1984PlSoi..77..305V">1984PlSoi..77..305V</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02182933">10.1007/BF02182933</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:45102095">45102095</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Plant+and+Soil&rft.atitle=On+humus+formation&rft.volume=77&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=305-313&rft.date=1984&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A45102095%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF02182933&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1984PlSoi..77..305V&rft.aulast=Varadachari&rft.aufirst=Chandrika&rft.au=Ghosh%2C+Kunal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%252FBF02182933&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrescott2010" class="citation journal cs1">Prescott, Cindy E. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10533-010-9439-0">"Litter decomposition: what controls it and how can we alter it to sequester more carbon in forest soils?"</a>. Biogeochemistry. 101 (1): 133–q49. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010Biogc.101..133P">2010Biogc.101..133P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10533-010-9439-0">10.1007/s10533-010-9439-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:93834812">93834812</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biogeochemistry&rft.atitle=Litter+decomposition%3A+what+controls+it+and+how+can+we+alter+it+to+sequester+more+carbon+in+forest+soils%3F&rft.volume=101&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=133-q49&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A93834812%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10533-010-9439-0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010Biogc.101..133P&rft.aulast=Prescott&rft.aufirst=Cindy+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%252Fs10533-010-9439-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLehmannKleber2015" class="citation journal cs1">Lehmann, Johannes; Kleber, Markus (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.css.cornell.edu/faculty/lehmann/publ/Nature%20528,%2060-68,%202015%20Lehmann.pdf">"The contentious nature of soil organic matter"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a>. 528 (7580): 60–68. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015Natur.528...60L">2015Natur.528...60L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature16069">10.1038/nature16069</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26595271">26595271</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:205246638">205246638</a>. Retrieved 4 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=The+contentious+nature+of+soil+organic+matter&rft.volume=528&rft.issue=7580&rft.pages=60-68&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature16069&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A205246638%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26595271&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015Natur.528...60L&rft.aulast=Lehmann&rft.aufirst=Johannes&rft.au=Kleber%2C+Markus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.css.cornell.edu%2Ffaculty%2Flehmann%2Fpubl%2FNature%2520528%2C%252060-68%2C%25202015%2520Lehmann.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Piccolo2002-154">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Piccolo2002_154-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Piccolo2002_154-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPiccolo2002" class="citation journal cs1">Piccolo, Alessandro (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222526145">"The supramolecular structure of humic substances: a novel understanding of humus chemistry and implications in soil science"</a>. Advances in Agronomy. 75: 57–134. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0065-2113%2802%2975003-7">10.1016/S0065-2113(02)75003-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780120007936" title="Special:BookSources/9780120007936"><bdi>9780120007936</bdi></a>. Retrieved 4 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Advances+in+Agronomy&rft.atitle=The+supramolecular+structure+of+humic+substances%3A+a+novel+understanding+of+humus+chemistry+and+implications+in+soil+science&rft.volume=75&rft.pages=57-134&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0065-2113%2802%2975003-7&rft.isbn=9780120007936&rft.aulast=Piccolo&rft.aufirst=Alessandro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F222526145&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScheu2002" class="citation journal cs1">Scheu, Stefan (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263041521">"The soil food web: structure and perspectives"</a>. European Journal of Soil Biology. 38 (1): 11–20. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002EJSB...38...11S">2002EJSB...38...11S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS1164-5563%2801%2901117-7">10.1016/S1164-5563(01)01117-7</a>. Retrieved 4 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Soil+Biology&rft.atitle=The+soil+food+web%3A+structure+and+perspectives&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=11-20&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS1164-5563%2801%2901117-7&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2002EJSB...38...11S&rft.aulast=Scheu&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F263041521&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Foth1984-156">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Foth1984_156-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Foth1984_156-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoth1984" class="citation book cs1">Foth, Henry D. (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201112034423/http://base.dnsgb.com.ua/files/book/Agriculture/Soil/Fundamentals-of-Soil-Science.pdf">Fundamentals of soil science</a> (PDF) (8th ed.). New York, New York: Wiley. p. 139. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0471522799" title="Special:BookSources/978-0471522799"><bdi>978-0471522799</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://base.dnsgb.com.ua/files/book/Agriculture/Soil/Fundamentals-of-Soil-Science.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 12 November 2020. Retrieved 4 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fundamentals+of+soil+science&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pages=139&rft.edition=8th&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0471522799&rft.aulast=Foth&rft.aufirst=Henry+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbase.dnsgb.com.ua%2Ffiles%2Fbook%2FAgriculture%2FSoil%2FFundamentals-of-Soil-Science.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ponge2003-157">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ponge2003_157-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ponge2003_157-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ponge2003_157-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPonge2003" class="citation journal cs1">Ponge, Jean-François (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/45579598">"Humus forms in terrestrial ecosystems: a framework to biodiversity"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Soil_Biology_and_Biochemistry" title="Soil Biology and Biochemistry">Soil Biology and Biochemistry</a>. 35 (7): 935–945. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003SBiBi..35..935P">2003SBiBi..35..935P</a>. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.467.4937">10.1.1.467.4937</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0038-0717%2803%2900149-4">10.1016/S0038-0717(03)00149-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:44160220">44160220</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160129153903/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222567430">Archived</a> from the original on 29 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Soil+Biology+and+Biochemistry&rft.atitle=Humus+forms+in+terrestrial+ecosystems%3A+a+framework+to+biodiversity&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=935-945&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.467.4937%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A44160220%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0038-0717%2803%2900149-4&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003SBiBi..35..935P&rft.aulast=Ponge&rft.aufirst=Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F45579598&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPettit" class="citation web cs1">Pettit, Robert E. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.harvestgrow.com/.pdf%20web%20site/Humates%20General%20Info.pdf">"Organic matter, humus, humate, humic acid, fulvic acid and humin: their importance in soil fertility and plant health"</a> (PDF). Retrieved 11 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Organic+matter%2C+humus%2C+humate%2C+humic+acid%2C+fulvic+acid+and+humin%3A+their+importance+in+soil+fertility+and+plant+health&rft.aulast=Pettit&rft.aufirst=Robert+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.harvestgrow.com%2F.pdf%2520web%2520site%2FHumates%2520General%2520Info.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJiKapplerBrune2000" class="citation journal cs1">Ji, Rong; Kappler, Andreas; Brune, Andreas (2000). "Transformation and mineralization of synthetic 14C-labeled humic model compounds by soil-feeding termites". <a href="/wiki/Soil_Biology_and_Biochemistry" title="Soil Biology and Biochemistry">Soil Biology and Biochemistry</a>. 32 (8–9): 1281–1291. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.476.9400">10.1.1.476.9400</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0038-0717%2800%2900046-8">10.1016/S0038-0717(00)00046-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Soil+Biology+and+Biochemistry&rft.atitle=Transformation+and+mineralization+of+synthetic+%3Csup%3E14%3C%2Fsup%3EC-labeled+humic+model+compounds+by+soil-feeding+termites&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=8%E2%80%939&rft.pages=1281-1291&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.476.9400%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0038-0717%2800%2900046-8&rft.aulast=Ji&rft.aufirst=Rong&rft.au=Kappler%2C+Andreas&rft.au=Brune%2C+Andreas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDreverVance1994" class="citation book cs1">Drever, James I.; Vance, George F. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2F978-3-642-78356-2_6.pdf">"Role of Soil Organic Acids in Mineral Weathering Processes"</a> (PDF). In Pittman, Edward D.; Lewan, Michael D. (eds.). Organic Acids in Geological Processes. Berlin, Germany: <a href="/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media" title="Springer Science+Business Media">Springer</a>. pp. 138–161. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-642-78356-2_6">10.1007/978-3-642-78356-2_6</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-78356-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-642-78356-2"><bdi>978-3-642-78356-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved 11 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Role+of+Soil+Organic+Acids+in+Mineral+Weathering+Processes&rft.btitle=Organic+Acids+in+Geological+Processes&rft.place=Berlin%2C+Germany&rft.pages=138-161&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-642-78356-2_6&rft.isbn=978-3-642-78356-2&rft.aulast=Drever&rft.aufirst=James+I.&rft.au=Vance%2C+George+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fcontent%2Fpdf%2F10.1007%252F978-3-642-78356-2_6.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Piccolo1996-161">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Piccolo1996_161-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Piccolo1996_161-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPiccolo1996" class="citation book cs1">Piccolo, Alessandro (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281451183">"Humus and soil conservation"</a>. In Piccolo, Alessandro (ed.). Humic substances in terrestrial ecosystems. Amsterdam, the Netherlands: <a href="/wiki/Elsevier" title="Elsevier">Elsevier</a>. pp. 225–264. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FB978-044481516-3%2F50006-2">10.1016/B978-044481516-3/50006-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-444-81516-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-444-81516-3"><bdi>978-0-444-81516-3</bdi></a>. Retrieved 11 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Humus+and+soil+conservation&rft.btitle=Humic+substances+in+terrestrial+ecosystems&rft.place=Amsterdam%2C+the+Netherlands&rft.pages=225-264&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FB978-044481516-3%2F50006-2&rft.isbn=978-0-444-81516-3&rft.aulast=Piccolo&rft.aufirst=Alessandro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F281451183&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVaradachariGhosh1984" class="citation journal cs1">Varadachari, Chandrika; Ghosh, Kunal (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/225528442">"On humus formation"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Plant_and_Soil" title="Plant and Soil">Plant and Soil</a>. 77 (2): 305–313. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1984PlSoi..77..305V">1984PlSoi..77..305V</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02182933">10.1007/BF02182933</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:45102095">45102095</a>. Retrieved 11 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Plant+and+Soil&rft.atitle=On+humus+formation&rft.volume=77&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=305-313&rft.date=1984&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A45102095%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF02182933&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1984PlSoi..77..305V&rft.aulast=Varadachari&rft.aufirst=Chandrika&rft.au=Ghosh%2C+Kunal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F225528442&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMendonçaRowell1996" class="citation journal cs1">Mendonça, Eduardo S.; Rowell, David L. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/250128642">"Mineral and organic fractions of two oxisols and their influence on effective cation-exchange capacity"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Soil_Science_Society_of_America_Journal" title="Soil Science Society of America Journal">Soil Science Society of America Journal</a>. 60 (6): 1888–1892. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996SSASJ..60.1888M">1996SSASJ..60.1888M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2136%2Fsssaj1996.03615995006000060038x">10.2136/sssaj1996.03615995006000060038x</a>. Retrieved 11 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Soil+Science+Society+of+America+Journal&rft.atitle=Mineral+and+organic+fractions+of+two+oxisols+and+their+influence+on+effective+cation-exchange+capacity&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1888-1892&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2136%2Fsssaj1996.03615995006000060038x&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1996SSASJ..60.1888M&rft.aulast=Mendon%C3%A7a&rft.aufirst=Eduardo+S.&rft.au=Rowell%2C+David+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F250128642&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeckFaccioRichterThöny-Meyer2013" class="citation journal cs1">Heck, Tobias; Faccio, Greta; Richter, Michael; Thöny-Meyer, Linda (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233769618">"Enzyme-catalyzed protein crosslinking"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Applied_Microbiology_and_Biotechnology" title="Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology">Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology</a>. 97 (2): 461–475. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00253-012-4569-z">10.1007/s00253-012-4569-z</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3546294">3546294</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23179622">23179622</a>. Retrieved 11 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Applied+Microbiology+and+Biotechnology&rft.atitle=Enzyme-catalyzed+protein+crosslinking&rft.volume=97&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=461-475&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3546294%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23179622&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00253-012-4569-z&rft.aulast=Heck&rft.aufirst=Tobias&rft.au=Faccio%2C+Greta&rft.au=Richter%2C+Michael&rft.au=Th%C3%B6ny-Meyer%2C+Linda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F233769618&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLynchLynch1958" class="citation journal cs1">Lynch, D. L.; Lynch, C. C. (1958). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/1811478a0.pdf">"Resistance of protein–lignin complexes, lignins and humic acids to microbial attack"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a>. 181 (4621): 1478–1479. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1958Natur.181.1478L">1958Natur.181.1478L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F1811478a0">10.1038/1811478a0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13552710">13552710</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4193782">4193782</a>. Retrieved 11 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Resistance+of+protein%E2%80%93lignin+complexes%2C+lignins+and+humic+acids+to+microbial+attack&rft.volume=181&rft.issue=4621&rft.pages=1478-1479&rft.date=1958&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F1811478a0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4193782%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F13552710&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1958Natur.181.1478L&rft.aulast=Lynch&rft.aufirst=D.+L.&rft.au=Lynch%2C+C.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2F1811478a0.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDawsonHillier2010" class="citation journal cs1">Dawson, Lorna A.; Hillier, Stephen (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210508065204/https://people.ok.ubc.ca/robrien/soil%20characteristics.pdf">"Measurement of soil characteristics for forensic applications"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Surface_and_Interface_Analysis" title="Surface and Interface Analysis">Surface and Interface Analysis</a>. 42 (5): 363–377. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fsia.3315">10.1002/sia.3315</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:54213404">54213404</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://people.ok.ubc.ca/robrien/soil%20characteristics.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 8 May 2021. Retrieved 18 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Surface+and+Interface+Analysis&rft.atitle=Measurement+of+soil+characteristics+for+forensic+applications&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=363-377&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fsia.3315&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A54213404%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Dawson&rft.aufirst=Lorna+A.&rft.au=Hillier%2C+Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpeople.ok.ubc.ca%2Frobrien%2Fsoil%2520characteristics.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManjaiahKumarSachdevSachdev2010" class="citation journal cs1">Manjaiah, K.M.; Kumar, Sarvendra; Sachdev, M. S.; Sachdev, P.; Datta, S. C. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228867334">"Study of clay–organic complexes"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Current_Science" title="Current Science">Current Science</a>. 98 (7): 915–921. Retrieved 18 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Science&rft.atitle=Study+of+clay%E2%80%93organic+complexes&rft.volume=98&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=915-921&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Manjaiah&rft.aufirst=K.M.&rft.au=Kumar%2C+Sarvendra&rft.au=Sachdev%2C+M.+S.&rft.au=Sachdev%2C+P.&rft.au=Datta%2C+S.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F228867334&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTheng1982" class="citation journal cs1">Theng, Benny K.G. (1982). "Clay-polymer interactions: summary and perspectives". Clays and Clay Minerals. 30 (1): 1–10. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1982CCM....30....1T">1982CCM....30....1T</a>. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.608.2942">10.1.1.608.2942</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1346%2FCCMN.1982.0300101">10.1346/CCMN.1982.0300101</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:98176725">98176725</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clays+and+Clay+Minerals&rft.atitle=Clay-polymer+interactions%3A+summary+and+perspectives&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-10&rft.date=1982&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.608.2942%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A98176725%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1346%2FCCMN.1982.0300101&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1982CCM....30....1T&rft.aulast=Theng&rft.aufirst=Benny+K.G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTietjenWetzel2003" class="citation journal cs1">Tietjen, Todd; Wetzel, Robert G. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vliz.be/imisdocs/publications/54440.pdf">"Extracellular enzyme-clay mineral complexes: enzyme adsorption, alteration of enzyme activity, and protection from photodegradation"</a> (PDF). Aquatic Ecology. 37 (4): 331–339. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003AqEco..37..331T">2003AqEco..37..331T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2FB%3AAECO.0000007044.52801.6b">10.1023/B:AECO.0000007044.52801.6b</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6930871">6930871</a>. Retrieved 18 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aquatic+Ecology&rft.atitle=Extracellular+enzyme-clay+mineral+complexes%3A+enzyme+adsorption%2C+alteration+of+enzyme+activity%2C+and+protection+from+photodegradation&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=331-339&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A6930871%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1023%2FB%3AAECO.0000007044.52801.6b&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003AqEco..37..331T&rft.aulast=Tietjen&rft.aufirst=Todd&rft.au=Wetzel%2C+Robert+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vliz.be%2Fimisdocs%2Fpublications%2F54440.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTahirMarschner2017" class="citation journal cs1">Tahir, Shermeen; Marschner, Petra (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/314221508">"Clay addition to sandy soil: influence of clay type and size on nutrient availability in sandy soils amended with residues differing in C/N ratio"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pedosphere" title="Pedosphere">Pedosphere</a>. 27 (2): 293–305. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017Pedos..27..293T">2017Pedos..27..293T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS1002-0160%2817%2960317-5">10.1016/S1002-0160(17)60317-5</a>. Retrieved 18 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pedosphere&rft.atitle=Clay+addition+to+sandy+soil%3A+influence+of+clay+type+and+size+on+nutrient+availability+in+sandy+soils+amended+with+residues+differing+in+C%2FN+ratio&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=293-305&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS1002-0160%2817%2960317-5&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017Pedos..27..293T&rft.aulast=Tahir&rft.aufirst=Shermeen&rft.au=Marschner%2C+Petra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F314221508&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeleroMadejónRuizHerencia2007" class="citation journal cs1">Melero, Sebastiana; Madejón, Engracia; Ruiz, Juan Carlos; Herencia, Juan Francisco (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://coek.info/pdf-chemical-and-biochemical-properties-of-a-clay-soil-under-dryland-agriculture-sys.html">"Chemical and biochemical properties of a clay soil under dryland agriculture system as affected by organic fertilization"</a>. European Journal of Agronomy. 26 (3): 327–334. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007EuJAg..26..327M">2007EuJAg..26..327M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.eja.2006.11.004">10.1016/j.eja.2006.11.004</a>. Retrieved 18 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Agronomy&rft.atitle=Chemical+and+biochemical+properties+of+a+clay+soil+under+dryland+agriculture+system+as+affected+by+organic+fertilization&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=327-334&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.eja.2006.11.004&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007EuJAg..26..327M&rft.aulast=Melero&rft.aufirst=Sebastiana&rft.au=Madej%C3%B3n%2C+Engracia&rft.au=Ruiz%2C+Juan+Carlos&rft.au=Herencia%2C+Juan+Francisco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcoek.info%2Fpdf-chemical-and-biochemical-properties-of-a-clay-soil-under-dryland-agriculture-sys.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoanisseBradleyPrestonBending2009" class="citation journal cs1">Joanisse, Gilles D.; Bradley, Robert L.; Preston, Caroline M.; Bending, Gary D. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1469-8137.2008.02622.x">"Sequestration of soil nitrogen as tannin–protein complexes may improve the competitive ability of sheep laurel (Kalmia angustifolia) relative to black spruce (Picea mariana)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_Phytologist" title="New Phytologist">New Phytologist</a>. 181 (1): 187–198. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1469-8137.2008.02622.x">10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02622.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18811620">18811620</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Phytologist&rft.atitle=Sequestration+of+soil+nitrogen+as+tannin%E2%80%93protein+complexes+may+improve+the+competitive+ability+of+sheep+laurel+%28Kalmia+angustifolia%29+relative+to+black+spruce+%28Picea+mariana%29&rft.volume=181&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=187-198&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1469-8137.2008.02622.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18811620&rft.aulast=Joanisse&rft.aufirst=Gilles+D.&rft.au=Bradley%2C+Robert+L.&rft.au=Preston%2C+Caroline+M.&rft.au=Bending%2C+Gary+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1469-8137.2008.02622.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fierer2001-173"><a href="#cite_ref-Fierer2001_173-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFiererSchimelCatesZou2001" class="citation journal cs1">Fierer, Noah; Schimel, Joshua P.; Cates, Rex G.; Zou, Jiping (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/12814037">"Influence of balsam poplar tannin fractions on carbon and nitrogen dynamics in Alaskan taiga floodplain soils"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Soil_Biology_and_Biochemistry" title="Soil Biology and Biochemistry">Soil Biology and Biochemistry</a>. 33 (12–13): 1827–1839. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001SBiBi..33.1827F">2001SBiBi..33.1827F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0038-0717%2801%2900111-0">10.1016/S0038-0717(01)00111-0</a>. Retrieved 18 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Soil+Biology+and+Biochemistry&rft.atitle=Influence+of+balsam+poplar+tannin+fractions+on+carbon+and+nitrogen+dynamics+in+Alaskan+taiga+floodplain+soils&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=12%E2%80%9313&rft.pages=1827-1839&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0038-0717%2801%2900111-0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001SBiBi..33.1827F&rft.aulast=Fierer&rft.aufirst=Noah&rft.au=Schimel%2C+Joshua+P.&rft.au=Cates%2C+Rex+G.&rft.au=Zou%2C+Jiping&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F12814037&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPengHorn2007" class="citation journal cs1">Peng, Xinhua; Horn, Rainer (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2389.2006.00808.x">"Anisotropic shrinkage and swelling of some organic and inorganic soils"</a>. European Journal of Soil Science. 58 (1): 98–107. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007EuJSS..58...98P">2007EuJSS..58...98P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2389.2006.00808.x">10.1111/j.1365-2389.2006.00808.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Soil+Science&rft.atitle=Anisotropic+shrinkage+and+swelling+of+some+organic+and+inorganic+soils&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=98-107&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1365-2389.2006.00808.x&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007EuJSS..58...98P&rft.aulast=Peng&rft.aufirst=Xinhua&rft.au=Horn%2C+Rainer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2389.2006.00808.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWangAmundsonTrumbmore1996" class="citation journal cs1">Wang, Yang; Amundson, Ronald; Trumbmore, Susan (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://escholarship.org/content/qt6b14h4bv/qt6b14h4bv.pdf">"Radiocarbon dating of soil organic matter"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Quaternary_Research" title="Quaternary Research">Quaternary Research</a>. 45 (3): 282–288. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996QuRes..45..282W">1996QuRes..45..282W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fqres.1996.0029">10.1006/qres.1996.0029</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:73640995">73640995</a>. Retrieved 18 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quaternary+Research&rft.atitle=Radiocarbon+dating+of+soil+organic+matter&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=282-288&rft.date=1996&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A73640995%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1006%2Fqres.1996.0029&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1996QuRes..45..282W&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=Yang&rft.au=Amundson%2C+Ronald&rft.au=Trumbmore%2C+Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fescholarship.org%2Fcontent%2Fqt6b14h4bv%2Fqt6b14h4bv.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrodowskiAmelungHaumaierZech2007" class="citation journal cs1">Brodowski, Sonja; Amelung, Wulf; Haumaier, Ludwig; Zech, Wolfgang (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/33858429">"Black carbon contribution to stable humus in German arable soils"</a>. Geoderma. 139 (1–2): 220–228. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007Geode.139..220B">2007Geode.139..220B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.geoderma.2007.02.004">10.1016/j.geoderma.2007.02.004</a>. Retrieved 18 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geoderma&rft.atitle=Black+carbon+contribution+to+stable+humus+in+German+arable+soils&rft.volume=139&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=220-228&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.geoderma.2007.02.004&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007Geode.139..220B&rft.aulast=Brodowski&rft.aufirst=Sonja&rft.au=Amelung%2C+Wulf&rft.au=Haumaier%2C+Ludwig&rft.au=Zech%2C+Wolfgang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F33858429&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCriscuoliAlbertiBarontiFavilli2014" class="citation journal cs1">Criscuoli, Irene; Alberti, Giorgio; Baronti, Silvia; Favilli, Filippo; Martinez, Cristina; Calzolari, Costanza; Pusceddu, Emanuela; Rumpel, Cornelia; Viola, Roberto; Miglietta, Franco (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3948733">"Carbon sequestration and fertility after centennial time scale incorporation of charcoal into soil"</a>. <a href="/wiki/PLOS_ONE" class="mw-redirect" title="PLOS ONE">PLOS ONE</a>. 