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href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomia_linneana" title="Taxonomia linneana – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Taxonomia linneana" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B1%CE%BE%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%9B%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%BF%CF%85" title="Ταξινομία του Λινναίου – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ταξινομία του Λινναίου" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonom%C3%ADa_linneana" title="Taxonomía linneana – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Taxonomía linneana" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linea_taksonomio" title="Linea taksonomio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Linea taksonomio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C" title="آرایه‌شناسی لینه‌ای – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آرایه‌شناسی لینه‌ای" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classification_classique" title="Classification classique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Classification classique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taksonomi_Linnaeus" title="Taksonomi Linnaeus – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Taksonomi Linnaeus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tassonomia_linneana" title="Tassonomia linneana – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tassonomia linneana" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasonomia_de_Lineo" title="Tasonomia de Lineo – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Tasonomia de Lineo" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3%E3%83%8D%E5%BC%8F%E9%9A%8E%E5%B1%A4%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E%E4%BD%93%E7%B3%BB" title="リンネ式階層分類体系 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="リンネ式階層分類体系" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomia_de_Lineu" title="Taxonomia de Lineu – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Taxonomia de Lineu" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomia_linnean%C4%83" title="Taxonomia linneană – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Taxonomia linneană" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%8F" title="Система Линнея – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Система Линнея" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%9A%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%AB%E0%B6%BA" title="ලීනියන් වර්ගීකරණය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ලීනියන් වර්ගීකරණය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syst%C3%A9m_%C5%BEiv%C3%BDch_organizmov" title="Systém živých organizmov – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Systém živých organizmov" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asismel_n_Linn%C3%A9" title="Asismel n Linné – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Asismel n Linné" 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.mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Linnaean_taxonomy" title="Special:EditPage/Linnaean taxonomy">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Linnaean+taxonomy%22">"Linnaean taxonomy"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Linnaean+taxonomy%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Linnaean+taxonomy%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Linnaean+taxonomy%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Linnaean+taxonomy%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Linnaean+taxonomy%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Linn%C3%A9-Systema_Naturae_1735.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Linn%C3%A9-Systema_Naturae_1735.jpg/300px-Linn%C3%A9-Systema_Naturae_1735.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="376" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Linn%C3%A9-Systema_Naturae_1735.jpg/450px-Linn%C3%A9-Systema_Naturae_1735.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Linn%C3%A9-Systema_Naturae_1735.jpg/600px-Linn%C3%A9-Systema_Naturae_1735.jpg 2x" data-file-width="910" data-file-height="1141" /></a><figcaption>The title page of <i>Systema Naturae</i>, Leiden (1735)</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Linnaean taxonomy</b> can mean either of two related concepts: </p> <ol><li>The particular form of <a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">biological classification</a> (taxonomy) set up by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Carl Linnaeus</a>, as set forth in his <i><a href="/wiki/Systema_Naturae" title="Systema Naturae">Systema Naturae</a></i> (1735) and subsequent works. In the taxonomy of Linnaeus there are three kingdoms, divided into <i>classes</i>, and the classes divided into lower ranks in a hierarchical order.</li> <li>A term for rank-based classification of organisms, in general. That is, taxonomy in the traditional sense of the word: rank-based <a href="/wiki/Scientific_classification" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific classification">scientific classification</a>. This term is especially used as opposed to <a href="/wiki/Cladistics" title="Cladistics">cladistic</a> systematics, which groups organisms into <a href="/wiki/Clade" title="Clade">clades</a>. It is attributed to Linnaeus, although he neither invented the concept of ranked classification (it goes back to <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>) nor gave it its present form. In fact, it does not have an exact present form, as "Linnaean taxonomy" as such does not really exist: it is a collective (abstracting) term for what actually are several separate fields, which use similar approaches.</li></ol> <p><b>Linnaean name</b> also has two meanings, depending on the context: it may either refer to a formal name given by Linnaeus (personally), such as <a href="/wiki/Giraffa_camelopardalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Giraffa camelopardalis"><i>Giraffa camelopardalis</i> Linnaeus, 1758</a>; or a formal name in the accepted nomenclature (as opposed to a modernistic <a href="/wiki/Clade" title="Clade">clade</a> name). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_taxonomy_of_Linnaeus">The taxonomy of Linnaeus</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linnaean_taxonomy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: The taxonomy of Linnaeus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In his <i>Imperium Naturae</i>, <a href="/wiki/Linnaeus" class="mw-redirect" title="Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a> established three kingdoms, namely <i>Regnum Animale</i>, <i>Regnum Vegetabile</i> and <i>Regnum Lapideum</i>. This approach, the Animal, Vegetable and Mineral Kingdoms, survives today in the popular mind, notably in the form of the parlour game question: "Is it <a href="/wiki/Animal,_vegetable_or_mineral" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal, vegetable or mineral">animal, vegetable or mineral</a>?". The work of Linnaeus had a huge impact on science; it was indispensable as a foundation for <a href="/wiki/Biological_nomenclature" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological nomenclature">biological nomenclature</a>, now regulated by the <a href="/wiki/Nomenclature_codes" title="Nomenclature codes">nomenclature codes</a>. Two of his works, the first edition of the <i><a href="/wiki/Species_Plantarum" title="Species Plantarum">Species Plantarum</a></i> (1753) for plants and the tenth edition of the <i>Systema Naturae</i> (1758), are accepted as part of the starting points of nomenclature; his binomials (names for species) and generic names take <a href="/wiki/Priority_(biology)" title="Priority (biology)">priority</a> over those of others.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolaszek20101_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolaszek20101-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the impact he had on science was not because of the value of his taxonomy. </p><p>Linnaeus' kingdoms were in turn divided into <i><a href="/wiki/Class_(biology)" title="Class (biology)">classes</a></i>, and they, in turn, into <i><a href="/wiki/Order_(biology)" title="Order (biology)">orders</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Genera" class="mw-redirect" title="Genera">genera</a></i> (singular: <i>genus</i>), and <i><a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a></i> (singular: <i>species</i>), with an additional rank lower than species, though these do not precisely correspond to the use of these terms in modern taxonomy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBihrmann2021_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBihrmann2021-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classification_of_plants">Classification of plants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linnaean_taxonomy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Classification of plants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <i>Systema Naturae</i> (1735), his classes and orders of plants, according to his <i>Systema Sexuale</i>, were not intended to represent natural groups (as opposed to his <a href="/wiki/Ordo_naturalis" title="Ordo naturalis"><i>ordines naturales</i></a> in his <i><a href="/wiki/Philosophia_Botanica" title="Philosophia Botanica">Philosophia Botanica</a></i>) but only for use in identification. However, in 1737 he published <i>Genera Plantarum</i> in which he claimed that his classification of genera was a natural system.