Trustworthy Arbitration - Exel: Drexel University's Research Magazine

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width"> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="https://drexel.edu/~/media/Images/core/FavIcon.ashx"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" href="/wp-content/themes/exel/a/i/apple-touch-icon.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="72x72" href="/wp-content/themes/exel/a/i/apple-touch-icon-72x72.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="114x114" href="/wp-content/themes/exel/a/i/apple-touch-icon-114x114.png"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/wp-content/themes/exel/a/css/main.css" type="text/css" media="all"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/wp-content/themes/exel/a/type/fontcustom/fontcustom/fontcustom.css" type="text/css" media="all">  <meta name='robots' content='max-image-preview:large' /> <link rel='preconnect' href='https://960cca.a2cdn1.secureserver.net' crossorigin /> <script type="text/javascript"> /* <![CDATA[ */ window._wpemojiSettings = {"baseUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/15.0.3\/72x72\/","ext":".png","svgUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/15.0.3\/svg\/","svgExt":".svg","source":{"concatemoji":"https:\/\/960cca.a2cdn1.secureserver.net\/wp-includes\/js\/wp-emoji-release.min.js?ver=6.6.2&time=1732092036"}}; /*! This file is auto-generated */ !function(i,n){var o,s,e;function c(e){try{var t={supportTests:e,timestamp:(new Date).valueOf()};sessionStorage.setItem(o,JSON.stringify(t))}catch(e){}}function p(e,t,n){e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(t,0,0);var t=new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data),r=(e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(n,0,0),new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data));return t.every(function(e,t){return e===r[t]})}function u(e,t,n){switch(t){case"flag":return n(e,"\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200d\u26a7\ufe0f","\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200b\u26a7\ufe0f")?!1:!n(e,"\ud83c\uddfa\ud83c\uddf3","\ud83c\uddfa\u200b\ud83c\uddf3")&&!n(e,"\ud83c\udff4\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc62\udb40\udc65\udb40\udc6e\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc7f","\ud83c\udff4\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc62\u200b\udb40\udc65\u200b\udb40\udc6e\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc7f");case"emoji":return!n(e,"\ud83d\udc26\u200d\u2b1b","\ud83d\udc26\u200b\u2b1b")}return!1}function f(e,t,n){var r="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope?new OffscreenCanvas(300,150):i.createElement("canvas"),a=r.getContext("2d",{willReadFrequently:!0}),o=(a.textBaseline="top",a.font="600 32px Arial",{});return e.forEach(function(e){o[e]=t(a,e,n)}),o}function t(e){var t=i.createElement("script");t.src=e,t.defer=!0,i.head.appendChild(t)}"undefined"!=typeof Promise&&(o="wpEmojiSettingsSupports",s=["flag","emoji"],n.supports={everything:!0,everythingExceptFlag:!0},e=new Promise(function(e){i.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",e,{once:!0})}),new Promise(function(t){var n=function(){try{var e=JSON.parse(sessionStorage.getItem(o));if("object"==typeof e&&"number"==typeof e.timestamp&&(new Date).valueOf()<e.timestamp+604800&&"object"==typeof e.supportTests)return e.supportTests}catch(e){}return null}();if(!n){if("undefined"!=typeof Worker&&"undefined"!=typeof OffscreenCanvas&&"undefined"!=typeof URL&&URL.createObjectURL&&"undefined"!=typeof Blob)try{var e="postMessage("+f.toString()+"("+[JSON.stringify(s),u.toString(),p.toString()].join(",")+"));",r=new Blob([e],{type:"text/javascript"}),a=new Worker(URL.createObjectURL(r),{name:"wpTestEmojiSupports"});return void(a.onmessage=function(e){c(n=e.data),a.terminate(),t(n)})}catch(e){}c(n=f(s,u,p))}t(n)}).then(function(e){for(var t in e)n.supports[t]=e[t],n.supports.everything=n.supports.everything&&n.supports[t],"flag"!==t&&(n.supports.everythingExceptFlag=n.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&n.supports[t]);n.supports.everythingExceptFlag=n.