9 (3): e91114. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PLoSO...991114C">2014PLoSO...991114C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0091114">10.1371/journal.pone.0091114</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3948733">3948733</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24614647">24614647</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=Carbon+sequestration+and+fertility+after+centennial+time+scale+incorporation+of+charcoal+into+soil&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=e91114&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3948733%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24614647&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0091114&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014PLoSO...991114C&rft.aulast=Criscuoli&rft.aufirst=Irene&rft.au=Alberti%2C+Giorgio&rft.au=Baronti%2C+Silvia&rft.au=Favilli%2C+Filippo&rft.au=Martinez%2C+Cristina&rft.au=Calzolari%2C+Costanza&rft.au=Pusceddu%2C+Emanuela&rft.au=Rumpel%2C+Cornelia&rft.au=Viola%2C+Roberto&rft.au=Miglietta%2C+Franco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3948733&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKimVargasBond-LambertyTuretsky2012" class="citation journal cs1">Kim, Dong Jim; Vargas, Rodrigo; Bond-Lamberty, Ben; Turetsky, Merritt R. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/307827983">"Effects of soil rewetting and thawing on soil gas fluxes: a review of current literature and suggestions for future research"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Biogeosciences" title="Biogeosciences">Biogeosciences</a>. 9 (7): 2459–2483. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012BGeo....9.2459K">2012BGeo....9.2459K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5194%2Fbg-9-2459-2012">10.5194/bg-9-2459-2012</a>. Retrieved 3 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biogeosciences&rft.atitle=Effects+of+soil+rewetting+and+thawing+on+soil+gas+fluxes%3A+a+review+of+current+literature+and+suggestions+for+future+research&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=2459-2483&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5194%2Fbg-9-2459-2012&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012BGeo....9.2459K&rft.aulast=Kim&rft.aufirst=Dong+Jim&rft.au=Vargas%2C+Rodrigo&rft.au=Bond-Lamberty%2C+Ben&rft.au=Turetsky%2C+Merritt+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F307827983&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wagai2008-179"><a href="#cite_ref-Wagai2008_179-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWagaiMayerKitayamaKnicker2008" class="citation journal cs1">Wagai, Rota; Mayer, Lawrence M.; Kitayama, Kanehiro; Knicker, Heike (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/20165844">"Climate and parent material controls on organic matter storage in surface soils: a three-pool, density-separation approach"</a>. Geoderma. 147 (1–2): 23–33. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008Geode.147...23W">2008Geode.147...23W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.geoderma.2008.07.010">10.1016/j.geoderma.2008.07.010</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10261%2F82461">10261/82461</a>. Retrieved 25 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geoderma&rft.atitle=Climate+and+parent+material+controls+on+organic+matter+storage+in+surface+soils%3A+a+three-pool%2C+density-separation+approach&rft.volume=147&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=23-33&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10261%2F82461&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.geoderma.2008.07.010&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008Geode.147...23W&rft.aulast=Wagai&rft.aufirst=Rota&rft.au=Mayer%2C+Lawrence+M.&rft.au=Kitayama%2C+Kanehiro&rft.au=Knicker%2C+Heike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F20165844&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Minayeva2008-180"><a href="#cite_ref-Minayeva2008_180-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinayevaTrofimovChichagovaDorofeyeva2008" class="citation journal cs1">Minayeva, Tatiana Y.; Trofimov, Sergey Ya.; Chichagova, Olga A.; Dorofeyeva, E. I.; Sirin, Andrey A.; Glushkov, Igor V.; Mikhailov, N. D.; Kromer, Bernd (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/225229436">"Carbon accumulation in soils of forest and bog ecosystems of southern Valdai in the Holocene"</a>. Biology Bulletin. 35 (5): 524–532. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008BioBu..35..524M">2008BioBu..35..524M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1134%2FS1062359008050142">10.1134/S1062359008050142</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:40927739">40927739</a>. Retrieved 25 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biology+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Carbon+accumulation+in+soils+of+forest+and+bog+ecosystems+of+southern+Valdai+in+the+Holocene&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=524-532&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A40927739%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1134%2FS1062359008050142&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008BioBu..35..524M&rft.aulast=Minayeva&rft.aufirst=Tatiana+Y.&rft.au=Trofimov%2C+Sergey+Ya.&rft.au=Chichagova%2C+Olga+A.&rft.au=Dorofeyeva%2C+E.+I.&rft.au=Sirin%2C+Andrey+A.&rft.au=Glushkov%2C+Igor+V.&rft.au=Mikhailov%2C+N.+D.&rft.au=Kromer%2C+Bernd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F225229436&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVitousekSanford1986" class="citation journal cs1">Vitousek, Peter M.; Sanford, Robert L. (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/234150505">"Nutrient cycling in moist tropical forest"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Annual_Review_of_Ecology_and_Systematics" class="mw-redirect" title="Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics">Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics</a>. 17: 137–167. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.es.17.110186.001033">10.1146/annurev.es.17.110186.001033</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:55212899">55212899</a>. Retrieved 25 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Ecology+and+Systematics&rft.atitle=Nutrient+cycling+in+moist+tropical+forest&rft.volume=17&rft.pages=137-167&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.es.17.110186.001033&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A55212899%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Vitousek&rft.aufirst=Peter+M.&rft.au=Sanford%2C+Robert+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F234150505&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRumpelChaplotPlanchonBernadou2006" class="citation journal cs1">Rumpel, Cornelia; Chaplot, Vincent; Planchon, Olivier; Bernadou, J.; Valentin, Christian; Mariotti, André (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/14788543">"Preferential erosion of black carbon on steep slopes with slash and burn agriculture"</a>. Catena. 65 (1): 30–40. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006Caten..65...30R">2006Caten..65...30R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.catena.2005.09.005">10.1016/j.catena.2005.09.005</a>. Retrieved 25 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Catena&rft.atitle=Preferential+erosion+of+black+carbon+on+steep+slopes+with+slash+and+burn+agriculture&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=30-40&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.catena.2005.09.005&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006Caten..65...30R&rft.aulast=Rumpel&rft.aufirst=Cornelia&rft.au=Chaplot%2C+Vincent&rft.au=Planchon%2C+Olivier&rft.au=Bernadou%2C+J.&rft.au=Valentin%2C+Christian&rft.au=Mariotti%2C+Andr%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F14788543&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Paul1997-183">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Paul1997_183-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paul1997_183-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaulPaustianElliottCole1997" class="citation book cs1">Paul, Eldor A.; Paustian, Keith H.; Elliott, E. T.; Cole, C. Vernon (1997). Soil organic matter in temperate agroecosystems: long-term experiments in North America. Boca Raton, Florida: <a href="/wiki/CRC_Press" title="CRC Press">CRC Press</a>. p. 80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-2802-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-2802-2"><bdi>978-0-8493-2802-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soil+organic+matter+in+temperate+agroecosystems%3A+long-term+experiments+in+North+America&rft.place=Boca+Raton%2C+Florida&rft.pages=80&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-8493-2802-2&rft.aulast=Paul&rft.aufirst=Eldor+A.&rft.au=Paustian%2C+Keith+H.&rft.au=Elliott%2C+E.+T.&rft.au=Cole%2C+C.+Vernon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://soilsofcanada.ca/soil-formation/horizons.php">"Horizons"</a>. Soils of Canada. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190922153041/https://soilsofcanada.ca/soil-formation/horizons.php">Archived</a> from the original on 22 September 2019. Retrieved 1 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Soils+of+Canada&rft.atitle=Horizons&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsoilsofcanada.ca%2Fsoil-formation%2Fhorizons.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrouzPrachPizlHáněl2008" class="citation journal cs1">Frouz, Jan; Prach, Karel; Pizl, Václav; Háněl, Ladislav; Starý, Josef; Tajovský, Karel; Materna, Jan; Balík, Vladimír; Kalčík, Jiří; Řehounková, Klára (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/223699609">"Interactions between soil development, vegetation and soil fauna during spontaneous succession in post mining sites"</a>. European Journal of Soil Biology. 44 (1): 109–121. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008EJSB...44..109F">2008EJSB...44..109F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ejsobi.2007.09.002">10.1016/j.ejsobi.2007.09.002</a>. Retrieved 1 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Soil+Biology&rft.atitle=Interactions+between+soil+development%2C+vegetation+and+soil+fauna+during+spontaneous+succession+in+post+mining+sites&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=109-121&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ejsobi.2007.09.002&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008EJSB...44..109F&rft.aulast=Frouz&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft.au=Prach%2C+Karel&rft.au=Pizl%2C+V%C3%A1clav&rft.au=H%C3%A1n%C4%9Bl%2C+Ladislav&rft.au=Star%C3%BD%2C+Josef&rft.au=Tajovsk%C3%BD%2C+Karel&rft.au=Materna%2C+Jan&rft.au=Bal%C3%ADk%2C+Vladim%C3%ADr&rft.au=Kal%C4%8D%C3%ADk%2C+Ji%C5%99%C3%AD&rft.au=%C5%98ehounkov%C3%A1%2C+Kl%C3%A1ra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F223699609&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKabalaZapart2012" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Kabala, Cezary; Zapart, Justyna (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/31221217">"Initial soil development and carbon accumulation on moraines of the rapidly retreating Werenskiold Glacier, SW Spitsbergen, Svalbard archipelago"</a>. Geoderma. 175–176: 9–20. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012Geode.175....9K">2012Geode.175....9K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.geoderma.2012.01.025">10.1016/j.geoderma.2012.01.025</a>. Retrieved 1 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geoderma&rft.atitle=Initial+soil+development+and+carbon+accumulation+on+moraines+of+the+rapidly+retreating+Werenskiold+Glacier%2C+SW+Spitsbergen%2C+Svalbard+archipelago&rft.volume=175%E2%80%93176&rft.pages=9-20&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.geoderma.2012.01.025&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012Geode.175....9K&rft.aulast=Kabala&rft.aufirst=Cezary&rft.au=Zapart%2C+Justyna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F31221217&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUgoliniDahlgren2002" class="citation journal cs1">Ugolini, Fiorenzo C.; Dahlgren, Randy A. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.airies.or.jp/attach.php/6a6f75726e616c5f30362d32656e67/save/0/0/06_2-09.pdf">"Soil development in volcanic ash"</a> (PDF). Global Environmental Research. 6 (2): 69–81. Retrieved 1 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Global+Environmental+Research&rft.atitle=Soil+development+in+volcanic+ash&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=69-81&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Ugolini&rft.aufirst=Fiorenzo+C.&rft.au=Dahlgren%2C+Randy+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.airies.or.jp%2Fattach.php%2F6a6f75726e616c5f30362d32656e67%2Fsave%2F0%2F0%2F06_2-09.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuggett1998" class="citation journal cs1">Huggett, Richard J. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/2116704">"Soil chronosequences, soil development, and soil evolution: a critical review"</a>. Catena. 32 (3): 155–172. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998Caten..32..155H">1998Caten..32..155H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0341-8162%2898%2900053-8">10.1016/S0341-8162(98)00053-8</a>. Retrieved 1 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Catena&rft.atitle=Soil+chronosequences%2C+soil+development%2C+and+soil+evolution%3A+a+critical+review&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=155-172&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0341-8162%2898%2900053-8&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1998Caten..32..155H&rft.aulast=Huggett&rft.aufirst=Richard+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F2116704&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_AlbaLindstromSchumacherMalo2004" class="citation journal cs1">De Alba, Saturnio; Lindstrom, Michael; Schumacher, Thomas E.; Malo, Douglas D. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/22300477">"Soil landscape evolution due to soil redistribution by tillage: a new conceptual model of soil catena evolution in agricultural landscapes"</a>. Catena. 58 (1): 77–100. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004Caten..58...77D">2004Caten..58...77D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.catena.2003.12.004">10.1016/j.catena.2003.12.004</a>. Retrieved 1 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Catena&rft.atitle=Soil+landscape+evolution+due+to+soil+redistribution+by+tillage%3A+a+new+conceptual+model+of+soil+catena+evolution+in+agricultural+landscapes&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=77-100&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.catena.2003.12.004&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004Caten..58...77D&rft.aulast=De+Alba&rft.aufirst=Saturnio&rft.au=Lindstrom%2C+Michael&rft.au=Schumacher%2C+Thomas+E.&rft.au=Malo%2C+Douglas+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F22300477&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillipsMarion2004" class="citation journal cs1">Phillips, Jonathan D.; Marion, Daniel A. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/ja/ja_phillips004.pdf">"Pedological memory in forest soil development"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Forest_Ecology_and_Management" title="Forest Ecology and Management">Forest Ecology and Management</a>. 188 (1): 363–380. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004ForEM.188..363P">2004ForEM.188..363P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.foreco.2003.08.007">10.1016/j.foreco.2003.08.007</a>. Retrieved 1 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Forest+Ecology+and+Management&rft.atitle=Pedological+memory+in+forest+soil+development&rft.volume=188&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=363-380&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.foreco.2003.08.007&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004ForEM.188..363P&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+D.&rft.au=Marion%2C+Daniel+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.srs.fs.usda.gov%2Fpubs%2Fja%2Fja_phillips004.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchellVan_der_KnaapVan_LeeuwenButtler2001" class="citation journal cs1">Mitchell, Edward A.D.; Van der Knaap, Willem O.; Van Leeuwen, Jacqueline F.N.; Buttler, Alexandre; Warner, Barry G.; Gobat, Jean-Michel (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/31915005">"The palaeoecological history of the Praz-Rodet bog (Swiss Jura) based on pollen, plant macrofossils and testate amoebae(Protozoa)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Holocene" title="The Holocene">The Holocene</a>. 11 (1): 65–80. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001Holoc..11...65M">2001Holoc..11...65M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1191%2F095968301671777798">10.1191/095968301671777798</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:131032169">131032169</a>. Retrieved 1 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Holocene&rft.atitle=The+palaeoecological+history+of+the+Praz-Rodet+bog+%28Swiss+Jura%29+based+on+pollen%2C+plant+macrofossils+and+testate+amoebae%28Protozoa%29&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=65-80&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A131032169%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1191%2F095968301671777798&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001Holoc..11...65M&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=Edward+A.D.&rft.au=Van+der+Knaap%2C+Willem+O.&rft.au=Van+Leeuwen%2C+Jacqueline+F.N.&rft.au=Buttler%2C+Alexandre&rft.au=Warner%2C+Barry+G.&rft.au=Gobat%2C+Jean-Michel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F31915005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarcaillet2001" class="citation journal cs1">Carcaillet, Christopher (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/238379602">"Soil particles reworking evidences by AMS 14C dating of charcoal"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Comptes_Rendus_de_l%27Acad%C3%A9mie_des_Sciences,_S%C3%A9rie_IIA" class="mw-redirect" title="Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, Série IIA">Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, Série IIA</a>. 332 (1): 21–28. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001CRASE.332...21C">2001CRASE.332...21C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS1251-8050%2800%2901485-3">10.1016/S1251-8050(00)01485-3</a>. Retrieved 1 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comptes+Rendus+de+l%27Acad%C3%A9mie+des+Sciences%2C+S%C3%A9rie+IIA&rft.atitle=Soil+particles+reworking+evidences+by+AMS+%3Csup%3E14%3C%2Fsup%3EC+dating+of+charcoal&rft.volume=332&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=21-28&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS1251-8050%2800%2901485-3&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001CRASE.332...21C&rft.aulast=Carcaillet&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F238379602&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRetallack1991" class="citation journal cs1">Retallack, Gregory J. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/234148901">"Untangling the effects of burial alteration and ancient soil formation"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Annual_Review_of_Earth_and_Planetary_Sciences" title="Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences">Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences</a>. 19 (1): 183–206. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991AREPS..19..183R">1991AREPS..19..183R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.ea.19.050191.001151">10.1146/annurev.ea.19.050191.001151</a>. Retrieved 1 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Earth+and+Planetary+Sciences&rft.atitle=Untangling+the+effects+of+burial+alteration+and+ancient+soil+formation&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=183-206&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.ea.19.050191.001151&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1991AREPS..19..183R&rft.aulast=Retallack&rft.aufirst=Gregory+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F234148901&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBakkerGoversJonesRounsevell2007" class="citation journal cs1">Bakker, Martha M.; Govers, Gerard; Jones, Robert A.; Rounsevell, Mark D.A. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10021-007-9090-3">"The effect of soil erosion on Europe's crop yields"</a>. Ecosystems. 10 (7): 1209–1219. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007Ecosy..10.1209B">2007Ecosy..10.1209B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10021-007-9090-3">10.1007/s10021-007-9090-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ecosystems&rft.atitle=The+effect+of+soil+erosion+on+Europe%27s+crop+yields&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=1209-1219&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10021-007-9090-3&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007Ecosy..10.1209B&rft.aulast=Bakker&rft.aufirst=Martha+M.&rft.au=Govers%2C+Gerard&rft.au=Jones%2C+Robert+A.&rft.au=Rounsevell%2C+Mark+D.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%252Fs10021-007-9090-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUselmanQuallsLilienfein2007" class="citation journal cs1">Uselman, Shauna M.; Qualls, Robert G.; Lilienfein, Juliane (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/34475958">"Contribution of root vs. leaf litter to dissolved organic carbon leaching through soil"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Soil_Science_Society_of_America_Journal" title="Soil Science Society of America Journal">Soil Science Society of America Journal</a>. 71 (5): 1555–1563. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007SSASJ..71.1555U">2007SSASJ..71.1555U</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2136%2Fsssaj2006.0386">10.2136/sssaj2006.0386</a>. Retrieved 8 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Soil+Science+Society+of+America+Journal&rft.atitle=Contribution+of+root+vs.+leaf+litter+to+dissolved+organic+carbon+leaching+through+soil&rft.volume=71&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1555-1563&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2136%2Fsssaj2006.0386&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007SSASJ..71.1555U&rft.aulast=Uselman&rft.aufirst=Shauna+M.&rft.au=Qualls%2C+Robert+G.&rft.au=Lilienfein%2C+Juliane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F34475958&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchulzBrankatschkDümigKögel-Knabner2013" class="citation journal cs1">Schulz, Stefanie; Brankatschk, Robert; Dümig, Alexander; Kögel-Knabner, Ingrid; Schloter, Michae; Zeyer, Josef (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5194%2Fbg-10-3983-2013">"The role of microorganisms at different stages of ecosystem development for soil formation"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Biogeosciences" title="Biogeosciences">Biogeosciences</a>. 10 (6): 3983–3996. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013BGeo...10.3983S">2013BGeo...10.3983S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5194%2Fbg-10-3983-2013">10.5194/bg-10-3983-2013</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biogeosciences&rft.atitle=The+role+of+microorganisms+at+different+stages+of+ecosystem+development+for+soil+formation&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=3983-3996&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5194%2Fbg-10-3983-2013&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013BGeo...10.3983S&rft.aulast=Schulz&rft.aufirst=Stefanie&rft.au=Brankatschk%2C+Robert&rft.au=D%C3%BCmig%2C+Alexander&rft.au=K%C3%B6gel-Knabner%2C+Ingrid&rft.au=Schloter%2C+Michae&rft.au=Zeyer%2C+Josef&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.5194%252Fbg-10-3983-2013&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilletPonge2002" class="citation journal cs1">Gillet, Servane; Ponge, Jean-François (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/45705588">"Humus forms and metal pollution in soil"</a>. European Journal of Soil Science. 53 (4): 529–539. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002EuJSS..53..529G">2002EuJSS..53..529G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1365-2389.2002.00479.x">10.1046/j.1365-2389.2002.00479.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:94900982">94900982</a>. Retrieved 8 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Soil+Science&rft.atitle=Humus+forms+and+metal+pollution+in+soil&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=529-539&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A94900982%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1046%2Fj.1365-2389.2002.00479.x&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2002EuJSS..53..529G&rft.aulast=Gillet&rft.aufirst=Servane&rft.au=Ponge%2C+Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F45705588&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBardyFritschDerenneAllard2008" class="citation journal cs1">Bardy, Marion; Fritsch, Emmanuel; Derenne, Sylvie; Allard, Thierry; do Nascimento, Nadia Régina; Bueno, Guilherme (2008). "Micromorphology and spectroscopic characteristics of organic matter in waterlogged podzols of the upper Amazon basin". Geoderma. 145 (3): 222–230. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008Geode.145..222B">2008Geode.145..222B</a>. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.455.4179">10.1.1.455.4179</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.geoderma.2008.03.008">10.1016/j.geoderma.2008.03.008</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geoderma&rft.atitle=Micromorphology+and+spectroscopic+characteristics+of+organic+matter+in+waterlogged+podzols+of+the+upper+Amazon+basin&rft.volume=145&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=222-230&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.455.4179%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.geoderma.2008.03.008&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008Geode.145..222B&rft.aulast=Bardy&rft.aufirst=Marion&rft.au=Fritsch%2C+Emmanuel&rft.au=Derenne%2C+Sylvie&rft.au=Allard%2C+Thierry&rft.au=do+Nascimento%2C+Nadia+R%C3%A9gina&rft.au=Bueno%2C+Guilherme&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDokuchaev1967" class="citation web cs1">Dokuchaev, Vasily Vasilyevich (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fr.scribd.com/doc/206859253/Russian-Chernozem">"Russian Chernozem"</a>. Jerusalem, Israel: Israel Program for Scientific Translations. Retrieved 15 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Russian+Chernozem&rft.place=Jerusalem%2C+Israel&rft.pub=Israel+Program+for+Scientific+Translations&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Dokuchaev&rft.aufirst=Vasily+Vasilyevich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffr.scribd.com%2Fdoc%2F206859253%2FRussian-Chernozem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WRB-200"><a href="#cite_ref-WRB_200-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIUSS_Working_Group_WRB2022" class="citation web cs1">IUSS Working Group WRB (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www3.ls.tum.de/boku/?id=1419">"World Reference Base for Soil Resources, 4th edition"</a>. IUSS, Vienna.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Reference+Base+for+Soil+Resources%2C+4th+edition&rft.pub=IUSS%2C+Vienna&rft.date=2022&rft.au=IUSS+Working+Group+WRB&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww3.ls.tum.de%2Fboku%2F%3Fid%3D1419&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamboNicolettoGiroPii2019" class="citation journal cs1">Sambo, Paolo; Nicoletto, Carlo; Giro, Andrea; Pii, Youry; Valentinuzzi, Fabio; Mimmo, Tanja; Lugli, Paolo; Orzes, Guido; Mazzetto, Fabrizio; Astolfi, Stefania; Terzano, Roberto; Cesco, Stefano (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6668597">"Hydroponic solutions for soilless production systems: issues and opportunities in a smart agriculture perspective"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Frontiers_in_Plant_Science" title="Frontiers in Plant Science">Frontiers in Plant Science</a>. 10 (123): 923. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffpls.2019.00923">10.3389/fpls.2019.00923</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6668597">6668597</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31396245">31396245</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Plant+Science&rft.atitle=Hydroponic+solutions+for+soilless+production+systems%3A+issues+and+opportunities+in+a+smart+agriculture+perspective&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=123&rft.pages=923&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6668597%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31396245&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffpls.2019.00923&rft.aulast=Sambo&rft.aufirst=Paolo&rft.au=Nicoletto%2C+Carlo&rft.au=Giro%2C+Andrea&rft.au=Pii%2C+Youry&rft.au=Valentinuzzi%2C+Fabio&rft.au=Mimmo%2C+Tanja&rft.au=Lugli%2C+Paolo&rft.au=Orzes%2C+Guido&rft.au=Mazzetto%2C+Fabrizio&rft.au=Astolfi%2C+Stefania&rft.au=Terzano%2C+Roberto&rft.au=Cesco%2C+Stefano&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6668597&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeakeHaege2014" class="citation book cs1">Leake, Simon; Haege, Elke (2014). Soils for landscape development: selection, specification and validation. Clayton, Victoria, Australia: <a href="/wiki/CSIRO_Publishing" title="CSIRO Publishing">CSIRO Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0643109650" title="Special:BookSources/978-0643109650"><bdi>978-0643109650</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soils+for+landscape+development%3A+selection%2C+specification+and+validation&rft.place=Clayton%2C+Victoria%2C+Australia&rft.pub=CSIRO+Publishing&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0643109650&rft.aulast=Leake&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft.au=Haege%2C+Elke&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPanZhao2007" class="citation journal cs1">Pan, Xian-Zhang; Zhao, Qi-Guo (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cern.ac.cn/ftp/0301%20Measurement%20of%20urbanization%20process%20and%20the%20paddy%20soil%20loss%20in%20Yixing%20city,%20China%20between%201949%20and%202000).pdf">"Measurement of urbanization process and the paddy soil loss in Yixing city, China between 1949 and 2000"</a> (PDF). Catena. 69 (1): 65–73. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007Caten..69...65P">2007Caten..69...65P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.catena.2006.04.016">10.1016/j.catena.2006.04.016</a>. Retrieved 15 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Catena&rft.atitle=Measurement+of+urbanization+process+and+the+paddy+soil+loss+in+Yixing+city%2C+China+between+1949+and+2000&rft.volume=69&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=65-73&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.catena.2006.04.016&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007Caten..69...65P&rft.aulast=Pan&rft.aufirst=Xian-Zhang&rft.au=Zhao%2C+Qi-Guo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cern.ac.cn%2Fftp%2F0301%2520Measurement%2520of%2520urbanization%2520process%2520and%2520the%2520paddy%2520soil%2520loss%2520in%2520Yixing%2520city%2C%2520China%2520between%25201949%2520and%25202000%29.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKopittkeMenziesWangMcKenna2019" class="citation journal cs1">Kopittke, Peter M.; Menzies, Neal W.; Wang, Peng; McKenna, Brigid A.; Lombi, Enzo (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.envint.2019.105078">"Soil and the intensification of agriculture for global food security"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Environment_International" title="Environment International">Environment International</a>. 132: 105078. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019EnInt.13205078K">2019EnInt.13205078K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.envint.2019.105078">10.1016/j.envint.2019.105078</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0160-4120">0160-4120</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31400601">31400601</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environment+International&rft.atitle=Soil+and+the+intensification+of+agriculture+for+global+food+security&rft.volume=132&rft.pages=105078&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.envint.2019.105078&rft.issn=0160-4120&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31400601&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019EnInt.13205078K&rft.aulast=Kopittke&rft.aufirst=Peter+M.&rft.au=Menzies%2C+Neal+W.&rft.au=Wang%2C+Peng&rft.au=McKenna%2C+Brigid+A.&rft.au=Lombi%2C+Enzo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.envint.2019.105078&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStürckPoortingaVerburg2014" class="citation journal cs1">Stürck, Julia; Poortinga, Ate; Verburg, Peter H. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210814121818/http://docs.gip-ecofor.org/public/Sturck_et_al_2014.pdf">"Mapping ecosystem services: the supply and demand of flood regulation services in Europe"</a> (PDF). Ecological Indicators. 38: 198–211. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014EcInd..38..198S">2014EcInd..38..198S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ecolind.2013.11.010">10.1016/j.ecolind.2013.11.010</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://docs.gip-ecofor.org/public/Sturck_et_al_2014.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 14 August 2021. Retrieved 15 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ecological+Indicators&rft.atitle=Mapping+ecosystem+services%3A+the+supply+and+demand+of+flood+regulation+services+in+Europe&rft.volume=38&rft.pages=198-211&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ecolind.2013.11.010&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014EcInd..38..198S&rft.aulast=St%C3%BCrck&rft.aufirst=Julia&rft.au=Poortinga%2C+Ate&rft.au=Verburg%2C+Peter+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdocs.gip-ecofor.org%2Fpublic%2FSturck_et_al_2014.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_CuykSiegristLoganMasson2001" class="citation journal cs1">Van Cuyk, Sheila; Siegrist, Robert; Logan, Andrew; Masson, Sarah; Fischer, Elizabeth; Figueroa, Linda (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/17525373">"Hydraulic and purification behaviors and their interactions during wastewater treatment in soil infiltration systems"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Water_Research" title="Water Research">Water Research</a>. 35 (4): 953–964. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001WatRe..35..953V">2001WatRe..35..953V</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0043-1354%2800%2900349-3">10.1016/S0043-1354(00)00349-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11235891">11235891</a>. Retrieved 15 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Water+Research&rft.atitle=Hydraulic+and+purification+behaviors+and+their+interactions+during+wastewater+treatment+in+soil+infiltration+systems&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=953-964&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11235891&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0043-1354%2800%2900349-3&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001WatRe..35..953V&rft.aulast=Van+Cuyk&rft.aufirst=Sheila&rft.au=Siegrist%2C+Robert&rft.au=Logan%2C+Andrew&rft.au=Masson%2C+Sarah&rft.au=Fischer%2C+Elizabeth&rft.au=Figueroa%2C+Linda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F17525373&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJefferyGardiArwyn2010" class="citation book cs1">Jeffery, Simon; Gardi, Ciro; Arwyn, Jones (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/7161b2a1-f862-4c90-9100-557a62ecb908">European atlas of soil biodiversity</a>. Luxembourg, Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2788%2F94222">10.2788/94222</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-79-15806-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-79-15806-3"><bdi>978-92-79-15806-3</bdi></a>. Retrieved 15 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=European+atlas+of+soil+biodiversity&rft.place=Luxembourg%2C+Luxembourg&rft.pub=Publications+Office+of+the+European+Union&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2788%2F94222&rft.isbn=978-92-79-15806-3&rft.aulast=Jeffery&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft.au=Gardi%2C+Ciro&rft.au=Arwyn%2C+Jones&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fop.europa.eu%2Fen%2Fpublication-detail%2F-%2Fpublication%2F7161b2a1-f862-4c90-9100-557a62ecb908&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-De_Deyn2005-208"><a href="#cite_ref-De_Deyn2005_208-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_DeynVan_der_Putten2005" class="citation journal cs1">De Deyn, Gerlinde B.; Van der Putten, Wim H. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/7080980">"Linking aboveground and belowground diversity"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Trends_in_Ecology_and_Evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Trends in Ecology and Evolution">Trends in Ecology and Evolution</a>. 20 (11): 625–633. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.tree.2005.08.009">10.1016/j.tree.2005.08.009</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16701446">16701446</a>. Retrieved 15 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Trends+in+Ecology+and+Evolution&rft.atitle=Linking+aboveground+and+belowground+diversity&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=625-633&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.tree.2005.08.009&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16701446&rft.aulast=De+Deyn&rft.aufirst=Gerlinde+B.&rft.au=Van+der+Putten%2C+Wim+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F7080980&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHansenSatoKharechaBeerling2008" class="citation journal cs1">Hansen, James; Sato, Makiko; Kharecha, Pushker; Beerling, David; Berner, Robert; Masson-Delmotte, Valerie; Pagani, Mark; Raymo, Maureen; Royer, Dana L.; Zachos, James C. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://benthamopen.com/contents/pdf/TOASCJ/TOASCJ-2-217.pdf">"Target atmospheric CO2: where should humanity aim?"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Open_Atmospheric_Science_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Open Atmospheric Science Journal">Open Atmospheric Science Journal</a>. 2 (1): 217–231. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/0804.1126">0804.1126</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008OASJ....2..217H">2008OASJ....2..217H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2174%2F1874282300802010217">10.2174/1874282300802010217</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14890013">14890013</a>. Retrieved 22 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Open+Atmospheric+Science+Journal&rft.atitle=Target+atmospheric+CO%3Csub%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3E%3A+where+should+humanity+aim%3F&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=217-231&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F0804.1126&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A14890013%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2174%2F1874282300802010217&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008OASJ....2..217H&rft.aulast=Hansen&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Sato%2C+Makiko&rft.au=Kharecha%2C+Pushker&rft.au=Beerling%2C+David&rft.au=Berner%2C+Robert&rft.au=Masson-Delmotte%2C+Valerie&rft.au=Pagani%2C+Mark&rft.au=Raymo%2C+Maureen&rft.au=Royer%2C+Dana+L.&rft.au=Zachos%2C+James+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbenthamopen.com%2Fcontents%2Fpdf%2FTOASCJ%2FTOASCJ-2-217.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLal2004" class="citation journal cs1">Lal, Rattan (11 June 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tinread.usarb.md:8888/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1067/1/soil_carbon.pdf">"Soil carbon sequestration impacts on global climate change and food security"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a>. 304 (5677): 1623–1627. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004Sci...304.1623L">2004Sci...304.1623L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1097396">10.1126/science.1097396</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15192216">15192216</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:8574723">8574723</a>. Retrieved 22 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Soil+carbon+sequestration+impacts+on+global+climate+change+and+food+security&rft.volume=304&rft.issue=5677&rft.pages=1623-1627&rft.date=2004-06-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1097396&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A8574723%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15192216&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004Sci...304.1623L&rft.aulast=Lal&rft.aufirst=Rattan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tinread.usarb.md%3A8888%2Fjspui%2Fbitstream%2F123456789%2F1067%2F1%2Fsoil_carbon.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlakeslee2010" class="citation web cs1">Blakeslee, Thomas (24 February 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.renewableenergyworld.com/om/greening-deserts-for-carbon-credits/#gref">"Greening deserts for carbon credits"</a>. Orlando, Florida, USA: <a href="/wiki/Renewable_Energy_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewable Energy World">Renewable Energy World</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121101011735/http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/article/2010/02/greening-deserts-for-carbon-credits">Archived</a> from the original on 1 November 2012. Retrieved 22 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Greening+deserts+for+carbon+credits&rft.place=Orlando%2C+Florida%2C+USA&rft.pub=Renewable+Energy+World&rft.date=2010-02-24&rft.aulast=Blakeslee&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.renewableenergyworld.com%2Fom%2Fgreening-deserts-for-carbon-credits%2F%23gref&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMondiniContinLeitaDe_Nobili2002" class="citation journal cs1">Mondini, Claudio; Contin, Marco; Leita, Liviana; De Nobili, Maria (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/5321925">"Response of microbial biomass to air-drying and rewetting in soils and compost"</a>. Geoderma. 105 (1–2): 111–124. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002Geode.105..111M">2002Geode.105..111M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0016-7061%2801%2900095-7">10.1016/S0016-7061(01)00095-7</a>. Retrieved 22 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geoderma&rft.atitle=Response+of+microbial+biomass+to+air-drying+and+rewetting+in+soils+and+compost&rft.volume=105&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=111-124&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0016-7061%2801%2900095-7&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2002Geode.105..111M&rft.aulast=Mondini&rft.aufirst=Claudio&rft.au=Contin%2C+Marco&rft.au=Leita%2C+Liviana&rft.au=De+Nobili%2C+Maria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F5321925&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.countrysideonline.co.uk/food-and-farming/protecting-the-environment/peatlands-and-farming">"Peatlands and farming"</a>. Stoneleigh, United Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/National_Farmers%27_Union_of_England_and_Wales" title="National Farmers' Union of England and Wales">National Farmers' Union of England and Wales</a>. 6 July 2020. Retrieved 22 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Peatlands+and+farming&rft.place=Stoneleigh%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pub=National+Farmers%27+Union+of+England+and+Wales&rft.date=2020-07-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.countrysideonline.co.uk%2Ffood-and-farming%2Fprotecting-the-environment%2Fpeatlands-and-farming&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_WindenReichartMcNamaraBenthien2012" class="citation journal cs1">van Winden, Julia F.; Reichart, Gert-Jan; McNamara, Niall P.; Benthien, Albert; Sinninghe Damste, Jaap S. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3387254">"Temperature-induced increase in methane release from peat bogs: a mesocosm experiment"</a>. <a href="/wiki/PLoS_ONE" class="mw-redirect" title="PLoS ONE">PLoS ONE</a>. 7 (6): e39614. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012PLoSO...739614V">2012PLoSO...739614V</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0039614">10.1371/journal.pone.0039614</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3387254">3387254</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22768100">22768100</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLoS+ONE&rft.atitle=Temperature-induced+increase+in+methane+release+from+peat+bogs%3A+a+mesocosm+experiment&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=e39614&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3387254%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22768100&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0039614&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012PLoSO...739614V&rft.aulast=van+Winden&rft.aufirst=Julia+F.&rft.au=Reichart%2C+Gert-Jan&rft.au=McNamara%2C+Niall+P.&rft.au=Benthien%2C+Albert&rft.au=Sinninghe+Damste%2C+Jaap+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3387254&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavidsonJanssens2006" class="citation journal cs1">Davidson, Eric A.; Janssens, Ivan A. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature04514">"Temperature sensitivity of soil carbon decomposition and feedbacks to climate change"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a>. 440 (7081): 165–173. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006Natur.440..165D">2006Natur.440..165D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature04514">10.1038/nature04514</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16525463">16525463</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4404915">4404915</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Temperature+sensitivity+of+soil+carbon+decomposition+and+feedbacks+to+climate+change&rft.volume=440&rft.issue=7081&rft.pages=165-173&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature04514&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4404915%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16525463&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006Natur.440..165D&rft.aulast=Davidson&rft.aufirst=Eric+A.&rft.au=Janssens%2C+Ivan+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252Fnature04514&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbrahams1997" class="citation journal cs1">Abrahams, Pter W. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1365-3156.1997.d01-348.x">"Geophagy (soil consumption) and iron supplementation in Uganda"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tropical_Medicine_and_International_Health" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropical Medicine and International Health">Tropical Medicine and International Health</a>. 2 (7): 617–623. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1365-3156.1997.d01-348.x">10.1046/j.1365-3156.1997.d01-348.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9270729">9270729</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:19647911">19647911</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tropical+Medicine+and+International+Health&rft.atitle=Geophagy+%28soil+consumption%29+and+iron+supplementation+in+Uganda&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=617-623&rft.date=1997&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A19647911%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9270729&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1046%2Fj.1365-3156.1997.d01-348.x&rft.aulast=Abrahams&rft.aufirst=Pter+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1046%252Fj.1365-3156.1997.d01-348.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Setz1999-217"><a href="#cite_ref-Setz1999_217-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSetzEnzweilerSolferiniAmêndola1999" class="citation journal cs1">Setz, Eleonore Zulnara Freire; Enzweiler, Jacinta; Solferini, Vera Nisaka; Amêndola, Monica Pimenta; Berton, Ronaldo Severiano (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/26464333">"Geophagy in the golden-faced saki monkey (Pithecia pithecia chrysocephala) in the Central Amazon"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Zoology" title="Journal of Zoology">Journal of Zoology</a>. 247 (1): 91–103. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1469-7998.1999.tb00196.x">10.1111/j.1469-7998.1999.tb00196.x</a>. Retrieved 22 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Zoology&rft.atitle=Geophagy+in+the+golden-faced+saki+monkey+%28Pithecia+pithecia+chrysocephala%29+in+the+Central+Amazon&rft.volume=247&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=91-103&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1469-7998.1999.tb00196.x&rft.aulast=Setz&rft.aufirst=Eleonore+Zulnara+Freire&rft.au=Enzweiler%2C+Jacinta&rft.au=Solferini%2C+Vera+Nisaka&rft.au=Am%C3%AAndola%2C+Monica+Pimenta&rft.au=Berton%2C+Ronaldo+Severiano&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F26464333&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kohne2009-218"><a href="#cite_ref-Kohne2009_218-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKohneKoehneSimunek2009" class="citation journal cs1">Kohne, John Maximilian; Koehne, Sigrid; Simunek, Jirka (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pc-progress.com/documents/jirka/ko-ko_sim_2008_jcontamhydrol.pdf">"A review of model applications for structured soils: a) Water flow and tracer transport"</a> (PDF). Journal of Contaminant Hydrology. 104 (1–4): 4–35. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009JCHyd.104....4K">2009JCHyd.104....4K</a>. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.468.9149">10.1.1.468.9149</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jconhyd.2008.10.002">10.1016/j.jconhyd.2008.10.002</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19012994">19012994</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171107005433/http://www.soil.tu-bs.de/lehre/Master.Monitoring/2009/Daten/5_Literatur/A%20review%20of-Koehne-2009.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 7 November 2017. Retrieved 22 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Contaminant+Hydrology&rft.atitle=A+review+of+model+applications+for+structured+soils%3A+a%29+Water+flow+and+tracer+transport&rft.volume=104&rft.issue=1%E2%80%934&rft.pages=4-35&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.468.9149%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19012994&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jconhyd.2008.10.002&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009JCHyd.104....4K&rft.aulast=Kohne&rft.aufirst=John+Maximilian&rft.au=Koehne%2C+Sigrid&rft.au=Simunek%2C+Jirka&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pc-progress.com%2Fdocuments%2Fjirka%2Fko-ko_sim_2008_jcontamhydrol.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Diplock2009-219"><a href="#cite_ref-Diplock2009_219-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiplockMardlinKillhamPaton2009" class="citation journal cs1">Diplock, Elizabeth E.; Mardlin, Dave P.; Killham, Kenneth S.; Paton, Graeme Iain (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://coek.info/pdf-predicting-bioremediation-of-hydrocarbons-laboratory-to-field-scale-.html">"Predicting bioremediation of hydrocarbons: laboratory to field scale"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Environmental_Pollution_(journal)" title="Environmental Pollution (journal)">Environmental Pollution</a>. 157 (6): 1831–1840. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009EPoll.157.1831D">2009EPoll.157.1831D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.envpol.2009.01.022">10.1016/j.envpol.2009.01.022</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19232804">19232804</a>. Retrieved 22 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Pollution&rft.atitle=Predicting+bioremediation+of+hydrocarbons%3A+laboratory+to+field+scale&rft.volume=157&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1831-1840&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19232804&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.envpol.2009.01.022&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009EPoll.157.1831D&rft.aulast=Diplock&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth+E.&rft.au=Mardlin%2C+Dave+P.&rft.au=Killham%2C+Kenneth+S.&rft.au=Paton%2C+Graeme+Iain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcoek.info%2Fpdf-predicting-bioremediation-of-hydrocarbons-laboratory-to-field-scale-.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moeckel2008-220"><a href="#cite_ref-Moeckel2008_220-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoeckelNizzettoDi_GuardoSteinnes2008" class="citation journal cs1">Moeckel, Claudia; Nizzetto, Luca; Di Guardo, Antonio; Steinnes, Eiliv; Freppaz, Michele; Filippa, Gianluca; Camporini, Paolo; Benner, Jessica; Jones, Kevin C. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/15598352">"Persistent organic pollutants in boreal and montane soil profiles: distribution, evidence of processes and implications for global cycling"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Environmental_Science_and_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental Science and Technology">Environmental Science and Technology</a>. 42 (22): 8374–8380. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008EnST...42.8374M">2008EnST...42.8374M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fes801703k">10.1021/es801703k</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11383%2F8693">11383/8693</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19068820">19068820</a>. Retrieved 22 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Science+and+Technology&rft.atitle=Persistent+organic+pollutants+in+boreal+and+montane+soil+profiles%3A+distribution%2C+evidence+of+processes+and+implications+for+global+cycling&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=22&rft.pages=8374-8380&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11383%2F8693&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19068820&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fes801703k&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008EnST...42.8374M&rft.aulast=Moeckel&rft.aufirst=Claudia&rft.au=Nizzetto%2C+Luca&rft.au=Di+Guardo%2C+Antonio&rft.au=Steinnes%2C+Eiliv&rft.au=Freppaz%2C+Michele&rft.au=Filippa%2C+Gianluca&rft.au=Camporini%2C+Paolo&rft.au=Benner%2C+Jessica&rft.au=Jones%2C+Kevin+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F15598352&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rezaei2009-221"><a href="#cite_ref-Rezaei2009_221-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRezaeiGuestFriedrichFayazi2009" class="citation journal cs1">Rezaei, Khalil; Guest, Bernard; Friedrich, Anke; Fayazi, Farajollah; Nakhaei, Mohamad; Aghda, Seyed Mahmoud Fatemi; Beitollahi, Ali (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/225752596">"Soil and sediment quality and composition as factors in the distribution of damage at the December 26, 2003, Bam area earthquake in SE Iran (M (s)=6.6)"</a>. Journal of Soils and Sediments. 9 (1): 23–32. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009JSoSe...9...23R">2009JSoSe...9...23R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11368-008-0046-9">10.1007/s11368-008-0046-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:129416733">129416733</a>. Retrieved 22 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Soils+and+Sediments&rft.atitle=Soil+and+sediment+quality+and+composition+as+factors+in+the+distribution+of+damage+at+the+December+26%2C+2003%2C+Bam+area+earthquake+in+SE+Iran+%28M+%28s%29%3D6.6%29&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=23-32&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A129416733%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11368-008-0046-9&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009JSoSe...9...23R&rft.aulast=Rezaei&rft.aufirst=Khalil&rft.au=Guest%2C+Bernard&rft.au=Friedrich%2C+Anke&rft.au=Fayazi%2C+Farajollah&rft.au=Nakhaei%2C+Mohamad&rft.au=Aghda%2C+Seyed+Mahmoud+Fatemi&rft.au=Beitollahi%2C+Ali&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F225752596&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnsonAmbroseBassettBowen1997" class="citation journal cs1">Johnson, Dan L.; Ambrose, Stanley H.; Bassett, Thomas J.; Bowen, Merle L.; Crummey, Donald E.; Isaacson, John S.; Johnson, David N.; Lamb, Peter; Saul, Mahir; Winter-Nelson, Alex E. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/240784159">"Meanings of environmental terms"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Environmental_Quality" title="Journal of Environmental Quality">Journal of Environmental Quality</a>. 26 (3): 581–589. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997JEnvQ..26..581J">1997JEnvQ..26..581J</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2134%2Fjeq1997.00472425002600030002x">10.2134/jeq1997.00472425002600030002x</a>. Retrieved 29 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Environmental+Quality&rft.atitle=Meanings+of+environmental+terms&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=581-589&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2134%2Fjeq1997.00472425002600030002x&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1997JEnvQ..26..581J&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Dan+L.&rft.au=Ambrose%2C+Stanley+H.&rft.au=Bassett%2C+Thomas+J.&rft.au=Bowen%2C+Merle+L.&rft.au=Crummey%2C+Donald+E.&rft.au=Isaacson%2C+John+S.&rft.au=Johnson%2C+David+N.&rft.au=Lamb%2C+Peter&rft.au=Saul%2C+Mahir&rft.au=Winter-Nelson%2C+Alex+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F240784159&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOldeman1993" class="citation book cs1">Oldeman, L. Roel (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://library.wur.nl/WebQuery/wurpubs/fulltext/299739">"Global extent of soil degradation"</a>. ISRIC Bi-Annual Report 1991–1992. Wageningen, The Netherlands: <a href="/wiki/International_Soil_Reference_and_Information_Centre" title="International Soil Reference and Information Centre">International Soil Reference and Information Centre</a>(ISRIC). pp. 19–36. Retrieved 29 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Global+extent+of+soil+degradation&rft.btitle=ISRIC+Bi-Annual+Report+1991%E2%80%931992&rft.place=Wageningen%2C+The+Netherlands&rft.pages=19-36&rft.pub=International+Soil+Reference+and+Information+Centre%28ISRIC%29&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Oldeman&rft.aufirst=L.+Roel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flibrary.wur.nl%2FWebQuery%2Fwurpubs%2Ffulltext%2F299739&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSumnerNoble2003" class="citation book cs1">Sumner, Malcolm E.; Noble, Andrew D. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210814115102/https://pdf-drive.com/pdf/Zdenko20Rengel20-20Handbook20of20Soil20Acidity2028Books20in20Soils2C20Plants2C20and20the20Environment292028200329.pdf#page=16">"Soil acidification: the world story"</a> (PDF). In Rengel, Zdenko (ed.). Handbook of soil acidity. New York, NY, USA: <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Dekker" title="Marcel Dekker">Marcel Dekker</a>. pp. 1–28. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pdf-drive.com/pdf/Zdenko20Rengel20-20Handbook20of20Soil20Acidity2028Books20in20Soils2C20Plants2C20and20the20Environment292028200329.pdf#page=16">the original</a> (PDF) on 14 August 2021. Retrieved 29 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Soil+acidification%3A+the+world+story&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+soil+acidity&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY%2C+USA&rft.pages=1-28&rft.pub=Marcel+Dekker&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Sumner&rft.aufirst=Malcolm+E.&rft.au=Noble%2C+Andrew+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpdf-drive.com%2Fpdf%2FZdenko20Rengel20-20Handbook20of20Soil20Acidity2028Books20in20Soils2C20Plants2C20and20the20Environment292028200329.pdf%23page%3D16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaramNicell1997" class="citation journal cs1">Karam, Jean; Nicell, James A. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/30002097">"Potential applications of enzymes in waste treatment"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Chemical_Technology_%26_Biotechnology" title="Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology">Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology</a>. 69 (2): 141–153. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997JCTB...69..141K">1997JCTB...69..141K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F%28SICI%291097-4660%28199706%2969%3A2%3C141%3A%3AAID-JCTB694%3E3.0.CO%3B2-U">10.1002/(SICI)1097-4660(199706)69:2<141::AID-JCTB694>3.0.CO;2-U</a>. Retrieved 5 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chemical+Technology+%26+Biotechnology&rft.atitle=Potential+applications+of+enzymes+in+waste+treatment&rft.volume=69&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=141-153&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F%28SICI%291097-4660%28199706%2969%3A2%3C141%3A%3AAID-JCTB694%3E3.0.CO%3B2-U&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1997JCTB...69..141K&rft.aulast=Karam&rft.aufirst=Jean&rft.au=Nicell%2C+James+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F30002097&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShengJohnstonTeppenBoyd2001" class="citation journal cs1">Sheng, Guangyao; Johnston, Cliff T.; Teppen, Brian J.; Boyd, Stephen A. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/4875079">"Potential contributions of smectite clays and organic matter to pesticide retention in soils"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Agricultural_and_Food_Chemistry" title="Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry">Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry</a>. 