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His botanical classification and sexual system were used well into the nineteenth century.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within each class were several orders. This system is based on the number and arrangement of male (<a href="/wiki/Stamen" title="Stamen">stamens</a>) and female (<a href="/wiki/Gynoecium" title="Gynoecium">pistils</a>) organs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBremer2007_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBremer2007-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SN-p837.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/SN-p837.jpg/270px-SN-p837.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="416" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/SN-p837.jpg/405px-SN-p837.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/SN-p837.jpg/540px-SN-p837.jpg 2x" data-file-width="649" data-file-height="999" /></a><figcaption>Key to the Sexual System (from the 10th, 1758, edition of the <i>Systema Naturae</i>)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kalmia_latifolia_Great_Smoky.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Kalmia_latifolia_Great_Smoky.jpg/220px-Kalmia_latifolia_Great_Smoky.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Kalmia_latifolia_Great_Smoky.jpg/330px-Kalmia_latifolia_Great_Smoky.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Kalmia_latifolia_Great_Smoky.jpg/440px-Kalmia_latifolia_Great_Smoky.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1695" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Kalmia" title="Kalmia">Kalmia</a></i> is classified according to Linnaeus' sexual system in class Decandria, order Monogyna, because it has 10 <a href="/wiki/Stamen" title="Stamen">stamens</a> and one <a href="/wiki/Pistil" class="mw-redirect" title="Pistil">pistil</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Linnaean classes for plants, in the Sexual System, were (page numbers refer to <i>Species plantarum</i>): </p> <ul><li>Classis 1. Monandria: flowers with 1 stamen</li> <li>Classis 2. Diandria: flowers with 2 stamens</li> <li>Classis 3. Triandria: flowers with 3 stamens</li> <li>Classis 4. Tetrandria: flowers with 4 stamens</li> <li>Classis 5. Pentandria: flowers with 5 stamens</li> <li>Classis 6. Hexandria: flowers with 6 stamens <ul><li>Hexandria monogynia pp. 285–352<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELinnaeus1753[httpswwwbiodiversitylibraryorgpage358106page297mode1up_Hexandria_monogynia_i_pp.&nbsp;285–352]_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELinnaeus1753[httpswwwbiodiversitylibraryorgpage358106page297mode1up_Hexandria_monogynia_i_pp.&nbsp;285–352]-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Hexandria polygynia pp. 342–343<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELinnaeus1753[httpswwwbiodiversitylibraryorgpage358106page354mode1up_Hexandria_polyynia_i_pp.&nbsp;342–343]_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELinnaeus1753[httpswwwbiodiversitylibraryorgpage358106page354mode1up_Hexandria_polyynia_i_pp.&nbsp;342–343]-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li>Classis 7. Heptandria: flowers with 7 stamens</li> <li>Classis 8. Octandria: flowers with 8 stamens</li> <li>Classis 9. Enneandria: flowers with 9 stamens</li> <li>Classis 10. Decandria: flowers with 10 stamens</li> <li>Classis 11. Dodecandria: flowers with 11 to 19 stamens</li> <li>Classis 12. Icosandria: flowers with 20 (or more) stamens, <a href="/wiki/Ovary_(plants)#Half-inferior_ovary" class="mw-redirect" title="Ovary (plants)">perigynous</a></li> <li>Classis 13. Polyandria: flowers with many stamens, inserted on the <a href="/wiki/Receptacle_(botany)" title="Receptacle (botany)">receptacle</a></li> <li>Classis 14. Didynamia: flowers with 4 stamens, 2 long and 2 short <ul><li>Gymnospermia<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELinnaeus1753[httpswwwbiodiversitylibraryorgitem13830page3mode1up_ii_pp.&nbsp;561–601]_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELinnaeus1753[httpswwwbiodiversitylibraryorgitem13830page3mode1up_ii_pp.&nbsp;561–601]-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Angiospermia<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELinnaeus1753[httpswwwbiodiversitylibraryorgitem13830page44mode1up_ii_pp.&nbsp;602–639]_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELinnaeus1753[httpswwwbiodiversitylibraryorgitem13830page44mode1up_ii_pp.&nbsp;602–639]-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li>Classis 15. Tetradynamia: flowers with 6 stamens, 4 long and 2 short<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELinnaeus1753[httpswwwbiodiversitylibraryorgitem13830page82mode1up_ii_pp.&nbsp;640–672]_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELinnaeus1753[httpswwwbiodiversitylibraryorgitem13830page82mode1up_ii_pp.&nbsp;640–672]-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Classis 16. Monadelphia; flowers with the anthers separate, but the filaments united, at least at the base <ul><li>Pentandria<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELinnaeus1753[httpswwwbiodiversitylibraryorgitem13830page115mode1up_ii_pp.&nbsp;673–675]_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELinnaeus1753[httpswwwbiodiversitylibraryorgitem13830page115mode1up_ii_pp.&nbsp;673–675]-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Decandria<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELinnaeus1753[httpswwwbiodiversitylibraryorgitem13830page117mode1up_ii_pp.&nbsp;675–683]_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELinnaeus1753[httpswwwbiodiversitylibraryorgitem13830page117mode1up_ii_pp.&nbsp;675–683]-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Polyandria<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELinnaeus1753[httpswwwbiodiversitylibraryorgitem13830page125mode1up_ii_pp.&nbsp;683–698]_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELinnaeus1753[httpswwwbiodiversitylibraryorgitem13830page125mode1up_ii_pp.&nbsp;683–698]-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li>Classis 17. Diadelphia; flowers with the stamens united in two separate groups<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELinnaeus1753[httpswwwbiodiversitylibraryorgitem13830page141mode1up_ii_pp.&nbsp;699–781]_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELinnaeus1753[httpswwwbiodiversitylibraryorgitem13830page141mode1up_ii_pp.&nbsp;699–781]-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>Hexandria<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELinnaeus1753[httpswwwbiodiversitylibraryorgitem13830page3mode1up_ii_pp.&nbsp;699–701]_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELinnaeus1753[httpswwwbiodiversitylibraryorgitem13830page3mode1up_ii_pp.&nbsp;699–701]-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Octandria<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELinnaeus1753[httpswwwbiodiversitylibraryorgitem13830page3mode1up_ii_pp.&nbsp;701–706]_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELinnaeus1753[httpswwwbiodiversitylibraryorgitem13830page3mode1up_ii_pp.&nbsp;701–706]-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Decandria<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELinnaeus1753[httpswwwbiodiversitylibraryorgitem13830page3mode1up_ii_pp.&nbsp;706–781]_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELinnaeus1753[httpswwwbiodiversitylibraryorgitem13830page3mode1up_ii_pp.&nbsp;706–781]-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li>Classis 18. Polyadelphia; flowers with the stamens united in several separate groups<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELinnaeus1753[httpswwwbiodiversitylibraryorgitem13830page224mode1up_ii_pp.&nbsp;782–788]_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELinnaeus1753[httpswwwbiodiversitylibraryorgitem13830page224mode1up_ii_pp.&nbsp;782–788]-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>Pentandria<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELinnaeus1753[httpswwwbiodiversitylibraryorgitem13830page224mode1up_ii_p.&nbsp;782]_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELinnaeus1753[httpswwwbiodiversitylibraryorgitem13830page224mode1up_ii_p.&nbsp;782]-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Icosandria<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELinnaeus1753[httpswwwbiodiversitylibraryorgitem13830page224mode1up_ii_pp.&nbsp;782–783]_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELinnaeus1753[httpswwwbiodiversitylibraryorgitem13830page224mode1up_ii_pp.&nbsp;782–783]-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Polyandria<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELinnaeus1753[httpswwwbiodiversitylibraryorgitem13830page225mode1up_ii_pp.&nbsp;783–788]_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELinnaeus1753[httpswwwbiodiversitylibraryorgitem13830page225mode1up_ii_pp.&nbsp;783–788]-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li>Classis 19. Syngenesia; flowers with stamens united by their anthers<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELinnaeus1753[httpswwwbiodiversitylibraryorgitem13830page231mode1up_ii_pp.