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&!n.supports.flag,n.DOMReady=!1,n.readyCallback=function(){n.DOMReady=!0}}).then(function(){return e}).then(function(){var e;n.supports.everything||(n.readyCallback(),(e=n.source||{}).concatemoji?t(e.concatemoji):e.wpemoji&&e.twemoji&&(t(e.twemoji),t(e.wpemoji)))}))}((window,document),window._wpemojiSettings); /* ]]> */ </script> <style id='wp-emoji-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'> img.wp-smiley, img.emoji { display: inline !important; border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; height: 1em !important; width: 1em !important; margin: 0 0.07em !important; vertical-align: -0.1em !important; background: none !important; padding: 0 !important; } </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-block-library-css' href='https://960cca.a2cdn1.secureserver.net/wp-includes/css/dist/block-library/style.min.css?ver=6.6.2&time=1732092036' type='text/css' media='all' /> <style id='classic-theme-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'> /*! This file is auto-generated */ .wp-block-button__link{color:#fff;background-color:#32373c;border-radius:9999px;box-shadow:none;text-decoration:none;padding:calc(.667em + 2px) calc(1.333em + 2px);font-size:1.125em}.wp-block-file__button{background:#32373c;color:#fff;text-decoration:none} </style> <style id='global-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'> :root{--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--square: 1;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--4-3: 4/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-4: 3/4;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-2: 3/2;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--2-3: 2/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--16-9: 16/9;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--9-16: 9/16;--wp--preset--color--black: #000000;--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray: #abb8c3;--wp--preset--color--white: #ffffff;--wp--preset--color--pale-pink: #f78da7;--wp--preset--color--vivid-red: #cf2e2e;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange: #ff6900;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber: #fcb900;--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan: #7bdcb5;--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan: #00d084;--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue: #8ed1fc;--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue: #0693e3;--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple: #9b51e0;--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(6,147,227,1) 0%,rgb(155,81,224) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(122,220,180) 0%,rgb(0,208,130) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(252,185,0,1) 0%,rgba(255,105,0,1) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(255,105,0,1) 0%,rgb(207,46,46) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(238,238,238) 0%,rgb(169,184,195) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(74,234,220) 0%,rgb(151,120,209) 20%,rgb(207,42,186) 40%,rgb(238,44,130) 60%,rgb(251,105,98) 80%,rgb(254,248,76) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,206,236) 0%,rgb(152,150,240) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(254,205,165) 0%,rgb(254,45,45) 50%,rgb(107,0,62) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,203,112) 0%,rgb(199,81,192) 50%,rgb(65,88,208) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,245,203) 0%,rgb(182,227,212) 50%,rgb(51,167,181) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(202,248,128) 0%,rgb(113,206,126) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--midnight: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(2,3,129) 0%,rgb(40,116,252) 100%);--wp--preset--font-size--small: 13px;--wp--preset--font-size--medium: 20px;--wp--preset--font-size--large: 36px;--wp--preset--font-size--x-large: 42px;--wp--preset--spacing--20: 0.44rem;--wp--preset--spacing--30: 0.67rem;--wp--preset--spacing--40: 1rem;--wp--preset--spacing--50: 1.5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--60: 2.25rem;--wp--preset--spacing--70: 3.38rem;--wp--preset--spacing--80: 5.06rem;--wp--preset--shadow--natural: 6px 6px 9px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--deep: 12px 12px 50px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);--wp--preset--shadow--sharp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--outlined: 6px 6px 0px -3px rgba(255, 255, 255, 1), 6px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);--wp--preset--shadow--crisp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);}:where(.is-layout-flex){gap: 0.5em;}:where(.is-layout-grid){gap: 0.5em;}body .is-layout-flex{display: flex;}.is-layout-flex{flex-wrap: wrap;align-items: center;}.is-layout-flex > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}body .is-layout-grid{display: grid;}.is-layout-grid > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;}.has-black-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red) !important;}.has-very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-cool-to-warm-spectrum-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum) !important;}.has-blush-light-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple) !important;}.has-blush-bordeaux-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux) !important;}.has-luminous-dusk-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk) !important;}.has-pale-ocean-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean) !important;}.has-electric-grass-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass) !important;}.has-midnight-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--midnight) !important;}.has-small-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--small) !important;}.has-medium-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium) !important;}.has-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--large) !important;}.has-x-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--x-large) !important;} :where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;} :where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;} :root :where(.wp-block-pullquote){font-size: 1.5em;line-height: 1.6;} </style> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://960cca.a2cdn1.secureserver.net/wp-content/themes/exel/a/js/modernizr-2.5.3.min.js?time=1732092036" id="modernizr-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://960cca.a2cdn1.secureserver.net/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery.min.js?ver=3.7.1&time=1732092036" id="jquery-core-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://960cca.a2cdn1.secureserver.net/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery-migrate.min.js?ver=3.4.1&time=1732092036" id="jquery-migrate-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://960cca.a2cdn1.secureserver.net/wp-content/themes/exel/a/js/jquery-ui.1.10.3.min.js?ver=6.6.2&time=1732092036" id="jquery.ui-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://960cca.a2cdn1.secureserver.net/wp-content/themes/exel/a/js/jquery.waitforimages.js?ver=6.6.2&time=1732092036" id="jquery.waitforimages-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://960cca.a2cdn1.secureserver.net/wp-content/themes/exel/a/js/jquery.scrollTo.js?ver=6.6.2&time=1732092036" id="jquery.scrollTo-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://960cca.a2cdn1.secureserver.net/wp-content/themes/exel/a/js/jquery.initial-letter.js?ver=6.6.2&time=1732092036" id="jquery.initial-letter-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://960cca.a2cdn1.secureserver.net/wp-content/themes/exel/a/js/jquery.fittext.js?ver=6.6.2&time=1732092036" id="jquery.fittext-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://960cca.a2cdn1.secureserver.net/wp-content/themes/exel/a/js/jquery.fitvids.js?ver=6.6.2&time=1732092036" id="jquery.fitvids-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://960cca.a2cdn1.secureserver.net/wp-content/themes/exel/a/js/jquery.easing.1.3.min.js?ver=6.6.2&time=1732092036" id="jquery.easing-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://960cca.a2cdn1.secureserver.net/wp-content/themes/exel/a/js/jquery.hoverIntent.js?ver=6.6.2&time=1732092036" id="jquery.hoverIntent-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://960cca.a2cdn1.secureserver.net/wp-content/themes/exel/a/js/jquery.hotkeys.js?ver=6.6.2&time=1732092036" id="jquery.hotkeys-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://960cca.a2cdn1.secureserver.net/wp-content/themes/exel/a/js/jquery.vjs-video.js?ver=6.6.2&time=1732092036" id="jquery.vjs-video-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://960cca.a2cdn1.secureserver.net/wp-content/themes/exel/a/js/jquery.imagesloaded.min.js?ver=6.6.2&time=1732092036" id="jquery.imagesloaded-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://960cca.a2cdn1.secureserver.net/wp-content/themes/exel/a/js/jquery.bigvideo.js?ver=6.6.2&time=1732092036" id="jquery.bigvideo-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://960cca.a2cdn1.secureserver.net/wp-content/themes/exel/a/js/jquery.supersized.min.js?ver=6.6.2&time=1732092036" id="jquery.supersized-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://960cca.a2cdn1.secureserver.net/wp-content/themes/exel/a/js/jquery.supersized.shutter-custom.min.js?ver=6.6.2&time=1732092036" id="jquery.supersized.shutter-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://960cca.a2cdn1.secureserver.net/wp-content/themes/exel/a/js/royal-slider-8.1.min.js?ver=6.6.2&time=1732092036" id="royal-slider-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://960cca.a2cdn1.secureserver.net/wp-content/themes/exel/a/js/drexel-lib.js?time=1732092036" id="app-js"></script> <link