49 (6): 2899–2907. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fjf001485d">10.1021/jf001485d</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11409985">11409985</a>. Retrieved 5 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Agricultural+and+Food+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Potential+contributions+of+smectite+clays+and+organic+matter+to+pesticide+retention+in+soils&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=2899-2907&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fjf001485d&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11409985&rft.aulast=Sheng&rft.aufirst=Guangyao&rft.au=Johnston%2C+Cliff+T.&rft.au=Teppen%2C+Brian+J.&rft.au=Boyd%2C+Stephen+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F4875079&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpragueHermanHornbergerMills2000" class="citation journal cs1">Sprague, Lori A.; Herman, Janet S.; Hornberger, George M.; Mills, Aaron L. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210814121821/https://lmecol.evsc.virginia.edu/pubs/73-Sprague_JEQ2000.pdf">"Atrazine adsorption and colloid-facilitated transport through the unsaturated zone"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Environmental_Quality" title="Journal of Environmental Quality">Journal of Environmental Quality</a>. 29 (5): 1632–1641. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000JEnvQ..29.1632S">2000JEnvQ..29.1632S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2134%2Fjeq2000.00472425002900050034x">10.2134/jeq2000.00472425002900050034x</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lmecol.evsc.virginia.edu/pubs/73-Sprague_JEQ2000.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 14 August 2021. Retrieved 5 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Environmental+Quality&rft.atitle=Atrazine+adsorption+and+colloid-facilitated+transport+through+the+unsaturated+zone&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1632-1641&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2134%2Fjeq2000.00472425002900050034x&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2000JEnvQ..29.1632S&rft.aulast=Sprague&rft.aufirst=Lori+A.&rft.au=Herman%2C+Janet+S.&rft.au=Hornberger%2C+George+M.&rft.au=Mills%2C+Aaron+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flmecol.evsc.virginia.edu%2Fpubs%2F73-Sprague_JEQ2000.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBallabioPanagosLugatoHuang2018" class="citation journal cs1">Ballabio, Cristiano; Panagos, Panos; Lugato, Emanuele; Huang, Jen-How; Orgiazzi, Alberto; Jones, Arwyn; Fernández-Ugalde, Oihane; Borrelli, Pasquale; Montanarella, Luca (15 September 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.scitotenv.2018.04.268">"Copper distribution in European topsoils: an assessment based on LUCAS soil survey"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Science_of_the_Total_Environment" title="Science of the Total Environment">Science of the Total Environment</a>. 636: 282–298. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ScTEn.636..282B">2018ScTEn.636..282B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.scitotenv.2018.04.268">10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.268</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0048-9697">0048-9697</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29709848">29709848</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+of+the+Total+Environment&rft.atitle=Copper+distribution+in+European+topsoils%3A+an+assessment+based+on+LUCAS+soil+survey&rft.volume=636&rft.pages=282-298&rft.date=2018-09-15&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.scitotenv.2018.04.268&rft.issn=0048-9697&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29709848&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018ScTEn.636..282B&rft.aulast=Ballabio&rft.aufirst=Cristiano&rft.au=Panagos%2C+Panos&rft.au=Lugato%2C+Emanuele&rft.au=Huang%2C+Jen-How&rft.au=Orgiazzi%2C+Alberto&rft.au=Jones%2C+Arwyn&rft.au=Fern%C3%A1ndez-Ugalde%2C+Oihane&rft.au=Borrelli%2C+Pasquale&rft.au=Montanarella%2C+Luca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.scitotenv.2018.04.268&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-229">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_229-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_229-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnvironment2021" class="citation web cs1">Environment, U. N. (21 October 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unep.org/resources/report/drowning-plastics-marine-litter-and-plastic-waste-vital-graphics">"Drowning in Plastics – Marine Litter and Plastic Waste Vital Graphics"</a>. UNEP - UN Environment Programme. Retrieved 23 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNEP+-+UN+Environment+Programme&rft.atitle=Drowning+in+Plastics+%E2%80%93+Marine+Litter+and+Plastic+Waste+Vital+Graphics&rft.date=2021-10-21&rft.aulast=Environment&rft.aufirst=U.+N.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unep.org%2Fresources%2Freport%2Fdrowning-plastics-marine-litter-and-plastic-waste-vital-graphics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLe_Houérou1996" class="citation journal cs1">Le Houérou, Henry N. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www7.nau.edu/mpcer/direnet/publications/publications_l/files/LeHouerou_1996.pdf">"Climate change, drought and desertification"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Arid_Environments" title="Journal of Arid Environments">Journal of Arid Environments</a>. 34 (2): 133–185. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996JArEn..34..133L">1996JArEn..34..133L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fjare.1996.0099">10.1006/jare.1996.0099</a>. Retrieved 5 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Arid+Environments&rft.atitle=Climate+change%2C+drought+and+desertification&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=133-185&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1006%2Fjare.1996.0099&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1996JArEn..34..133L&rft.aulast=Le+Hou%C3%A9rou&rft.aufirst=Henry+N.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww7.nau.edu%2Fmpcer%2Fdirenet%2Fpublications%2Fpublications_l%2Ffiles%2FLeHouerou_1996.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLyuShiHanLiu2020" class="citation journal cs1">Lyu, Yanli; Shi, Peijun; Han, Guoyi; Liu, Lianyou; Guo, Lanlan; Hu, Xia; Zhang, Guoming (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fsu12083258">"Desertification control practices in China"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sustainability_(journal)" title="Sustainability (journal)">Sustainability</a>. 12 (8): 3258. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fsu12083258">10.3390/su12083258</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2071-1050">2071-1050</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sustainability&rft.atitle=Desertification+control+practices+in+China&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=3258&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fsu12083258&rft.issn=2071-1050&rft.aulast=Lyu&rft.aufirst=Yanli&rft.au=Shi%2C+Peijun&rft.au=Han%2C+Guoyi&rft.au=Liu%2C+Lianyou&rft.au=Guo%2C+Lanlan&rft.au=Hu%2C+Xia&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Guoming&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3390%252Fsu12083258&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKéfiRietkerkAladosPueyo2007" class="citation journal cs1">Kéfi, Sonia; Rietkerk, Max; Alados, Concepción L.; Pueyo, Yolanda; Papanastasis, Vasilios P.; El Aich, Ahmed; de Ruiter, Peter C. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232801317">"Spatial vegetation patterns and imminent desertification in Mediterranean arid ecosystems"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a>. 449 (7159): 213–217. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007Natur.449..213K">2007Natur.449..213K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature06111">10.1038/nature06111</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1874%2F25682">1874/25682</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17851524">17851524</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4411922">4411922</a>. Retrieved 5 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Spatial+vegetation+patterns+and+imminent+desertification+in+Mediterranean+arid+ecosystems&rft.volume=449&rft.issue=7159&rft.pages=213-217&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1874%2F25682&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4411922%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007Natur.449..213K&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17851524&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature06111&rft.aulast=K%C3%A9fi&rft.aufirst=Sonia&rft.au=Rietkerk%2C+Max&rft.au=Alados%2C+Concepci%C3%B3n+L.&rft.au=Pueyo%2C+Yolanda&rft.au=Papanastasis%2C+Vasilios+P.&rft.au=El+Aich%2C+Ahmed&rft.au=de+Ruiter%2C+Peter+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F232801317&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWangYangDongZhang2009" class="citation journal cs1">Wang, Xunming; Yang, Yi; Dong, Zhibao; Zhang, Caixia (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/229103975">"Responses of dune activity and desertification in China to global warming in the twenty-first century"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Global_and_Planetary_Change" title="Global and Planetary Change">Global and Planetary Change</a>. 67 (3–4): 167–185. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009GPC....67..167W">2009GPC....67..167W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.gloplacha.2009.02.004">10.1016/j.gloplacha.2009.02.004</a>. Retrieved 5 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Global+and+Planetary+Change&rft.atitle=Responses+of+dune+activity+and+desertification+in+China+to+global+warming+in+the+twenty-first+century&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.pages=167-185&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.gloplacha.2009.02.004&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009GPC....67..167W&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=Xunming&rft.au=Yang%2C+Yi&rft.au=Dong%2C+Zhibao&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Caixia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F229103975&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYangKanaeOkiKoike2003" class="citation journal cs1">Yang, Dawen; Kanae, Shinjiro; Oki, Taikan; Koike, Toshio; Musiake, Katumi (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210818043117/https://www.oieau.org/eaudoc/system/files/documents/38/191115/191115_doc.pdf">"Global potential soil erosion with reference to land use and climate changes"</a> (PDF). Hydrological Processes. 17 (14): 2913–28. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003HyPr...17.2913Y">2003HyPr...17.2913Y</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fhyp.1441">10.1002/hyp.1441</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:129355387">129355387</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oieau.org/eaudoc/system/files/documents/38/191115/191115_doc.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 18 August 2021. Retrieved 5 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hydrological+Processes&rft.atitle=Global+potential+soil+erosion+with+reference+to+land+use+and+climate+changes&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=14&rft.pages=2913-28&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A129355387%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fhyp.1441&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003HyPr...17.2913Y&rft.aulast=Yang&rft.aufirst=Dawen&rft.au=Kanae%2C+Shinjiro&rft.au=Oki%2C+Taikan&rft.au=Koike%2C+Toshio&rft.au=Musiake%2C+Katumi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oieau.org%2Feaudoc%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2F38%2F191115%2F191115_doc.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShengLiao1997" class="citation journal cs1">Sheng, Jian-an; Liao, An-zhong (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://coek.info/pdf-erosion-control-in-south-china-.html">"Erosion control in South China"</a>. Catena. 29 (2): 211–221. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997Caten..29..211S">1997Caten..29..211S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0341-8162%2896%2900057-4">10.1016/S0341-8162(96)00057-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0341-8162">0341-8162</a>. Retrieved 5 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Catena&rft.atitle=Erosion+control+in+South+China&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=211-221&rft.date=1997&rft.issn=0341-8162&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0341-8162%2896%2900057-4&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1997Caten..29..211S&rft.aulast=Sheng&rft.aufirst=Jian-an&rft.au=Liao%2C+An-zhong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcoek.info%2Fpdf-erosion-control-in-south-china-.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRanLuXin2014" class="citation journal cs1">Ran, Lishan; Lu, Xi Xi; Xin, Zhongbao (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bg.copernicus.org/articles/11/945/2014/bg-11-945-2014.pdf">"Erosion-induced massive organic carbon burial and carbon emission in the Yellow River basin, China"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Biogeosciences" title="Biogeosciences">Biogeosciences</a>. 11 (4): 945–959. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014BGeo...11..945R">2014BGeo...11..945R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5194%2Fbg-11-945-2014">10.5194/bg-11-945-2014</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10722%2F228184">10722/228184</a>. Retrieved 5 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biogeosciences&rft.atitle=Erosion-induced+massive+organic+carbon+burial+and+carbon+emission+in+the+Yellow+River+basin%2C+China&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=945-959&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10722%2F228184&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5194%2Fbg-11-945-2014&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014BGeo...11..945R&rft.aulast=Ran&rft.aufirst=Lishan&rft.au=Lu%2C+Xi+Xi&rft.au=Xin%2C+Zhongbao&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbg.copernicus.org%2Farticles%2F11%2F945%2F2014%2Fbg-11-945-2014.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVerachtertVan_den_EeckhautPoesenDeckers2010" class="citation journal cs1">Verachtert, Els; Van den Eeckhaut, Miet; Poesen, Jean; Deckers, Jozef (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lirias.kuleuven.be/retrieve/109942">"Factors controlling the spatial distribution of soil piping erosion on loess-derived soils: a case study from central Belgium"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Geomorphology_(journal)" title="Geomorphology (journal)">Geomorphology</a>. 118 (3): 339–348. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010Geomo.118..339V">2010Geomo.118..339V</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.geomorph.2010.02.001">10.1016/j.geomorph.2010.02.001</a>. Retrieved 5 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geomorphology&rft.atitle=Factors+controlling+the+spatial+distribution+of+soil+piping+erosion+on+loess-derived+soils%3A+a+case+study+from+central+Belgium&rft.volume=118&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=339-348&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.geomorph.2010.02.001&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010Geomo.118..339V&rft.aulast=Verachtert&rft.aufirst=Els&rft.au=Van+den+Eeckhaut%2C+Miet&rft.au=Poesen%2C+Jean&rft.au=Deckers%2C+Jozef&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flirias.kuleuven.be%2Fretrieve%2F109942&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones1976" class="citation journal cs1">Jones, Anthony (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210905084319/https://booksc.eu/book/20668631/3ac27a">"Soil piping and stream channel initiation"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Water_Resources_Research" title="Water Resources Research">Water Resources Research</a>. 7 (3): 602–610. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1971WRR.....7..602J">1971WRR.....7..602J</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2FWR007i003p00602">10.1029/WR007i003p00602</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://booksc.eu/book/20668631/3ac27a">the original</a> on 5 September 2021. Retrieved 5 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Water+Resources+Research&rft.atitle=Soil+piping+and+stream+channel+initiation&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=602-610&rft.date=1976&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2FWR007i003p00602&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1971WRR.....7..602J&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooksc.eu%2Fbook%2F20668631%2F3ac27a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDooley2006" class="citation web cs1">Dooley, Alan (June 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080418185527/http://www.hq.usace.army.mil/cepa/pubs/jun06/story8.htm">"Sandboils 101: Corps has experience dealing with common flood danger"</a>. Engineer Update. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Corps_of_Engineers" title="United States Army Corps of Engineers">US Army Corps of Engineers</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hq.usace.army.mil/cepa/pubs/jun06/story8.htm">the original</a> on 18 April 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Engineer+Update&rft.atitle=Sandboils+101%3A+Corps+has+experience+dealing+with+common+flood+danger&rft.date=2006-06&rft.aulast=Dooley&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hq.usace.army.mil%2Fcepa%2Fpubs%2Fjun06%2Fstory8.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOosterbaan1988" class="citation web cs1">Oosterbaan, Roland J. (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.waterlog.info/pdf/irreff.pdf">"Effectiveness and social/environmental impacts of irrigation projects: a critical review"</a> (PDF). Annual Reports of the International Institute for Land Reclamation and Improvement (ILRI). Wageningen, The Netherlands. pp. 18–34. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090219070320/http://waterlog.info/pdf/irreff.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 19 February 2009. Retrieved 5 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Effectiveness+and+social%2Fenvironmental+impacts+of+irrigation+projects%3A+a+critical+review&rft.place=Wageningen%2C+The+Netherlands&rft.series=Annual+Reports+of+the+International+Institute+for+Land+Reclamation+and+Improvement+%28ILRI%29&rft.pages=18-34&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Oosterbaan&rft.aufirst=Roland+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.waterlog.info%2Fpdf%2Firreff.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usbr.gov/tsc/techreferences/mands/mands-pdfs/DrainMan.pdf">Drainage manual: a guide to integrating plant, soil, and water relationships for drainage of irrigated lands</a> (PDF). Washington, D.C.: <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior" title="United States Department of the Interior">United States Department of the Interior</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Bureau_of_Reclamation" title="United States Bureau of Reclamation">Bureau of Reclamation</a>. 1993. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-16-061623-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-16-061623-5"><bdi>978-0-16-061623-5</bdi></a>. Retrieved 5 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Drainage+manual%3A+a+guide+to+integrating+plant%2C+soil%2C+and+water+relationships+for+drainage+of+irrigated+lands&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=United+States+Department+of+the+Interior%2C+Bureau+of+Reclamation&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-16-061623-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usbr.gov%2Ftsc%2Ftechreferences%2Fmands%2Fmands-pdfs%2FDrainMan.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Waterlog-242"><a href="#cite_ref-Waterlog_242-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOosterbaan" class="citation web cs1">Oosterbaan, Roland J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.waterlog.info">"Waterlogging, soil salinity, field irrigation, plant growth, subsurface drainage, groundwater modelling, surface runoff, land reclamation, and other crop production and water management aspects"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100816225219/http://www.waterlog.info/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 August 2010. Retrieved 5 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Waterlogging%2C+soil+salinity%2C+field+irrigation%2C+plant+growth%2C+subsurface+drainage%2C+groundwater+modelling%2C+surface+runoff%2C+land+reclamation%2C+and+other+crop+production+and+water+management+aspects&rft.aulast=Oosterbaan&rft.aufirst=Roland+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.waterlog.info&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStuartPameVithoonjitViriyangkura2018" class="citation journal cs1">Stuart, Alexander M.; Pame, Anny Ruth P.; Vithoonjit, Duangporn; Viriyangkura, Ladda; Pithuncharurnlap, Julmanee; Meesang, Nisa; Suksiri, Prarthana; Singleton, Grant R.; Lampayan, Rubenito M. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/314091782">"The application of best management practices increases the profitability and sustainability of rice farming in the central plains of Thailand"</a>. Field Crops Research. 220: 78–87. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018FCrRe.220...78S">2018FCrRe.220...78S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.fcr.2017.02.005">10.1016/j.fcr.2017.02.005</a>. Retrieved 12 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Field+Crops+Research&rft.atitle=The+application+of+best+management+practices+increases+the+profitability+and+sustainability+of+rice+farming+in+the+central+plains+of+Thailand&rft.volume=220&rft.pages=78-87&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.fcr.2017.02.005&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018FCrRe.220...78S&rft.aulast=Stuart&rft.aufirst=Alexander+M.&rft.au=Pame%2C+Anny+Ruth+P.&rft.au=Vithoonjit%2C+Duangporn&rft.au=Viriyangkura%2C+Ladda&rft.au=Pithuncharurnlap%2C+Julmanee&rft.au=Meesang%2C+Nisa&rft.au=Suksiri%2C+Prarthana&rft.au=Singleton%2C+Grant+R.&rft.au=Lampayan%2C+Rubenito+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F314091782&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurkelboomPoesenOhlerVan_Keer1997" class="citation journal cs1">Turkelboom, Francis; Poesen, Jean; Ohler, Ilse; Van Keer, Koen; Ongprasert, Somchai; Vlassak, Karel (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/17993140">"Assessment of tillage erosion rates on steep slopes in northern Thailand"</a>. Catena. 29 (1): 29–44. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997Caten..29...29T">1997Caten..29...29T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0341-8162%2896%2900063-X">10.1016/S0341-8162(96)00063-X</a>. Retrieved 12 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Catena&rft.atitle=Assessment+of+tillage+erosion+rates+on+steep+slopes+in+northern+Thailand&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=29-44&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0341-8162%2896%2900063-X&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1997Caten..29...29T&rft.aulast=Turkelboom&rft.aufirst=Francis&rft.au=Poesen%2C+Jean&rft.au=Ohler%2C+Ilse&rft.au=Van+Keer%2C+Koen&rft.au=Ongprasert%2C+Somchai&rft.au=Vlassak%2C+Karel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F17993140&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalethInocencioNobleRuaysoongnern2009" class="citation journal cs1">Saleth, Rathinasamy Maria; Inocencio, Arlene; Noble, Andrew; Ruaysoongnern, Sawaeng (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/53064/files/RR130.pdf">"Economic gains of improving soil fertility and water holding capacity with clay application: the impact of soil remediation research in Northeast Thailand"</a> (PDF). Journal of Development Effectiveness. 1 (3): 336–352. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F19439340903105022">10.1080/19439340903105022</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:18049595">18049595</a>. Retrieved 12 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Development+Effectiveness&rft.atitle=Economic+gains+of+improving+soil+fertility+and+water+holding+capacity+with+clay+application%3A+the+impact+of+soil+remediation+research+in+Northeast+Thailand&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=336-352&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F19439340903105022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A18049595%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Saleth&rft.aufirst=Rathinasamy+Maria&rft.au=Inocencio%2C+Arlene&rft.au=Noble%2C+Andrew&rft.au=Ruaysoongnern%2C+Sawaeng&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fageconsearch.umn.edu%2Frecord%2F53064%2Ffiles%2FRR130.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSemaluluMagundaMubiru2015" class="citation journal cs1">Semalulu, Onesmus; Magunda, Matthias; Mubiru, Drake N. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ujas/article/download/141752/131487">"Amelioration of sandy soils in drought stricken areas through use of Ca-bentonite"</a>. Uganda Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 16 (2): 195–205. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4314%2Fujas.v16i2.5">10.4314/ujas.v16i2.5</a>. Retrieved 12 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Uganda+Journal+of+Agricultural+Sciences&rft.atitle=Amelioration+of+sandy+soils+in+drought+stricken+areas+through+use+of+Ca-bentonite&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=195-205&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4314%2Fujas.v16i2.5&rft.aulast=Semalulu&rft.aufirst=Onesmus&rft.au=Magunda%2C+Matthias&rft.au=Mubiru%2C+Drake+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ajol.info%2Findex.php%2Fujas%2Farticle%2Fdownload%2F141752%2F131487&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Water_Management_Institute2010-247"><a href="#cite_ref-Water_Management_Institute2010_247-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInternational_Water_Management_Institute2010" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/International_Water_Management_Institute" title="International Water Management Institute">International Water Management Institute</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/Publications/Success_Stories/PDF/2010/Issue%202%20-%20Improving_soils_and_boosting_yields_in_Thailand.pdf">"Improving soils and boosting yields in Thailand"</a> (PDF). Success Stories (2). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5337%2F2011.0031">10.5337/2011.0031</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120607030912/http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/Publications/Success_Stories/PDF/2010/Issue%202%20-%20Improving_soils_and_boosting_yields_in_Thailand.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 7 June 2012. Retrieved 12 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Success+Stories&rft.atitle=Improving+soils+and+boosting+yields+in+Thailand&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5337%2F2011.0031&rft.au=International+Water+Management+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iwmi.cgiar.org%2FPublications%2FSuccess_Stories%2FPDF%2F2010%2FIssue%25202%2520-%2520Improving_soils_and_boosting_yields_in_Thailand.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrapagarIndraratnePremanandharajah2012" class="citation journal cs1">Prapagar, Komathy; Indraratne, Srimathie P.; Premanandharajah, Punitha (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267202667">"Effect of soil amendments on reclamation of saline-sodic soil"</a>. Tropical Agricultural Research. 23 (2): 168–176. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4038%2Ftar.v23i2.4648">10.4038/tar.v23i2.4648</a>. Retrieved 12 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tropical+Agricultural+Research&rft.atitle=Effect+of+soil+amendments+on+reclamation+of+saline-sodic+soil&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=168-176&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4038%2Ftar.v23i2.4648&rft.aulast=Prapagar&rft.aufirst=Komathy&rft.au=Indraratne%2C+Srimathie+P.&rft.au=Premanandharajah%2C+Punitha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F267202667&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLemieuxGermain2000" class="citation web cs1">Lemieux, Gilles; Germain, Diane (December 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210928080056/https://www.healthy-vegetable-gardening.com/support-files/rcw-the-clue-to-a-sustainable-fertile-soil.pdf">"Ramial chipped wood: the clue to a sustainable fertile soil"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_Laval" title="Université Laval">Université Laval</a>, Département des Sciences du Bois et de la Forêt, Québec, Canada. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.healthy-vegetable-gardening.com/support-files/rcw-the-clue-to-a-sustainable-fertile-soil.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 28 September 2021. Retrieved 12 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ramial+chipped+wood%3A+the+clue+to+a+sustainable+fertile+soil&rft.pub=Universit%C3%A9+Laval%2C+D%C3%A9partement+des+Sciences+du+Bois+et+de+la+For%C3%AAt%2C+Qu%C3%A9bec%2C+Canada&rft.date=2000-12&rft.aulast=Lemieux&rft.aufirst=Gilles&rft.au=Germain%2C+Diane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.healthy-vegetable-gardening.com%2Fsupport-files%2Frcw-the-clue-to-a-sustainable-fertile-soil.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-250"><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArthurCornelisRazzaghi2012" class="citation journal cs1">Arthur, Emmanuel; Cornelis, Wim; Razzaghi, Fatemeh (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/31660161">"Compost amendment of sandy soil affects soil properties and greenhouse tomato productivity"</a>. Compost Science and Utilization. 20 (4): 215–221. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012CScUt..20..215A">2012CScUt..20..215A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F1065657X.2012.10737051">10.1080/1065657X.2012.10737051</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:96896374">96896374</a>. Retrieved 12 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Compost+Science+and+Utilization&rft.atitle=Compost+amendment+of+sandy+soil+affects+soil+properties+and+greenhouse+tomato+productivity&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=215-221&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A96896374%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F1065657X.2012.10737051&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012CScUt..20..215A&rft.aulast=Arthur&rft.aufirst=Emmanuel&rft.au=Cornelis%2C+Wim&rft.au=Razzaghi%2C+Fatemeh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F31660161&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlaserHaumaierGuggenbergerZech2001" class="citation journal cs1">Glaser, Bruno; Haumaier, Ludwig; Guggenberger, Georg; Zech, Wolfgang (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/12032464">"The 'Terra Preta' phenomenon: a model for sustainable agriculture in the humid tropics"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Science_of_Nature" title="The Science of Nature">Naturwissenschaften</a>. 