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var a = axel * 10000000000000; document.write('<iframe src="https://2542116.fls.doubleclick.net/activityi;src=2542116;type=gblog;cat=googl0;ord=ord=' + a + '?" width="1" height="1" frameborder="0" style="display:none"></iframe>'); //]]> </script> <noscript> <img alt='' height='1' src='https://ad.doubleclick.net/ddm/activity/src=2542116;type=gblog;cat=googl0;ord=1?' width='1'/> </noscript>  <div class='header-outer'> <div class='header-inner'> <div class='section' id='header'><div class='widget Header' data-version='1' id='Header1'> <div class='header-left'> <div class='header-title'> <a class='google-logo' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/'> <img height='50' src='https://www.gstatic.com/images/branding/googlelogo/2x/googlelogo_color_150x54dp.png'/> </a> <a href='/.'> <h2> Testing Blog </h2> </a> </div> <div class='header-desc'> </div> </div> </div></div> </div> </div>  <div class='cols-wrapper loading'> <div class='col-main-wrapper'> <div class='col-main'> <div class='section' id='main'><div class='widget Blog' data-version='1' id='Blog1'> <div class='post' data-id='3044990679170379890' itemscope='' itemtype='http://schema.org/BlogPosting'> <h2 class='title' itemprop='name'> <a href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2023/09/communicate-design-tradeoffs-visually.html' itemprop='url' title='Communicate Design Tradeoffs Visually'> Communicate Design Tradeoffs Visually </a> </h2> <div class='post-header'> <div class='published'> Thursday, September 21, 2023 </div> </div> <div class='post-body'> <div class='post-content' itemprop='articleBody'> <script type='text/template'> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 17.3333px; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">A version of this post originally appeared in Google bathrooms worldwide as a Google <a href="https://testing.googleblog.com/2007/01/introducing-testing-on-toilet.html">Testing on the Toilet</a> episode. You can download a <a href="https://docs.google.com/document/d/1dNLtVwh4LivN0oB_MR4DSEufzz3s4EMDpBaaxNLT3qA/edit?resourcekey=0-qZq1Fhy6504oIICFtPhITA">printer-friendly version</a> to display in your office.<div> </div><div><div>By Tim Lyakhovetskiy</div><div> </div><div> </div><div><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">A goal of any written design or project proposal is to present and evaluate alternatives. However, <span style="color: #980000; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">documents that include multiple solutions can be difficult to read when the qualities of each solution are not clearly expressed<span style="font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">.<span style="font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">A common approach to simplifying proposals is to use “pros and cons” for each alternative, but this leads to biased writing since the pros and cons may be weighed differently depending on the reader’s priorities.<span style="font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">In this example, <span style="color: #980000; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">can you quickly tell how this option would measure up against others?<div align="left" dir="ltr" style="margin-left: 0pt;"><table style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none;"><colgroup><col width="733"></col></colgroup><tbody><tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-style: solid; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5.04pt; vertical-align: top;"><span face=""Google Sans Text", sans-serif" style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Option 1 - Optimize Shoelace Untangling Wizard in ShoeApp UI <span face=""Google Sans Text", sans-serif" style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Pros<ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "Google Sans Text", sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Shoelace Untangling Wizard UI will use 10% less CPU</li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "Google Sans Text", sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Less than one quarter to implement</li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "Google Sans Text", sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Users will see 100ms less UI lag</li></ul><span face=""Google Sans Text", sans-serif" style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Cons<ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "Google Sans Text", sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Security risk (shoelace colors exposed) until ShoeAppBackend team fixes lacing API</li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "Google Sans Text", sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">ShoeAppBackend will be blocked for 3 months</li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "Google Sans Text", sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">User documentation for Shoelace Untangling Wizard UI has to change</li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table></div><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">This format requires the reader to remember many details in order to evaluate which option they prefer. <span style="color: #980000; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Instead, express tradeoffs using <span style="color: #980000; font-size: 13pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">impact on qualities<span style="color: #980000; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">.<span style="font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> There are many common <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_system_quality_attributes" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">quality attributes</a><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> including Performance, Security, Maintainability, Usability, Testability, Scalability, and Cost.<span style="color: #980000; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Use colors and symbols in a table (<span face=""Google Sans Text", sans-serif" style="background-color: #f4cccc; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">➖<span style="background-color: #f4cccc; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> negative<span style="font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">, <span face=""Google Sans Text", sans-serif" style="background-color: #fff2cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">～<span style="background-color: #fff2cc; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> somewhat negative<span style="font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">, <span face=""Google Sans Text", sans-serif" style="background-color: #d9ead3; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">➕<span style="background-color: #d9ead3; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> positive<span style="color: #980000; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">) to make it easy for readers to parse your ideas.<span style="font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> The symbols are needed for accessibility, e.g. color-blindness and screen readers.<span style="font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><div align="left" dir="ltr" style="margin-left: 0pt;"><div style="overflow-x: auto;"><table style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; table-layout: fixed; width: 554.4pt;"><colgroup><col></col></colgroup><tbody><tr style="height: 149.25pt;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-style: solid; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5.04pt; vertical-align: top;"><span face="'Google Sans Text',sans-serif" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Option 1 - Optimize Shoelace Untangling Wizard in ShoeApp UI<div align="left" dir="ltr" style="margin-left: 0pt;"><table style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none;"><colgroup><col width="120"></col><col width="605"></col></colgroup><tbody><tr style="height: 18.75pt;"><td rowspan="2" style="background-color: #efefef; border-bottom: dotted #000000 1pt; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: dotted #000000 1pt; border-right: dotted #000000 1pt; border-style: dotted; border-top: dotted #000000 1pt; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2.88pt; vertical-align: middle;"><span face="'Google Sans Text',sans-serif" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Usability</td><td style="background-color: #d9ead3; border-bottom: dotted #000000 1pt; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: dotted #000000 1pt; border-right: dotted #000000 1pt; border-style: dotted; border-top: dotted #000000 1pt; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2.88pt; vertical-align: top;"><span face="'Google Sans Text',sans-serif" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">➕ Users will see 100ms less UI lag</td></tr><tr style="height: 18.75pt;"><td style="background-color: #fff2cc; border-bottom: dotted #000000 1pt; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: dotted #000000 1pt; border-right: dotted #000000 1pt; border-style: dotted; border-top: dotted #000000 1pt; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2.88pt; vertical-align: top;"><span face="'Google Sans Text',sans-serif" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">～<span face="'Google Sans Text',sans-serif" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> User documentation for Shoelace Untangling Wizard UI has to change</td></tr><tr style="height: 19.4712pt;"><td style="background-color: #efefef; border-bottom: dotted #000000 1pt; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: dotted #000000 1pt; border-right: dotted #000000 1pt; border-style: dotted; border-top: dotted #000000 1pt; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2.88pt; vertical-align: middle;"><span face="'Google Sans Text',sans-serif" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Security</td><td style="background-color: #f4cccc; border-bottom: dotted #000000 1pt; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: dotted #000000 1pt; border-right: dotted #000000 1pt; border-style: dotted; border-top: dotted #000000 1pt; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2.88pt; vertical-align: top;"><span face="'Google Sans Text',sans-serif" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">➖ Security risk (shoelace colors exposed) until ShoeAppBackend fixes lacing API</td></tr><tr style="height: 18.75pt;"><td style="background-color: #efefef; border-bottom: dotted #000000 1pt; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: dotted #000000 1pt; border-right: dotted #000000 1pt; border-style: dotted; border-top: dotted #000000 1pt; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2.88pt; vertical-align: middle;"><span face="'Google Sans Text',sans-serif" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Partner impact</td><td style="background-color: #f4cccc; border-bottom: dotted #000000 1pt; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: dotted #000000 1pt; border-right: dotted #000000 1pt; border-style: dotted; border-top: dotted #000000 1pt; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2.88pt; vertical-align: top;"><span face="'Google Sans Text',sans-serif" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">➖ ShoeAppBackend will be blocked for 3 months</td></tr><tr style="height: 18.75pt;"><td style="background-color: #efefef; border-bottom: dotted #000000 1pt; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: dotted #000000 1pt; border-right: dotted #000000 1pt; border-style: dotted; border-top: dotted #000000 1pt; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2.88pt; vertical-align: middle;"><span face="'Google Sans Text',sans-serif" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Performance</td><td style="background-color: #d9ead3; border-bottom: dotted #000000 1pt; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: dotted #000000 1pt; border-right: dotted #000000 1pt; border-style: dotted; border-top: dotted #000000 1pt; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2.88pt; vertical-align: top;"><span face="'Google Sans Text',sans-serif" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">➕ Shoelace Untangling Wizard UI will use 10% less CPU</td></tr><tr style="height: 18.75pt;"><td style="background-color: #efefef; border-bottom: dotted #000000 1pt; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: dotted #000000 1pt; border-right: dotted #000000 1pt; border-style: dotted; border-top: dotted #000000 1pt; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2.88pt; vertical-align: middle;"><span face="'Google Sans Text',sans-serif" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Schedule/Cost</td><td style="background-color: #d9ead3; border-bottom: dotted #000000 1pt; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: dotted #000000 1pt; border-right: dotted #000000 1pt; border-style: dotted; border-top: dotted #000000 1pt; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2.88pt; vertical-align: top;"><span face="'Google Sans Text',sans-serif" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">➕ Less than one quarter to implement</td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div></div><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Notice that the content uses approximately the same space but communicates more visually. The benefit is even greater when there are many alternatives/attributes, as it’s possible to evaluate the whole option at a glance.<div style="font-size: 17.3333px; font-style: italic; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> </div><div> </div> <meta content='https://plus.google.com/116899029375914044550' itemprop='url'/> </script> <noscript> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 17.3333px; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">A version of this post originally appeared in Google bathrooms worldwide as a Google <a href="https://testing.googleblog.com/2007/01/introducing-testing-on-toilet.html">Testing on the Toilet</a> episode. You can download a <a href="https://docs.google.com/document/d/1dNLtVwh4LivN0oB_MR4DSEufzz3s4EMDpBaaxNLT3qA/edit?resourcekey=0-qZq1Fhy6504oIICFtPhITA">printer-friendly version</a> to display in your office.<div> </div><div><div>By Tim Lyakhovetskiy</div><div> </div><div> </div><div><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">A goal of any written design or project proposal is to present and evaluate alternatives. However, <span style="color: #980000; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">documents that include multiple solutions can be difficult to read when the qualities of each solution are not clearly expressed<span style="font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">.<span style="font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">A common approach to simplifying proposals is to use “pros and cons” for each alternative, but this leads to biased writing since the pros and cons may be weighed differently depending on the reader’s priorities.<span style="font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">In this example, <span style="color: #980000; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">can you quickly tell how this option would measure up against others?<div align="left" dir="ltr" style="margin-left: 0pt;"><table style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none;"><colgroup><col width="733"></col></colgroup><tbody><tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-style: solid; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5.04pt; vertical-align: top;"><span face=""Google Sans Text", sans-serif" style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Option 1 - Optimize Shoelace Untangling Wizard in ShoeApp UI <span face=""Google Sans Text", sans-serif" style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Pros<ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "Google Sans Text", sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Shoelace Untangling Wizard UI will use 10% less CPU</li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "Google Sans Text", sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Less than one quarter to implement</li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "Google Sans Text", sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Users will see 100ms less UI lag</li></ul><span face=""Google Sans Text", sans-serif" style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Cons<ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "Google Sans Text", sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Security risk (shoelace colors exposed) until ShoeAppBackend team fixes lacing API</li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "Google Sans Text", sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">ShoeAppBackend will be blocked for 3 months</li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "Google Sans Text", sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">User documentation for Shoelace Untangling Wizard UI has to change</li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table></div><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">This format requires the reader to remember many details in order to evaluate which option they prefer. <span style="color: #980000; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Instead, express tradeoffs using <span style="color: #980000; font-size: 13pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">impact on qualities<span style="color: #980000; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">.<span style="font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> There are many common <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_system_quality_attributes" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">quality attributes</a><span style="font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> including Performance, Security, Maintainability, Usability, Testability, Scalability, and Cost.<span style="color: #980000; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Use colors and symbols in a table (<span face=""Google Sans Text", sans-serif" style="background-color: #f4cccc; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">➖<span style="background-color: #f4cccc; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> negative<span style="font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">, <span face=""Google Sans Text", sans-serif" style="background-color: #fff2cc; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">～<span style="background-color: #fff2cc; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> somewhat negative<span style="font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">, <span face=""Google Sans Text", sans-serif" style="background-color: #d9ead3; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">➕<span style="background-color: #d9ead3; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> positive<span style="color: #980000; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">) to make it easy for readers to parse your ideas.<span style="font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> The symbols are needed for accessibility, e.g. color-blindness and screen readers.<span style="font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><div align="left" dir="ltr" style="margin-left: 0pt;"><div style="overflow-x: auto;"><table style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; table-layout: fixed; width: 554.4pt;"><colgroup><col></col></colgroup><tbody><tr style="height: 149.25pt;"><td style="background-color: white; border-bottom: solid #000000 1pt; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: solid #000000 1pt; border-right: solid #000000 1pt; border-style: solid; border-top: solid #000000 1pt; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5.04pt; vertical-align: top;"><span face="'Google Sans Text',sans-serif" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Option 1 - Optimize Shoelace Untangling Wizard in ShoeApp UI<div align="left" dir="ltr" style="margin-left: 0pt;"><table style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none;"><colgroup><col width="120"></col><col width="605"></col></colgroup><tbody><tr style="height: 18.75pt;"><td rowspan="2" style="background-color: #efefef; border-bottom: dotted #000000 1pt; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: dotted #000000 1pt; border-right: dotted #000000 1pt; border-style: dotted; border-top: dotted #000000 1pt; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2.88pt; vertical-align: middle;"><span face="'Google Sans Text',sans-serif" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Usability</td><td style="background-color: #d9ead3; border-bottom: dotted #000000 1pt; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: dotted #000000 1pt; border-right: dotted #000000 1pt; border-style: dotted; border-top: dotted #000000 1pt; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2.88pt; vertical-align: top;"><span face="'Google Sans Text',sans-serif" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">➕ Users will see 100ms less UI lag</td></tr><tr style="height: 18.75pt;"><td style="background-color: #fff2cc; border-bottom: dotted #000000 1pt; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: dotted #000000 1pt; border-right: dotted #000000 1pt; border-style: dotted; border-top: dotted #000000 1pt; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2.88pt; vertical-align: top;"><span face="'Google Sans Text',sans-serif" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">～<span face="'Google Sans Text',sans-serif" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> User documentation for Shoelace Untangling Wizard UI has to change</td></tr><tr style="height: 19.4712pt;"><td style="background-color: #efefef; border-bottom: dotted #000000 1pt; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: dotted #000000 1pt; border-right: dotted #000000 1pt; border-style: dotted; border-top: dotted #000000 1pt; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2.88pt; vertical-align: middle;"><span face="'Google Sans Text',sans-serif" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Security</td><td style="background-color: #f4cccc; border-bottom: dotted #000000 1pt; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: dotted #000000 1pt; border-right: dotted #000000 1pt; border-style: dotted; border-top: dotted #000000 1pt; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2.88pt; vertical-align: top;"><span face="'Google Sans Text',sans-serif" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">➖ Security risk (shoelace colors exposed) until ShoeAppBackend fixes lacing API</td></tr><tr style="height: 18.75pt;"><td style="background-color: #efefef; border-bottom: dotted #000000 1pt; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: dotted #000000 1pt; border-right: dotted #000000 1pt; border-style: dotted; border-top: dotted #000000 1pt; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2.88pt; vertical-align: middle;"><span face="'Google Sans Text',sans-serif" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Partner impact</td><td style="background-color: #f4cccc; border-bottom: dotted #000000 1pt; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: dotted #000000 1pt; border-right: dotted #000000 1pt; border-style: dotted; border-top: dotted #000000 1pt; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2.88pt; vertical-align: top;"><span face="'Google Sans Text',sans-serif" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">➖ ShoeAppBackend will be blocked for 3 months</td></tr><tr style="height: 18.75pt;"><td style="background-color: #efefef; border-bottom: dotted #000000 1pt; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: dotted #000000 1pt; border-right: dotted #000000 1pt; border-style: dotted; border-top: dotted #000000 1pt; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2.88pt; vertical-align: middle;"><span face="'Google Sans Text',sans-serif" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Performance</td><td style="background-color: #d9ead3; border-bottom: dotted #000000 1pt; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: dotted #000000 1pt; border-right: dotted #000000 1pt; border-style: dotted; border-top: dotted #000000 1pt; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2.88pt; vertical-align: top;"><span face="'Google Sans Text',sans-serif" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">➕ Shoelace Untangling Wizard UI will use 10% less CPU</td></tr><tr style="height: 18.75pt;"><td style="background-color: #efefef; border-bottom: dotted #000000 1pt; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: dotted #000000 1pt; border-right: dotted #000000 1pt; border-style: dotted; border-top: dotted #000000 1pt; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2.88pt; vertical-align: middle;"><span face="'Google Sans Text',sans-serif" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">Schedule/Cost</td><td style="background-color: #d9ead3; border-bottom: dotted #000000 1pt; border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-left: dotted #000000 1pt; border-right: dotted #000000 1pt; border-style: dotted; border-top: dotted #000000 1pt; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2.88pt; vertical-align: top;"><span face="'Google Sans Text',sans-serif" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">➕ Less than one quarter to implement</td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div></div><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Notice that the content uses approximately the same space but communicates more visually. The benefit is even greater when there are many alternatives/attributes, as it’s possible to evaluate the whole option at a glance.<div style="font-size: 17.3333px; font-style: italic; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> </div><div> </div> <meta content='https://plus.google.com/116899029375914044550' itemprop='url'/> </noscript> </div> </div> <div class='share'> <span class='twitter-custom social-wrapper' data-href='http://twitter.com/share?text=Google Testing Blog:Communicate Design Tradeoffs Visually&url=https://testing.googleblog.com/2023/09/communicate-design-tradeoffs-visually.html&via=googletesting'> <img alt='Share on Twitter' height='24' src='https://www.gstatic.com/images/icons/material/system/2x/post_twitter_black_24dp.png' width='24'/> <img alt='Share on Facebook' height='24' src='https://www.gstatic.com/images/icons/material/system/2x/post_facebook_black_24dp.png' width='24'/> </div> <div class='comment-container'>  <a href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2023/09/communicate-design-tradeoffs-visually.html#comments' style='font-weight: 500; text-decoration: underline;'>No comments</a> </div> <div class='post-footer'> <div class='cmt_iframe_holder' data-href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2023/09/communicate-design-tradeoffs-visually.html' data-viewtype='FILTERED_POSTMOD'></div> <a href='https://plus.google.com/112374322230920073195' rel='author' style='display:none;'> Google </a> <div class='label-footer'> Labels: <a class='label' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Tim%20Lyakhovetskiy' rel='tag'> Tim Lyakhovetskiy </a> , <a class='label' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/TotT' rel='tag'> TotT </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class='post' data-id='1357783596395491892' itemscope='' itemtype='http://schema.org/BlogPosting'> <h2 class='title' itemprop='name'> <a href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2023/09/else-nuances.html' itemprop='url' title=' Else Nuances'> Else Nuances </a> </h2> <div class='post-header'> <div class='published'> Wednesday, September 13, 2023 </div> </div> <div class='post-body'> <div class='post-content' itemprop='articleBody'> <script type='text/template'> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 17.3333px; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">This is another post in our <a href="https://testing.googleblog.com/2017/04/code-health-googles-internal-code.html">Code Health</a> series. A version of this post originally appeared in Google bathrooms worldwide as a Google <a href="https://testing.googleblog.com/2007/01/introducing-testing-on-toilet.html">Testing on the Toilet</a> episode. You can download a <a href="https://docs.google.com/document/d/1V82jYkIIx5rRMBXy0Kgqel5dhyNcEk5dvxVE1iRx_No/edit?resourcekey=0-yGevquySDIxfnBkeYaLLhA">printer-friendly version</a> to display in your office. By Sam Lee and Stan Chan<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> If your function exits early in an <span face="Consolas, sans-serif" style="color: #188038; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">if<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> statement, using or not using an <span face="Consolas, sans-serif" style="color: #188038; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">else<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> clause is equivalent in terms of <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">behavior<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">. However, the proper use of <span face="Consolas, sans-serif" style="color: #188038; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">else<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> clauses and guard clauses (lack of <span face="Consolas, sans-serif" style="color: #188038; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">else<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">) can help emphasize the <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">intent<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> of the code to the reader.<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Consider the following guidelines to help you structure your functions:<ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -18pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #980000; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Use a <span style="color: #980000; font-size: 13pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">guard clause<span style="color: #980000; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;"> to handle special cases upfront, so that the rest of the code can focus on the core logic. A guard clause checks a criterion and fails fast or returns early if it is not met, which reduces nesting (see the <a href="https://testing.googleblog.com/2017/06/code-health-reduce-nesting-reduce.html" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Reduce Nesting</a> article).</li></ul><div align="left" dir="ltr" style="margin-left: 0pt; overflow-x: auto;"><table style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none;"><colgroup><col width="348"></col><col width="388"></col></colgroup><tbody><tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: #f4cccc; border-bottom: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-color: rgb(183, 183, 183); border-left: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-right: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-style: solid; border-top: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 3.6pt; vertical-align: top;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">def parse_path(path: str) -> Path:<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">  <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">if<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> not path:<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">    raise ValueError(“path is empty.”)<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">  <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">else<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">:<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">    <span style="background-color: transparent; color: blue; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"># Nested logic here.<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">    ...</td><td style="background-color: #d9ead3; border-bottom: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-color: rgb(183, 183, 183); border-left: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-right: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-style: solid; border-top: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 3.6pt; vertical-align: top;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">def parse_path(path: str) -> Path:<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">  <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">if <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">not path:<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">    raise ValueError(“path is empty.”)<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">  <span style="background-color: transparent; color: blue; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"># No nesting needed for the valid case.<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">  ...</td></tr></tbody></table></div><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -13.5pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #980000; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Use <span face="Consolas, sans-serif" style="color: #188038; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">else<span style="color: #980000; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;"> if it is part of the core responsibility. <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Prefer to keep related conditional logic syntactically grouped together in the same <span face="Consolas, sans-serif" style="color: #188038; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">if...else<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;"> structure if each branch is relevant to the core responsibility of the function. Grouping logic in this way emphasizes the complementary nature of each condition. The complementary nature is emphasized explicitly by the else <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">statement, instead of being inferred and relying on the resulting behavior of the prior <span face="Consolas, sans-serif" style="color: #188038; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">return <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">statement.