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injection discharge curve</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: fuel injection discharge curve"> <meta name="keywords" content="fuel injection discharge curve"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> 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action="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search"> <div id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="fuel injection discharge curve"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 4304</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: fuel injection discharge curve</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4304</span> Effect of Fuel Injection Discharge Curve and Injection Pressure on Upgrading Power and Combustion Parameters in HD Diesel Engine with CFD Simulation</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Saeed%20Chamehsara">Saeed Chamehsara</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Seyed%20Mostafa%20Mirsalim"> Seyed Mostafa Mirsalim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mehdi%20Tajdari"> Mehdi Tajdari</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this study, the effect of fuel injection discharge curve and injection pressure simultaneously for upgrading power of heavy duty diesel engine by simulation of combustion process in AVL-Fire software are discussed. Hence, the fuel injection discharge curve was changed from semi-triangular to rectangular which is usual in common rail fuel injection system. Injection pressure with respect to amount of injected fuel and nozzle hole diameter are changed. Injection pressure is calculated by an experimental equation which is for heavy duty diesel engines with common rail fuel injection system. Upgrading power for 1000 and 2000 bar injection pressure are discussed. For 1000 bar injection pressure with 188 mg injected fuel and 3 mm nozzle hole diameter in compare with first state which is semi-triangular discharge curve with 139 mg injected fuel and 3 mm nozzle hole diameter, upgrading power is about 19% whereas the special change has not been observed in cylinder pressure. On the other hand, both the NOX emission and the Soot emission decreased about 30% and 6% respectively. Compared with first state, for 2000 bar injection pressure that injected fuel and nozzle diameter are 196 mg and 2.6 mm respectively, upgrading power is about 22% whereas cylinder pressure has been fixed and NOX emission and the Soot emissions are decreased 36% and 20%, respectively. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CFD%20simulation" title="CFD simulation">CFD simulation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=HD%20diesel%20engine" title=" HD diesel engine"> HD diesel engine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=upgrading%20power" title=" upgrading power"> upgrading power</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=injection%20pressure" title=" injection pressure"> injection pressure</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fuel%20injection%20discharge%20curve" title=" fuel injection discharge curve"> fuel injection discharge curve</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=combustion%20process" title=" combustion process"> combustion process</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/14565/effect-of-fuel-injection-discharge-curve-and-injection-pressure-on-upgrading-power-and-combustion-parameters-in-hd-diesel-engine-with-cfd-simulation" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/14565.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">523</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4303</span> The Study of Tire Pyrolysis Fuel in CI Diesel Engine for Spray Combustion Character and Performance</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chun%20Pao%20Kuo">Chun Pao Kuo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chi%20Tong%20Lin"> Chi Tong Lin</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The study explored atomization characteristics of tire pyrolysis fuel and its impacts on using three types of fuel: diesel oil mixed with 10% of tire pyrolysis fuel (called T10), diesel oil mixed with 20% tire pyrolysis (called T20), and consumer-grade diesel oil (D100). The investigators used the fuel for simulation and tests at various fuel injection timing, engine speed, and fuel injection speed to inspect impacts from fuel type on oil droplet atomization speed and output power. Actual vehicle tests were conducted using a 5-ton sedan (Hino) with 3660 cc displacement and a front-end inline four-cylinder diesel engine, and this type of vehicle is easily available from the market. A dynamometer was used to set up three engine speeds for the dynamometer testing at different injection timing and pressure. Next, an exhaust analyzer was used to measure exhaust pollution at different conditions to explore the effect of fuel types and injection speeds on output power in order to establish the best operation conditions for tire pyrolysis fuel. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=diesel%20engine" title="diesel engine">diesel engine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=exhaust%20pollution" title=" exhaust pollution"> exhaust pollution</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fuel%20injection%20timing" title=" fuel injection timing"> fuel injection timing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tire%20pyrolysis%20oil" title=" tire pyrolysis oil"> tire pyrolysis oil</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/31810/the-study-of-tire-pyrolysis-fuel-in-ci-diesel-engine-for-spray-combustion-character-and-performance" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/31810.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">408</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4302</span> Experimental Investigation of Compressed Natural Gas Injector for Direct Injection System </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rafal%20Sochaczewski">Rafal Sochaczewski</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Grzegorz%20Baranski"> Grzegorz Baranski</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Adam%20Majczak"> Adam Majczak</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper presents the bench research results on a CNG injector at steady state. The quantities measured included voltage and current in a solenoid, pressure of gas behind an injector and injector’s flow rate. Accordingly, injector’s operation parameters were determined according to needle’s lift and injection pressure. The discrepancies between the theoretical (electric) and actual time of injection were defined to specify injector’s opening and closing lag times and the uniqueness of these values in successive cycles of gas injection. It has been demonstrated that needle’s lift has got a stronger impact on injector’s operating parameters than injection pressure. With increasing injection pressure, the force increases and closes an injection valve, which adversely affects uniqueness of injector’s operation. The paper also describes the concept of an injector dedicated to direct CNG injection into a combustion chamber in a dual-fuel engine. The injector’s design enables us to replace 80% of diesel fuel in a dual-fuel engine with a maximum power of 85 kW. Minimum injection pressure is 1,4 MPa then. Simultaneously, injector’s characteristics for varied needle’s lifts and injector’s nonlinear operating points were developed. Acknowledgement: This work has been ﬁnanced by the Polish National Centre for Research and Development, under Grant Agreement No. PBS1/A6/4/2012. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CNG%20injector" title="CNG injector">CNG injector</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=diesel%20engine" title=" diesel engine"> diesel engine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=direct%20injection" title=" direct injection"> direct injection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dual%20fuel" title=" dual fuel"> dual fuel</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/50146/experimental-investigation-of-compressed-natural-gas-injector-for-direct-injection-system" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/50146.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">276</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4301</span> Failure Analysis of the Gasoline Engines Injection System</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jozef%20Jurcik">Jozef Jurcik</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Miroslav%20Gutten"> Miroslav Gutten</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Milan%20Sebok"> Milan Sebok</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Daniel%20Korenciak"> Daniel Korenciak</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jerzy%20Roj"> Jerzy Roj</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The paper presents the research results of electronic fuel injection system, which can be used for diagnostics of automotive systems. In the paper is described the construction and operation of a typical fuel injection system and analyzed its electronic part. It has also been proposed method for the detection of the injector malfunction, based on the analysis of differential current or voltage characteristics. In order to detect the fault state, it is needed to use self-learning process, by the use of an appropriate self-learning algorithm. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electronic%20fuel%20injector" title="electronic fuel injector">electronic fuel injector</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=diagnostics" title=" diagnostics"> diagnostics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=measurement" title=" measurement"> measurement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=testing%20device" title=" testing device"> testing device</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/23302/failure-analysis-of-the-gasoline-engines-injection-system" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/23302.