88 (1): 37–41. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001NW.....88...37G">2001NW.....88...37G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs001140000193">10.1007/s001140000193</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11302125">11302125</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:26608101">26608101</a>. Retrieved 12 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Naturwissenschaften&rft.atitle=The+%27Terra+Preta%27+phenomenon%3A+a+model+for+sustainable+agriculture+in+the+humid+tropics&rft.volume=88&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=37-41&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs001140000193&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A26608101%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11302125&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001NW.....88...37G&rft.aulast=Glaser&rft.aufirst=Bruno&rft.au=Haumaier%2C+Ludwig&rft.au=Guggenberger%2C+Georg&rft.au=Zech%2C+Wolfgang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F12032464&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKavithaPullagurala_Venkata_LaxmaKimLee2018" class="citation journal cs1">Kavitha, Beluri; Pullagurala Venkata Laxma, Reddy; Kim, Bojeong; Lee, Sang Soo; Pandey, Sudhir Kumar; Kim, Ki-Hyun (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210912081933/https://booksc.eu/book/72239607/440436">"Benefits and limitations of biochar amendment in agricultural soils: a review"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Environmental_Management" title="Journal of Environmental Management">Journal of Environmental Management</a>. 227: 146–154. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JEnvM.227..146K">2018JEnvM.227..146K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jenvman.2018.08.082">10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.08.082</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30176434">30176434</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:52168678">52168678</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://booksc.eu/book/72239607/440436">the original</a> on 12 September 2021. Retrieved 12 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Environmental+Management&rft.atitle=Benefits+and+limitations+of+biochar+amendment+in+agricultural+soils%3A+a+review&rft.volume=227&rft.pages=146-154&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jenvman.2018.08.082&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A52168678%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30176434&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018JEnvM.227..146K&rft.aulast=Kavitha&rft.aufirst=Beluri&rft.au=Pullagurala+Venkata+Laxma%2C+Reddy&rft.au=Kim%2C+Bojeong&rft.au=Lee%2C+Sang+Soo&rft.au=Pandey%2C+Sudhir+Kumar&rft.au=Kim%2C+Ki-Hyun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooksc.eu%2Fbook%2F72239607%2F440436&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHillel1992" class="citation book cs1">Hillel, Daniel (1992). Out of the Earth: civilization and the life of the soil. Berkeley, California: <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-08080-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-08080-5"><bdi>978-0-520-08080-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Out+of+the+Earth%3A+civilization+and+the+life+of+the+soil&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+California&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-520-08080-5&rft.aulast=Hillel&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonahueMillerShickluna19774-254">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonahueMillerShickluna19774_254-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonahueMillerShickluna19774_254-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDonahueMillerShickluna1977">Donahue, Miller & Shickluna 1977</a>, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-255"><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColumella1745" class="citation book cs1">Columella, Lucius Junius Moderatus (1745). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/005783003">Of husbandry, in twelve books, and his book concerning trees, with several illustrations from Pliny, Cato, Varro, Palladius, and other antient and modern authors, translated into English</a>. London, United Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Millar" title="Andrew Millar">Andrew Millar</a>. Retrieved 19 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Of+husbandry%2C+in+twelve+books%2C+and+his+book+concerning+trees%2C+with+several+illustrations+from+Pliny%2C+Cato%2C+Varro%2C+Palladius%2C+and+other+antient+and+modern+authors%2C+translated+into+English&rft.place=London%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pub=Andrew+Millar&rft.date=1745&rft.aulast=Columella&rft.aufirst=Lucius+Junius+Moderatus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcatalog.hathitrust.org%2FRecord%2F005783003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKellogg19571-256"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKellogg19571_256-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKellogg1957">Kellogg 1957</a>, p. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-257"><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIbn_al-'Awwam1864" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-%27Awwam" title="Ibn al-'Awwam">Ibn al-'Awwam</a> (1864). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/009953450">Le livre de l'agriculture, traduit de l'arabe par Jean Jacques Clément-Mullet</a>. Filāḥah.French. (in French). Paris, France: Librairie A. Franck. Retrieved 19 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+livre+de+l%27agriculture%2C+traduit+de+l%27arabe+par+Jean+Jacques+Cl%C3%A9ment-Mullet&rft.place=Paris%2C+France&rft.series=Fil%C4%81%E1%B8%A5ah.French.&rft.pub=Librairie+A.+Franck&rft.date=1864&rft.au=Ibn+al-%27Awwam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcatalog.hathitrust.org%2FRecord%2F009953450&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-258"><a href="#cite_ref-258">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJelinek1982" class="citation book cs1">Jelinek, Lawrence J. (1982). Harvest empire: a history of California agriculture. San Francisco, California: Boyd and Fraser. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87835-131-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87835-131-2"><bdi>978-0-87835-131-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Harvest+empire%3A+a+history+of+California+agriculture&rft.place=San+Francisco%2C+California&rft.pub=Boyd+and+Fraser&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-87835-131-2&rft.aulast=Jelinek&rft.aufirst=Lawrence+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Serres1600" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">de Serres, Olivier (1600). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k738381/f1.image">Le Théâtre d'Agriculture et mesnage des champs</a> (in French). Paris, France: Jamet Métayer. Retrieved 19 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre+d%27Agriculture+et+mesnage+des+champs&rft.place=Paris%2C+France&rft.pub=Jamet+M%C3%A9tayer&rft.date=1600&rft.aulast=de+Serres&rft.aufirst=Olivier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k738381%2Ff1.image&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-260"><a href="#cite_ref-260">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVirtoImazFernández-UgaldeGartzia-Bengoetxea2015" class="citation journal cs1">Virto, Iñigo; Imaz, María José; Fernández-Ugalde, Oihane; Gartzia-Bengoetxea, Nahia; Enrique, Alberto; Bescansa, Paloma (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fsu7010313">"Soil degradation and soil quality in western Europe: current situation and future perspectives"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sustainability_(journal)" title="Sustainability (journal)">Sustainability</a>. 7 (1): 313–365. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fsu7010313">10.3390/su7010313</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sustainability&rft.atitle=Soil+degradation+and+soil+quality+in+western+Europe%3A+current+situation+and+future+perspectives&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=313-365&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fsu7010313&rft.aulast=Virto&rft.aufirst=I%C3%B1igo&rft.au=Imaz%2C+Mar%C3%ADa+Jos%C3%A9&rft.au=Fern%C3%A1ndez-Ugalde%2C+Oihane&rft.au=Gartzia-Bengoetxea%2C+Nahia&rft.au=Enrique%2C+Alberto&rft.au=Bescansa%2C+Paloma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3390%252Fsu7010313&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-261"><a href="#cite_ref-261">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_der_PloegSchweigertBachmann2001" class="citation journal cs1">Van der Ploeg, Rienk R.; Schweigert, Peter; Bachmann, Joerg (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6084271">"Use and misuse of nitrogen in agriculture: the German story"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Scientific_World_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific World Journal">Scientific World Journal</a>. 1 (S2): 737–744. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1100%2Ftsw.2001.263">10.1100/tsw.2001.263</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6084271">6084271</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12805882">12805882</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+World+Journal&rft.atitle=Use+and+misuse+of+nitrogen+in+agriculture%3A+the+German+story&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=S2&rft.pages=737-744&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6084271%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12805882&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1100%2Ftsw.2001.263&rft.aulast=Van+der+Ploeg&rft.aufirst=Rienk+R.&rft.au=Schweigert%2C+Peter&rft.au=Bachmann%2C+Joerg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6084271&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/clips/zpgb4wx">"Van Helmont's experiments on plant growth"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_World_Service" title="BBC World Service">BBC World Service</a>. Retrieved 19 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+World+Service&rft.atitle=Van+Helmont%27s+experiments+on+plant+growth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fbitesize%2Fclips%2Fzpgb4wx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brady-263">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brady_263-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brady_263-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brady_263-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrady1984" class="citation book cs1">Brady, Nyle C. (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/natureproperties00brad_0">The nature and properties of soils</a> (9th ed.). New York, New York: <a href="/wiki/Collier_Macmillan" class="mw-redirect" title="Collier Macmillan">Collier Macmillan</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-313340-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-313340-4"><bdi>978-0-02-313340-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved 19 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+nature+and+properties+of+soils&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.edition=9th&rft.pub=Collier+Macmillan&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-02-313340-4&rft.aulast=Brady&rft.aufirst=Nyle+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnatureproperties00brad_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKellogg19573-264"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKellogg19573_264-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKellogg1957">Kellogg 1957</a>, p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKellogg19572-265"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKellogg19572_265-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKellogg1957">Kellogg 1957</a>, p. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-266"><a href="#cite_ref-266">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Lavoisier1777" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">de Lavoisier, Antoine-Laurent (1777). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.academie-sciences.fr/pdf/dossiers/Franklin/Franklin_pdf/Mem1777_p592.pdf">"Mémoire sur la combustion en général"</a> (PDF). Mémoires de l'Académie Royale des Sciences (in French). Retrieved 19 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=M%C3%A9moires+de+l%27Acad%C3%A9mie+Royale+des+Sciences&rft.atitle=M%C3%A9moire+sur+la+combustion+en+g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral&rft.date=1777&rft.aulast=de+Lavoisier&rft.aufirst=Antoine-Laurent&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.academie-sciences.fr%2Fpdf%2Fdossiers%2FFranklin%2FFranklin_pdf%2FMem1777_p592.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-267"><a href="#cite_ref-267">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoussingault1860–1874" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Boussingault, Jean-Baptiste (1860–1874). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/8TSUP364_1">Agronomie, chimie agricole et physiologie, volumes 1–5</a> (in French). Paris, France: Mallet-Bachelier. Retrieved 19 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Agronomie%2C+chimie+agricole+et+physiologie%2C+volumes+1%E2%80%935&rft.place=Paris%2C+France&rft.pub=Mallet-Bachelier&rft.date=1860%2F1874&rft.aulast=Boussingault&rft.aufirst=Jean-Baptiste&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2F8TSUP364_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-268"><a href="#cite_ref-268">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvon_Liebig1840" class="citation book cs1">von Liebig, Justus (1840). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/organicchemistry00liebrich">Organic chemistry in its applications to agriculture and physiology</a>. London: Taylor and Walton. Retrieved 19 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Organic+chemistry+in+its+applications+to+agriculture+and+physiology&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Taylor+and+Walton&rft.date=1840&rft.aulast=von+Liebig&rft.aufirst=Justus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Forganicchemistry00liebrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-269"><a href="#cite_ref-269">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWay1849" class="citation journal cs1">Way, J. Thomas (1849). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/37078#page/220/mode/1up">"On the composition and money value of the different varieties of guano"</a>. Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society of England. 10: 196–230. Retrieved 19 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Agricultural+Society+of+England&rft.atitle=On+the+composition+and+money+value+of+the+different+varieties+of+guano&rft.volume=10&rft.pages=196-230&rft.date=1849&rft.aulast=Way&rft.aufirst=J.+Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fitem%2F37078%23page%2F220%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKellogg19574-270">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKellogg19574_270-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKellogg19574_270-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKellogg1957">Kellogg 1957</a>, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-271"><a href="#cite_ref-271">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTandon" class="citation web cs1">Tandon, Hari L.S. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170123214241/http://www.tandontech.net/fertilisers.html">"A short history of fertilisers"</a>. Fertiliser Development and Consultation Organisation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tandontech.net/fertilisers.html">the original</a> on 23 January 2017. Retrieved 17 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fertiliser+Development+and+Consultation+Organisation&rft.atitle=A+short+history+of+fertilisers&rft.aulast=Tandon&rft.aufirst=Hari+L.S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandontech.net%2Ffertilisers.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-272"><a href="#cite_ref-272">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWay1852" class="citation journal cs1">Way, J. Thomas (1852). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/45583402">"On the power of soils to absorb manure"</a>. Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society of England. 13: 123–143. Retrieved 19 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Agricultural+Society+of+England&rft.atitle=On+the+power+of+soils+to+absorb+manure&rft.volume=13&rft.pages=123-143&rft.date=1852&rft.aulast=Way&rft.aufirst=J.+Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbiodiversitylibrary.org%2Fpage%2F45583402&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-273"><a href="#cite_ref-273">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarington1878" class="citation book cs1">Warington, Robert (1878). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NlISAQAAMAAJ">Note on the appearance of nitrous acid during the evaporation of water: a report of experiments made in the Rothamsted laboratory</a>. London, United Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Harrison_and_Sons" title="Harrison and Sons">Harrison and Sons</a>. Retrieved 19 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Note+on+the+appearance+of+nitrous+acid+during+the+evaporation+of+water%3A+a+report+of+experiments+made+in+the+Rothamsted+laboratory&rft.place=London%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pub=Harrison+and+Sons&rft.date=1878&rft.aulast=Warington&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNlISAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-274"><a href="#cite_ref-274">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinogradsky1890" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Winogradsky, Sergei (1890). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k30663/f1087?lang=EN">"Sur les organismes de la nitrification"</a> [On the organisms of nitrification]. <a href="/wiki/Comptes_Rendus_de_l%27Acad%C3%A9mie_des_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences">Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de l'Académie des Sciences</a> (in French). 110 (1): 1013–1016. Retrieved 19 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comptes+Rendus+Hebdomadaires+des+S%C3%A9ances+de+l%27Acad%C3%A9mie+des+Sciences&rft.atitle=Sur+les+organismes+de+la+nitrification&rft.volume=110&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1013-1016&rft.date=1890&rft.aulast=Winogradsky&rft.aufirst=Sergei&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k30663%2Ff1087%3Flang%3DEN&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKellogg19571–4-275"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKellogg19571–4_275-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKellogg1957">Kellogg 1957</a>, pp. 1–4. </li> <li id="cite_note-276"><a href="#cite_ref-276">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHilgard1907" class="citation book cs1">Hilgard, Eugene W. (1907). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/24461">Soils: their formation, properties, composition, and relations to climate and plant growth in the humid and arid regions</a>. London, United Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/The_Macmillan_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="The Macmillan Company">The Macmillan Company</a>. Retrieved 19 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soils%3A+their+formation%2C+properties%2C+composition%2C+and+relations+to+climate+and+plant+growth+in+the+humid+and+arid+regions&rft.place=London%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pub=The+Macmillan+Company&rft.date=1907&rft.aulast=Hilgard&rft.aufirst=Eugene+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fbibliography%2F24461&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-277"><a href="#cite_ref-277">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFallou1857" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Fallou, Friedrich Albert (1857). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181215223343/http://digital.slub-dresden.de/fileadmin/data/321768043/321768043_tif/jpegs/321768043.pdf">Anfangsgründe der Bodenkunde</a> (PDF) (in German). Dresden, Germany: G. Schönfeld's Buchhandlung. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.slub-dresden.de/fileadmin/data/321768043/321768043_tif/jpegs/321768043.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 15 December 2018. Retrieved 15 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anfangsgr%C3%BCnde+der+Bodenkunde&rft.place=Dresden%2C+Germany&rft.pub=G.+Sch%C3%B6nfeld%27s+Buchhandlung&rft.date=1857&rft.aulast=Fallou&rft.aufirst=Friedrich+Albert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigital.slub-dresden.de%2Ffileadmin%2Fdata%2F321768043%2F321768043_tif%2Fjpegs%2F321768043.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-278"><a href="#cite_ref-278">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlinka1914" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Glinka, Konstantin Dmitrievich (1914). Die Typen der Bodenbildung: ihre Klassifikation und geographische Verbreitung (in German). Berlin, Germany: <a href="/wiki/Borntraeger" class="mw-redirect" title="Borntraeger">Borntraeger</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Typen+der+Bodenbildung%3A+ihre+Klassifikation+und+geographische+Verbreitung&rft.place=Berlin%2C+Germany&rft.pub=Borntraeger&rft.date=1914&rft.aulast=Glinka&rft.aufirst=Konstantin+Dmitrievich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-279"><a href="#cite_ref-279">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlinka1927" class="citation book cs1">Glinka, Konstantin Dmitrievich (1927). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://reader.library.cornell.edu/docviewer/digital?id=chla3055800#mode/1up">The great soil groups of the world and their development</a>. Ann Arbor, Michigan: Edwards Brothers. Retrieved 19 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+great+soil+groups+of+the+world+and+their+development&rft.place=Ann+Arbor%2C+Michigan&rft.pub=Edwards+Brothers&rft.date=1927&rft.aulast=Glinka&rft.aufirst=Konstantin+Dmitrievich&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freader.library.cornell.edu%2Fdocviewer%2Fdigital%3Fid%3Dchla3055800%23mode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Soil&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/File:Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/12px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/18px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/24px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="219" data-file-height="218" /></a> This article incorporates text from a <a href="/wiki/Free_content" title="Free content">free content</a> work. Licensed under Cc BY-SA 3.0 IGO (<a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:United_Nations_Environment_Programme_Drowning_in_Plastics_%E2%80%93_Marine_Litter_and_Plastic_Waste_Vital_Graphics.pdf">license statement/permission</a>). Text taken from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unep.org/resources/report/drowning-plastics-marine-litter-and-plastic-waste-vital-graphics">Drowning in Plastics – Marine Litter and Plastic Waste Vital Graphics</a>, United Nations Environment Programme. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Soil&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonahueMillerShickluna1977" class="citation book cs1">Donahue, Roy Luther; Miller, Raymond W.; Shickluna, John C. (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/soilsintroductio00dona">Soils: An Introduction to Soils and Plant Growth</a>. <a href="/wiki/Prentice-Hall" class="mw-redirect" title="Prentice-Hall">Prentice-Hall</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-821918-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-821918-5"><bdi>978-0-13-821918-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soils%3A+An+Introduction+to+Soils+and+Plant+Growth&rft.pub=Prentice-Hall&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-13-821918-5&rft.aulast=Donahue&rft.aufirst=Roy+Luther&rft.au=Miller%2C+Raymond+W.&rft.au=Shickluna%2C+John+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsoilsintroductio00dona&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ag.arizona.edu/pubs/garden/mg/soils/soils.html">"Arizona Master Gardener"</a>. Cooperative Extension, College of Agriculture, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Arizona" title="University of Arizona">University of Arizona</a>. Retrieved 27 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Arizona+Master+Gardener&rft.pub=Cooperative+Extension%2C+College+of+Agriculture%2C+University+of+Arizona&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fag.arizona.edu%2Fpubs%2Fgarden%2Fmg%2Fsoils%2Fsoils.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStefferud1957" class="citation book cs1">Stefferud, Alfred, ed. (1957). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n18/mode/1up">Soil: The Yearbook of Agriculture 1957</a>. United States Department of Agriculture. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/704186906">704186906</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soil%3A+The+Yearbook+of+Agriculture+1957&rft.pub=United+States+Department+of+Agriculture&rft.date=1957&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F704186906&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fyoa1957%23page%2Fn18%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">Kellogg. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n17/mode/1up">We Seek; We Learn</a>". In <a href="#CITEREFStefferud1957">Stefferud (1957)</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">Simonson. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n34/mode/1up">What Soils Are</a>". In <a href="#CITEREFStefferud1957">Stefferud (1957)</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">Russell. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n49/mode/1up">Physical Properties</a>". In <a href="#CITEREFStefferud1957">Stefferud (1957)</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">Dean. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n100/mode/1up">Plant Nutrition and Soil Fertility</a>". In <a href="#CITEREFStefferud1957">Stefferud (1957)</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">Russel. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//archive.org/stream/yoa1957#page/n145/mode/1up">Boron and Soil Fertility</a>". In <a href="#CITEREFStefferud1957">Stefferud (1957)</a>.</li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Soil&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 33em"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.soil-net.com/">Soil-Net.com</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080710061716/http://www.soil-net.com/">Archived</a> 10 July 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> A free schools-age educational site teaching about soil and its importance.</li> <li>Adams, J.A. 1986. Dirt. College Station, Texas: Texas A&M University Press <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89096-301-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-89096-301-0">0-89096-301-0</a></li> <li>Certini, G., Scalenghe, R. 2006. Soils: Basic concepts and future challenges. Cambridge Univ Press, Cambridge.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_R._Montgomery" title="David R. Montgomery">Montgomery, David R.</a>, Dirt: The Erosion of Civilizations (U of California Press, 2007), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-25806-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-25806-8">978-0-520-25806-8</a></li> <li>Faulkner, Edward H. Plowman's Folly (New York, Grosset & Dunlap, 1943). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-933280-51-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-933280-51-3">0-933280-51-3</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080705133103/http://www.landis.org.uk/soilscapes">LandIS Free Soilscapes Viewer</a> Free interactive viewer for the Soils of England and Wales</li> <li>Jenny, Hans. 1941. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130225050838/http://soilandhealth.org/01aglibrary/010159.Jenny.pdf">Factors of Soil Formation: A System of Quantitative Pedology</a></li> <li>Logan, W.B. Dirt: The ecstatic skin of the earth (1995). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57322-004-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-57322-004-3">1-57322-004-3</a></li> <li>Mann, Charles C. September 2008. " Our good earth" National Geographic Magazine</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Soil&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080624040143/http://www.mvm.usace.army.mil/Readiness/97flood/flood.htm">"97 Flood"</a>. USGS. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mvm.usace.army.mil/Readiness/97flood/flood.htm">the original</a> on 24 June 2008. Retrieved 8 July 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=97+Flood&rft.pub=USGS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mvm.usace.army.mil%2FReadiness%2F97flood%2Fflood.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"> Photographs of sand boils.</li> <li>Soil Survey Division Staff. 1999. Soil survey manual. Soil Conservation Service. U.S. Department of Agriculture Handbook 18.</li> <li>Soil Survey Staff. 1975. Soil Taxonomy: A basic system of soil classification for making and interpreting soil surveys. USDA-SCS Agric. Handb. 436. United States Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060828063956/http://forages.oregonstate.edu/is/ssis/main.cfm?PageID=3">Soils (Matching suitable forage species to soil type)</a>, Oregon State University</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGardiner" class="citation web cs1">Gardiner, Duane T. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180209052922/http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~doetqp-p/courses/env320/lec1/Lec1.html">"Lecture 1 Chapter 1 Why Study Soils?"</a>. ENV320: Soil Science Lecture Notes. Texas A&M University-Kingsville. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~doetqp-p/courses/env320/lec1/Lec1.html">the original</a> on 9 February 2018. Retrieved 7 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ENV320%3A+Soil+Science+Lecture+Notes&rft.atitle=Lecture+1+Chapter+1+Why+Study+Soils%3F&rft.aulast=Gardiner&rft.aufirst=Duane+T&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjan.ucc.nau.edu%2F~doetqp-p%2Fcourses%2Fenv320%2Flec1%2FLec1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Janick, Jules. 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050317030248/http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/tropical/lecture_06/chapter_12l_R.html">Soil notes</a>, Purdue University</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.landis.org.uk/">LandIS Soils Data for England and Wales</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070716033248/http://www.landis.org.uk/">Archived</a> 16 July 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> a pay source for GIS data on the soils of England and Wales and soils data source; they charge a handling fee to researchers.