</li></ul><div align="left" dir="ltr" style="margin-left: 0pt; overflow-x: auto;"><table style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none;"><colgroup><col width="351"></col><col width="382"></col></colgroup><tbody><tr style="height: 112.5pt;"><td style="background-color: #f4cccc; border-bottom: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-color: rgb(183, 183, 183); border-left: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-right: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-style: solid; border-top: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 3.6pt; vertical-align: top;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">def get_favicon(self) -> Icon:<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">  <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">if<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> self.user.id is None:<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">    return Icon.SIGNED_OUT<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">  <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">if<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> self.browser.incognito: <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> return Icon.INCOGNITO<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">  <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">if<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> not self.new_inbox_items:<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">    return Icon.EMPTY;<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">  return Icon.HAS_ITEMS </td><td style="background-color: #d9ead3; border-bottom: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-color: rgb(183, 183, 183); border-left: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-right: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-style: solid; border-top: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 3.6pt; vertical-align: top;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">def get_favicon(self) -> Icon:<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">  <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">if<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> self.user.id is None:<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">    return Icon.SIGNED_OUT<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">  <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">elif<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> self.browser.incognito:<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">    return Icon.INCOGNITO<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">  <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">elif<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> not self.new_inbox_items:<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">    return Icon.EMPTY<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">  <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">else<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">:<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">    return Icon.HAS_ITEMS<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">  <span style="background-color: transparent; color: blue; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"># No trailing return is needed or allowed.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">When it’s idiomatic, use a <span face="Consolas, sans-serif" style="color: #188038; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">switch<span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">(or similar) statement instead of <span face="Consolas, sans-serif" style="color: #188038; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">if...else<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> statements. (<span face="Consolas, sans-serif" style="color: #188038; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">switch<span face="Consolas, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">/<span face="Consolas, sans-serif" style="color: #188038; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">when<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> in Go/Kotlin can accept boolean conditions like <span face="Consolas, sans-serif" style="color: #188038; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">if...else<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">.)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Not all scenarios will be clear-cut for which pattern to use; use your best judgment to choose between these two styles. A good rule of thumb is use a guard if it's a special case, use <span face="Consolas, sans-serif" style="color: #188038; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">else<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> if its core logic. Following these guidelines can improve code understandability by emphasizing the connections between different logical branches.<div> </div> <meta content='https://plus.google.com/116899029375914044550' itemprop='url'/> </script> <noscript> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 17.3333px; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">This is another post in our <a href="https://testing.googleblog.com/2017/04/code-health-googles-internal-code.html">Code Health</a> series. A version of this post originally appeared in Google bathrooms worldwide as a Google <a href="https://testing.googleblog.com/2007/01/introducing-testing-on-toilet.html">Testing on the Toilet</a> episode. You can download a <a href="https://docs.google.com/document/d/1V82jYkIIx5rRMBXy0Kgqel5dhyNcEk5dvxVE1iRx_No/edit?resourcekey=0-yGevquySDIxfnBkeYaLLhA">printer-friendly version</a> to display in your office. By Sam Lee and Stan Chan<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> If your function exits early in an <span face="Consolas, sans-serif" style="color: #188038; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">if<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> statement, using or not using an <span face="Consolas, sans-serif" style="color: #188038; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">else<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> clause is equivalent in terms of <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">behavior<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">. However, the proper use of <span face="Consolas, sans-serif" style="color: #188038; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">else<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> clauses and guard clauses (lack of <span face="Consolas, sans-serif" style="color: #188038; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">else<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">) can help emphasize the <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">intent<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> of the code to the reader.<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Consider the following guidelines to help you structure your functions:<ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -18pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #980000; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Use a <span style="color: #980000; font-size: 13pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">guard clause<span style="color: #980000; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;"> to handle special cases upfront, so that the rest of the code can focus on the core logic. A guard clause checks a criterion and fails fast or returns early if it is not met, which reduces nesting (see the <a href="https://testing.googleblog.com/2017/06/code-health-reduce-nesting-reduce.html" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Reduce Nesting</a> article).</li></ul><div align="left" dir="ltr" style="margin-left: 0pt; overflow-x: auto;"><table style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none;"><colgroup><col width="348"></col><col width="388"></col></colgroup><tbody><tr style="height: 0pt;"><td style="background-color: #f4cccc; border-bottom: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-color: rgb(183, 183, 183); border-left: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-right: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-style: solid; border-top: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 3.6pt; vertical-align: top;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">def parse_path(path: str) -> Path:<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">  <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">if<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> not path:<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">    raise ValueError(“path is empty.”)<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">  <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">else<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">:<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">    <span style="background-color: transparent; color: blue; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"># Nested logic here.<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">    ...</td><td style="background-color: #d9ead3; border-bottom: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-color: rgb(183, 183, 183); border-left: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-right: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-style: solid; border-top: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 3.6pt; vertical-align: top;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">def parse_path(path: str) -> Path:<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">  <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">if <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">not path:<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">    raise ValueError(“path is empty.”)<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">  <span style="background-color: transparent; color: blue; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"># No nesting needed for the valid case.<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">  ...</td></tr></tbody></table></div><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -13.5pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><span style="color: #980000; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Use <span face="Consolas, sans-serif" style="color: #188038; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">else<span style="color: #980000; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;"> if it is part of the core responsibility. <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Prefer to keep related conditional logic syntactically grouped together in the same <span face="Consolas, sans-serif" style="color: #188038; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">if...else<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;"> structure if each branch is relevant to the core responsibility of the function. Grouping logic in this way emphasizes the complementary nature of each condition. The complementary nature is emphasized explicitly by the else <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">statement, instead of being inferred and relying on the resulting behavior of the prior <span face="Consolas, sans-serif" style="color: #188038; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">return <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">statement.