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">552</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4300</span> Effects of Injector Nozzle Geometry on Spray Atomization Characteristics</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arya%20Pirooz">Arya Pirooz</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Air and fuel must be mixed correctly so that there is perfect combustion, which calls for fuel atomization by injection. In this study, the effects of different parameters such as number of orifices, length and diameter of orifices, diameter of nozzle sac and the angle of needle seat in injectors were investigated with the use of rate of injection and sac pressure. The unit pump of the OM-457 diesel engine was modelled on Avl-Hydsim. The results illustrate that the sac pressure decreased by 46% when the number of holes were doubled, although the rate of injection had an immense change. Also, the sac pressure increased up to 60% when the diameter of orifices decreased by 40% in spite of the semi-constant injection rate. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=injection" title="injection">injection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=OM-457%20engine" title=" OM-457 engine"> OM-457 engine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nozzle%20geometry" title=" nozzle geometry"> nozzle geometry</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=atomization" title=" atomization"> atomization</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/7020/effects-of-injector-nozzle-geometry-on-spray-atomization-characteristics" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/7020.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">502</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4299</span> Effect of Fuel Lean Reburning Process on NOx Reduction and CO Emission</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Changyeop%20Lee">Changyeop Lee</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sewon%20Kim"> Sewon Kim</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Reburning is a useful technology in reducing nitric oxide through injection of a secondary hydrocarbon fuel. In this paper, an experimental study has been conducted to evaluate the effect of fuel lean reburning on NOx/CO reduction in LNG flame. Experiments were performed in flames stabilized by a co-flow swirl burner, which was mounted at the bottom of the furnace. Tests were conducted using LNG gas as the reburn fuel as well as the main fuel. The effects of reburn fuel fraction and injection manner of the reburn fuel were studied when the fuel lean reburning system was applied. The paper reports data on flue gas emissions and temperature distribution in the furnace for a wide range of experimental conditions. At steady state, temperature distribution and emission formation in the furnace have been measured and compared. This paper makes clear that in order to decrease both NOx and CO concentrations in the exhaust when the pulsated fuel lean reburning system was adapted, it is important that the control of some factors such as frequency and duty ratio. Also it shows the fuel lean reburning is also effective method to reduce NOx as much as reburning. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fuel%20lean%20reburn" title="fuel lean reburn">fuel lean reburn</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=NOx" title=" NOx"> NOx</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CO" title=" CO"> CO</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=LNG%20flame" title=" LNG flame"> LNG flame</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/17315/effect-of-fuel-lean-reburning-process-on-nox-reduction-and-co-emission" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/17315.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">424</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4298</span> Study on Novel Reburning Process for NOx Reduction by Oscillating Injection of Reburn Fuel</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Changyeop%20Lee">Changyeop Lee</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sewon%20Kim"> Sewon Kim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jongho%20Lee"> Jongho Lee</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Reburning technology has been developed to adopt various commercial combustion systems. Fuel lean reburning is an advanced reburning method to reduce NOx economically without using burnout air, however it is not easy to get high NOx reduction efficiency. In the fuel lean reburning system, the localized fuel rich eddies are used to establish partial fuel rich regions so that the NOx can react with hydrocarbon radical restrictively. In this paper, a new advanced reburning method which supplies reburn fuel with oscillatory motion is introduced to increase NOx reduction rate effectively. To clarify whether forced oscillating injection of reburn fuel can effectively reduce NOx emission, experimental tests were conducted in vertical combustion furnace. Experiments were performed in flames stabilized by a gas burner, which was mounted at the bottom of the furnace. The natural gas is used as both main and reburn fuel and total thermal input is about 40kW. The forced oscillating injection of reburn fuel is realized by electronic solenoid valve, so that fuel rich region and fuel lean region is established alternately. In the fuel rich region, NOx is converted to N2 by reburning reaction, however unburned hydrocarbon and CO is oxidized in fuel lean zone and mixing zone at downstream where slightly fuel lean region is formed by mixing of two regions. This paper reports data on flue gas emissions and temperature distribution in the furnace for a wide range of experimental conditions. All experimental data has been measured at steady state. The NOx reduction rate increases up to 41% by forced oscillating reburn motion. The CO emissions were shown to be kept at very low level. And this paper makes clear that in order to decrease NOx concentration in the exhaust when oscillating reburn fuel injection system is adopted, the control of factors such as frequency and duty ratio is very important. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=NOx" title="NOx">NOx</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CO" title=" CO"> CO</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reburning" title=" reburning"> reburning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pollutant" title=" pollutant"> pollutant</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/3425/study-on-novel-reburning-process-for-nox-reduction-by-oscillating-injection-of-reburn-fuel" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/3425.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">288</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4297</span> Ultra-Low NOx Combustion Technology of Liquid Fuel Burner</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sewon%20Kim">Sewon Kim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Changyeop%20Lee"> Changyeop Lee</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A new concept of in-furnace partial oxidation combustion is successfully applied in this research. The burner is designed such that liquid fuel is prevaporized in the furnace then injected into a fuel rich combustion zone so that a partial oxidation reaction occurs. The effects of equivalence ratio, thermal load, injection distance and fuel distribution ratio on the NOx and CO are experimentally investigated. This newly developed burner showed very low NOx emission level, about 15 ppm when light oil is used as a fuel. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=burner" title="burner">burner</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=low%20NOx" title=" low NOx"> low NOx</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=liquid%20fuel" title=" liquid fuel"> liquid fuel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=partial%20oxidation" title=" partial oxidation"> partial oxidation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/2603/ultra-low-nox-combustion-technology-of-liquid-fuel-burner" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/2603.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">342</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4296</span> Radial Fuel Injection Computational Fluid Dynamics Model for a Compression Ignition Two-Stroke Opposed Piston Engine</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tytus%20Tulwin">Tytus Tulwin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rafal%20Sochaczewski"> Rafal Sochaczewski</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ksenia%20Siadkowska"> Ksenia Siadkowska</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Designing a new engine requires a large number of different cases to be considered. Especially different injector parameters and combustion chamber geometries. This is essential when developing an engine with unconventional build – compression ignition, two-stroke operating with direct side injection. Computational Fluid Dynamics modelling allows to test those different conditions and seek for the best conditions with correct combustion. This research presents the combustion results for different injector and combustion chamber cases. The shape of combustion chamber is different than for conventional engines as it requires side injection. This completely changes the optimal shape for the given condition compared to standard automotive heart shaped combustion chamber. Because the injection is not symmetrical there is a strong influence of cylinder swirl and piston motion on the injected fuel stream. The results present the fuel injection phenomena allowing to predict the right injection parameters for a maximum combustion efficiency and minimum piston heat loads. Acknowledgement: This work has been realized in the cooperation with The Construction Office of WSK "PZL-KALISZ" S.A." and is part of Grant Agreement No. POIR.01.02.00-00-0002/15 financed by the Polish National Centre for Research and Development. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CFD" title="CFD">CFD</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=combustion" title=" combustion"> combustion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=injection" title=" injection"> injection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=opposed%20piston" title=" opposed piston"> opposed piston</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/81597/radial-fuel-injection-computational-fluid-dynamics-model-for-a-compression-ignition-two-stroke-opposed-piston-engine" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/81597.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">273</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4295</span> Treatment of Coal-Water-Oil Slurry Using High Voltage Discharge and Dielectric Barrier Discharge Plasmas</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Song-Chol%20Pak">Song-Chol Pak</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yong-Jun%20Kim"> Yong-Jun Kim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hak-%20Chol%20Choe"> Hak- Chol Choe</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yong-Son%20Choe"> Yong-Son Choe</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> We converted the coal-water-oil slurry (CWOS) into an alternative fuel (AF) for internal combustion engines by high-voltage discharge (HVD) and dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasmas. After its treatments, the CWOS had the average coal size reduced from 12.95 to 8.26㎛, improved dispersibility, fewer deposits, and calorific value enhanced by 35%. The effects of some parameters were analyzed on the conversion of CWOS to AF, and the AF was characterized. The plasma-treated CWOS is similar to other liquid fuels in rheological properties and calorific value. It is therefore concluded that it can be directly employed in internal combustion engines with a little design modification. The suggested method may be an alternative way of converting CWOS to AF without any dispersant or stabilizer. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=coal-water-oil%20slurry" title="coal-water-oil slurry">coal-water-oil slurry</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=high-voltage%20discharge" title=" high-voltage discharge"> high-voltage discharge</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dielectric%20barrier%20discharge" title=" dielectric barrier discharge"> dielectric barrier discharge</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=plasma%20treatment" title=" plasma treatment"> plasma treatment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=alternative%20fuel" title=" alternative fuel"> alternative fuel</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/191431/treatment-of-coal-water-oil-slurry-using-high-voltage-discharge-and-dielectric-barrier-discharge-plasmas" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/191431.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">23</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4294</span> Deep Injection Wells for Flood Prevention and Groundwater Management</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammad%20R.%20Jafari">Mohammad R. Jafari</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Francois%20G.%20Bernardeau"> Francois G. Bernardeau</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> With its arid climate, Qatar experiences low annual rainfall, intense storms, and high evaporation rates. However, the fast-paced rate of infrastructure development in the capital city of Doha has led to recurring instances of surface water flooding as well as rising groundwater levels. Public Work Authority (PWA/ASHGHAL) has implemented an approach to collect and discharge the flood water into a) positive gravity systems; b) Emergency Flooding Area (EFA) – Evaporation, Infiltration or Storage off-site using tankers; and c) Discharge to deep injection wells. As part of the flood prevention scheme, 21 deep injection wells have been constructed to discharge the collected surface and groundwater table in Doha city. These injection wells function as an alternative in localities that do not possess either positive gravity systems or downstream networks that can accommodate additional loads. These injection wells are 400-m deep and are constructed in a complex karstic subsurface condition with large cavities. The injection well system will discharge collected groundwater and storm surface runoff into the permeable Umm Er Radhuma Formation, which is an aquifer present throughout the Persian Gulf Region. The Umm Er Radhuma formation contains saline water that is not being used for water supply. The injection zone is separated by an impervious gypsum formation which acts as a barrier between upper and lower aquifer. State of the art drilling, grouting, and geophysical techniques have been implemented in construction of the wells to assure that the shallow aquifer would not be contaminated and impacted by injected water. Injection and pumping tests were performed to evaluate injection well functionality (injectability). The results of these tests indicated that majority of the wells can accept injection rate of 200 to 300 m<sup>3 </sup>/h (56 to 83 l/s) under gravity with average value of 250 m<sup>3 </sup>/h (70 l/s) compared to design value of 50 l/s. This paper presents design and construction process and issues associated with these injection wells, performing injection/pumping tests to determine capacity and effectiveness of the injection wells, the detailed design of collection system and conveying system into the injection wells, and the operation and maintenance process. This system is completed now and is under operation, and therefore, construction of injection wells is an effective option for flood control. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=deep%20injection%20well" title="deep injection well">deep injection well</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=flood%20prevention%20scheme" title=" flood prevention scheme"> flood prevention scheme</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=geophysical%20tests" title=" geophysical tests"> geophysical tests</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pumping%20and%20injection%20tests" title=" pumping and injection tests"> pumping and injection tests</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wellhead%20assembly" title=" wellhead assembly"> wellhead assembly</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/101291/deep-injection-wells-for-flood-prevention-and-groundwater-management" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/101291.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">119</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4293</span> Reliable Method for Estimating Rating Curves in the Natural Rivers</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arash%20%20Ahmadi">Arash Ahmadi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Amirreza%20Kavousizadeh"> Amirreza Kavousizadeh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sanaz%20Heidarzadeh"> Sanaz Heidarzadeh</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Stage-discharge curve is one of the conventional methods for continuous river flow measurement. In this paper, an innovative approach is proposed for predicting the stage-discharge relationship using the application of isovel contours. Using the proposed method, it is possible to estimate the stage-discharge curve in the whole section with only using discharge information from just one arbitrary water level. For this purpose, multivariate relationships are used to determine the mean velocity in a cross-section. The unknown exponents of the proposed relationship have been obtained by using the second version of the Strength Pareto Evolutionary Algorithm (SPEA2), and the appropriate equation was selected by applying the TOPSIS (Technique for Order Preferences by Similarity to an Ideal Solution) approach. Results showed a close agreement between the estimated and observed data in the different cross-sections. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rating%20curves" title="rating curves">rating curves</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=SPEA2" title=" SPEA2"> SPEA2</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=natural%20rivers" title=" natural rivers"> natural rivers</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bed%20roughness%20distribution" title=" bed roughness distribution"> bed roughness distribution</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/123107/reliable-method-for-estimating-rating-curves-in-the-natural-rivers" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/123107.