</li></ul> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/soil" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:soil">soil</a> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/40px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/60px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/80px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiversity has learning resources about <a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Soil_Formation" class="extiw" title="v:Soil Formation">Soil Formation</a></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">The Wikibook <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Historical_Geology" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Historical Geology">Historical Geology</a> has a page on the topic of: <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Historical_Geology/Soils_and_paleosols" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Historical Geology/Soils and paleosols">Soils and paleosols</a></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Soils" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Soils">Soils</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Soil" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Soil">Soil</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/video/2019/jul/11/its-time-we-stopped-treating-soil-like-dirt-video">Short video explaining soil basics</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.edaphic.com.au/soil-water-compendium/">The Soil Water Compendium (soil water content sensors explained)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/globalsoilpartnership/en/">Global Soil Partnership</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/soils-portal/en/">FAO Soils Portal</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wrb.isric.org/">World Reference Base for Soil Resources</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.isric.org/">ISRIC – World Soil Information (ISC World Data Centre for Soils)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.isric.org/explore/library">ISRIC -World Soil Library and Maps</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wsm.isric.org/">ISRIC - World Soil Museum (WSM virtual)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.isric.org/">ISRIC - Soil data hub</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wossac.com/">Wossac the world soil survey archive and catalogue</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://csss.ca/">Canadian Society of Soil Science</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.soils.org/">Soil Science Society of America</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://websoilsurvey.nrcs.usda.gov/app/HomePage.htm">USDA-NRCS Web Soil Survey</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eusoils.jrc.ec.europa.eu/">European Soil Portal</a> (wiki)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cranfield.ac.uk/sas/nsri">National Soil Resources Institute UK</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://passel.unl.edu/">Plant and Soil Sciences eLibrary</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/yoa1957">Copies of the reference 'Soil: The Yearbook of Agriculture 1957' in multiple formats</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Soil_science" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Soil_science_topics" title="Template:Soil science topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Soil_science_topics" title="Template talk:Soil science topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Soil_science_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Soil science topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Soil_science" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Soil_science" title="Soil science">Soil science</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_soil_science" title="History of soil science">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_soil-related_articles" title="Index of soil-related articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pedology" title="Pedology">Pedology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edaphology" title="Edaphology">Edaphology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_biology" title="Soil biology">Soil biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_microbiology" title="Soil microbiology">Soil microbiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_zoology" title="Soil zoology">Soil zoology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_ecology" title="Soil ecology">Soil ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_physics" title="Soil physics">Soil physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_mechanics" title="Soil mechanics">Soil mechanics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_chemistry" title="Soil chemistry">Soil chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_soil_science" title="Environmental soil science">Environmental soil science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_soil_science" title="Agricultural soil science">Agricultural soil science</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Soil_profile.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Soil_profile.svg/110px-Soil_profile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Soil_profile.svg/165px-Soil_profile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Soil_profile.svg/220px-Soil_profile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="456" data-file-height="660" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Soil topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Soil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedosphere" title="Pedosphere">Pedosphere</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soil_morphology" title="Soil morphology">Soil morphology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedodiversity" title="Pedodiversity">Pedodiversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_formation" title="Soil formation">Soil formation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_erosion" title="Soil erosion">Soil erosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_contamination" title="Soil contamination">Soil contamination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_retrogression_and_degradation" title="Soil retrogression and degradation">Soil retrogression and degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_compaction" title="Soil compaction">Soil compaction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soil_compaction_(agriculture)" title="Soil compaction (agriculture)">Soil compaction (agriculture)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_sealing" title="Soil sealing">Soil sealing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_salinity" title="Soil salinity">Soil salinity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alkali_soil" title="Alkali soil">Alkali soil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_pH" title="Soil pH">Soil pH</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soil_acidification" title="Soil acidification">Soil acidification</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_health" title="Soil health">Soil health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_life" class="mw-redirect" title="Soil life">Soil life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_biodiversity" title="Soil biodiversity">Soil biodiversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_quality" title="Soil quality">Soil quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_value" title="Soil value">Soil value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_fertility" title="Soil fertility">Soil fertility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_resilience" title="Soil resilience">Soil resilience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_color" title="Soil color">Soil color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_texture" title="Soil texture">Soil texture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_structure" title="Soil structure">Soil structure</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pore_space_in_soil" title="Pore space in soil">Pore space in soil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pore_water_pressure" title="Pore water pressure">Pore water pressure</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_crust" title="Soil crust">Soil crust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_horizon" title="Soil horizon">Soil horizon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_biomantle" title="Soil biomantle">Soil biomantle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_carbon" title="Soil carbon">Soil carbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_gas" title="Soil gas">Soil gas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soil_respiration" title="Soil respiration">Soil respiration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_organic_matter" title="Soil organic matter">Soil organic matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_moisture" title="Soil moisture">Soil moisture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soil_water_(retention)" title="Soil water (retention)">Soil water (retention)</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Soil_type" title="Soil type">Soil type</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Soil_classification" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Soil_type" title="Template:Soil type"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Soil_type" title="Template talk:Soil type"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Soil_type" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Soil type"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Soil_classification" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Soil_classification" title="Soil classification">Soil classification</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/World_Reference_Base_for_Soil_Resources" title="World Reference Base for Soil Resources">World Reference Base for Soil Resources</a> (1998–)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acrisol" title="Acrisol">Acrisols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alisols" class="mw-redirect" title="Alisols">Alisols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andosol" title="Andosol">Andosols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthrosol" title="Anthrosol">Anthrosols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psamment" title="Psamment">Arenosols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcisol" title="Calcisol">Calcisols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambisol" title="Cambisol">Cambisols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chernozem" title="Chernozem">Chernozem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryosols" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryosols">Cryosols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durisol" title="Durisol">Durisols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferralsols" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferralsols">Ferralsols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluvisol" title="Fluvisol">Fluvisols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gleysol" title="Gleysol">Gleysols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gypsisols" class="mw-redirect" title="Gypsisols">Gypsisols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histosol" title="Histosol">Histosol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kastanozem" title="Kastanozem">Kastanozems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leptosol" title="Leptosol">Leptosols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lixisol" title="Lixisol">Lixisols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luvisol" title="Luvisol">Luvisols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitisol" title="Nitisol">Nitisols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phaeozem" title="Phaeozem">Phaeozems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planosol" title="Planosol">Planosols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plinthosol" title="Plinthosol">Plinthosols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podzol" title="Podzol">Podzols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regosol" title="Regosol">Regosols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retisol" title="Retisol">Retisols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solonchak" title="Solonchak">Solonchaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solonetz" title="Solonetz">Solonetz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stagnosol" title="Stagnosol">Stagnosol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technosol" title="Technosol">Technosols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbrisol" title="Umbrisol">Umbrisols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertisol" title="Vertisol">Vertisols</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/USDA_soil_taxonomy" title="USDA soil taxonomy">USDA soil taxonomy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfisol" title="Alfisol">Alfisols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andisol" title="Andisol">Andisols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aridisol" title="Aridisol">Aridisols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entisol" title="Entisol">Entisols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelisol" title="Gelisol">Gelisols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histosol" title="Histosol">Histosols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inceptisol" title="Inceptisol">Inceptisols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mollisol" title="Mollisol">Mollisols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxisol" title="Oxisol">Oxisols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podzol" title="Podzol">Spodosols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultisol" title="Ultisol">Ultisols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertisol" title="Vertisol">Vertisols</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FAO_soil_classification" title="FAO soil classification">FAO soil classification</a> (1974–1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Soil_Classification_System" title="Unified Soil Classification System">Unified Soil Classification System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AASHTO_Soil_Classification_System" title="AASHTO Soil Classification System">AASHTO Soil Classification System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9f%C3%A9rentiel_p%C3%A9dologique" title="Référentiel pédologique">Référentiel pédologique</a> (French classification system)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_system_of_soil_classification" title="Canadian system of soil classification">Canadian system of soil classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Soil_Classification" title="Australian Soil Classification">Australian Soil Classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Soil_Classification" title="Polish Soil Classification">Polish Soil Classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1938_USDA_soil_taxonomy" title="1938 USDA soil taxonomy">1938 USDA soil taxonomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_soils" title="List of U.S. state soils">List of U.S. state soils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vineyard_soil_types" title="List of vineyard soil types">List of vineyard soil types</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-systematic soil types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sand" title="Sand">Sand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silt" title="Silt">Silt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loam" title="Loam">Loam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topsoil" title="Topsoil">Topsoil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsoil" title="Subsoil">Subsoil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_crust" title="Soil crust">Soil crust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claypan" title="Claypan">Claypan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardpan" title="Hardpan">Hardpan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gypcrust" title="Gypcrust">Gypcrust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliche" title="Caliche">Caliche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parent_material" title="Parent material">Parent material</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedosphere" title="Pedosphere">Pedosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laimosphere" title="Laimosphere">Laimosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhizosphere" title="Rhizosphere">Rhizosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulk_soil" title="Bulk soil">Bulk soil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkali_soil" title="Alkali soil">Alkali soil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_mud" title="Bay mud">Bay mud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_goo" title="Blue goo">Blue goo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brickearth" title="Brickearth">Brickearth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_earth" title="Brown earth">Brown earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcareous_grassland" title="Calcareous grassland">Calcareous grassland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_earth" title="Dark earth">Dark earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_quicksand" title="Dry quicksand">Dry quicksand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duplex_soil" title="Duplex soil">Duplex soil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eluvium" title="Eluvium">Eluvium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansive_clay" title="Expansive clay">Expansive clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fill_dirt" title="Fill dirt">Fill dirt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuller%27s_earth" title="Fuller's earth">Fuller's earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrophobic_soil" title="Hydrophobic soil">Hydrophobic soil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loess" title="Loess">Loess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_soil" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunar soil">Lunar soil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martian_soil" class="mw-redirect" title="Martian soil">Martian soil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mud" title="Mud">Mud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muskeg" title="Muskeg">Muskeg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleosol" title="Paleosol">Paleosol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peat" title="Peat">Peat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_farmland" title="Prime farmland">Prime farmland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quicksand" title="Quicksand">Quicksand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serpentine_soil" title="Serpentine soil">Serpentine soil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spodic_soil" class="mw-redirect" title="Spodic soil">Spodic soil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stagnogley" title="Stagnogley">Stagnogley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subaqueous_soil" title="Subaqueous soil">Subaqueous soil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takir_(soil)" title="Takir (soil)">Takir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terra_preta" title="Terra preta">Terra preta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terra_rossa_(soil)" title="Terra rossa (soil)">Terra rossa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_peat" title="Tropical peat">Tropical peat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yedoma" title="Yedoma">Yedoma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Types_of_soil" title="Category:Types of soil">Types of soil</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soil_conservation" title="Soil conservation">Soil conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_management" title="Soil management">Soil management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_guideline_value" title="Soil guideline value">Soil guideline value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_survey" title="Soil survey">Soil survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_test" title="Soil test">Soil test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_governance" title="Soil governance">Soil governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_value" title="Soil value">Soil value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_salinity_control" title="Soil salinity control">Soil salinity control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erosion_control" title="Erosion control">Erosion control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agroecology" title="Agroecology">Agroecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liming_(soil)" title="Liming (soil)">Liming (soil)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geochemistry" title="Geochemistry">Geochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrology" title="Petrology">Petrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geomorphology" title="Geomorphology">Geomorphology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geotechnical_engineering" title="Geotechnical engineering">Geotechnical engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrology" title="Hydrology">Hydrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogeology" title="Hydrogeology">Hydrogeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogeography" title="Biogeography">Biogeography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_materials" title="Earth materials">Earth materials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_science" title="Agricultural science">Agricultural science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrology" class="mw-redirect" title="Agrology">Agrology</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Societies, Initiatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Society_of_Soil_Science_Incorporated" title="Australian Society of Soil Science Incorporated">Australian Society of Soil Science Incorporated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Society_of_Soil_Science" title="Canadian Society of Soil Science">Canadian Society of Soil Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Soil_Salinity_Research_Institute" title="Central Soil Salinity Research Institute">Central Soil Salinity Research Institute</a> (India)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Soil_Science_Society" title="German Soil Science Society">German Soil Science Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Soil_Science" title="Indian Institute of Soil Science">Indian Institute of Soil Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Soil_Sciences" title="International Union of Soil Sciences">International Union of Soil Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Year_of_Soil" title="International Year of Soil">International Year of Soil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Society_of_Consulting_Soil_Scientists" title="National Society of Consulting Soil Scientists">National Society of Consulting Soil Scientists</a> (US)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OPAL_Soil_Centre" title="OPAL Soil Centre">OPAL Soil Centre</a> (UK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_Science_Society_of_Poland" title="Soil Science Society of Poland">Soil Science Society of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_and_Water_Conservation_Society" title="Soil and Water Conservation Society">Soil and Water Conservation Society</a> (US)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_Science_Society_of_America" title="Soil Science Society of America">Soil Science Society of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Congress_of_Soil_Science" title="World Congress of Soil Science">World Congress of Soil Science</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scientific journals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acta_Agriculturae_Scandinavica_B" title="Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica B">Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Soil_and_Water_Conservation" title="Journal of Soil and Water Conservation">Journal of Soil and Water Conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_and_Soil" title="Plant and Soil">Plant and Soil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pochvovedenie" title="Pochvovedenie">Pochvovedenie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_Research" title="Soil Research">Soil Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_Science_Society_of_America_Journal" title="Soil Science Society of America Journal">Soil Science Society of America Journal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Land_use" title="Land use">Land use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_conversion" class="mw-redirect" title="Land conversion">Land conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_management" title="Land management">Land management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetation" title="Vegetation">Vegetation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infiltration_(hydrology)" title="Infiltration (hydrology)">Infiltration (hydrology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundwater" title="Groundwater">Groundwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crust_(geology)" title="Crust (geology)">Crust (geology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impervious_surface" title="Impervious surface">Impervious surface</a>/<a href="/wiki/Surface_runoff" title="Surface runoff">Surface runoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrichor" title="Petrichor">Petrichor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/72/Symbol_project_class.svg/16px-Symbol_project_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/72/Symbol_project_class.svg/23px-Symbol_project_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/72/Symbol_project_class.svg/31px-Symbol_project_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Soil" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Soil">Wikipedia:WikiProject Soil</a></li> <li> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Soil" title="Category:Soil">Category soil</a></li> <li>  <a href="/wiki/Category:Soil_science" title="Category:Soil science">Category soil science</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/List_of_soil_scientists" title="List of soil scientists">List of soil scientists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Geotechnical_engineering" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Geotechnical_engineering" title="Template:Geotechnical engineering"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Geotechnical_engineering" title="Template talk:Geotechnical engineering"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Geotechnical_engineering" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Geotechnical engineering"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Geotechnical_engineering" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geotechnical_engineering" title="Geotechnical engineering">Geotechnical engineering</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Offshore_geotechnical_engineering" title="Offshore geotechnical engineering">Offshore geotechnical engineering</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geotechnical_investigation" title="Geotechnical investigation">Investigation</a> and instrumentation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em;font-weight: normal;">Field (in situ)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 33em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Core_sample.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Core_sample.svg/20px-Core_sample.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Core_sample.svg/30px-Core_sample.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Core_sample.svg/40px-Core_sample.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Core_drill" title="Core drill">Core drill</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Cone_penetration_test.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Cone_penetration_test.svg/20px-Cone_penetration_test.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Cone_penetration_test.svg/30px-Cone_penetration_test.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Cone_penetration_test.svg/40px-Cone_penetration_test.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Cone_penetration_test" title="Cone penetration test">Cone penetration test</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Geo-electrical_sounding.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Geo-electrical_sounding.svg/20px-Geo-electrical_sounding.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Geo-electrical_sounding.svg/30px-Geo-electrical_sounding.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Geo-electrical_sounding.svg/40px-Geo-electrical_sounding.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Geo-electrical_sounding&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geo-electrical sounding (page does not exist)">Geo-electrical sounding</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:In_situ_permeameter_test.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/In_situ_permeameter_test.svg/20px-In_situ_permeameter_test.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/In_situ_permeameter_test.svg/30px-In_situ_permeameter_test.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/In_situ_permeameter_test.svg/40px-In_situ_permeameter_test.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Permeability_(Earth_sciences)" class="mw-redirect" title="Permeability (Earth sciences)">Permeability test</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Load_test.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Load_test.svg/20px-Load_test.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Load_test.svg/30px-Load_test.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Load_test.svg/40px-Load_test.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Load_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Load test">Load test</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Static_load_testing" title="Static load testing">Static</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_load_testing" title="Dynamic load testing">Dynamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statnamic_load_test" title="Statnamic load test">Statnamic</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Pore_pressure_measurement.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Pore_pressure_measurement.svg/20px-Pore_pressure_measurement.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Pore_pressure_measurement.svg/30px-Pore_pressure_measurement.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Pore_pressure_measurement.svg/40px-Pore_pressure_measurement.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a> Pore pressure measurement <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piezometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Piezometer">Piezometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well#Classification" title="Well">Well</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Ram_sounding.