</li></ul><div align="left" dir="ltr" style="margin-left: 0pt; overflow-x: auto;"><table style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none;"><colgroup><col width="351"></col><col width="382"></col></colgroup><tbody><tr style="height: 112.5pt;"><td style="background-color: #f4cccc; border-bottom: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-color: rgb(183, 183, 183); border-left: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-right: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-style: solid; border-top: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 3.6pt; vertical-align: top;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">def get_favicon(self) -> Icon:<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">  <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">if<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> self.user.id is None:<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">    return Icon.SIGNED_OUT<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">  <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">if<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> self.browser.incognito: <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> return Icon.INCOGNITO<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">  <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">if<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> not self.new_inbox_items:<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">    return Icon.EMPTY;<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">  return Icon.HAS_ITEMS </td><td style="background-color: #d9ead3; border-bottom: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-color: rgb(183, 183, 183); border-left: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-right: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-style: solid; border-top: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 3.6pt; vertical-align: top;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">def get_favicon(self) -> Icon:<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">  <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">if<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> self.user.id is None:<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">    return Icon.SIGNED_OUT<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">  <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">elif<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> self.browser.incognito:<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">    return Icon.INCOGNITO<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">  <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">elif<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> not self.new_inbox_items:<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">    return Icon.EMPTY<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">  <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">else<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">:<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">    return Icon.HAS_ITEMS<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">  <span style="background-color: transparent; color: blue; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"># No trailing return is needed or allowed.</td></tr></tbody></table></div><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">When it’s idiomatic, use a <span face="Consolas, sans-serif" style="color: #188038; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">switch<span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">(or similar) statement instead of <span face="Consolas, sans-serif" style="color: #188038; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">if...else<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> statements. (<span face="Consolas, sans-serif" style="color: #188038; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">switch<span face="Consolas, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">/<span face="Consolas, sans-serif" style="color: #188038; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">when<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> in Go/Kotlin can accept boolean conditions like <span face="Consolas, sans-serif" style="color: #188038; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">if...else<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">.)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Not all scenarios will be clear-cut for which pattern to use; use your best judgment to choose between these two styles. A good rule of thumb is use a guard if it's a special case, use <span face="Consolas, sans-serif" style="color: #188038; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">else<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> if its core logic. Following these guidelines can improve code understandability by emphasizing the connections between different logical branches.<div> </div> <meta content='https://plus.google.com/116899029375914044550' itemprop='url'/> </noscript> </div> </div> <div class='share'> <img alt='Share on Twitter' height='24' src='https://www.gstatic.com/images/icons/material/system/2x/post_twitter_black_24dp.png' width='24'/> <img alt='Share on Facebook' height='24' src='https://www.gstatic.com/images/icons/material/system/2x/post_facebook_black_24dp.png' width='24'/> </div> <div class='comment-container'>  <a href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2023/09/else-nuances.html#comments' style='font-weight: 500; text-decoration: underline;'>No comments</a> </div> <div class='post-footer'> <div class='cmt_iframe_holder' data-href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2023/09/else-nuances.html' data-viewtype='FILTERED_POSTMOD'></div> <a href='https://plus.google.com/112374322230920073195' rel='author' style='display:none;'> Google </a> <div class='label-footer'> Labels: <a class='label' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Code%20Health' rel='tag'> Code Health </a> , <a class='label' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Sam%20Lee' rel='tag'> Sam Lee </a> , <a class='label' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/Stan%20Chan' rel='tag'> Stan Chan </a> , <a class='label' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/search/label/TotT' rel='tag'> TotT </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class='post' data-id='6817524459309034108' itemscope='' itemtype='http://schema.org/BlogPosting'> <h2 class='title' itemprop='name'> <a href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2023/09/use-abstraction-to-improve-function.html' itemprop='url' title='Use Abstraction to Improve Function Readability'> Use Abstraction to Improve Function Readability </a> </h2> <div class='post-header'> <div class='published'> Wednesday, September 06, 2023 </div> </div> <div class='post-body'> <div class='post-content' itemprop='articleBody'> <script type='text/template'> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif; font-size: 17.3333px; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">This is another post in our <a href="https://testing.googleblog.com/2017/04/code-health-googles-internal-code.html">Code Health</a> series. A version of this post originally appeared in Google bathrooms worldwide as a Google <a href="https://testing.googleblog.com/2007/01/introducing-testing-on-toilet.html">Testing on the Toilet</a> episode. You can download a <a href="https://docs.google.com/document/d/1-B7l4c0lj4bGO8k3vSMZV_0kJEI-CcU98tLi9ytZCqo/edit?resourcekey=0-RuAgv-QvZhjfIO0tP2rwAg">printer-friendly version</a> to display in your office. By Palak Bansal and Mark Manley <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> Which version of the <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">createPizza<span face="Arial,sans-serif" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">function below is easier to understand?<div align="left" dir="ltr" style="margin-left: -4.5pt;"><div style="overflow-x: auto;"><table style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none;"><colgroup><col width="355"></col><col width="400"></col></colgroup><tbody><tr style="height: 114pt;"><td style="background-color: #f4cccc; border-bottom: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-color: rgb(183, 183, 183); border-left: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-right: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-style: solid; border-top: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2.88pt; vertical-align: top;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">func createPizza(order *Order) *Pizza {  <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">  <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">pizza<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> := &Pizza{Base: order.Size,<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">                  Sauce: order.Sauce,<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">                  Cheese: “Mozzarella”} <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">  if order.kind == “Veg” {<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">    <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">pizza<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">.Toppings = vegToppings<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">  } else if order.kind == “Meat” {<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">    <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">pizza<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">.Toppings = meatToppings<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">  } <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">  oven := oven.New()<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">  if oven.Temp != cookingTemp { <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">    for (oven.Temp < cookingTemp) {<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">      time.Sleep(checkOvenInterval)<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">      oven.Temp = getOvenTemp(oven)<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">    }<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">  } <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">  if !