&nbsp;789–938]_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELinnaeus1753[httpswwwbiodiversitylibraryorgitem13830page231mode1up_ii_pp.&nbsp;789–938]-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>Polygamia aequalis<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELinnaeus1753[httpswwwbiodiversitylibraryorgitem13830page231mode1up_ii_pp.&nbsp;789–845]_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELinnaeus1753[httpswwwbiodiversitylibraryorgitem13830page231mode1up_ii_pp.&nbsp;789–845]-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Polygamia superba<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELinnaeus1753[httpswwwbiodiversitylibraryorgitem13830page287mode1up_ii_pp.&nbsp;845–904]_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELinnaeus1753[httpswwwbiodiversitylibraryorgitem13830page287mode1up_ii_pp.&nbsp;845–904]-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Polygamia frustranea<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELinnaeus1753[httpswwwbiodiversitylibraryorgitem13830page346mode1up_ii_pp.&nbsp;904–919]_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELinnaeus1753[httpswwwbiodiversitylibraryorgitem13830page346mode1up_ii_pp.&nbsp;904–919]-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Polygamia necessaria<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELinnaeus1753[httpswwwbiodiversitylibraryorgitem13830page361mode1up_ii_pp.&nbsp;919–927]_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELinnaeus1753[httpswwwbiodiversitylibraryorgitem13830page361mode1up_ii_pp.&nbsp;919–927]-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Monogamia<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELinnaeus1753[httpswwwbiodiversitylibraryorgitem13830page370mode1up_ii_pp.&nbsp;928–938]_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELinnaeus1753[httpswwwbiodiversitylibraryorgitem13830page370mode1up_ii_pp.&nbsp;928–938]-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li>Classis 20. Gynandria; flowers with the stamens united to the pistils<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELinnaeus1753[httpswwwbiodiversitylibraryorgitem13830page381mode1up_ii_pp.&nbsp;939–]_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELinnaeus1753[httpswwwbiodiversitylibraryorgitem13830page381mode1up_ii_pp.&nbsp;939–]-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Classis 21. Monoecia: <a href="/wiki/Monoecious" class="mw-redirect" title="Monoecious">monoecious</a> plants</li> <li>Classis 22. Dioecia: <a href="/wiki/Dioecious" class="mw-redirect" title="Dioecious">dioecious</a> plants</li> <li>Classis 23. Polygamia: <a href="/wiki/Plant_sexual_morphology#Plant_population" class="mw-redirect" title="Plant sexual morphology">polygamodioecious</a> plants</li> <li>Classis 24. Cryptogamia: the "flowerless" plants, including <a href="/wiki/Fern" title="Fern">ferns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">fungi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">algae</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bryophyte" title="Bryophyte">bryophytes</a></li></ul> <p>The classes based on the number of stamens were then subdivided by the number of pistils, e.g. <i>Hexandria monogynia</i> with six stamens and one pistil.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Index to genera p. 1201<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELinnaeus1753[httpswwwbiodiversitylibraryorgitem13830page643mode1up_Index_generum_p.&nbsp;1201]_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELinnaeus1753[httpswwwbiodiversitylibraryorgitem13830page643mode1up_Index_generum_p.&nbsp;1201]-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By contrast his <i>ordines naturales</i> numbered 69, from Piperitae to Vagae. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classification_for_animals">Classification for animals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linnaean_taxonomy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Classification for animals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Linnaeus_-_Regnum_Animale_(1735).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Linnaeus_-_Regnum_Animale_%281735%29.png/400px-Linnaeus_-_Regnum_Animale_%281735%29.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Linnaeus_-_Regnum_Animale_%281735%29.png/600px-Linnaeus_-_Regnum_Animale_%281735%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Linnaeus_-_Regnum_Animale_%281735%29.png/800px-Linnaeus_-_Regnum_Animale_%281735%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2348" data-file-height="1481" /></a><figcaption>The 1735 classification of animals</figcaption></figure> <p>Only in the Animal Kingdom is the higher taxonomy of Linnaeus still more or less recognizable and some of these names are still in use, but usually not quite for the same groups. He divided the Animal Kingdom into six classes. In the tenth edition, of 1758, these were: </p> <ul><li>Classis 1. <a href="/wiki/Mammalia_in_the_10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="Mammalia in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae">Mammalia</a> (mammals)</li> <li>Classis 2. <a href="/wiki/Aves_in_the_10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="Aves in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae">Aves</a> (birds)</li> <li>Classis 3. <a href="/wiki/Amphibia_in_the_10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="Amphibia in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae">Amphibia</a> (amphibians)</li> <li>Classis 4. <a href="/wiki/Pisces_in_the_10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="Pisces in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae">Pisces</a> (fishes)</li> <li>Classis 5. <a href="/wiki/Insecta_in_the_10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="Insecta in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae">Insecta</a> (arthropods)</li> <li>Classis 6. <a href="/wiki/Vermes_in_the_10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="Vermes in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae">Vermes</a> (worms)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classification_for_minerals">Classification for minerals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linnaean_taxonomy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Classification for minerals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>His taxonomy of <a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">minerals</a> has long since been dropped from use. In the tenth edition, 1758, of the <i>Systema Naturae</i>, the Linnaean classes were: </p> <ul><li>Classis 1. Petræ</li> <li>Classis 2. Mineræ</li> <li>Classis 3. Fossilia</li> <li>Classis 4. Vitamentra</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rank-based_scientific_classification">Rank-based scientific classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linnaean_taxonomy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Rank-based scientific classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Taxonomy (biology)</a></div> <p>This rank-based method of classifying living organisms was originally popularized by (and much later named for) Linnaeus, although it has changed considerably since his time. The greatest innovation of Linnaeus, and still the most important aspect of this system, is the general use of <a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">binomial nomenclature</a>, the combination of a <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genus</a> name and a second term, which together uniquely identify each <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> of organism within a kingdom. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">human</a> species is uniquely identified within the animal kingdom by the name <i>Homo sapiens</i>. No other species of animal can have this same <a href="/wiki/Binomen" class="mw-redirect" title="Binomen">binomen</a> (the technical term for a binomial in the case of animals). Prior to Linnaean taxonomy, animals were classified according to their mode of movement. </p><p>Linnaeus's use of binomial nomenclature was anticipated by the theory of definition used in <a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a>. Scholastic logicians and philosophers of nature defined the species human, for example, as <i>Animal rationalis</i>, where <i>animal</i> was considered a genus and <i>rationalis</i> (Latin for "rational") the characteristic distinguishing humans from all other animals. Treating <i>animal</i> as the immediate genus of the species human, horse, etc. is of little practical use to the biological taxonomist, however. Accordingly, Linnaeus's classification treats <i>animal</i> as a class including many genera (subordinated to the animal "kingdom" via intermediary classes such as "orders"), and treats <i>homo</i> as the genus of a species <i>Homo sapiens</i>, with <i>sapiens</i> (Latin for "knowing" or "understanding") playing a differentiating role analogous to that played, in the Scholastic system, by <i>rationalis</i> (the word <i>homo</i>, Latin for "human being", was used by the Scholastics to denote a species, not a genus). </p><p>A strength of Linnaean taxonomy is that it can be used to organize the different kinds of living <a href="/wiki/Organism" title="Organism">organisms</a>, simply and practically. Every species can be given a unique (and, one