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Ram_sounding.svg/20px-Ram_sounding.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Ram_sounding.svg/30px-Ram_sounding.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Ram_sounding.svg/40px-Ram_sounding.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ram_sounding&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ram sounding (page does not exist)">Ram sounding</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Rock_control_drilling.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Rock_control_drilling.svg/20px-Rock_control_drilling.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Rock_control_drilling.svg/30px-Rock_control_drilling.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Rock_control_drilling.svg/40px-Rock_control_drilling.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rock_control_drilling&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rock control drilling (page does not exist)">Rock control drilling</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Rotary_pressure_sounding.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Rotary_pressure_sounding.svg/20px-Rotary_pressure_sounding.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Rotary_pressure_sounding.svg/30px-Rotary_pressure_sounding.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Rotary_pressure_sounding.svg/40px-Rotary_pressure_sounding.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Rotary-pressure_sounding" title="Rotary-pressure sounding">Rotary-pressure sounding</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Rotary_weight_sounding.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Rotary_weight_sounding.svg/20px-Rotary_weight_sounding.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Rotary_weight_sounding.svg/30px-Rotary_weight_sounding.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Rotary_weight_sounding.svg/40px-Rotary_weight_sounding.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rotary_weight_sounding&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rotary weight sounding (page does not exist)">Rotary weight sounding</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Sample_series.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Sample_series.svg/20px-Sample_series.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Sample_series.svg/30px-Sample_series.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Sample_series.svg/40px-Sample_series.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Soil_test#Soil_testing" title="Soil test">Sample series</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Screw_plate_test.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Screw_plate_test.svg/20px-Screw_plate_test.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Screw_plate_test.svg/30px-Screw_plate_test.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Screw_plate_test.svg/40px-Screw_plate_test.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Screw_plate_test&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Screw plate test (page does not exist)">Screw plate test</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deformation_monitoring" title="Deformation monitoring">Deformation monitoring</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Inclinometer.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Inclinometer.svg/20px-Inclinometer.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Inclinometer.svg/30px-Inclinometer.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Inclinometer.svg/40px-Inclinometer.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Inclinometer" title="Inclinometer">Inclinometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Settlement_recordings.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Settlement_recordings.svg/20px-Settlement_recordings.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Settlement_recordings.svg/30px-Settlement_recordings.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Settlement_recordings.svg/40px-Settlement_recordings.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Soil_consolidation" title="Soil consolidation">Settlement recordings</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Shear_vane_test.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Shear_vane_test.svg/20px-Shear_vane_test.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Shear_vane_test.svg/30px-Shear_vane_test.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Shear_vane_test.svg/40px-Shear_vane_test.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Shear_vane_test" title="Shear vane test">Shear vane test</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Simple_sounding.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Simple_sounding.svg/20px-Simple_sounding.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Simple_sounding.svg/30px-Simple_sounding.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Simple_sounding.svg/40px-Simple_sounding.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Simple_sounding&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Simple sounding (page does not exist)">Simple sounding</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Standard_penetration_test.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Standard_penetration_test.svg/20px-Standard_penetration_test.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Standard_penetration_test.svg/30px-Standard_penetration_test.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Standard_penetration_test.svg/40px-Standard_penetration_test.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Standard_penetration_test" title="Standard penetration test">Standard penetration test</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Total_sounding.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Total_sounding.svg/20px-Total_sounding.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Total_sounding.svg/30px-Total_sounding.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Total_sounding.svg/40px-Total_sounding.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Total_sounding" title="Total sounding">Total sounding</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Trial_pit.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Trial_pit.svg/20px-Trial_pit.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Trial_pit.svg/30px-Trial_pit.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Trial_pit.svg/40px-Trial_pit.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Trial_pit" title="Trial pit">Trial pit</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Visible_rock.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Visible_rock.svg/20px-Visible_rock.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Visible_rock.svg/30px-Visible_rock.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Visible_rock.svg/40px-Visible_rock.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Bedrock" title="Bedrock">Visible bedrock</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_densometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear densometer">Nuclear densometer test</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_geophysics" title="Exploration geophysics">Exploration geophysics</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crosshole_sonic_logging" title="Crosshole sonic logging">Crosshole sonic logging</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pile_integrity_test" title="Pile integrity test">Pile integrity test</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wave_equation_analysis" title="Wave equation analysis">Wave equation analysis</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Soil_test" title="Soil test">Laboratory testing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_classification" title="Soil classification">Soil classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atterberg_limits" title="Atterberg limits">Atterberg limits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_bearing_ratio" title="California bearing ratio">California bearing ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_shear_test" title="Direct shear test">Direct shear test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrometer" title="Hydrometer">Hydrometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proctor_compaction_test" title="Proctor compaction test">Proctor compaction test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R-value_(soils)" title="R-value (soils)">R-value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sieve_analysis" title="Sieve analysis">Sieve analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triaxial_shear_test" title="Triaxial shear test">Triaxial shear test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oedometer_test" title="Oedometer test">Oedometer test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_conductivity#Experimental_approach" title="Hydraulic conductivity">Hydraulic conductivity tests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_content#Measurement" title="Water content">Water content tests</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Soil</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em;font-weight: normal;">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silt" title="Silt">Silt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand" title="Sand">Sand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravel" title="Gravel">Gravel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peat" title="Peat">Peat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loam" title="Loam">Loam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loess" title="Loess">Loess</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em;font-weight: normal;">Properties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_conductivity" title="Hydraulic conductivity">Hydraulic conductivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_content" title="Water content">Water content</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Void_ratio" title="Void ratio">Void ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulk_density" title="Bulk density">Bulk density</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thixotropy" title="Thixotropy">Thixotropy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reynolds%27_dilatancy" class="mw-redirect" title="Reynolds' dilatancy">Reynolds' dilatancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angle_of_repose" title="Angle of repose">Angle of repose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friction#Angle_of_friction" title="Friction">Friction angle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cohesion_(geology)" title="Cohesion (geology)">Cohesion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porosity" title="Porosity">Porosity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permeability_(earth_sciences)" class="mw-redirect" title="Permeability (earth sciences)">Permeability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specific_storage" title="Specific storage">Specific storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shear_strength_(soil)" title="Shear strength (soil)">Shear strength</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_liquefaction" title="Soil liquefaction">Sensitivity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Structures (<a href="/wiki/Soil-structure_interaction" title="Soil-structure interaction">Interaction</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em;font-weight: normal;">Natural features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Topography" title="Topography">Topography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetation" title="Vegetation">Vegetation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrain" title="Terrain">Terrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topsoil" title="Topsoil">Topsoil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_table" title="Water table">Water table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedrock" title="Bedrock">Bedrock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subgrade" title="Subgrade">Subgrade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsoil" title="Subsoil">Subsoil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Earthworks_(engineering)" title="Earthworks (engineering)">Earthworks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Shoring structures <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Retaining_wall" title="Retaining wall">Retaining walls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabion" title="Gabion">Gabion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_freezing" title="Ground freezing">Ground freezing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanically_stabilized_earth" title="Mechanically stabilized earth">Mechanically stabilized earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressure_grouting" title="Pressure grouting">Pressure grouting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slurry_wall" title="Slurry wall">Slurry wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_nailing" title="Soil nailing">Soil nailing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tieback_(geotechnical)" title="Tieback (geotechnical)">Tieback</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_development" title="Land development">Land development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landfill" title="Landfill">Landfill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digging" title="Digging">Excavation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trench" title="Trench">Trench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embankment_(earthworks)" title="Embankment (earthworks)">Embankment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cut_(earthworks)" title="Cut (earthworks)">Cut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causeway" title="Causeway">Causeway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrace_(earthworks)" title="Terrace (earthworks)">Terracing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel#Cut-and-cover" title="Tunnel">Cut-and-cover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cut_and_fill" title="Cut and fill">Cut and fill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fill_dirt" title="Fill dirt">Fill dirt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grading_(engineering)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grading (engineering)">Grading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_reclamation" title="Land reclamation">Land reclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Track_bed" title="Track bed">Track bed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erosion_control" title="Erosion control">Erosion control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_structure" title="Earth structure">Earth structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expanded_clay_aggregate" title="Expanded clay aggregate">Expanded clay aggregate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crushed_stone" title="Crushed stone">Crushed stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geosynthetics" title="Geosynthetics">Geosynthetics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geotextile" title="Geotextile">Geotextile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geomembrane" title="Geomembrane">Geomembrane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geosynthetic_clay_liner" title="Geosynthetic clay liner">Geosynthetic clay liner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_confinement" title="Cellular confinement">Cellular confinement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infiltration_(hydrology)" title="Infiltration (hydrology)">Infiltration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Foundation_(engineering)" title="Foundation (engineering)">Foundations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shallow_foundation" title="Shallow foundation">Shallow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_foundation" title="Deep foundation">Deep</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Soil_mechanics" title="Soil mechanics">Mechanics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em;font-weight: normal;">Forces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effective_stress" title="Effective stress">Effective stress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pore_water_pressure" title="Pore water pressure">Pore water pressure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_earth_pressure" title="Lateral earth pressure">Lateral earth pressure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overburden_pressure" title="Overburden pressure">Overburden pressure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preconsolidation_pressure" title="Preconsolidation pressure">Preconsolidation pressure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em;font-weight: normal;">Phenomena/ problems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Permafrost" title="Permafrost">Permafrost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frost_heaving" title="Frost heaving">Frost heaving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consolidation_(soil)" class="mw-redirect" title="Consolidation (soil)">Consolidation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_compaction" title="Soil compaction">Compaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earthquake" title="Earthquake">Earthquake</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Response_spectrum" title="Response spectrum">Response spectrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seismic_hazard" title="Seismic hazard">Seismic hazard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S_wave" title="S wave">Shear wave</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landslide" title="Landslide">Landslide</a> analysis <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slope_stability_analysis" title="Slope stability analysis">Stability analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landslide_mitigation" title="Landslide mitigation">Mitigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landslide_classification" title="Landslide classification">Classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sliding_criterion_(geotechnical_engineering)" title="Sliding criterion (geotechnical engineering)">Sliding criterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road#Slab_stabilization" title="Road">Slab stabilisation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bearing_capacity" title="Bearing capacity">Bearing capacity</a> * <a href="/wiki/Stress_distribution_in_soil" title="Stress distribution in soil">Stress distribution in soil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">Numerical analysis software</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SEEP2D" title="SEEP2D">SEEP2D</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=STABL&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="STABL (page does not exist)">STABL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SVFlux" title="SVFlux">SVFlux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SVSlope" title="SVSlope">SVSlope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UTEXAS" title="UTEXAS">UTEXAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plaxis" title="Plaxis">Plaxis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geoprofessions" title="Geoprofessions">Related fields</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geochemistry" title="Geochemistry">Geochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrology" title="Petrology">Petrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earthquake_engineering" title="Earthquake engineering">Earthquake engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geomorphology" title="Geomorphology">Geomorphology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_science" title="Soil science">Soil science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrology" title="Hydrology">Hydrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogeology" title="Hydrogeology">Hydrogeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogeography" title="Biogeography">Biogeography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_materials" title="Earth materials">Earth materials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_science" title="Agricultural science">Agricultural science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrology" class="mw-redirect" title="Agrology">Agrology</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Natural_resources" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Natural_resources" title="Template:Natural resources"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Natural_resources" title="Template talk:Natural resources"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Natural_resources" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Natural resources"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Natural_resources" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Natural_resource" title="Natural resource">Natural resources</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Earth" title="Atmosphere of Earth">Air</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">Pollution / quality</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Ambient_Air_Quality_Standards" title="National Ambient Air Quality Standards">Ambient standards (US)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_quality_index" title="Air quality index">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indoor_air_quality" title="Indoor air quality">Indoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_quality_law" title="Air quality law">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clean_Air_Act_(United_States)" title="Clean Air Act (United States)">Clean Air Act (US)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozone_depletion" title="Ozone depletion">Ozone depletion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;">Emissions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airshed" title="Airshed">Airshed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emissions_trading" title="Emissions trading">Trading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reducing_emissions_from_deforestation_and_forest_degradation" class="mw-redirect" title="Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation">Deforestation (REDD)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">Energy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bioenergy" title="Bioenergy">Bio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_law" title="Energy law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_resources" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy resources">Resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">Fossil fuels</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fuel_gas" title="Fuel gas">gas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peak_coal" title="Peak coal">peak coal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peak_gas" title="Peak gas">peak gas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peak_oil" title="Peak oil">peak oil</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_energy" title="Geothermal energy">Geothermal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydropower" title="Hydropower">Hydro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_energy" title="Solar energy">Solar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunlight" title="Sunlight">sunlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shade_(shadow)" title="Shade (shadow)">shade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power" title="Wind power">Wind</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Land" title="Land">Land</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_land" title="Agricultural land">Agricultural</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arable_land" title="Arable land">arable</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peak_farmland" title="Peak farmland">peak farmland</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_degradation" title="Land degradation">Degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_(agriculture)" title="Field (agriculture)">Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape" title="Landscape">Landscape</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cityscape" title="Cityscape">cityscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seascape" title="Seascape">seascape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soundscape" title="Soundscape">soundscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viewshed" title="Viewshed">viewshed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_law" title="Land law">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Property_law" title="Property law">property</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_management" title="Land management">Management</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Habitat_conservation" title="Habitat conservation">habitat conservation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">Minerals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gemstone" title="Gemstone">gemstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_mineral" title="Industrial mineral">industrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ore" title="Ore">ore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">metal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">mining</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mining_law" title="Mining law">law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand_mining" title="Sand mining">sand</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peak_minerals" title="Peak minerals">peak</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peak_copper" class="mw-redirect" title="Peak copper">copper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peak_phosphorus" class="mw-redirect" title="Peak phosphorus">phosphorus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineral_rights" title="Mineral rights">rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Soil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soil_conservation" title="Soil conservation">conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_fertility" title="Soil fertility">fertility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_health" title="Soil health">health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_resilience" title="Soil resilience">resilience</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_use" title="Land use">Use</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Land-use_planning" title="Land-use planning">planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_space_reserve" title="Open space reserve">reserve</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Life" title="Life">Life</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioprospecting" title="Bioprospecting">Bioprospecting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biopiracy" title="Biopiracy">biopiracy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosphere" title="Biosphere">Biosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushfood" class="mw-redirect" title="Bushfood">Bushfood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushmeat" title="Bushmeat">Bushmeat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishery" title="Fishery">Fisheries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_fisheries" title="Climate change and fisheries">climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_law" title="Fisheries law">law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_management" title="Fisheries management">management</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest" title="Forest">Forests</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forest_genetic_resources" title="Forest genetic resources">genetic resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_law" title="Forestry law">law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_management" title="Forest management">management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-timber_forest_product" title="Non-timber forest product">non-timber products</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Game (food)">Game</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Game_law" title="Game law">law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_conservation" title="Marine conservation">Marine conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meadow" title="Meadow">Meadow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasture" title="Pasture">Pasture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plants</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plant_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Plant Treaty">FAO Plant Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food" title="Food">food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_genetic_resources" title="Plant genetic resources">genetic resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gene_bank" title="Gene bank">gene banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_plants_used_in_herbalism" title="List of plants used in herbalism">herbal medicines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UPOV" class="mw-redirect" title="UPOV">UPOV Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">wood</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangeland" title="Rangeland">Rangeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seed_bank" title="Seed bank">Seed bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife" title="Wildlife">Wildlife</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_conservation" title="Wildlife conservation">conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_management" title="Wildlife management">management</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">Water</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;">Types / location</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquifer" title="Aquifer">Aquifer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquifer_storage_and_recovery" title="Aquifer storage and recovery">storage and recovery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drinking_water" title="Drinking water">Drinking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fresh_water" title="Fresh water">Fresh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundwater" title="Groundwater">Groundwater</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Groundwater_pollution" title="Groundwater pollution">pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundwater_recharge" title="Groundwater recharge">recharge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundwater_remediation" title="Groundwater remediation">remediation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrosphere" title="Hydrosphere">Hydrosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice" title="Ice">Ice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iceberg" title="Iceberg">bergs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glacier" title="Glacier">glacial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polar_ice_cap" title="Polar