<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">pizza<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">.Baked {<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">    oven.Insert(<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">pizza<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">)<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">    time.Sleep(cookTime)<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">    oven.Remove(<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">pizza<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">)<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">    <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">pizza<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">.Baked = true<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">  } <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">  box := box.New()<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">  <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">pizza<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">.Boxed = box.PutIn(<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">pizza<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">)<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">  <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">pizza<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">.Sliced = box.SlicePizza(order.Size)<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">  <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">pizza<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">.Ready = box.Close()<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">  return <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">pizza<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">  <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">}</td><td style="background-color: #d9ead3; border-bottom: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-color: rgb(183, 183, 183); border-left: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-right: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-style: solid; border-top: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2.88pt; vertical-align: top;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">func createPizza(order *Order) *Pizza {<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">  <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">pizza<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> := prepare(order)<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">  bake(<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">pizza<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">)<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">  box(<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">pizza<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">)<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">  return <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">pizza<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">} <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">func prepare(order *Order) *Pizza {<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">  <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">pizza<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> := &Pizza{Base: order.Size,<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">                  Sauce: order.Sauce,<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">                  Cheese: “Mozzarella”}<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">  addToppings(<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">pizza<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">, order.kind)<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">  return <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">pizza<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">} <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">func addToppings(<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">pizza<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> *Pizza, kind string) {<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">  if kind == “Veg” {<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">    <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">pizza<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">.Toppings = vegToppings<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">  } else if kind == “Meat” {<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">    <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">pizza<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">.Toppings = meatToppings<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">  }<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">} <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">func bake(<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">pizza<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> *Pizza) {<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">  oven := oven.New()<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">  heatOven(oven) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">  bakePizza(<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">pizza<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">, oven)<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">} <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">func heatOven(oven *Oven) { … }<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">func bakePizza(<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">pizza<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> *Pizza, oven *Oven) { … }<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">func box(<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">pizza<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> *Pizza) { … }</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><p dir="ltr" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: Roboto, RobotoDraft, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 10pt;"><span style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">You probably said the right-hand side is easier, but why? <span style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #980000; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline;">The left side mixes together several levels of abstraction<span style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">: low-level implementation details (e.g., how to heat the oven), intermediate-level functions (e.g., how to bake pizza), and high-level abstractions (e.g., preparing, baking, and boxing the pizza).<p dir="ltr" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: Roboto, RobotoDraft, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 10pt;"><span style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #980000; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline;">The right side is easier to follow because the functions have a consistent level of abstraction, <span style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #990000; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline;">providing a top-down narrative of the code’s logic. <span face="Consolas, sans-serif" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">createPizza<span style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;"> is a high-level function that delegates the preparing, baking, and boxing steps to lower-level specialized functions with intuitive names. Those functions, in turn, delegate to their own lower-level specialized functions (e.g., <span face="Consolas, sans-serif" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">heatOven<span style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">) until they reach a function that handles implementation details without needing to call other functions.<span style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #990000; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline;"> <p dir="ltr" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: Roboto, RobotoDraft, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 10pt;"><span style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #990000; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline;">Avoid mixing different abstraction layers into a single function.<span style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #444746; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">Nest functions at equal abstraction levels to provide a narrative. This self-documenting style is simpler to follow, debug, and reuse.<span style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #444746; font-family: Times New Roman, serif; font-size: 17.3333px; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">You can learn more about this topic in the book <a href="https://www.oreilly.com/library/view/clean-code-a/9780136083238/">Clean Code</a> by Robert C. Martin. <p dir="ltr" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: Roboto, RobotoDraft, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 10pt;"><span style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #444746; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;"> <meta content='https://plus.google.com/116899029375914044550' itemprop='url'/> </script> <noscript> <span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif; font-size: 17.3333px; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">This is another post in our <a href="https://testing.googleblog.com/2017/04/code-health-googles-internal-code.html">Code Health</a> series. A version of this post originally appeared in Google bathrooms worldwide as a Google <a href="https://testing.googleblog.com/2007/01/introducing-testing-on-toilet.html">Testing on the Toilet</a> episode. You can download a <a href="https://docs.google.com/document/d/1-B7l4c0lj4bGO8k3vSMZV_0kJEI-CcU98tLi9ytZCqo/edit?resourcekey=0-RuAgv-QvZhjfIO0tP2rwAg">printer-friendly version</a> to display in your office. By Palak Bansal and Mark Manley <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> Which version of the <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">createPizza<span face="Arial,sans-serif" style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 13pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">function below is easier to understand?<div align="left" dir="ltr" style="margin-left: -4.5pt;"><div style="overflow-x: auto;"><table style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none;"><colgroup><col width="355"></col><col width="400"></col></colgroup><tbody><tr style="height: 114pt;"><td style="background-color: #f4cccc; border-bottom: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-color: rgb(183, 183, 183); border-left: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-right: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-style: solid; border-top: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2.88pt; vertical-align: top;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">func createPizza(order *Order) *Pizza {  <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">  <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">pizza<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> := &Pizza{Base: order.Size,<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">                  Sauce: order.Sauce,<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">                  Cheese: “Mozzarella”} <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">  if order.kind == “Veg” {<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">    <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">pizza<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">.Toppings = vegToppings<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">  } else if order.kind == “Meat” {<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">    <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">pizza<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">.Toppings = meatToppings<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">  } <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">  oven := oven.New()<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">  if oven.Temp != cookingTemp { <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">    for (oven.Temp < cookingTemp) {<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">      time.Sleep(checkOvenInterval)<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">      oven.Temp = getOvenTemp(oven)<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">    }<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">  } <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">  if !