hopes, stable) name, as compared with common names that are often neither unique nor consistent from place to place and language to language. This uniqueness and stability are, of course, a result of the acceptance by working <a href="/wiki/Systematics" title="Systematics">systematists</a> (biologists specializing in taxonomy), not merely of the binomial names themselves, but of the rules governing the use of these names, which are laid down in formal <a href="/wiki/Nomenclature_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Nomenclature code">nomenclature codes</a>. </p><p>Species can be placed in a <a href="/wiki/Taxonomic_rank" title="Taxonomic rank">ranked</a> <a href="/wiki/Hierarchy" title="Hierarchy">hierarchy</a>, starting with either <i><a href="/wiki/Domain_(biology)" title="Domain (biology)">domains</a></i> or <i>kingdoms</i>. Domains are divided into <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_(biology)" title="Kingdom (biology)">kingdoms</a>. Kingdoms are divided into <i><a href="/wiki/Phylum" title="Phylum">phyla</a></i> (singular: <i>phylum</i>) — for <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">animals</a>; the term <i>division</i>, used for <a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">plants</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fungi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungi">fungi</a>, is equivalent to the rank of phylum (and the current <a href="/wiki/International_Code_of_Botanical_Nomenclature" class="mw-redirect" title="International Code of Botanical Nomenclature">International Code of Botanical Nomenclature</a> allows the use of either term). Phyla (or divisions) are divided into <i><a href="/wiki/Class_(biology)" title="Class (biology)">classes</a></i>, and they, in turn, into <i><a href="/wiki/Order_(biology)" title="Order (biology)">orders</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">families</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genera</a></i> (singular: <i>genus</i>), and <i><a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a></i> (singular: <i>species</i>). There are ranks below species: in zoology, <i>subspecies</i> (but see <i><a href="/wiki/Form_(zoology)" title="Form (zoology)">form</a></i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Morph_(zoology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Morph (zoology)">morph</a></i>); in botany, <i>variety</i> (varietas) and <i>form</i> (forma), etc. </p><p>Groups of organisms at any of these ranks are called <i>taxa</i> (singular: <i><a href="/wiki/Taxon" title="Taxon">taxon</a></i>) or <i>taxonomic groups</i>. </p><p>The Linnaean system has proven robust and it remains the only extant working classification system at present that enjoys universal scientific acceptance. However, although the number of ranks is unlimited, in practice any classification becomes more cumbersome the more ranks are added. Among the later subdivisions that have arisen are such entities as phyla, families, and tribes, as well as any number of ranks with prefixes (superfamilies, subfamilies, etc.). The use of newer taxonomic tools such as <a href="/wiki/Cladistics" title="Cladistics">cladistics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phylogenetic_nomenclature" title="Phylogenetic nomenclature">phylogenetic nomenclature</a> has led to a different way of looking at evolution (expressed in many nested <a href="/wiki/Clade" title="Clade">clades</a>) and this sometimes leads to a desire for more ranks. An example of such complexity is the <a href="/wiki/Mammal_classification#McKenna.2FBell_classification" title="Mammal classification">scheme for mammals</a> proposed by McKenna and Bell. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alternatives">Alternatives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linnaean_taxonomy&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Alternatives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Over time, understanding of the relationships between living things has changed. Linnaeus could only base his scheme on the structural similarities of the different organisms. The greatest change was the widespread acceptance of <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolution</a> as the mechanism of biological diversity and species formation, following the 1859 publication of Charles Darwin's <i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Origin_of_Species" title="On the Origin of Species">On the Origin of Species</a></i>. It then became generally understood that classifications ought to reflect the <a href="/wiki/Phylogeny" class="mw-redirect" title="Phylogeny">phylogeny</a> of organisms, their descent by evolution. This led to <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_taxonomy" title="Evolutionary taxonomy">evolutionary taxonomy</a>, where the various <a href="/wiki/Extant_taxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Extant taxon">extant</a> and <a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">extinct</a> are linked together to construct a phylogeny. This is largely what is meant by the term 'Linnaean taxonomy' when used in a modern context. In <a href="/wiki/Cladistics" title="Cladistics">cladistics</a>, originating in the work of <a href="/wiki/Willi_Hennig" title="Willi Hennig">Willi Hennig</a>, 1950 onwards, each taxon is grouped so as to include the common ancestor of the group's members (and thus to avoid <a href="/wiki/Phylogeny" class="mw-redirect" title="Phylogeny">phylogeny</a>). Such taxa may be either <a href="/wiki/Monophyly" title="Monophyly">monophyletic</a> (including all descendants) such as genus <i><a href="/wiki/Homo" title="Homo">Homo</a></i>, or <a href="/wiki/Paraphyly" title="Paraphyly">paraphyletic</a> (excluding some descendants), such as genus <i><a href="/wiki/Australopithecus" title="Australopithecus">Australopithecus</a></i>. </p><p>Originally, Linnaeus established three kingdoms in his scheme, namely for <a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animals</a> and an additional group for <a href="/wiki/Minerals" class="mw-redirect" title="Minerals">minerals</a>, which has long since been abandoned. Since then, various life forms have been moved into three new kingdoms: <a href="/wiki/Monera" title="Monera">Monera</a>, for <a href="/wiki/Prokaryote" title="Prokaryote">prokaryotes</a> (i.e., bacteria); <a href="/wiki/Protist" title="Protist">Protista</a>, for protozoans and most algae; and <a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">Fungi</a>. This five kingdom scheme is still far from the <a href="/wiki/Phylogenetics" title="Phylogenetics">phylogenetic</a> ideal and has largely been supplanted in modern taxonomic work by a division into three domains: <a href="/wiki/Bacterium" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacterium">Bacteria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">Archaea</a>, which contain the prokaryotes, and <a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a>, comprising the remaining forms. These arrangements should not be seen as definitive. They are based on the <a href="/wiki/Genome" title="Genome">genomes</a> of the organisms; as knowledge on this increases, classifications will change.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Representing presumptive evolutionary relationships within the framework of Linnaean taxonomy is sometimes seen as problematic, especially given the wide acceptance of <a href="/wiki/Cladistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Cladistic">cladistic</a> methodology and numerous <a href="/wiki/Molecular_phylogenetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Molecular phylogenetic">molecular phylogenies</a> that have challenged long-accepted classifications. Therefore, some systematists have proposed a <a href="/wiki/PhyloCode" title="PhyloCode">PhyloCode</a> to replace it. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linnaean_taxonomy&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_plant_systematics" title="History of plant systematics">History of plant systematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linnaean_Herbarium" title="Linnaean Herbarium">Linnaean Herbarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phylogenetic_tree" title="Phylogenetic tree">Phylogenetic tree</a> – a way to express insights into evolutionary relationships</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoology_mnemonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoology mnemonic">Zoology mnemonic</a> for a list of mnemonic sentences used to help people remember the list of Linnaean ranks.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linnaean_taxonomy&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolaszek20101-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolaszek20101_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPolaszek2010">Polaszek 2010</a>, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBihrmann2021-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBihrmann2021_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBihrmann2021">Bihrmann 2021</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMüller-WilleReeds2007" class="citation journal cs1">Müller-Wille, Staffan; Reeds, Karen (September 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.shpsc.2007.06.003">"A translation of Carl Linnaeus's introduction to Genera plantarum (1737)"</a>. <i>Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences</i>. <b>38</b> (3): 563–572. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.shpsc.2007.06.003">10.1016/j.shpsc.2007.06.003</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a 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class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFComstock,_J.L.1837" class="citation book cs1">Comstock, J.L. 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pp. 602–639</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELinnaeus1753[httpswwwbiodiversitylibraryorgitem13830page82mode1up_ii_pp.&nbsp;640–672]-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELinnaeus1753[httpswwwbiodiversitylibraryorgitem13830page82mode1up_ii_pp.&nbsp;640–672]_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLinnaeus1753">Linnaeus 1753</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/13830#page/82/mode/1up">ii pp. 640–672</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELinnaeus1753[httpswwwbiodiversitylibraryorgitem13830page115mode1up_ii_pp.&nbsp;673–675]-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELinnaeus1753[httpswwwbiodiversitylibraryorgitem13830page115mode1up_ii_pp.&nbsp;673–675]_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLinnaeus1753">Linnaeus 1753</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/13830#page/115/mode/1up">ii pp. 673–675</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELinnaeus1753[httpswwwbiodiversitylibraryorgitem13830page117mode1up_ii_pp.&nbsp;675–683]-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELinnaeus1753[httpswwwbiodiversitylibraryorgitem13830page117mode1up_ii_pp.&nbsp;675–683]_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLinnaeus1753">Linnaeus 1753</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/13830#page/117/mode/1up">ii pp. 675–683</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELinnaeus1753[httpswwwbiodiversitylibraryorgitem13830page125mode1up_ii_pp.&nbsp;683–698]-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELinnaeus1753[httpswwwbiodiversitylibraryorgitem13830page125mode1up_ii_pp.&nbsp;683–698]_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLinnaeus1753">Linnaeus 1753</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/13830#page/125/mode/1up">ii pp. 683–698</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELinnaeus1753[httpswwwbiodiversitylibraryorgitem13830page141mode1up_ii_pp.&nbsp;699–781]-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELinnaeus1753[httpswwwbiodiversitylibraryorgitem13830page141mode1up_ii_pp.&nbsp;699–781]_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLinnaeus1753">Linnaeus 1753</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/13830#page/141/mode/1up">ii pp. 699–781</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELinnaeus1753[httpswwwbiodiversitylibraryorgitem13830page3mode1up_ii_pp.&nbsp;699–701]-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELinnaeus1753[httpswwwbiodiversitylibraryorgitem13830page3mode1up_ii_pp.&nbsp;699–701]_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CronkLab&rft.atitle=Linnaeus+Sexual+System&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcronklab.wikidot.com%2Flinnaeus-sexual-system&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinnaean+taxonomy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELinnaeus1753[httpswwwbiodiversitylibraryorgitem13830page643mode1up_Index_generum_p.&nbsp;1201]-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELinnaeus1753[httpswwwbiodiversitylibraryorgitem13830page643mode1up_Index_generum_p.&nbsp;1201]_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLinnaeus1753">Linnaeus 1753</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/13830#page/643/mode/1up">Index generum p. 1201</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmbley,_T._A.Martin,_W.2006" class="citation journal cs1">Embley, T. 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(2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/scitable/content/eukaryotic-evolution-changes-and-challenges-13997647">"Eukaryotic evolution, changes and challenges"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>440</b> (7084): 623–630. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature04546">10.1038/nature04546</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16572163">16572163</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4396543">4396543</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Eukaryotic+evolution%2C+changes+and+challenges.&rft.volume=440&rft.issue=7084&rft.pages=623-630&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4396543%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16572163&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature04546&rft.au=Embley%2C+T.+A.&rft.au=Martin%2C+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fscitable%2Fcontent%2Feukaryotic-evolution-changes-and-challenges-13997647&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinnaean+taxonomy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linnaean_taxonomy&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <dl><dt>Books</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Fara" title="Patricia Fara">Fara, Patricia</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TtmhBQAAQBAJ"><i>Sex, Botany and Empire: The Story of Carl Linnaeus and Joseph Banks</i></a>. Cambridge: Icon Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781840464443" title="Special:BookSources/9781840464443"><bdi>9781840464443</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sex%2C+Botany+and+Empire%3A+The+Story+of+Carl+Linnaeus+and+Joseph+Banks&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Icon+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9781840464443&rft.aulast=Fara&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTtmhBQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinnaean+taxonomy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Frängsmyr, Tore, ed. (1994) [1983, <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5kVCAQAAIAAJ"><i>Linnaeus: The Man and His Work</i></a> (revised ed.). Canton, MA, USA: Science History Publications/USA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88135-154-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88135-154-5"><bdi>978-0-88135-154-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/30154266">30154266</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Linnaeus%3A+The+Man+and+His+Work&rft.place=Canton%2C+MA%2C+USA&rft.edition=revised&rft.pub=Science+History+Publications%2FUSA&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F30154266&rft.isbn=978-0-88135-154-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5kVCAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinnaean+taxonomy" class="Z3988"></span><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Original edition available <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/linnaeusmanhiswo0000unse/mode/2up">here</a> at <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinnaeus1753" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus, C.</a> (1753). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/669"><i>Species Plantarum</i></a>. Stockholm: Laurentii Salvii.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Species+Plantarum&rft.place=Stockholm&rft.pub=Laurentii+Salvii&rft.date=1753&rft.aulast=Linnaeus&rft.aufirst=C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fbibliography%2F669&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinnaean+taxonomy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPolaszek2010" class="citation book cs1">Polaszek, Andrew (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ReWP31_IJSIC"><i>Systema Naturae 250 - The Linnaean Ark</i></a>. Boca Raton, FL: <a href="/wiki/CRC_Press" title="CRC Press">CRC Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4200-9502-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4200-9502-9"><bdi>978-1-4200-9502-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/237886102">237886102</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Systema+Naturae+250+-+The+Linnaean+Ark&rft.place=Boca+Raton%2C+FL&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F237886102&rft.isbn=978-1-4200-9502-9&rft.aulast=Polaszek&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DReWP31_IJSIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinnaean+taxonomy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Dawkins" title="Richard Dawkins">Dawkins, Richard</a>. 2004. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Ancestor%27s_Tale" title="The Ancestor's Tale">The Ancestor's Tale</a>: A Pilgrimage to the Dawn of Life</i>. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-618-00583-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-618-00583-8">0-618-00583-8</a></li> <li>Ereshefsky, Marc. 2000. <i>The Poverty of the Linnaean Hierarchy: A Philosophical Study of Biological Taxonomy</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Jay_Gould" title="Stephen Jay Gould">Gould, Stephen Jay</a>. 1989. <i><a href="/wiki/Wonderful_Life_(book)" title="Wonderful Life (book)">Wonderful Life</a>: The Burgess Shale and the Nature of History</i>. W. W. Norton & Co. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-02705-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-02705-8">0-393-02705-8</a></li> <li>Pavord, Anna. <i>The Naming of Names: The Search for Order in the World of Plants</i>. Bloomsbury. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7475-7952-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7475-7952-0">0-7475-7952-0</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Articles</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBremer2007" class="citation journal cs1">Bremer, Birgitta (April 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.0107-055X.2007.00098_12.x">"Linnaeus' sexual system and flowering plant phylogeny"</a>. <i>Nordic Journal of Botany</i>. <b>25</b> (1–2): 5–6. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.0107-055X.2007.00098_12.x">10.1111/j.0107-055X.2007.00098_12.x</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nordic+Journal+of+Botany&rft.atitle=Linnaeus%27+sexual+system+and+flowering+plant+phylogeny&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=5-6&rft.date=2007-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.0107-055X.2007.00098_12.x&rft.aulast=Bremer&rft.aufirst=Birgitta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.0107-055X.2007.00098_12.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinnaean+taxonomy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Samantha_George" title="Samantha George">George, Sam</a> (June 2005). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Not Strictly Proper For A Female Pen': Eighteenth-Century Poetry and the Sexuality of Botany". <i>Comparative Critical Studies</i>. <b>2</b> (2): 191–210. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3366%2Fccs.2005.2.2.191">10.3366/ccs.2005.2.2.191</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comparative+Critical+Studies&rft.atitle=%27Not+Strictly+Proper+For+A+Female+Pen%27%3A+Eighteenth-Century+Poetry+and+the+Sexuality+of+Botany&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=191-210&rft.date=2005-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3366%2Fccs.2005.2.2.191&rft.aulast=George&rft.aufirst=Sam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinnaean+taxonomy" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <dl><dt>Websites</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBihrmann2021" class="citation web cs1">Bihrmann (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bihrmann.com/caudiciforms/div/tax-LIN.asp">"Taxonomy, Carl Linnaeus' system 1753"</a>. <i>Birhmann's Caudiciforms</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Birhmann%27s+Caudiciforms&rft.atitle=Taxonomy%2C+Carl+Linnaeus%27+system+1753&rft.date=2021&rft.au=Bihrmann&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bihrmann.com%2Fcaudiciforms%2Fdiv%2Ftax-LIN.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALinnaean+taxonomy" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linnaean_taxonomy&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bgbm.org/iapt/nomenclature/code/SaintLouis/0000St.Luistitle.htm">International Code of Botanical Nomenclature</a> (Saint Louis Code), Electronic version</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iapt-taxon.org/nomen/main.php">International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants</a> (Melbourne Code, 2011), Electronic version</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150801154338/http://iczn.org/">ICZN website</a>, for zoological nomenclature</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090524144249/http://www.iczn.org/iczn/index.jsp">Text of the ICZN</a>, Electronic version</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zoobank.org">ZooBank: The World Register of Animal Names</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.the-icsp.org/">International Committee on Systematics of Prokaryotes</a> for bacteria</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090524144249/http://www.iczn.org/iczn/index.jsp">International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. 4th Edition. By the International Union of Biological Sciences</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/">ICTVdB website</a>, for virus nomenclature by the International Union of Microbiological Societies</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tolweb.org">Tree of Life</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061211145046/http://www.finitesite.com/dandelion/Linnaeus.HTML">European Species Names in Linnaean, Czech, English, German and French</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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href="/wiki/Template:List_of_systems_of_plant_taxonomy" title="Template:List of systems of plant taxonomy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:List_of_systems_of_plant_taxonomy" title="Template talk:List of systems of plant taxonomy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:List_of_systems_of_plant_taxonomy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:List of systems of plant taxonomy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="List_of_systems_of_plant_taxonomy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_systems_of_plant_taxonomy" title="List of systems of plant taxonomy">List of systems of plant taxonomy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><small>This is a selected list of the more influential systems. There are many other systems, for instance a review of earlier systems, published by <a href="/wiki/Lindley_system" title="Lindley system">Lindley</a> in his 1853 edition, and <a href="/wiki/Rolf_Dahlgren" title="Rolf Dahlgren">Dahlgren</a> (1982). Examples include the works of <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Antonio_Scopoli" title="Giovanni Antonio Scopoli">Scopoli</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Pierre_Ventenat" title="Étienne Pierre Ventenat">Ventenat</a>, <a href="/wiki/August_Batsch" title="August Batsch">Batsch</a> and <a href="/wiki/August_Grisebach" title="August Grisebach">Grisebach</a>.</small></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Pre-Linnaean" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Pre-<a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaean</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="John_Ray_system_(1686–1704)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/John_Ray" title="John Ray">John Ray system (1686–1704)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>A discourse on the seeds of plants</i></li> <li><i>Methodus plantarum nova</i></li> <li><i>De Variis Plantarum Methodis Dissertatio Brevis</i></li> <li><i>Methodus plantarum emendata et aucta</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9.jpg/41px-Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9.jpg" decoding="async" width="41" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9.jpg/62px-Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9.jpg/83px-Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1938" data-file-height="2342" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Pre-Darwinian" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Pre-<a href="/wiki/Darwinian" class="mw-redirect" title="Darwinian">Darwinian</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Linnaean system (1735–51)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Systema_Naturae" title="Systema Naturae">Systema Naturae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Species_Plantarum" title="Species Plantarum">Species Plantarum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Genera_Plantarum" title="Genera Plantarum">Genera Plantarum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Philosophia_Botanica" title="Philosophia Botanica">Philosophia Botanica</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Adanson_system" title="Adanson system">Adanson system (1763)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i>Familles naturelles des plantes</i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/De_Jussieu_system" title="De Jussieu system">De Jussieu system (1789)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i>Genera Plantarum, secundum ordines naturales disposita juxta methodum in Horto Regio Parisiensi exaratam</i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/De_Candolle_system" title="De Candolle system">De Candolle system (1819–24)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9orie_%C3%A9l%C3%A9mentaire_de_la_botanique" class="mw-redirect" title="Théorie élémentaire de la botanique">Théorie élémentaire de la botanique, ou exposition des principes de la classification naturelle et de l'art de décrire et d'etudier les végétaux</a></i></li> <li><i>Prodromus systemati naturalis regni vegetabilis sive enumeratio contracta ordinum, generum specierumque plantarum huc usque cognitarum, juxta methodi naturalis normas digesta</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_von_Berchtold" title="Friedrich von Berchtold">Berchtold</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jan_Svatopluk_Presl" title="Jan Svatopluk Presl">Presl</a><br /> system (1820–1823)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i><a href="/wiki/O_Prirozenosti_Rostlin" class="mw-redirect" title="O Prirozenosti Rostlin">O Prirozenosti Rostlin</a></i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Adolph_Agardh" title="Carl Adolph Agardh">Agardh system (1825)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i>Classes Plantarum</i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Frederick_Gray" title="Samuel Frederick Gray">Gray system (1821)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i>The Natural Arrangement of British Plants</i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Karl_Julius_Perleb" title="Karl Julius Perleb">Perleb system (1826)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i>Lehrbuch der Naturgeschichte des Pflanzenreichs</i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Barth%C3%A9lemy_Charles_Joseph_Dumortier" title="Barthélemy Charles Joseph Dumortier">Dumortier system (1829)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i>Analyse des familles des plantes</i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lindley_system" title="Lindley system">Lindley system (1830–45)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>An Introduction to the Natural System of Botany</i></li> <li><i>The Vegetable Kingdom</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/George_Don" title="George Don">Don system (1834)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i>General History of Dichlamydious Plants</i>.