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">158</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4292</span> Experimental Investigation on the Effect of Cross Flow on Discharge Coefficient of an Orifice</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mathew%20Saxon%20A">Mathew Saxon A</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aneeh%20Rajan"> Aneeh Rajan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sajeev%20P"> Sajeev P</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Many fluid flow applications employ different types of orifices to control the flow rate or to reduce the pressure. Discharge coefficients generally vary from 0.6 to 0.95 depending on the type of the orifice. The tabulated value of discharge coefficients of various types of orifices available can be used in most common applications. The upstream and downstream flow condition of an orifice is hardly considered while choosing the discharge coefficient of an orifice. But literature shows that the discharge coefficient can be affected by the presence of cross flow. Cross flow is defined as the condition wherein; a fluid is injected nearly perpendicular to a flowing fluid. Most researchers have worked on water being injected into a cross-flow of water. The present work deals with water to gas systems in which water is injected in a normal direction into a flowing stream of gas. The test article used in the current work is called thermal regulator, which is used in a liquid rocket engine to reduce the temperature of hot gas tapped from the gas generator by injecting water into the hot gas so that a cooler gas can be supplied to the turbine. In a thermal regulator, water is injected through an orifice in a normal direction into the hot gas stream. But the injection orifice had been calibrated under backpressure by maintaining a stagnant gas medium at the downstream. The motivation of the present study aroused due to the observation of a lower Cd of the orifice in flight compared to the calibrated Cd. A systematic experimental investigation is carried out in this paper to study the effect of cross-flow on the discharge coefficient of an orifice in water to a gas system. The study reveals that there is an appreciable reduction in the discharge coefficient with cross flow compared to that without cross flow. It is found that the discharge coefficient greatly depends on the ratio of momentum of water injected to the momentum of the gas cross flow. The effective discharge coefficient of different orifices was normalized using the discharge coefficient without cross-flow and it is observed that normalized curves of effective discharge coefficient of different orifices with momentum ratio collapsing into a single curve. Further, an equation is formulated using the test data to predict the effective discharge coefficient with cross flow using the calibrated Cd value without cross flow. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cross%20flow" title="cross flow">cross flow</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=discharge%20coefficient" title=" discharge coefficient"> discharge coefficient</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=orifice" title=" orifice"> orifice</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=momentum%20ratio" title=" momentum ratio"> momentum ratio</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/124296/experimental-investigation-on-the-effect-of-cross-flow-on-discharge-coefficient-of-an-orifice" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/124296.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">142</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4291</span> Developing a Modified Version of KIVA-3V, Enabling Gaseous Injections</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hossein%20Keshtkar">Hossein Keshtkar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ali%20Nasiri%20Toosi"> Ali Nasiri Toosi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> With the growing concerns about gasoline environmental pollution and also the need for a more widely available fuel source, natural gas is finding its way to the automotive engines. But before this could happen industrially, simulations of natural gas direct injection need to take place to maximize and optimize power output. KIVA is one of the most powerful tools when it comes to engine simulation. Widely accepted by both researchers and the industry, KIVA an open-source code, offers great in-depth simulation and analyzation. KIVA can compute complex phenomena’s which can occur inside the chamber before, whilst and after ignition. One downside to KIVA, is its in-capability of simulating gaseous injections, making it useful for only liquidized fuel. In this study, we developed a numerical code, to enable the simulation of gaseous injection within the KIVA code. By introducing our code as a subroutine, we modified the original KIVA program. To ensure the correct application of gaseous fuel injection using our modified KIVA code, we simulated two different cases and compared them with their experimental data. We concluded our modified version of KIVA’s simulation results came in very close to those measured experimentally. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gaseous%20injections" title="gaseous injections">gaseous injections</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=KIVA" title=" KIVA"> KIVA</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=natural%20gas%20direct%20injection" title=" natural gas direct injection"> natural gas direct injection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=numerical%20code" title=" numerical code"> numerical code</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=simulation" title=" simulation"> simulation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/74309/developing-a-modified-version-of-kiva-3v-enabling-gaseous-injections" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/74309.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">286</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4290</span> Prediction of Distillation Curve and Reid Vapor Pressure of Dual-Alcohol Gasoline Blends Using Artificial Neural Network for the Determination of Fuel Performance</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Leonard%20D.%20Agana">Leonard D. Agana</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wendell%20Ace%20Dela%20Cruz"> Wendell Ace Dela Cruz</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arjan%20C.%20Lingaya"> Arjan C. Lingaya</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bonifacio%20T.%20Doma%20Jr."> Bonifacio T. Doma Jr.</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The purpose of this paper is to study the predict the fuel performance parameters, which include drivability index (DI), vapor lock index (VLI), and vapor lock potential using distillation curve and Reid vapor pressure (RVP) of dual alcohol-gasoline fuel blends. Distillation curve and Reid vapor pressure were predicted using artificial neural networks (ANN) with macroscopic properties such as boiling points, RVP, and molecular weights as the input layers. The ANN consists of 5 hidden layers and was trained using Bayesian regularization. The training mean square error (MSE) and R-value for the ANN of RVP are 91.4113 and 0.9151, respectively, while the training MSE and R-value for the distillation curve are 33.4867 and 0.9927. Fuel performance analysis of the dual alcohol–gasoline blends indicated that highly volatile gasoline blended with dual alcohols results in non-compliant fuel blends with D4814 standard. Mixtures of low-volatile gasoline and 10% methanol or 10% ethanol can still be blended with up to 10% C3 and C4 alcohols. Intermediate volatile gasoline containing 10% methanol or 10% ethanol can still be blended with C3 and C4 alcohols that have low RVPs, such as 1-propanol, 1-butanol, 2-butanol, and i-butanol. Biography: Graduate School of Chemical, Biological, and Materials Engineering and Sciences, Mapua University, Muralla St., Intramuros, Manila, 1002, Philippines <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dual%20alcohol-gasoline%20blends" title="dual alcohol-gasoline blends">dual alcohol-gasoline blends</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=distillation%20curve" title=" distillation curve"> distillation curve</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=machine%20learning" title=" machine learning"> machine learning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reid%20vapor%20pressure" title=" reid vapor pressure"> reid vapor pressure</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/158823/prediction-of-distillation-curve-and-reid-vapor-pressure-of-dual-alcohol-gasoline-blends-using-artificial-neural-network-for-the-determination-of-fuel-performance" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/158823.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">100</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4289</span> In-Cylinder Exhaust Heat Recovery of an I. C. Engine Using Water Injection</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jayakrishnan%20U.">Jayakrishnan U.</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A concept of adding two strokes to a four stroke Otto or Diesel engine cycle presented here for the waste heat recovery in a four stroke internal combustion engine. Four stroke Diesel cycle and Otto cycle engines have very low thermal efficiency due to high amount of energy loss in exhaust and also on the cooling of the engine. It is estimated about 35 percent of fuel energy is lost in exhaust of engine and 30 percent in cooling of engine. So by modifying a four-stroke Otto or Diesel engine by adding two-stroke heat recovery steam cycle is presented here. Water injection is used to get an additional power stroke by partial compression of the exhaust gases at the end of third stroke in a four stroke I.C.Engine. It is the conversion of a four-stroke cycle to a six-stroke cycle. By taking a four stroke petrol engine of known dimensions, an ideal thermodynamic model is used to analyse and calculate the events of exhaust gas compression and following two strokes of water injection. By changing the exhaust valve closing timing during exhaust stroke and analysing it on various points, an optimum amount of exhaust gas re-compression and amount of water injection can be found for maximizing efficiency and fuel economy. It is achieved by changing the exhaust valve timing and finding an optimum amount of exhaust re-compression, maximizing the net mean effective pressure of the steam expansion stroke (MEPsteam). Specific fuel consumption of the engine also decreases increasing the fuel economy. The valve closing timings for maximum MEPsteam is limited by either 1 bar or dew point temperature of expansion gas or moisture mixture to avoid moisture formation. By modifying the four-stroke Otto or Diesel cycle by adding two water injection stroke has the potential to significantly increase the engine efficiency and fuel economy. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=internal%20combustion%20engine" title="internal combustion engine">internal combustion engine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=engine%20efficiency" title=" engine efficiency"> engine efficiency</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=six-stroke%20cycle" title=" six-stroke cycle"> six-stroke cycle</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water%20injection" title=" water injection"> water injection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=specific%20fuel%20consumption" title=" specific fuel consumption"> specific fuel consumption</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/26461/in-cylinder-exhaust-heat-recovery-of-an-i-c-engine-using-water-injection" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/26461.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">304</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4288</span> Behaviour of an RC Circuit near Extreme Point</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tribhuvan%20N.%20Soorya">Tribhuvan N. Soorya</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Charging and discharging of a capacitor through a resistor can be shown as exponential curve. Theoretically, it takes infinite time to fully charge or discharge a capacitor. The flow of charge is due to electrons having finite and fixed value of charge. If we carefully examine the charging and discharging process after several time constants, the points on q vs t graph become discrete and curve become discontinuous. Moreover for all practical purposes capacitor with charge (q0-e) can be taken as fully charged, as it introduces an error less than one part per million. Similar is the case for discharge of a capacitor, where the capacitor with the last electron (charge e) can be taken as fully discharged. With this, we can estimate the finite value of time for fully charging and discharging a capacitor. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=charging" title="charging">charging</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=discharging" title=" discharging"> discharging</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=RC%20Circuit" title=" RC Circuit"> RC Circuit</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=capacitor" title=" capacitor"> capacitor</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/28590/behaviour-of-an-rc-circuit-near-extreme-point" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/28590.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">443</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4287</span> Numerical Analysis of Engine Performance and Emission of a 2-Stroke Opposed Piston Hydrogen Engine</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bahamin%20Bazooyar">Bahamin Bazooyar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Xinyan%20Wang"> Xinyan Wang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hua%20Zhao"> Hua Zhao</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> As a zero-carbon fuel, hydrogen can be used in combustion engines to avoid carbon emissions. This paper numerically investigates the engine performance of a two-stroke opposed piston hydrogen engine by using three-dimensional (3D) Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations. The engine displacement is 12.2 cm, and the compression ratio of 39. RANS simulations with the k-ε turbulence model and coupled chemistry combustion models are performed at an engine speed of 4500 rpm and hydrogen flow rate of up to 100 gr/s. In order to model the hydrogen injection process, the hydrogen nozzle was meshed with refined mesh, and injection pressure varied between 100 and 200 bars. In order to optimize the hydrogen combustion process, the injection timing was optimized between 15 before the top dead center and 10. The results showed that the combustion efficiency was mostly influenced by the injection pressures due to its impact on the fuel/air mixing and charge inhomogeneity. Nitrogen oxide (NOₓ) emissions are well correlated with engine peak temperatures, demonstrating that the thermal NO mechanism is dominant under engine conditions. Through the optimization of hydrogen injection timing and pressure, the peak thermal efficiency of 45 and NOx emission of 15 ppm/kWh can be achieved at an injection timing of 350 CA and pressure of 160 bars. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=engine" title="engine">engine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hydrogen" title=" hydrogen"> hydrogen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=diesel" title=" diesel"> diesel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=two-stroke" title=" two-stroke"> two-stroke</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=opposed-piston" title=" opposed-piston"> opposed-piston</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=decarbonisation" title=" decarbonisation"> decarbonisation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/194593/numerical-analysis-of-engine-performance-and-emission-of-a-2-stroke-opposed-piston-hydrogen-engine" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/194593.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">7</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4286</span> A Comparison of Direct Water Injection with Membrane Humidifier for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells Humification</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Flavien%20Marteau">Flavien Marteau</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pedro%20Affonso%20N%C3%B3brega"> Pedro Affonso Nóbrega</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pascal%20Biwole"> Pascal Biwole</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nicolas%20Autrusson"> Nicolas Autrusson</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Iona%20De%20Bievre"> Iona De Bievre</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Christian%20Beauger"> Christian Beauger</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Effective water management is essential for the optimal performance of fuel cells. For this reason, many vehicle systems use a membrane humidifier, a passive device that humidifies the air before the cathode inlet. Although they offer good performance, humidifiers are voluminous, costly, and fragile, hence the desire to find an alternative. Direct water injection could be an option, although this method lacks maturity. It consists of injecting liquid water as a spray in the dry heated air coming out from the compressor. This work focuses on the evaluation of direct water injection and its performance compared to the membrane humidifier selected as a reference. Two architectures were experimentally tested to humidify an industrial 2 kW short stack made up of 20 cells of 150 cm² each. For the reference architecture, the inlet air is humidified with a commercial membrane humidifier. For the direct water injection architecture, a pneumatic nozzle was selected to generate a fine spray in the air flow with a Sauter mean diameter of about 20 μm. Initial performance was compared over the entire range of current based on polarisation curves. Then, the influence of various parameters impacting water management was studied, such as the temperature, the gas stoichiometry, and the water injection flow rate. The experimental results obtained confirm the possibility of humidifying the fuel cell using direct water injection. This study, however shows the limits of this humidification method, the mean cell voltage being significantly lower in some operating conditions with direct water injection than with the membrane humidifier. The voltage drop reaches 30 mV per cell (4 %) at 1 A/cm² (1,8 bara, 80 °C) and increases in more demanding humidification conditions. It is noteworthy that the heat of compression available is not enough to evaporate all the injected liquid water in the case of DWI, resulting in a mix of liquid and vapour water entering the fuel cell, whereas only vapour is present with the humidifier. Variation of the injection flow rate shows that part of the injected water is useless for humidification and seems to cross channels without reaching the membrane. The stack was successfully humidified thanks to direct water injection. Nevertheless, our work shows that its implementation requires substantial adaptations and may reduce the fuel cell stack performance when compared to conventional membrane humidifiers, but opportunities for optimisation have been identified. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cathode%20humidification" title="cathode humidification">cathode humidification</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=direct%20water%20injection" title=" direct water injection"> direct water injection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=membrane%20humidifier" title=" membrane humidifier"> membrane humidifier</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=proton%20exchange%20membrane%20fuel%20cell" title=" proton exchange membrane fuel cell"> proton exchange membrane fuel cell</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/186543/a-comparison-of-direct-water-injection-with-membrane-humidifier-for-proton-exchange-membrane-fuel-cells-humification" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/186543.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">43</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4285</span> Vitamin D Intoxication with Hypercalcemia Due to Overuse of Supplement</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sara%20Ataei">Sara Ataei</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammad%20Bagher%20Oghazian"> Mohammad Bagher Oghazian</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mania%20Radfar"> Mania Radfar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> We describe a patient with hypercalcemia associated with the injection of high doses vitamin D as supplement for a period of six months. A 76-year-old woman had been taking an intramuscular injection of vitamin D 300,000 IU every ten days for six months. She was hospitalized with symptoms of hypercalcemia: chronic constipation, unstable gait, a chronic generalized musculoskeletal pain and increased fatigue. On admission her 25 (OH) vitamin D and Calcium levels were 559 nmol/L and 13.85 mg/dL respectively, and Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) level was 7.1 pg/mL. Immediately she received diuresis therapy with saline and furosemide in conjunction with calcitonin and pamidronate. At discharge her serum calcium level was 11.5 mg/dL. To lower endogenous overproduction of calcitriol, prednisolone 20 mg/day for 10 days was administered at discharge time. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vitamin%20D" title="vitamin D">vitamin D</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hypercalcemia" title=" hypercalcemia"> hypercalcemia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vitamin%20D%20toxicity" title=" vitamin D toxicity"> vitamin D toxicity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=parathyroid%20hormone" title=" parathyroid hormone"> parathyroid hormone</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/22662/vitamin-d-intoxication-with-hypercalcemia-due-to-overuse-of-supplement" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/22662.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">492</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4284</span> Effect of Fuel Type on Design Parameters and Atomization Process for Pressure Swirl Atomizer and Dual Orifice Atomizer for High Bypass Turbofan Engine</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohamed%20K.%20Khalil">Mohamed K. Khalil</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohamed%20S.%20Ragab"> Mohamed S. Ragab</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Atomizers are used in many engineering applications including diesel engines, petrol engines and spray combustion in furnaces as well as gas turbine engines. These atomizers are used to increase the specific surface area of the fuel, which achieve a high rate of fuel mixing and evaporation. In all combustion systems reduction in mean drop size is a challenge which has many advantages since it leads to rapid and easier ignition, higher volumetric heat release rate, wider burning range and lower exhaust concentrations of the pollutant emissions. Pressure atomizers have a different configuration for design such as swirl atomizer (simplex), dual orifice, spill return, plain orifice, duplex and fan spray. Simplex pressure atomizers are the most common type of all. Among all types of atomizers, pressure swirl types resemble a special category since they differ in quality of atomization, the reliability of operation, simplicity of construction and low expenditure of energy. But, the disadvantages of these atomizers are that they require very high injection pressure and have low discharge coefficient owing to the fact that the air core covers the majority of the atomizer orifice. To overcome these problems, dual orifice atomizer was designed. This paper proposes a detailed mathematical model design procedure for both pressure swirl atomizer (Simplex) and dual orifice atomizer, examines the effects of varying fuel type and makes a clear comparison between the two types. Using five types of fuel (JP-5, JA1, JP-4, Diesel and Bio-Diesel) as a case study, reveal the effect of changing fuel type and its properties on atomizers design and spray characteristics. Which effect on combustion process parameters; Sauter Mean Diameter (SMD), spray cone angle and sheet thickness with varying the discharge coefficient from 0.27 to 0.35 during takeoff for high bypass turbofan engines. The spray atomizer performance of the pressure swirl fuel injector was compared to the dual orifice fuel injector at the same differential pressure and discharge coefficient using Excel. The results are analyzed and handled to form the final reliability results for fuel injectors in high bypass turbofan engines. The results show that the Sauter Mean Diameter (SMD) in dual orifice atomizer is larger than Sauter Mean Diameter (SMD) in pressure swirl atomizer, the film thickness (h) in dual orifice atomizer is less than the film thickness (h) in pressure swirl atomizer. The Spray Cone Angle (α) in pressure swirl atomizer is larger than Spray Cone Angle (α) in dual orifice atomizer. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gas%20turbine%20engines" title="gas turbine engines">gas turbine engines</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=atomization%20process" title=" atomization process"> atomization process</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sauter%20mean%20diameter" title=" Sauter mean diameter"> Sauter mean diameter</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=JP-5" title=" JP-5"> JP-5</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/94962/effect-of-fuel-type-on-design-parameters-and-atomization-process-for-pressure-swirl-atomizer-and-dual-orifice-atomizer-for-high-bypass-turbofan-engine" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/94962.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">165</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4283</span> Effect of Injection Pressure and Fuel Injection Timing on Emission and Performance Characteristics of Karanja Biodiesel and its Blends in CI Engine</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohan%20H.">Mohan H.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=C.%20Elajchet%20Senni"> C. Elajchet Senni</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In the present of high energy consumption in every sphere of life, renewable energy sources are emerging as alternative to conventional fuels for energy security, mitigating green house gas emission and climate change. There has been a world wide interest in searching for alternatives to petroleum derived fuels due to their depletion as well as due to the concern for the environment. Vegetable oils have capability to solve this problem because they are renewable and lead to reduction in environmental pollution. But high smoke emission and lower thermal efficiency are the main problems associated with the use of neat vegetable oils in diesel engines. In the present work, performance, combustion and emission characteristics of CI engine fuelled with 20% by vol. methyl esters mixed with Karanja seed Oil, and Fuel injection pressures of 200 bar and 240 bar, injection timings (21°,23° and 25° BTDC) and Proportion B20 diesel respectively. Vegetable oils have capability to solve this problem because they are renewable and lead to reduction in environmental pollution. But, high smoke emission and lower thermal efficiency are the main problems associated with the use of neat vegetable oils in diesel engines. In the present work, performance, combustion and emission characteristics of CI engine fuelled with 20% by vol. methyl esters mixed with Karanja seed Oil, and Fuel injection pressures of 200 bar and 240 bar ,Injection timings (21°,23° and 25° BTDC) and Proportion B20 diesel respectively. Various performance, combustion and emission characteristics such as thermal efficiency, and brake specific fuel consumption, maximum cylinder pressure, instantaneous heat release, cumulative heat release with respect to crank angle, ignition lag, combustion duration, HC, NOx, CO, exhaust temperature and smoke intensity were measured. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=karanja%20oil" title="karanja oil">karanja oil</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=injection%20pressure" title=" injection pressure"> injection pressure</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=injection%20timing" title=" injection timing"> injection timing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=karanja%20oil%20methyl%20ester" title=" karanja oil methyl ester"> karanja oil methyl ester</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/27143/effect-of-injection-pressure-and-fuel-injection-timing-on-emission-and-performance-characteristics-of-karanja-biodiesel-and-its-blends-in-ci-engine" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/27143.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">290</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4282</span> Effect of Injection Strategy on the Performance and Emission of E85 in a Heavy-Duty Engine under Partially Premixed Combustion</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Amir%20Aziz">Amir Aziz</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Martin%20Tuner"> Martin Tuner</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sebastian%20Verhelst"> Sebastian Verhelst</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Oivind%20Andersson"> Oivind Andersson</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Partially Premixed Combustion (PPC) is a combustion concept which aims to simultaneously achieve high efficiency and low engine-out emissions. Extending the ignition delay to promote the premixing, has been recognized as one of the key factor to achieve PPC. Fuels with high octane number have been proven to be a good candidates to extend the ignition delay. In this work, E85 (85% ethanol) has been used as a PPC fuel. The aim of this work was to investigate a suitable injection strategy for PPC combustion fueled with E85 in a single-cylinder heavy-duty engine. Single and double injection strategy were applied with different injection timing and the ratio between different injection pulses was varied. The performance and emission were investigated at low load. The results show that the double injection strategy should be preferred for PPC fueled with E85 due to low emissions and high efficiency, while keeping the pressure raise rate at very low levels. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=E85" title="E85">E85</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=partially%20premixed%20combustion" title=" partially premixed combustion"> partially premixed combustion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=injection%20strategy" title=" injection strategy"> injection strategy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=performance%20and%20emission" title=" performance and emission"> performance and emission</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/85102/effect-of-injection-strategy-on-the-performance-and-emission-of-e85-in-a-heavy-duty-engine-under-partially-premixed-combustion" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/85102.