rel="https://api.w.org/" href="https://exelmagazine.org/wp-json/" /><link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" title="RSD" href="https://exelmagazine.org/xmlrpc.php?rsd" /> <meta name="generator" content="WordPress 6.6.2" /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://exelmagazine.org/article/trustworthy-arbitration/" /> <link rel='shortlink' href='https://exelmagazine.org/?p=8149' /> <link rel="alternate" title="oEmbed (JSON)" type="application/json+oembed" href="https://exelmagazine.org/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fexelmagazine.org%2Farticle%2Ftrustworthy-arbitration%2F" /> <link rel="alternate" title="oEmbed (XML)" type="text/xml+oembed" href="https://exelmagazine.org/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fexelmagazine.org%2Farticle%2Ftrustworthy-arbitration%2F&format=xml" />   <script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= '//www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-TJCKC2');</script>    <meta name="google-site-verification" content="VIMLpniel0t1EqNoNBSGqlucpl04CZOy8BrmSpLRB0o" />  <script type="text/javascript"> ;(function(window, document, undefined, $) { $(function() { exel.handle_jquery('article');exel.desktop_ready('article'); }); })(window, document, undefined, jQuery); </script> <style type="text/css"> .exel-x-image { background: url(/wp-content/themes/exel/a/i/exel-department-culture-society.png) 0 0 no-repeat; filter: progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.AlphaImageLoader(src='/wp-content/themes/exel/a/i/exel-department-culture-society.png',sizingMethod='scale'); -ms-filter: "progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.AlphaImageLoader(src='/wp-content/themes/exel/a/i/exel-department-culture-society.png',sizingMethod='scale')"; } </style> <title> Trustworthy Arbitration - Exel: Drexel University's Research Magazine</title> </head> <body class="article-template-default single single-article postid-8149 trustworthy-arbitration article-type-mini article-background-white article-topic-law article-department-culture-society article-issue-2023 article-template-standard article-highlight-red">  <div class="white-out"><div class="spinner"></div></div>  <header class="navbar navbar-fixed-top"> <div class="row-fluid"> <div class="header-bar">  <div class="overhead-map-container"> <div class="overhead-map"> </div> </div> <div class="logo-container"> <h3 class="logo"></h3> <p class="magazine">_Drexel University Research Magazine</p> </div> <nav> <ul> <li id="nav-home"><a href="/"><i class="icon-reorder"></i></a></li> <li id="nav-contents"> <a href="/2023/contents">Contents</a> <div id="menu-contents-container" class="menu-dropdown issue-year-2023"> <div id="menu-contents-arrow" class="dropdown-arrow"></div> <div id="menu-contents" class="menu-dropdown-inner"> <dl id="menu-contents-2"> <dt> <div class="dept-x dept-body-of-research"></div> _Body of Research </dt> <dd> <a href="/article/the-path-to-lift-off"> Battery Science: Charging Forward </a> </dd> </dl> <dl id="menu-contents-3"> <dt> <div class="dept-x dept-culture-society"></div> _Culture / Society </dt> <dd> <a href="/article/pencil-it-in"> Pencil It In </a> </dd> <dd> <a href="/article/beyond-bottom-lines"> Beyond Bottom Lines </a> </dd> <dd> <a href="/article/ais-niche-value-in-retailing"> AI’s Niche Value in Retailing </a> </dd> <dd> <a href="/article/trustworthy-arbitration"> Trustworthy Arbitration </a> </dd> <dd> <a href="/article/covert_classroom_bullies"> Covert Classroom Bullies </a> </dd> <dd> <a href="/article/pay-gaps-thrive-in-nonprofits"> Pay Gaps Thrive in Nonprofits </a> </dd> <dd> <a href="/article/digital-forensics-that-spot-deepfakes"> Digital Forensics that Spot Deepfakes </a> </dd> <dd> <a href="/article/the-limits-of-limited-time-sales"> The Limits of Limited-Time Sales </a> </dd> </dl> <dl id="menu-contents-4"> <dt> <div class="dept-x dept-examine"></div> _Examine </dt> <dd> <a href="/article/birding-with-hasselblad"> Birding with Hasselblad </a> </dd> </dl> <dl id="menu-contents-5"> <dt> <div class="dept-x dept-feature"></div> _Feature </dt> <dd> <a href="/article/were-not-in-oz-anymore"> We’re Not in ‘Oz’ Anymore </a> </dd> <dd> <a href="/article/experiments-at-the-edge-of-the-metaverse"> Experiments at the Edge of the Metaverse </a> </dd> <dd> <a href="/article/land-talent-and-science"> Land, Talent and Science </a> </dd> <dd> <a href="/article/row-homes-versus-refineries"> Rowhomes Versus Refineries </a> </dd> <dd> <a href="/article/putting-the-treat-into-treatment"> Putting the ‘Treat’ into Treatment </a> </dd> <dd> <a href="/article/how-to-build-a-lab-in-six-weeks"> How to Build a Lab in Six Weeks </a> </dd> <dd> <a href="/article/ten-experiments-to-save-the-earth"> Ten Experiments to Save the Earth </a> </dd> </dl> <dl id="menu-contents-6"> <dt> <div class="dept-x dept-medicine"></div> _Medicine </dt> <dd> <a href="/article/finding-early-alzheimers"> Finding Early Alzheimer’s </a> </dd> <dd> <a href="/article/a-turn-toward-custom-ankle-implants"> A Turn Toward Custom Ankle implants </a> </dd> <dd> <a href="/article/an-early-test-for-lyme"> An Early Test for Lyme </a> </dd> <dd> <a href="/article/editing-genes-to-cure-hiv"> Editing Genes to Cure HIV </a> </dd> <dd> <a href="/article/estrogen-and-brain-injury"> Estrogen and Brain Injury </a> </dd> <dd> <a href="/article/fighting-addiction-stigma"> Fighting Addiction Stigma </a> </dd> <dd> <a href="/article/patched-up-hearts"> Patched Up Hearts </a> </dd> <dd> <a href="/article/starving-breast-cancer-in-the-brain"> Starving Breast Cancer in the Brain </a> </dd> </dl> <dl id="menu-contents-7"> <dt> <div class="dept-x dept-nature-environment"></div> _Nature / Environment </dt> <dd> <a href="/article/do-sea-turtles-need-shade"> Do Sea Turtles Need Shade? </a> </dd> <dd> <a href="/article/ever-ready-braniacs"> Ever-ready Brainiacs </a> </dd> <dd> <a href="/article/modern-day-dousing-rod"> Modern-day Dousing Rod </a> </dd> <dd> <a href="/article/safe-skylines-for-birds"> Safe Skylines for Birds </a> </dd> <dd> <a href="/article/taking-the-citys-temperature"> Taking the City's Temperature </a> </dd> <dd> <a href="/article/antique-data-confirms-owl-discovery"> Antique Data Confirms Owl Discovery </a> </dd> <dd> <a href="/article/evolving-on-the-fly"> Evolving on the Fly </a> </dd> <dd> <a href="/article/fossil-reveals-fish-to-land-transition"> Fossil Reveals Fish-to-Land Transition </a> </dd> </dl> <dl id="menu-contents-8"> <dt> <div class="dept-x dept-public-health"></div> _Public Health </dt> <dd> <a href="/article/opioid-improvements"> Opioid Improvements </a> </dd> <dd> <a href="/article/clock-is-ticking-for-pennsylvanias-health"> Clock Is Ticking for Pennsylvania’s Health </a> </dd> <dd> <a href="/article/hug-tree-have-granola"> Hug Tree, Have Granola </a> </dd> <dd> <a href="/article/designing-for-and-with-the-community"> Designing for, and With, the Community </a> </dd> <dd> <a href="/article/five-minute-autism-diagnosis"> Five-Minute Autism Diagnosis </a> </dd> <dd> <a href="/article/keeping-up-with-covid"> Keeping Up with COVID </a> </dd> <dd> <a href="/article/overdose-survival-risks"> Overdose Survival: Risks </a> </dd> <dd> <a href="/article/city-to-city-vax-disparities"> City-to-City Vax Disparities </a> </dd> </dl> <dl id="menu-contents-9"> <dt> <div class="dept-x dept-technology"></div> _Tech / Science </dt> <dd> <a href="/article/power-patch-for-wearable-tech"> Power Patch for Wearable Tech </a> </dd> <dd> <a href="/article/forever-contaminated"> Forever Contaminated </a> </dd> <dd> <a href="/article/mercury-falling"> Efficient Mercury Removal </a> </dd> <dd> <a href="/article/shoestring-science-with-a-smartphone"> Shoestring Science, with a Smartphone </a> </dd> <dd> <a href="/article/this-extra-curricular-is-the-bomb"> This Extra-Curricular is the Bomb </a> </dd> <dd> <a href="/article/algo-knits-for-smart-fabrics"> Algo Knits for Smart Fabrics </a> </dd> <dd> <a href="/article/how-to-study-a-condo-collapse"> How to Study a Condo Collapse </a> </dd> </div>  </div> </li> <li id="nav-issues"> <a href="#">Recent Issues</a> <div id="menu-issues-container" class="menu-dropdown"> <div id="menu-issues-arrow" class="dropdown-arrow"></div> <div id="menu-issues" class="menu-dropdown-inner"> <a href="/2018" class="issue issue-right" id="issue-2018"> <div class="issue-image"></div> <h3 class="issue-title">Exel 2018</h3> </a>  <a href="/2019" class="issue issue-middle" id="issue-2019"> <div class="issue-image"></div> <h3 class="issue-title">Exel 2019</h3> </a>  <a href="/2021" class="issue issue-middle" id="issue-2021"> <div class="issue-image"></div> <h3 class="issue-title">Exel 2021</h3> </a>  <a href="/2023" class="issue issue-middle" id="issue-2023"> <div class="issue-image"></div> <h3 class="issue-title">Exel 2023</h3> </a>  </div> </div>  </li>  <li><a