ice cap">polar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">Irrigation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Huerta" title="Huerta">huerta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_resources" title="Marine resources">Marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rain" title="Rain">Rain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rainwater_harvesting" title="Rainwater harvesting">harvesting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stormwater" title="Stormwater">Stormwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_water" title="Surface water">Surface water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewage" title="Sewage">Sewage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reclaimed_water" title="Reclaimed water">reclaimed water</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">Watershed</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;">Aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Desalination" title="Desalination">Desalination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood" title="Flood">Floods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Water law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaching_(agriculture)" title="Leaching (agriculture)">Leaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanitation" title="Sanitation">Sanitation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Improved_sanitation" title="Improved sanitation">improved</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity" title="Water scarcity">Scarcity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_security" title="Water security">Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply" title="Water supply">Supply</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_efficiency" title="Water efficiency">Efficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_conflict" title="Water conflict">Conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_conservation" title="Water conservation">Conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peak_water" title="Peak water">Peak water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">Pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_privatization" title="Water privatization">Privatization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_quality" title="Water quality">Quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_right" title="Water right">Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_resources" title="Water resources">Resources</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Improved_water_source" title="Improved water source">improved</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_resource_policy" title="Water resource policy">policy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commons" title="Commons">Commons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enclosure" title="Enclosure">enclosure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_commons" title="Global commons">global</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_land" title="Common land">land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragedy_of_the_commons" title="Tragedy of the commons">tragedy of</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_resource_economics" title="Natural resource economics">Economics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_economics" title="Ecological economics">ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_(economics)" title="Land (economics)">land</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_services" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecosystem services">Ecosystem services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploitation_of_natural_resources" title="Exploitation of natural resources">Exploitation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Overexploitation" title="Overexploitation">overexploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Overshoot_Day" title="Earth Overshoot Day">Earth Overshoot Day</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_resource_management" title="Natural resource management">Management</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_management" title="Adaptive management">adaptive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_capital" title="Natural capital">Natural capital</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_capital_accounting" title="Natural capital accounting">accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_good" title="Environmental good">good</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_heritage" title="Natural heritage">Natural heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_reserve" title="Nature reserve">Nature reserve</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Remnant_natural_area" title="Remnant natural area">remnant natural area</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_ecology" title="Systems ecology">Systems ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_ecology" title="Urban ecology">Urban ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilderness" title="Wilderness">Wilderness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Resource" title="Resource">Resource</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common-pool_resource" title="Common-pool resource">Common-pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_resource" class="mw-redirect" title="Conflict resource">Conflict (perpetuation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_curse" title="Resource curse">Curse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_depletion" title="Resource depletion">Depletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_extraction" class="mw-redirect" title="Resource extraction">Extraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_nationalism" title="Resource nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_resource" title="Renewable resource">Renewable</a> / <a href="/wiki/Non-renewable_resource" title="Non-renewable resource">Non-renewable</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Natural_resources" title="Category:Natural resources">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36133#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4007348-8">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh2001008871">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119332927">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119332927">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00561744">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph116001&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph116004&CON_LNG=ENG">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007553398805171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Soil&oldid=1258650294">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Soil&oldid=1258650294</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Soil" title="Category:Soil">Soil</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Land_management" title="Category:Land management">Land management</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Horticulture" title="Category:Horticulture">Horticulture</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Granularity_of_materials" title="Category:Granularity of materials">Granularity of materials</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Natural_materials" title="Category:Natural materials">Natural materials</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Natural_resources" title="Category:Natural resources">Natural resources</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_August_2023" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from August 2023">Articles with dead external links from August 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_missing_periodical" title="Category:CS1 errors: missing periodical">CS1 errors: missing periodical</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_periodical_ignored" title="Category:CS1 errors: periodical ignored">CS1 errors: periodical ignored</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr)" title="Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)">CS1 French-language sources (fr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_indefinitely_move-protected_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages">Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_that_are_excessively_detailed_from_April_2021" title="Category:Wikipedia articles that are excessively detailed from April 2021">Wikipedia articles that are excessively detailed from April 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_that_are_excessively_detailed" title="Category:All articles that are excessively detailed">All articles that are excessively detailed</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_with_style_issues_from_April_2021" title="Category:Wikipedia articles with style issues from April 2021">Wikipedia articles with style issues from April 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_style_issues" title="Category:All articles with style issues">All articles with style issues</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing French-language text">Articles containing French-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_German-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing German-language text">Articles containing German-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Free-content_attribution" title="Category:Free-content attribution">Free-content attribution</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Free_content_from_United_Nations_Environment_Programme" title="Category:Free content from United Nations Environment Programme">Free content from United Nations Environment Programme</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_June_2019" title="Category:Use dmy dates from June 2019">Use dmy dates from June 2019</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 20 November 2024, at 21:20 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Soil&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-rzfvc","wgBackendResponseTime":228,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"3.641","walltime":"4.085","ppvisitednodes":{"value":26133,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":963282,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":25178,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":30,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":1146578,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 3504.768 1 -total"," 56.09% 1965.770 1 Template:Reflist"," 35.33% 1238.332 185 Template:Cite_journal"," 9.69% 339.740 44 Template:Cite_book"," 8.20% 287.436 23 Template:Sfn"," 6.69% 234.467 11 Template:Navbox"," 4.34% 152.236 35 Template:Cite_web"," 3.89% 136.393 2 Template:Lang"," 3.79% 132.716 1 Template:Overly_detailed"," 3.47% 121.462 1 Template:Soil_science_topics"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"2.358","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":19846552,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAbrahams1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAhmadGhafoorQadirAziz2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAmelungBossioDe_VriesKögel-Knabner2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAmundson\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAndriesse1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnthonyBendervan_der_Heijden2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArnonJohnson1942\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArthurCornelisRazzaghi2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBadriWeirVan_der_LelieVivanco2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBakkerGoversJonesRounsevell2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBallabioPanagosLugatoHuang2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBardyFritschDerenneAllard2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBickmoreRossoNagyCygan2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBishopMurchiePietersZent2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlakeslee2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBollandPosnerQuirk1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBotBenites2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoussingault1860–1874\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBradfordWiederBonanFierer2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrady1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBradyWeil2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrodowskiAmelungHaumaierZech2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBronickLal2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrown1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBuolSouthardGrahamMcDaniel2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurnsDeForestMarxsenSinsabaugh2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBuzuleciuCraneParker2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCalmanoHongFörstner1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarcaillet2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChakraborty2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChaneyBrownTiffin1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChang2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChangLoomis1945\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChesworth2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCollege_of_Tropical_Agriculture_and_Human_Resources\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFColumella1745\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCriscuoliAlbertiBarontiFavilli2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDakoraPhillips2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavidsonJanssens2006\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFDawsonHillier2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDe_AlbaLindstromSchumacherMalo2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDe_DeynVan_der_Putten2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDean1957\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDenmeadShaw1962\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDiamondKinter1965\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDiplockMardlinKillhamPaton2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDojaniLakatosRascherWaneck2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDokuchaev1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDominatiPattersonMackay2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDonahueMillerShickluna1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDooley2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDreverVance1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDykhuizen1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEnvironment2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFallou1857\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFarinaSumnerPlankLetzsch1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFiererSchimelCatesZou2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFoth1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFronæus1953\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrouzPrachPizlHáněl2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFujii2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGardiner\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGardnerLaryeaUnger1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGilletPonge2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGillulyWatersWoodford1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGlaserHaumaierGuggenbergerZech2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGlinka1914\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGlinka1927\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoldich1938\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGouldingBaileyBradburyHargreaves1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGregoryNortcliff2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuSchulz1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuoFujimuraSatoSuda2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHajnosJozefaciukSokołowskaGreiffenhagen2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHansenSatoKharechaBeerling2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHartmannBuchmannNiklaus2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeckFaccioRichterThöny-Meyer2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHilgard1907\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHillel1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHiltpoldToepferKuhlmannTurlings2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHinsinger2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHouseBergmannStompFrederick1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHuggett1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHuggett2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHungLeeBennett2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHåkanssonLipiec2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIUSS_Working_Group_WRB2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIbn_al-\u0026#039;Awwam1864\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFInternational_Water_Management_Institute2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJefferyGardiArwyn2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJelinek1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJenny1941\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJiKapplerBrune2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoanisseBradleyPrestonBending2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnsonAmbroseBassettBowen1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKabalaKubicz2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKabalaZapart2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaramNicell1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKarbergPregitzerKingFriend2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKauppiKämäriPoschKauppi1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKavithaPullagurala_Venkata_LaxmaKimLee2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKellogg1957\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKimVargasBond-LambertyTuretsky2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKnechtGöransson2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKohneKoehneSimunek2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKononova2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKopittkeMenziesWangMcKenna2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKéfiRietkerkAladosPueyo2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKüppersVincent\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLal2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLambersMougelJaillardHinsinger2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLawrinenkoJingBanikLaird2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLawrinenkoLaird2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLe_Houérou1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeakeHaege2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLehmannKleber2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLemieuxGermain2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLinnDoran1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLynchLynch1958\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLyuShiHanLiu2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLäuchliGrattan2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFManjaiahKumarSachdevSachdev2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCarthy2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcClellan\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcDowellMarshallQiMattson1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcFeeKellyBeck1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeleroMadejónRuizHerencia2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMendonçaRowell1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiller\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMinayevaTrofimovChichagovaDorofeyeva2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMitchellVan_der_KnaapVan_LeeuwenButtler2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoayediKazemian2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoeckelNizzettoDi_GuardoSteinnes2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMondiniContinLeitaDe_Nobili2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMooreDalva1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNavarro-GonzálezRaineyMolinaBagaley2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOldeman1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOosterbaan\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOosterbaan1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPanZhao2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParfittGiltrapWhitton1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaulPaustianElliottCole1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPengHorn2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPettit\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFPeñuelasAsensioThollWenke2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhillipsMarion2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPiccolo1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPiccolo2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPimentelHarveyResosudarmoSinclair1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPonge2003\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFPonge2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPouyatGroffmanYesilonisHernandez2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPowlson2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrapagarIndraratnePremanandharajah2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrescott2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPurringtonKendallBaterStinner1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQiMarshallMattson1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRajamathiThomasKamath2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRanLuXin2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRaynaudNunan2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRenZengTangWang2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRengasamy2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRetallack1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRetallackKrinsleyFischerRazink2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRezaeiGuestFriedrichFayazi2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRitter\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobertson\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoyFinckBlairTandon2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRumpelChaplotPlanchonBernadou2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRuserFlessaRussowSchmidt2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRussel1957\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRussell1957\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRyuFaragHuReddy2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSalethInocencioNobleRuaysoongnern2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSalmonPonge2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSamboNicolettoGiroPii2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSanders1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaxtonRawls2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScheu2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchlesingerAndrews2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchnürerClarholmRosswall1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchulzBrankatschkDümigKögel-Knabner2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchwerdtfeger1965\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSemaluluMagundaMubiru2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSenguptaKushwahaJimTroch2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSetzEnzweilerSolferiniAmêndola1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShengJohnstonTeppenBoyd2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShengLiao1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSilberLevkovitchGraber2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimonson1957\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSinghRaghubanshiSinghSrivastava1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSingletonEdmeadesSmartWheeler2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSixPaustianElliottCombrink2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmithBallConenDobbie2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSollinsRobertsonUehara1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSparks\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSparling1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpehnJoshiSchmidAlphei2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSposito1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpositoSkipperSuttonPark1999\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFSpragueHermanHornbergerMills2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStefferud1957\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStretchViles2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStuartPameVithoonjitViriyangkura2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStürckPoortingaVerburg2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSumnerNoble2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSzatanik-KlocSzerementJózefaciuk2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTahirMarschner2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTamboli1961\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTandon\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaylorAshcroft1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTheng1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTietjenWetzel2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTorbertWood1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTorsvikØvreås2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTurkelboomPoesenOhlerVan_Keer1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUgoliniDahlgren2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUlrich1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUselmanQuallsLilienfein2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFValentind\u0026#039;HerbèsPoesen1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_BruggenSemenov2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_CuykSiegristLoganMasson2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_SchöllSmitsHoffland2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_der_PloegBöhmKirkham1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_der_PloegSchweigertBachmann2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVannier1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVaradachariGhosh1984\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFVerachtertVan_den_EeckhautPoesenDeckers2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVirtoImazFernández-UgaldeGartzia-Bengoetxea2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVitousekSanford1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVoroneyHeck2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWagaiMayerKitayamaKnicker2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWangAmundsonTrumbmore1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWangYangDongZhang2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWarington1878\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWay1849\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWay1852\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeilBrady2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhitmanColemanWiebe1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWinogradsky1890\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWoodruff1955\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWynot\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFXuNieberGupta1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYangKanaeOkiKoike2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYuKambojWangCheng2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZanellaKatzensteinerPongeJabiol2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_Lavoisier1777\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_Serres1600\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvan_WindenReichartMcNamaraBenthien2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvon_Liebig1840\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"=\"] = 1,\n [\"Abbr\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Chem\"] = 14,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 44,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 185,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 35,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 2,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 3,\n [\"Div col\"] = 2,\n [\"For\"] = 2,\n [\"Free-content attribution\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 3,\n [\"Geotechnical engineering\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvc\"] = 5,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 4,\n [\"Lang\"] = 2,\n [\"Main\"] = 14,\n [\"N/a\"] = 11,\n [\"Natural resources\"] = 1,\n [\"Not a typo\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 4,\n [\"Other uses\"] = 1,\n [\"Overly detailed\"] = 1,\n [\"Pie chart\"] = 2,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-move\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 2,\n [\"Refend\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 2,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 23,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Soil science topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 2,\n [\"Wikibooks\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikiquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikiversity\"] = 1,\n [\"Wiktionary\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","400","16.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","300","12.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","180","7.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","160","6.5"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","160","6.5"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","120","4.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","100","4.1"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","100","4.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::plain","80","3.3"],["type","80","3.3"],["[others]","780","31.7"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-f2r5r","timestamp":"20241124160755","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Soil","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Soil","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q36133","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q36133","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-02-05T07:43:26Z","dateModified":"2024-11-20T21:20:15Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/4\/46\/Stagnogley.JPG","headline":"natural body consisting of layers that are primarily composed of minerals"}</script> </body> </html>