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">177</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4281</span> Effect of Hydrogen-Diesel Dual Fuel Combustion on the Performance and Emission Characteristics of a Four Stroke-Single Cylinder Diesel Engine</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Madhujit%20Deb">Madhujit Deb</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=G.%20R.%20K.%20Sastry"> G. R. K. Sastry</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20S.%20Panua"> R. S. Panua</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rahul%20Banerjee"> Rahul Banerjee</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=P.%20K.%20Bose"> P. K. Bose</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The present work attempts to investigate the combustion, performance and emission characteristics of an existing single-cylinder four-stroke compression-ignition engine operated in dual-fuel mode with hydrogen as an alternative fuel. Environmental concerns and limited amount of petroleum fuels have caused interests in the development of alternative fuels like hydrogen for internal combustion (IC) engines. In this experimental investigation, a diesel engine is made to run using hydrogen in dual fuel mode with diesel, where hydrogen is introduced into the intake manifold using an LPG-CNG injector and pilot diesel is injected using diesel injectors. A Timed Manifold Injection (TMI) system has been developed to vary the injection strategies. The optimized timing for the injection of hydrogen was 100 CA after top dead center (ATDC). From the study it was observed that with increasing hydrogen rate, enhancement in brake thermal efficiency (BTHE) of the engine has been observed with reduction in brake specific energy consumption (BSEC). Furthermore, Soot contents decrease with an increase in indicated specific NOx emissions with the enhancement of hydrogen flow rate. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=diesel%20engine" title="diesel engine">diesel engine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hydrogen" title=" hydrogen"> hydrogen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=BTHE" title=" BTHE"> BTHE</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=BSEC" title=" BSEC"> BSEC</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=soot" title=" soot"> soot</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=NOx" title=" NOx"> NOx</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/28162/effect-of-hydrogen-diesel-dual-fuel-combustion-on-the-performance-and-emission-characteristics-of-a-four-stroke-single-cylinder-diesel-engine" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/28162.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">538</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4280</span> Extracting an Experimental Relation between SMD, Mass Flow Rate, Velocity and Pressure in Swirl Fuel Atomizers</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammad%20Hassan%20Ziraksaz">Mohammad Hassan Ziraksaz</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Fuel atomizers are used in a wide range of IC engines, turbojets and a variety of liquid propellant rocket engines. As the fuel spray fully develops its characters approach their ultimate amounts. Fuel spray characters such as SMD, injection pressure, mass flow rate, droplet velocity and spray cone angle play important roles to atomize the liquid fuel to finely atomized fuel droplets and finally form the fine fuel spray. Well performed, fully developed, fine spray without any defections, brings the idea of finding an experimental relation between the main effective spray characters. Extracting an experimental relation between SMD and other fuel spray physical characters in swirl fuel atomizers is the main scope of this experimental work. Droplet velocity, fuel mass flow rate, SMD and spray cone angle are the parameters which are measured. A set of twelve reverse engineering atomizers without any spray defections and a set of eight original atomizers as referenced well-performed spray are contributed in this work. More than 350 tests, mostly repeated, were performed. This work shows that although spray cone angle plays a very effective role in spray formation, after formation, it smoothly approaches to an almost constant amount while the other characters are changed to create fine droplets. Therefore, the work to find the relation between the characters is focused on SMD, droplet velocity, fuel mass flow rate, and injection pressure. The process of fuel spray formation begins in 5 Psig injection pressures, where a tiny fuel onion attaches to the injector tip and ended in 250 Psig injection pressure, were fully developed fine fuel spray forms. Injection pressure is gradually increased to observe how the spray forms. In each step, all parameters are measured and recorded carefully to provide a data bank. Various diagrams have been drawn to study the behavior of the parameters in more detail. Experiments and graphs show that the power equation can best show changes in parameters. The SMD experimental relation with pressure P, fuel mass flow rate Q ̇ and droplet velocity V extracted individually in pairs. Therefore, the proportional relation of SMD with other parameters is founded. Now it is time to find an experimental relation including all the parameters. Using obtained proportional relation, replacing the parameters with experimentally measured ones and drawing the graphs of experimental SMD versus proportion SMD (〖SMD〗_P), a correctional equation and consequently the final experimental equation is obtained. This experimental equation is specified to use for swirl fuel atomizers and the use of this experimental equation in different conditions shows about 3% error, which is expected to achieve lower error and consequently higher accuracy by increasing the number of experiments and increasing the accuracy of data collection. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=droplet%20velocity" title="droplet velocity">droplet velocity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=experimental%20relation" title=" experimental relation"> experimental relation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mass%20flow%20rate" title=" mass flow rate"> mass flow rate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=SMD" title=" SMD"> SMD</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=swirl%20fuel%20atomizer" title=" swirl fuel atomizer"> swirl fuel atomizer</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/132417/extracting-an-experimental-relation-between-smd-mass-flow-rate-velocity-and-pressure-in-swirl-fuel-atomizers" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/132417.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">161</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4279</span> Research on Steam Injection Technology of Extended Range Engine Cylinder for Waste Heat Recovery</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zhiyuan%20Jia">Zhiyuan Jia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Xiuxiu%20Sun"> Xiuxiu Sun</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yong%20Chen"> Yong Chen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Liu%20Hai"> Liu Hai</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shuangqing%20Li"> Shuangqing Li</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The engine cooling water and exhaust gas contain a large amount of available energy. In order to improve energy efficiency, a steam injection technology based on waste heat recovery is proposed. The models of cooling water waste heat utilization, exhaust gas waste heat utilization, and exhaust gas-cooling water waste heat utilization were constructed, and the effects of the three modes on the performance of steam injection were analyzed, and then the feasibility of in-cylinder water injection steam technology based on waste heat recovery was verified. The research results show that when the injection water flow rate is 0.10 kg/s and the temperature is 298 K, at a cooling water temperature of 363 K, the maximum temperature of the injection water heated by the cooling water can reach 314.5 K; at an exhaust gas temperature of 973 K and an exhaust gas flow rate of 0.12 kg/s, the maximum temperature of the injection water heated by the exhaust gas can reach 430 K; Under the condition of cooling water temperature of 363 K, exhaust gas temperature of 973 K and exhaust gas flow rate of 0.12 kg/s, after cooling water and exhaust gas heating, the maximum temperature of the injection water can reach 463 K. When the engine is 1200 rpm, the water injection volume is 30 mg, and the water injection time is 36°CA, the engine power increases by 2% and the fuel consumption is reduced by 2.6%. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cooling%20water" title="cooling water">cooling water</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=exhaust%20gas" title=" exhaust gas"> exhaust gas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=extended%20range%20engine" title=" extended range engine"> extended range engine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=steam%20injection" title=" steam injection"> steam injection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=waste%20heat%20recovery" title=" waste heat recovery"> waste heat recovery</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/128975/research-on-steam-injection-technology-of-extended-range-engine-cylinder-for-waste-heat-recovery" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/128975.