href="/issues/">Archives</a></li> </ul> <div class="quick-search-container"> <form id="qsearchform" method="get" action="https://exelmagazine.org/" style="margin: 0; padding: 0;"> <input id="quick-search" name="s" placeholder="Search" type="text" /> <span class="quick-search-icon icon-thin-search" onclick="jQuery('#qsearchform').submit();"></span> </form> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </header>  <div id="top-pad"> </div> <div class="white-section story-section article-news"> <div class="exel-x"> <div class="exel-x-image"> </div> <h3>2023<br/><span class="article-department">_CULTURE SOCIETY</span> Law</h3> </div> <div class="row-fluid news-header"> <h2 class="news-title">_Trustworthy Arbitration</h2><div class="news-excerpt">A case study examining investors' grievances with stockbrokers suggests ways to make mandatory arbitration a more transparent and inclusive process. <span class="article-byline"></span></div> </div>  <div class="row-fluid row-main"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="article-researcher"><div class="article-researcher-image"><img src="https://960cca.a2cdn1.secureserver.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/Nicole-Iannorone.png?time=1732092036" alt="" /></div><h3>_Nicole Iannarone</h3><p>Iannarone is an assistant professor in the Thomas R. Kline School of Law.</p></div> <div class="article-content-inner"> <p>Agreements with banks, retailers and other service providers often force consumers to resolve disputes through arbitration, a process that lacks the transparency of court proceedings and is managed by an overwhelmingly white and male cohort of professionals.</p> <p>Usually a private process, arbitration can create a perception that disputes are being resolved in a “black box” by individuals who don’t represent the community their decisions affect. </p> <p>Facing growing pressures to diversify, forums that manage mandatory arbitration have added non-white and women professionals to their rosters. </p> <p>Nicole Iannarone, assistant professor in the Thomas R. Kline School of Law, <a href="https://drexel.edu/law/about/news/Publications/lex-magazine/">examined the impact of diversification efforts</a> by the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA), a quasi-governmental agency that hosts arbitrations involving investors working with stockbrokers. </p> <blockquote><p> <img decoding="async" src="https://960cca.a2cdn1.secureserver.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/EXEL2023_Web_sidebars_TrustworthyArbitration.jpg" /></p> <h3>Diversity_Needed</h3> <h4>In a 2014 report from the Public Investor Advocacy Bar Association, whose members represent investors in claims against stockbrokers, 80% of available arbitrators in the agency’s pool were men, with an average age of 69.</h4> </blockquote> <p>FINRA arbitrations are more transparent than most, Iannarone says. </p> <p>“Every time an arbitration panel makes a decision, it is there for the public to view,” she says. “So, we can learn about what is going on in the process, and that can help inform us and consumers, as we study and design other arbitration contexts.” </p> <p>Nonetheless, FINRA historically maintained a homogenous arbitrator pool. The agency began recruiting arbitrators from diverse backgrounds, professions and geographic locations. Annual surveys conducted by an outside consultant have confirmed that FINRA’s roster is more diverse.</p> <p>As a Hispanic woman who had joined FINRA’s roster but had not been called on to arbitrate a case, Iannarone decided to study if diverse arbitrators had been brought into the process. </p> <p>Iannarone sought to find out if newer arbitrators were chosen between 2015 and 2019 to hear cases involving claims valued at less than $100,000, which play an important role in investor protection. Only those with experience hearing larger-dollar, three-arbitrator cases may handle small-claim cases solo. </p> <p>Iannarone and trained law students built an elaborate database that included the parties and representation for each claim, the location of hearings and the outcome of each case. </p> <p>The resulting case study, published in the <em><a href="https://digitalcommons.law.uw.edu/wlr/vol96/iss4/6/">Washington Law Review</a></em>, found that arbitrators who first appeared on the roster in 2015 rendered fewer than 1% of decisions in smaller-claim investor cases.