<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">pizza<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">.Baked {<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">    oven.Insert(<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">pizza<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">)<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">    time.Sleep(cookTime)<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">    oven.Remove(<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">pizza<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">)<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">    <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">pizza<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">.Baked = true<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">  } <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">  box := box.New()<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">  <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">pizza<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">.Boxed = box.PutIn(<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">pizza<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">)<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">  <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">pizza<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">.Sliced = box.SlicePizza(order.Size)<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">  <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">pizza<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">.Ready = box.Close()<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">  return <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">pizza<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">  <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">}</td><td style="background-color: #d9ead3; border-bottom: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-color: rgb(183, 183, 183); border-left: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-right: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-style: solid; border-top: solid #b7b7b7 1pt; border-width: 1pt; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 2.88pt; vertical-align: top;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">func createPizza(order *Order) *Pizza {<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">  <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">pizza<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> := prepare(order)<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">  bake(<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">pizza<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">)<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">  box(<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">pizza<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">)<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">  return <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">pizza<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">} <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">func prepare(order *Order) *Pizza {<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">  <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">pizza<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> := &Pizza{Base: order.Size,<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">                  Sauce: order.Sauce,<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">                  Cheese: “Mozzarella”}<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">  addToppings(<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">pizza<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">, order.kind)<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">  return <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">pizza<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">} <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">func addToppings(<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">pizza<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> *Pizza, kind string) {<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">  if kind == “Veg” {<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">    <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">pizza<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">.Toppings = vegToppings<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">  } else if kind == “Meat” {<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">    <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">pizza<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">.Toppings = meatToppings<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">  }<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">} <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">func bake(<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">pizza<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> *Pizza) {<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">  oven := oven.New()<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">  heatOven(oven) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">  bakePizza(<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">pizza<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">, oven)<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">} <span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">func heatOven(oven *Oven) { … }<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">func bakePizza(<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">pizza<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> *Pizza, oven *Oven) { … }<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">func box(<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;">pizza<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Roboto Mono',monospace; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"> *Pizza) { … }</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><p dir="ltr" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: Roboto, RobotoDraft, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 10pt;"><span style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">You probably said the right-hand side is easier, but why? <span style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #980000; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline;">The left side mixes together several levels of abstraction<span style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">: low-level implementation details (e.g., how to heat the oven), intermediate-level functions (e.g., how to bake pizza), and high-level abstractions (e.g., preparing, baking, and boxing the pizza).<p dir="ltr" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: Roboto, RobotoDraft, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 10pt;"><span style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #980000; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline;">The right side is easier to follow because the functions have a consistent level of abstraction, <span style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #990000; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline;">providing a top-down narrative of the code’s logic. <span face="Consolas, sans-serif" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">createPizza<span style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;"> is a high-level function that delegates the preparing, baking, and boxing steps to lower-level specialized functions with intuitive names. Those functions, in turn, delegate to their own lower-level specialized functions (e.g., <span face="Consolas, sans-serif" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: black; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">heatOven<span style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">) until they reach a function that handles implementation details without needing to call other functions.<span style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #990000; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline;"> <p dir="ltr" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.87); font-family: Roboto, RobotoDraft, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 10pt;"><span style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #990000; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline;">Avoid mixing different abstraction layers into a single function.<span style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;"> <span style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #444746; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 13pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">Nest functions at equal abstraction levels to provide a narrative. This self-documenting style is simpler to follow, debug, and reuse.<span style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; color: #444746; font-family: Times New Roman, serif; font-size: 17.3333px; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">You can learn more about this topic in the book <a href="https://www.oreilly.com/library/view/clean-code-a/9780136083238/">Clean Code</a> by Robert C. 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href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2017/05/'> May </a> (3) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2017/04/'> Apr </a> (2) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2017/02/'> Feb </a> (1) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2017/01/'> Jan </a> (2) </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2016/'> 2016 </a> (15) <ul class='hierarchy'> 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href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2016/08/'> Aug </a> (1) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2016/06/'> Jun </a> (2) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2016/05/'> May </a> (3) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2016/04/'> Apr </a> (1) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2016/03/'> Mar </a> (1) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2016/02/'> Feb </a> (1) </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2015/'> 2015 </a> (14) <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2015/12/'> Dec </a> (1) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2015/11/'> Nov </a> (1) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2015/10/'> Oct </a> (2) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2015/08/'> Aug </a> (1) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2015/06/'> Jun </a> (1) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2015/05/'> May </a> (2) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2015/04/'> Apr </a> (2) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2015/03/'> Mar </a> (1) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2015/02/'> Feb </a> (1) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2015/01/'> Jan </a> (2) </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2014/'> 2014 </a> (24) <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2014/12/'> Dec </a> (2) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2014/11/'> Nov </a> (1) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2014/10/'> Oct </a> (2) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2014/09/'> Sep </a> (2) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2014/08/'> Aug </a> (2) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2014/07/'> Jul </a> (3) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2014/06/'> Jun </a> (3) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2014/05/'> May </a> (2) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2014/04/'> Apr </a> (2) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2014/03/'> Mar </a> (2) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2014/02/'> Feb </a> (1) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2014/01/'> Jan </a> (2) </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2013/'> 2013 </a> (16) <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2013/12/'> Dec </a> (1) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2013/11/'> Nov </a> (1) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2013/10/'> Oct </a> (1) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2013/08/'> Aug </a> (2) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2013/07/'> Jul </a> (1) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2013/06/'> Jun </a> (2) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2013/05/'> May </a> (2) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2013/04/'> Apr </a> (2) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2013/03/'> Mar </a> (2) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2013/01/'> Jan </a> (2) </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2012/'> 2012 </a> (11) <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2012/12/'> Dec </a> (1) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2012/11/'> Nov </a> (2) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2012/10/'> Oct </a> (3) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2012/09/'> Sep </a> (1) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2012/08/'> Aug </a> (4) </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2011/'> 2011 </a> (39) <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2011/11/'> Nov </a> (2) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2011/10/'> Oct </a> (5) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2011/09/'> Sep </a> (2) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2011/08/'> Aug </a> (4) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2011/07/'> Jul </a> (2) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2011/06/'> Jun </a> (5) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2011/05/'> May </a> (4) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2011/04/'> Apr </a> (3) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2011/03/'> Mar </a> (4) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2011/02/'> Feb </a> (5) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2011/01/'> Jan </a> (3) </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2010/'> 2010 </a> (37) <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2010/12/'> Dec </a> (3) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2010/11/'> Nov </a> (3) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2010/10/'> Oct </a> (4) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2010/09/'> Sep </a> (8) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2010/08/'> Aug </a> (3) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2010/07/'> Jul </a> (3) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2010/06/'> Jun </a> (2) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2010/05/'> May </a> (2) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2010/04/'> Apr </a> (3) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2010/03/'> Mar </a> (3) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2010/02/'> Feb </a> (2) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2010/01/'> Jan </a> (1) </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2009/'> 2009 </a> (54) <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2009/12/'> Dec </a> (3) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2009/11/'> Nov </a> (2) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2009/10/'> Oct </a> (3) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2009/09/'> Sep </a> (5) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2009/08/'> Aug </a> (4) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2009/07/'> Jul </a> (15) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2009/06/'> Jun </a> (8) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2009/05/'> May </a> (3) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2009/04/'> Apr </a> (2) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2009/02/'> Feb </a> (5) </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://testing.googleblog.com/2009/01/'> Jan </a> (4) </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> ►  </a> <a class='post-count-link' 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style='margin-top: -16px;' width='92'/> </a> <ul> <li> <a href='//www.google.com/'> Google </a> </li> <li> <a href='//www.google.com/policies/privacy/'> Privacy </a> </li> <li> <a href='//www.google.com/policies/terms/'> Terms </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <script type='text/javascript'> //<![CDATA[ // Social sharing popups. var postEl = document.getElementsByClassName('social-wrapper'); var postCount = postEl.length; for(i=0; i<postCount;i++){ postEl[i].addEventListener("click", function(event){ var postUrl = this.getAttribute("data-href"); window.open( postUrl,'popUpWindow','height=500,width=500,left=10,top=10,resizable=yes,scrollbars=yes,toolbar=yes,menubar=no,location=no,directories=no,status=yes'); });} //]]> </script> <script type='text/javascript'> //<![CDATA[ var BreakpointHandler = function() { this.initted = false; this.isHomePage = false; this.isMobile = false; }; BreakpointHandler.prototype.finalizeSummary = function(summaryHtml, lastNode) { // Use $.trim for IE8 compatibility summaryHtml = $.trim(summaryHtml).replace(/( |\s)+$/,''); if (lastNode.nodeType == 3) { var lastChar = summaryHtml.slice(-1); if (!lastChar.match(/[.”"?]/)) { if (!lastChar.match(/[A-Za-z]/)) { summaryHtml = summaryHtml.slice(0, -1); } summaryHtml += ' ...'; } } else if (lastNode.nodeType == 1 && (lastNode.nodeName == 'I' || lastNode.nodeName == 'A')) { summaryHtml += ' ...'; } return summaryHtml; }; BreakpointHandler.prototype.generateSummaryFromContent = function(content, numWords) { var seenWords = 0; var summaryHtml = ''; for (var i=0; i < content.childNodes.length; i++) { var node = content.childNodes[i]; var nodeText; if (node.nodeType == 1) { if (node.hasAttribute('data-about-pullquote')) { continue; } nodeText = node.textContent; if (nodeText === undefined) { // innerText for IE8 nodeText = node.innerText; } if (node.nodeName == 'DIV' || node.nodeName == 'B') { // Don't end early if we haven't seen enough words. if (seenWords < 10) { continue; } if (i > 0) { summaryHtml = this.finalizeSummary(summaryHtml, content.childNodes[i-1]); } break; } summaryHtml += node.outerHTML; } else if (node.nodeType == 3) { nodeText = node.nodeValue; summaryHtml += nodeText + ' '; } var words = nodeText.match(/\S+\s*/g); if (!words) { continue; } var remain = numWords - seenWords; if (words.length >= remain) { summaryHtml = this.finalizeSummary(summaryHtml, node); break; } seenWords += words.length; } return summaryHtml; }; BreakpointHandler.prototype.detect = function() { var match, pl = /\+/g, search = /([^&=]+)=?([^&]*)/g, decode = function (s) { return decodeURIComponent(s.replace(pl, " ")); }, query = window.location.search.substring(1); var urlParams = {}; while (match = search.exec(query)) urlParams[decode(match[1])] = decode(match[2]); this.isListPage = $('html').hasClass('list-page'); this.isMobile = urlParams['m'] === '1'; this.isHomePage = window.location.pathname == '/'; }; BreakpointHandler.prototype.initContent = function() { var self = this; $('.post').each(function(index) { var body = $(this).children('.post-body')[0]; var content = $(body).children('.post-content')[0]; $(content).addClass('post-original'); var data = $(content).children('script').html(); data = self.rewriteForSSL(data); // If exists, extract specified editor's preview. var match = data.match(/([\s\S]+?)<div data-is-preview.+?>([\s\S]+)<\/div>/m); if (match) { data = match[1]; } // Prevent big images from loading when they aren't needed. // This must be done as a pre-injection step, since image loading can't be // canceled once embedded into the DOM. if (self.isListPage && self.isMobile) { data = data.replace(/<(img|iframe) .+?>/g, ''); } // Insert template to be rendered as nodes. content.innerHTML = data; if (self.isListPage) { var summary = document.createElement('div'); $(summary).addClass('post-content'); $(summary).addClass('post-summary'); body.insertBefore(summary, content); if (match) { // Use provided summary. summary.innerHTML = match[2]; } else { // Generate a summary. // Summary generation relies on DOM, so it must occur after content is // inserted into the page. summary.innerHTML = self.generateSummaryFromContent(content, 30); } // Add read more link to summary. var titleAnchor = $(this).find('.title a')[0]; var link = titleAnchor.cloneNode(true); link.innerHTML = 'Read More'; $(link).addClass('read-more'); summary.appendChild(link); } }); // Firefox does not allow for proper styling of BR. if (navigator.userAgent.indexOf('Firefox') > -1) { $('.post-content br').replaceWith(''); } $('.loading').removeClass('loading'); }; BreakpointHandler.prototype.process = function() { if (!this.initted) { var makeInsecureImageRegex = function(hosts) { var whitelist = hosts.join('|').replace(/\./g,'\\.'); // Normal image tags, plus input images (yes, this is possible!) return new RegExp('(<(img|input)[^>]+?src=("|\'))http:\/\/(' + whitelist +')', 'g'); }; this.sslImageRegex = makeInsecureImageRegex(BreakpointHandler.KNOWN_HTTPS_HOSTS); this.sslImageCurrentDomainRegex = makeInsecureImageRegex([window.location.hostname]); this.detect(); this.initContent(); this.initted = true; } }; BreakpointHandler.KNOWN_HTTPS_HOSTS = [ "www.google.org", "www.google.com", "services.google.com", "blogger.com", "draft.blogger.com", "www.blogger.com", "photos1.blogger.com", "photos2.blogger.com", "photos3.blogger.com", "blogblog.com", "img1.blogblog.com", "img2.blogblog.com", "www.blogblog.com", "www1.blogblog.com", "www2.blogblog.com", "0.bp.blogspot.com", "1.bp.blogspot.com", "2.bp.blogspot.com", "3.bp.blogspot.com", "4.bp.blogspot.com", "lh3.googleusercontent.com", "lh4.googleusercontent.com", "lh5.googleusercontent.com", "lh6.googleusercontent.com", "themes.googleusercontent.com", ]; BreakpointHandler.prototype.rewriteForSSL = function(html) { // Handle HTTP -> HTTPS source replacement of images, movies, and other embedded content. return html.replace(this.sslImageRegex, '$1https://$4') .replace(this.sslImageCurrentDomainRegex, '$1//$4') .replace(/(<(embed|iframe)[^>]+?src=("|'))http:\/\/([^"']*?(youtube|picasaweb\.google)\.com)/g, '$1https://$4') // Slideshow SWF takes a image host, so we need to rewrite that parameter. .replace(/(<embed[^>]+?feed=http(?=[^s]))/g, '$1s'); }; $(document).ready(function() { var handler = new BreakpointHandler(); handler.process(); // Top-level navigation. $(".BlogArchive .tab").click(function(ev) { ev.preventDefault(); $(this).parent().toggleClass('active'); $(this).siblings().slideToggle(300); }); $(".Label .tab").click(function(ev) { ev.preventDefault(); $(this).parent().toggleClass('active'); $(this).siblings().slideToggle(300); }); // Blog archive year expansion. $('.BlogArchive .intervalToggle').click(function(ev) { ev.preventDefault(); if ($(this).parent().hasClass('collapsed')) { $(this).parent().removeClass('collapsed'); $(this).parent().addClass('expanded'); } else { $(this).parent().removeClass('expanded'); 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