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bentham_%26_Hooker_system" title="Bentham & Hooker system">Bentham & Hooker system<br />(1862–83)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i>Genera plantarum ad exemplaria imprimis in herbariis kewensibus servata definita</i>.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Henri_Ernest_Baillon" title="Henri Ernest Baillon">Baillon system (1867–94)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i>Histoire des plantes</i></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Post-Darwinian_(Phyletic)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Post-<a href="/wiki/Darwinian" class="mw-redirect" title="Darwinian">Darwinian</a> (Phyletic)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nineteenth century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eichler_system" title="Eichler system">Eichler system (1875–1886)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Blüthendiagramme: construirt und erläutert</i></li> <li><i>Syllabus der Vorlesungen über Phanerogamenkunde</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Engler_system" title="Engler system">Engler system (1886–1924)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Führer durch den Königlich botanischen Garten der Universität zu Breslau</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Die_Nat%C3%BCrlichen_Pflanzenfamilien" title="Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien">Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Syllabus_der_Pflanzenfamilien" title="Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien">Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien</a></i></li> <li><i>Das Pflanzenreich</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Philippe_van_Tieghem" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippe van Tieghem">van Tieghem system (1891)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i>Traité de botanique</i></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Twentieth century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Karl_Wilhelm_von_Dalla_Torre" title="Karl Wilhelm von Dalla Torre">Dalla Torre & Harms<br /> system (1900–07)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i>Genera Siphonogamarum, ad systema Englerianum conscripta</i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eugenius_Warming" title="Eugenius Warming">Warming system (1912)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i>Haandbog i den systematiske botanik</i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hans_Hallier" class="mw-redirect" title="Hans Hallier">Hallier system (1912)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i>L'origine et le système phylétique des angiospermes</i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bessey_system" title="Bessey system">Bessey system (1915)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i>The phylogenetic taxonomy of flowering plants</i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wettstein_system" title="Wettstein system">Wettstein system (1901–35)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i>Handbuch der systematischen Botanik</i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Paulus_Lotsy" title="Johannes Paulus Lotsy">Lotsy system (1907–11)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i>Vorträge über botanische Stammesgeschichte, gehalten an der Reichsuniversität zu Leiden. Ein Lehrbuch der Pflanzensystematik</i>.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hutchinson_system" title="Hutchinson system">Hutchinson system (1926–73)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i>The families of flowering plants, arranged according to a new system based on their probable phylogeny</i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vittorio_Calestani" title="Vittorio Calestani">Calestani system (1933)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i>Le origini e la classificazione delle Angiosperme</i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yojiro_Kimura" title="Yojiro Kimura">Kimura system (1956)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i>Système et phylogénie des monocotyledones</i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Emberger" title="Louis Emberger">Emberger system (1960)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i>Traité de Botanique systématique</i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Melchior_system" title="Melchior system">Melchior system (1964)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i>Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien</i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Takhtajan_system" title="Takhtajan system">Takhtajan system (1966–97)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>A system and phylogeny of the flowering plants</i></li> <li><i>Flowering plants: origin and dispersal</i></li> <li><i>Diversity and classification of flowering plants</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cronquist_system" title="Cronquist system">Cronquist system (1968–81)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>The evolution and classification of flowering plants</i></li> <li><i>An integrated system of classification of flowering plants</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Goldberg_system" title="Goldberg system">Goldberg system (1986–89</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i>Classification, Evolution and Phylogeny of the Families of Dicotyledons</i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dahlgren_system" title="Dahlgren system">Dahlgren system (1975–85)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i>The families of the monocotyledons: structure, evolution, and taxonomy</i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Thorne_system" title="Thorne system">Thorne system (1968–2000)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i>An updated phylogenetic classification of the flowering plants</i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kubitzki_system" title="Kubitzki system">Kubitzki system (1990–)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i>The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants</i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Reveal_system" title="Reveal system">Reveal system (1997)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i>Reveal System of Angiosperm Classification</i></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Angiosperm_Phylogeny_Group_System_(1998–)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Angiosperm_Phylogeny_Group" title="Angiosperm Phylogeny Group">Angiosperm Phylogeny Group System (1998–)</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/APG_system" title="APG system">An ordinal classification for the families of flowering plants (APG I)</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/APG_II_system" title="APG II system">An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/APG_III_system" title="APG III system">An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chase_%26_Reveal_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Chase & Reveal System">Chase & Reveal System</a> (2009)</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/APG_IV_system" title="APG IV system">An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Angiosperm_Phylogeny_Website" title="Angiosperm Phylogeny Website">Angiosperm Phylogeny Website</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">See also</span></dt> <dd><i><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Plantae_(L.)" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Plantae (L.)">Plantae</a></i> at Wikispecies • </dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Carl_Linnaeus" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Carl_Linnaeus" title="Template:Carl Linnaeus"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Carl_Linnaeus" title="Template talk:Carl Linnaeus"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Carl_Linnaeus" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Carl Linnaeus"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Carl_Linnaeus" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Carl Linnaeus</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Published works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus_bibliography" title="Carl Linnaeus bibliography">Linnaeus bibliography</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Systema_Naturae" title="Systema Naturae">Systema Naturae</a></i> (1735)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fundamenta_Botanica" title="Fundamenta Botanica">Fundamenta Botanica</a></i> (1736)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_Botanica" title="Bibliotheca Botanica">Bibliotheca Botanica</a></i> (1736)</li> <li><i><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musa_Cliffortiana" class="extiw" title="de:Musa Cliffortiana">Musa Cliffortiana</a></i> (1736)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Critica_Botanica" title="Critica Botanica">Critica Botanica</a></i> (1737)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Flora_Lapponica" title="Flora Lapponica">Flora Lapponica</a></i> (1737)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Genera_Plantarum" title="Genera Plantarum">Genera Plantarum</a></i> (1737)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hortus_Cliffortianus" title="Hortus Cliffortianus">Hortus Cliffortianus</a></i> (1737)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Classes_Plantarum" title="Classes Plantarum">Classes Plantarum</a></i> (1738)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Flora_Svecica" title="Flora Svecica">Flora Svecica</a></i> (1745)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fauna_Svecica" title="Fauna Svecica">Fauna Svecica</a></i> (1746)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Philosophia_Botanica" title="Philosophia Botanica">Philosophia Botanica</a></i> (1751)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Species_Plantarum" title="Species Plantarum">Species Plantarum</a></i> (1753)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Centuria_Insectorum" title="Centuria Insectorum">Centuria Insectorum</a></i> (1763)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mantissa_Plantarum_Altera" title="Mantissa Plantarum Altera">Mantissa Plantarum Altera</a></i> (1771)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Systema_Vegetabilium" title="Systema Vegetabilium">Systema Vegetabilium</a></i> (1774)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9,_1707-1778,_botanist,_professor_(Alexander_Roslin)_-_Nationalmuseum_-_15723.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9%2C_1707-1778%2C_botanist%2C_professor_%28Alexander_Roslin%29_-_Nationalmuseum_-_15723.tif/lossy-page1-90px-Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9%2C_1707-1778%2C_botanist%2C_professor_%28Alexander_Roslin%29_-_Nationalmuseum_-_15723.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9%2C_1707-1778%2C_botanist%2C_professor_%28Alexander_Roslin%29_-_Nationalmuseum_-_15723.tif/lossy-page1-135px-Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9%2C_1707-1778%2C_botanist%2C_professor_%28Alexander_Roslin%29_-_Nationalmuseum_-_15723.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9%2C_1707-1778%2C_botanist%2C_professor_%28Alexander_Roslin%29_-_Nationalmuseum_-_15723.tif/lossy-page1-180px-Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9%2C_1707-1778%2C_botanist%2C_professor_%28Alexander_Roslin%29_-_Nationalmuseum_-_15723.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3032" data-file-height="3655" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Taxonomy (biology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linnaean_Herbarium" title="Linnaean Herbarium">Linnaean Herbarium</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Linnaean taxonomy</a> (Linnaean classification)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botanical_nomenclature" title="Botanical nomenclature">Botanical nomenclature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Code_of_Zoological_Nomenclature" title="International Code of Zoological Nomenclature">Zoological nomenclature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial nomenclature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Taxa_named_by_Carl_Linnaeus" title="Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus">Taxa named by Linnaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_history" title="Natural history">Natural history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_biology" title="History of biology">History of biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_botany" title="History of botany">History of botany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">Scientific racism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Apostles_of_Linnaeus" title="Apostles of Linnaeus">Apostles of Linnaeus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Afzelius" title="Adam Afzelius">Adam Afzelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Berlin" title="Andreas Berlin">Andreas Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_Peter_Falk" title="Johan Peter Falk">Johan Peter Falk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Forssk%C3%A5l" title="Peter Forsskål">Peter Forsskål</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pehr_Kalm" title="Pehr Kalm">Pehr Kalm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pehr_L%C3%B6fling" title="Pehr Löfling">Pehr Löfling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pehr_Osbeck" title="Pehr Osbeck">Pehr Osbeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Rolander" title="Daniel Rolander">Daniel Rolander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ran_Rothman" title="Göran Rothman">Göran Rothman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Solander" title="Daniel Solander">Daniel Solander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anders_Sparrman" title="Anders Sparrman">Anders Sparrman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Peter_Thunberg" title="Carl Peter Thunberg">Carl Peter Thunberg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linn%C3%A9_family" title="Linné family">Family</a> (<a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus_the_Younger" title="Carl Linnaeus the Younger">Carl Linnaeus the Younger</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_Christina_von_Linn%C3%A9" title="Elisabeth Christina von Linné">Elisabeth Christina von Linné</a> (daughter))</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_students_of_Linnaeus" title="List of students of Linnaeus">Students of Linnaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspard_Bauhin" title="Gaspard Bauhin">Gaspard Bauhin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Bauhin" title="Johann Bauhin">Johann Bauhin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Artedi" title="Peter Artedi">Peter Artedi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herman_Boerhaave" title="Herman Boerhaave">Herman Boerhaave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Burman" title="Johannes Burman">Johannes Burman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Clifford_III" title="George Clifford III">George Clifford III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Commemoration_of_Carl_Linnaeus" title="Commemoration of Carl Linnaeus">Recognitions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_Linn%C3%A9" title="Expedition Linné">Expedition Linné</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linnaea" title="Linnaea">Linnaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linnaean_Garden" title="Linnaean Garden">Linnaean Garden</a> (<i>including the Linnaeus Museum</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linnaeite" title="Linnaeite">Linnaeite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linnaemya" title="Linnaemya">Linnaemya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linnaemyini" class="mw-redirect" title="Linnaemyini">Linnaemyini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7412_Linnaeus" class="mw-redirect" title="7412 Linnaeus">7412 Linnaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linnaeus_Arboretum" class="mw-redirect" title="Linnaeus Arboretum">Linnaeus Arboretum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linnaeus_University" title="Linnaeus University">Linnaeus University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linnaeus%27s_Hammarby" title="Linnaeus's Hammarby">Linnaeus's Hammarby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linn%C3%A9_(crater)" title="Linné (crater)">Linné (crater)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linn%C3%A9a" title="Linnéa">Linnéa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linnean_Medal" title="Linnean Medal">Linnean Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linnean_Society_of_London" title="Linnean Society of London">Linnean Society of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Linnaeus_Society" title="Swedish Linnaeus Society">Swedish Linnaeus Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linnean_Society_of_New_South_Wales" title="Linnean Society of New South Wales">Linnean Society of New South Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linnean_Tercentenary_Medal" title="Linnean Tercentenary Medal">Linnean Tercentenary Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linneus,_Maine" title="Linneus, Maine">Linneus, Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linneus,_Missouri" title="Linneus, Missouri">Linneus, Missouri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" 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