</p> <p>Since parties are advised to research arbitrators’ histories before selecting them from FINRA-generated lists, Iannarone hypothesizes that newer arbitrators do not get picked because they lack a track record. </p> <p>Arbitrators’ retirements will eventually lead parties to choose from a more diverse cohort, but Iannarone says FINRA could speed things up by providing parties with lists that proportionally include women or members of underrepresented groups or by reviewing its own rules that make it hard for newer arbitrators to serve. </p> <p>Iannarone says it is also important to examine the potential role of bias. </p> <p>“We need to study who is being stricken and why,” she says, noting the importance of ensuring that arbitrators reflect the small investor pool. “How can investors trust that FINRA is a fair forum when something goes wrong with their stock purchases, if that forum doesn’t include anyone with a background like theirs?”</p> <div class="social-button-container"> <a target="_blank" href="http://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=https://exelmagazine.org/article/trustworthy-arbitration/&t=Trustworthy Arbitration"><span class="icon icon-facebook-sign"></span></a> <a target="_blank" href="http://twitter.com/home?status=Currently%20reading%3A%20%40DrexelUniv%27s%20EXEL%20Magazine%20https%3A%2F%2Fexelmagazine.org%2Farticle%2Ftrustworthy-arbitration%2F" title="Click to share this post on Twitter"><span class="icon icon-twitter-sign"></span></a> </div> </div> </div> </div>  </div> <script type="text/javascript">;(function(window, document, undefined, $) {$(document).ready(function(){ $('h6').fitText('.3');$(".article-content-inner p:nth-child(1)").initialLetter({ initialLetter: "dropped" });var exel_paras = 1; $(".article-content-inner p").each(function(){ $(this).addClass("article-paragraph-" + exel_paras); exel_paras = exel_paras + 1; });var exel_attachments = []; var i = ""; for (x in exel_attachments){ if (exel_attachments[x]["post_title"].toLowerCase()=="none"){ i = '<div class="article-main-image"><img src="'+exel_attachments[x]["large_image"][0] + '" /></div>'; } else { i = '<div class="article-main-image"><img src="'+exel_attachments[x]["large_image"][0] + '" /><div class="article-main-image-content"><h3>' + exel_attachments[x]["post_title"] + '</h3><p>' + exel_attachments[x]["post_content"] + '</p></div></div>'; } switch(x){ case "1": $(".article-paragraph-3").after(i); break; case "2": $(".article-paragraph-6").after(i); break; case "3": $(".article-paragraph-9").after(i); break; case "4": $(".article-paragraph-12").after(i); break; case "5": $(".article-paragraph-15").after(i); break; case "6": $(".article-paragraph-19").after(i); break; case "7": $(".article-paragraph-22").after(i); break; case "8": $(".article-paragraph-25").after(i); break; case "9": $(".article-paragraph-30").after(i); break; }; }$(".article-main-image").fadeIn("slow");});})(window, document, undefined, jQuery);</script> </div> <footer> <div class="row-fluid row-footer"> <div class="span3 footer-identity-container"> <img src="/wp-content/themes/exel/a/i/drexel-logo-white.png?v=32" alt="Drexel University" id="footer-identity"> </div> <div class="span3"> <dl> <dt>Drexel University</dt> <dd>3141 Chestnut Street</dd> <dd>Philadelphia, PA 19104</dd> <dd>215-895-2000</dd> <dd>© Copyright 2023 All Rights Reserved.</dd> </dl> </div> <div class="span3"> <dl> <dt>Quick Links</dt> <dd><a href="http://www.drexel.edu">Drexel Homepage</a></dd> <dd><a href="http://www.drexel.edu/research/">Drexel Research & Innovation</a></dd> <dd><a href="http://www.drexel.edu/academics/schools/">Drexel Colleges & Schools</a></dd> <dd><a href="http://drexel.edu/provost/">Drexel Office of the Provost</a></dd> </dl> </div> <div class="span2 exel-links"> <dl> <dt>Exel Magazine</dt> <dd><a href="/about/">About</a></dd> <dd><a href="https://drexel.edu/privacy">Privacy Policy</a></dd> <dd><a href="/letter/">Letter from President</a></dd> <dd><a href="/contact/">Contact</a></dd> </dl> </div> </div> </footer>    <noscript><iframe src="//www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-TJCKC2" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript>   <script type="text/javascript"> (function(i,s,o,g,r,a,m){i['GoogleAnalyticsObject']=r;i[r]=i[r]||function(){ (i[r].q=i[r].q||[]).push(arguments)},i[r].l=1*new Date();a=s.createElement(o), m=s.getElementsByTagName(o)[0];a.async=1;a.src=g;m.parentNode.insertBefore(a,m) })(window,document,'script','//www.google-analytics.com/analytics.js','ga'); ga('create', 'UA-33235850-1', 'auto'); ga('send', 'pageview'); </script> </body> </html>

CINXE.COM

Trustworthy Arbitration - Exel: Drexel University's Research Magazine