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">184</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4278</span> Study on the Effect of Bolt Locking Method on the Deformation of Bipolar Plate in PEMFC</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tao%20Chen">Tao Chen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ShiHua%20Liu"> ShiHua Liu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=JiWei%20Zhang"> JiWei Zhang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Assembly of the proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) has a very important influence on its performance and efficiency. The various components of PEMFC stack are usually locked and fixed by bolts. Locking bolt will cause the deformation of the bipolar plate and the other components, which will affect directly the deformation degree of the integral parts of the PEMFC as well as the performance of PEMFC. This paper focuses on the object of three-cell stack of PEMFC. Finite element simulation is used to investigate the deformation of bipolar plate caused by quantity and layout of bolts, bolt locking pressure, and bolt locking sequence, etc. Finally, we made a conclusion that the optimal combination packaging scheme was adopted to assemble the fuel cell stack. The scheme was in use of 3.8 MPa locking pressure imposed on the fuel cell stack, type Ⅱ of four locking bolts and longitudinal locking method. The scheme was obtained by comparatively analyzing the overall displacement contour of PEMFC stack, absolute displacement curve of bipolar plate along the given three paths in the Z direction and the polarization curve of fuel cell. The research results are helpful for the fuel cell stack assembly. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bipolar%20plate" title="bipolar plate">bipolar plate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=deformation" title=" deformation"> deformation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=finite%20element%20simulation" title=" finite element simulation"> finite element simulation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fuel%20cell" title=" fuel cell"> fuel cell</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=locking%20bolt" title=" locking bolt"> locking bolt</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/89167/study-on-the-effect-of-bolt-locking-method-on-the-deformation-of-bipolar-plate-in-pemfc" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/89167.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">412</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4277</span> Research of Actuators of Common Rail Injection Systems with the Use of LabVIEW on a Specially Designed Test Bench</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=G.%20Baranski">G. Baranski</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Majczak"> A. Majczak</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Wendeker"> M. Wendeker</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Currently, the most commonly used solution to provide fuel to the diesel engines is the Common Rail system. Compared to previous designs, as a due to relatively simple construction and electronic control systems, these systems allow achieving favourable engine operation parameters with particular emphasis on low emission of toxic compounds into the atmosphere. In this system, the amount of injected fuel dose is strictly dependent on the course of parameters of the electrical impulse sent by the power amplifier power supply system injector from the engine controller. The article presents the construction of a laboratory test bench to examine the course of the injection process and the expense in storage injection systems. The test bench enables testing of injection systems with electromagnetically controlled injectors with the use of scientific engineering tools. The developed system is based on LabView software and CompactRIO family controller using FPGA systems and a real time microcontroller. The results of experimental research on electromagnetic injectors of common rail system, controlled by a dedicated National Instruments card, confirm the effectiveness of the presented approach. The results of the research described in the article present the influence of basic parameters of the electric impulse opening the electromagnetic injector on the value of the injected fuel dose. Acknowledgement: This work has been realized in the cooperation with The Construction Office of WSK ‘PZL-KALISZ’ S.A.’ and is part of Grant Agreement No. POIR.01.02.00-00-0002/15 financed by the Polish National Centre for Research and Development. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fuel%20injector" title="fuel injector">fuel injector</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=combustion%20engine" title=" combustion engine"> combustion engine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fuel%20pressure" title=" fuel pressure"> fuel pressure</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=compression%20ignition%20engine" title=" compression ignition engine"> compression ignition engine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=power%20supply%20system" title=" power supply system"> power supply system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=controller" title=" controller"> controller</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=LabVIEW" title=" LabVIEW"> LabVIEW</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/106697/research-of-actuators-of-common-rail-injection-systems-with-the-use-of-labview-on-a-specially-designed-test-bench" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/106697.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">131</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4276</span> Comparison of the Distillation Curve Obtained Experimentally with the Curve Extrapolated by a Commercial Simulator</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=L%C3%ADvia%20B.%20Meirelles">Lívia B. Meirelles</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Erika%20C.%20A.%20N.%20Chrisman"> Erika C. A. N. Chrisman</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fl%C3%A1via%20B.%20de%20Andrade"> Flávia B. de Andrade</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lilian%20C.%20M.%20de%20Oliveira"> Lilian C. M. de Oliveira</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> True Boiling Point distillation (TBP) is one of the most common experimental techniques for the determination of petroleum properties. This curve provides information about the performance of petroleum in terms of its cuts. The experiment is performed in a few days. Techniques are used to determine the properties faster with a software that calculates the distillation curve when a little information about crude oil is known. In order to evaluate the accuracy of distillation curve prediction, eight points of the TBP curve and specific gravity curve (348 K and 523 K) were inserted into the HYSYS Oil Manager, and the extended curve was evaluated up to 748 K. The methods were able to predict the curve with the accuracy of 0.6%-9.2% error (Software X ASTM), 0.2%-5.1% error (Software X Spaltrohr). <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=distillation%20curve" title="distillation curve">distillation curve</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=petroleum%20distillation" title=" petroleum distillation"> petroleum distillation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=simulation" title=" simulation"> simulation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=true%20boiling%20point%20curve" title=" true boiling point curve"> true boiling point curve</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/68293/comparison-of-the-distillation-curve-obtained-experimentally-with-the-curve-extrapolated-by-a-commercial-simulator" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/68293.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">440</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4275</span> Effect of Composition Fuel on Safety of Combustion Process</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lourdes%20I.%20Meri%C3%B1o">Lourdes I. Meriño</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Viatcheslav%20Kafarov"> Viatcheslav Kafarov</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Maria%20G%C3%B3mez"> Maria Gómez</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Fuel gas used in the burner receives as contributors other gases from different processes and this result in variability in the composition, which may cause an incomplete combustion. The burners are designed to operate in a certain curve, the calorific power dependent on the pressure and gas burners. When deviation of propane and C5+ is huge, there is a large release of energy, which causes it to work out the curves of the burners, because less pressure is required to force curve into operation. That increases the risk of explosion in an oven, besides of a higher environmental impact. There should be flame detection systems, and instrumentation equipment, such as local pressure gauges located at the entrance of the gas burners, to permit verification by the operator. Additionally, distributed control systems must be configured with different combustion instruments associated with respective alarms, as well as its operational windows, and windows control guidelines of integrity, leaving the design information of this equipment. Therefore, it is desirable to analyze when a plant is taken out of service and make good operational analysis to determine the impact of changes in fuel gas streams contributors, by varying the calorific power. Hence, poor combustion is one of the cause instability in the flame of the burner and having a great impact on process safety, the integrity of individuals and teams and environment. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=combustion%20process" title="combustion process">combustion process</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fuel%20composition" title=" fuel composition"> fuel composition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=safety" title=" safety"> safety</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fuel%20gas" title=" fuel gas"> fuel gas</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/15092/effect-of-composition-fuel-on-safety-of-combustion-process" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/15092.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info 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