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</ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nepal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nepal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Nepal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nepal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tibet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tibet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Tibet </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tibet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bhutan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bhutan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Bhutan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bhutan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eight_manifestations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eight_manifestations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Eight manifestations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eight_manifestations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iconography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iconography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Iconography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iconography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attributes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attributes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Attributes </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Attributes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Attributes subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Attributes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pureland_paradise" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pureland_paradise"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Pureland paradise </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pureland_paradise-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Samantabhadra_and_Samantabhadri" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Samantabhadra_and_Samantabhadri"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Samantabhadra and Samantabhadri </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Samantabhadra_and_Samantabhadri-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Associated_practices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Associated_practices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Associated practices </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Associated_practices-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Associated practices subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Associated_practices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vajra_Guru_mantra" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vajra_Guru_mantra"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Vajra Guru mantra </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vajra_Guru_mantra-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seven_Line_Prayer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seven_Line_Prayer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Seven Line Prayer </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seven_Line_Prayer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cham_dances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cham_dances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Cham dances </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cham_dances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Terma_cycles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terma_cycles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Terma cycles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terma_cycles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Five_main_consorts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Five_main_consorts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Five main consorts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Five_main_consorts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Twenty-five_main_students" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twenty-five_main_students"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Twenty-five main students </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twenty-five_main_students-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Gallery </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biographies_in_English" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biographies_in_English"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Biographies in English </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biographies_in_English-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.2 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.3 Works cited </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sadhanas_and_commentaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sadhanas_and_commentaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.3.1 Sadhanas and commentaries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sadhanas_and_commentaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Padmasambhava</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 53 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-53" aria-hidden="true" > 53 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A7" title="بادماسامبهافا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بادماسامبهافا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padmasambhava" title="Padmasambhava – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Padmasambhava" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%AC" title="পদ্মসম্ভব – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পদ্মসম্ভব" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padmasambhava" title="Padmasambhava – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Padmasambhava" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Падмасамбхава – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Падмасамбхава" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Падмасамбхава – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Падмасамбхава" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%94%E0%BD%91%E0%BE%A8%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%96%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8D" title="པདྨ་འབྱུང་གནས། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="པདྨ་འབྱུང་གནས།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Бадмасамбава – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Бадмасамбава" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padmasambhava" title="Padmasambhava – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Padmasambhava" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padmasambhava" title="Padmasambhava – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Padmasambhava" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padmasambhava" title="Padmasambhava – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Padmasambhava" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padmasambhava" title="Padmasambhava – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Padmasambhava" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padmasambhava" title="Padmasambhava – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Padmasambhava" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padmasambhavo" title="Padmasambhavo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Padmasambhavo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padmasambhava" title="Padmasambhava – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Padmasambhava" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7" title="پادماسمبهاوا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پادماسمبهاوا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padmasambhava" title="Padmasambhava – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Padmasambhava" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padmasambhava" title="Padmasambhava – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Padmasambhava" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EB%93%9C%EB%A7%88%EC%82%BC%EB%B0%94%EB%B0%94" title="파드마삼바바 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="파드마삼바바" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B5" title="पद्मसम्भव – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पद्मसम्भव" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padmasa%E1%B9%81bhava" title="Padmasaṁbhava – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Padmasaṁbhava" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padmasambhava" title="Padmasambhava – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Padmasambhava" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padmasambhava" title="Padmasambhava – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Padmasambhava" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%93%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%9E%D7%91%D7%94%D7%90%D7%91%D7%94" title="פדמאסמבהאבה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פדמאסמבהאבה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%91%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%90" title="პადმასამბჰავა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პადმასამბჰავა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padmasambhava" title="Padmasambhava – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Padmasambhava" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padmasambh%C4%81va" title="Padmasambhāva – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Padmasambhāva" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padmaszambhava" title="Padmaszambhava – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Padmaszambhava" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padmasambhava" title="Padmasambhava – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Padmasambhava" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%B5" title="പദ്മസംഭവ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പദ്മസംഭവ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padmasambhava" title="Padmasambhava – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Padmasambhava" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B5" title="पद्मसम्भव – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="पद्मसम्भव" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B5" title="पद्मसम्भव – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="पद्मसम्भव" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%91%E3%83%89%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B5%E3%83%B3%E3%83%90%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A1" title="パドマサンバヴァ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="パドマサンバヴァ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padmasambh%C4%81va" title="Padmasambhāva – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Padmasambhāva" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padmasambhava" title="Padmasambhava – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Padmasambhava" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padmasambhava" title="Padmasambhava – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Padmasambhava" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padmasambhava" title="Padmasambhava – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Padmasambhava" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Падмасамбхава – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Падмасамбхава" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padmasambhava" title="Padmasambhava – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Padmasambhava" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padmasambhava" title="Padmasambhava – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Padmasambhava" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padmasambhava" title="Padmasambhava – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Padmasambhava" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padmasambhava" title="Padmasambhava – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Padmasambhava" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="பத்மசாம்பவர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பத்மசாம்பவர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%AD%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%81" title="పద్మసంభవుడు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="పద్మసంభవుడు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B0" title="ปัทมสัมภวะ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ปัทมสัมภวะ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padmasambhava" title="Padmasambhava – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Padmasambhava" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Падмасамбгава – Ukrainian" 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.infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Padmasambhava</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Guru_-_Boudha.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Guru_-_Boudha.jpg/200px-Guru_-_Boudha.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Guru_-_Boudha.jpg/300px-Guru_-_Boudha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Guru_-_Boudha.jpg/400px-Guru_-_Boudha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5196" data-file-height="5340" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Padmasambhava statue at Ghyoilisang peace park, <a href="/wiki/Boudhanath" class="mw-redirect" title="Boudhanath">Boudhanath</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Oddiyana" title="Oddiyana">Oddiyana</a><a href="#cite_note-loc-1">[note 1]</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role">Vajra master</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data">Credited with founding the Nyingma school of Tibetan Buddhism</td></tr></tbody></table> Padmasambhava ("Born from a Lotus"),<a href="#cite_note-2">[note 2]</a> also known as Guru Rinpoche (Precious Guru) and the Lotus Born from Oḍḍiyāna, was a semi-legendary<a href="#cite_note-3">[1]</a> tantric Buddhist <a href="/wiki/Vajracharya" title="Vajracharya">Vajra master</a> from <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> who fully revealed the <a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>, circa 8th – 9th centuries.<a href="#cite_note-tthr-4">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-KPSR8-5">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Schaik201134–5-6">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Doney_2015-7">[5]</a> He is considered an emanation or <a href="/wiki/Nirm%C4%81%E1%B9%87ak%C4%81ya" title="Nirmāṇakāya">Nirmāṇakāya</a> of <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Shakyamuni Buddha</a> as foretold by the Buddha himself.<a href="#cite_note-KPSR8-5">[3]</a> According to early Tibetan sources including the <a href="/wiki/Testament_of_Ba" title="Testament of Ba">Testament of Ba</a>, he came to Tibet in the 8th century and designed<a href="#cite_note-KPSR8-5">[3]</a> <a href="/wiki/Samye_Monastery" class="mw-redirect" title="Samye Monastery">Samye Monastery</a>, the first Buddhist monastery in Tibet<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Schaik201134–5-6">[4]</a> during the reign of King <a href="/wiki/Trisong_Detsen" title="Trisong Detsen">Trisong Detsen</a>. He, the king, and Khenpo <a href="/wiki/Shantarakshita" class="mw-redirect" title="Shantarakshita">Shantarakshita</a> are also responsible for creating the <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibetan canon">Tibetan Canon</a> through translating all of the Buddha's teachings and their commentaries into the Tibetan language. According to Lewis Doney, while his historical authenticity was questioned by earlier <a href="/wiki/Tibetology" title="Tibetology">Tibetologists</a>, it is now "cautiously accepted". Padmasambhava himself was recorded as saying he was an historical person, and his footprints left in rocks are evidence.<a href="#cite_note-KPSR8-5">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Doney_2015-7">[5]</a> Padmasambhava later came to be viewed as a central figure in the transmission of Buddhism to Tibet.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2013600-8">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Schaik201134–5,_96–8-9">[7]</a> Starting from around the 12th century, <a href="/wiki/Hagiography" title="Hagiography">hagiographies</a> concerning Padmasambhava were written. These works expanded the profile and activities of Padmasambhava, now seen as taming all the Tibetan spirits and gods, and concealing various secret texts (<a href="/wiki/Terma_(religion)" title="Terma (religion)">terma</a>) for future <a href="/wiki/Tert%C3%B6n" title="Tertön">tertöns</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Schaik201196-10">[8]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nyangrel_Nyima_%C3%96zer" title="Nyangrel Nyima Özer">Nyangral Nyima Özer</a> (1124–1192) was the author of the Zangling-ma (Jeweled Rosary), the earliest biography of Padmasambhava.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoney2014-11">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalton2004-12">[10]</a> He has been called "one of the main architects of the Padmasambhava <a href="/wiki/Myth" title="Myth">mythos</a> – who first linked Padmasambhava to the <a href="/wiki/Dzogchen" title="Dzogchen">Great Perfection</a> in a high-profile manner."<a href="#cite_note-Germano_2005-13">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-thlib.org2-14">[12]</a> In modern <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a>, Padmasambhava is considered to be a <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Buddha</a> that was foretold by Buddha Shakyamuni.<a href="#cite_note-KPSR8-5">[3]</a> According to traditional hagiographies, his students include the great female masters <a href="/wiki/Yeshe_Tsogyal" title="Yeshe Tsogyal">Yeshe Tsogyal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mand%C4%81rav%C4%81" title="Mandāravā">Mandarava</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Schaik201134–5,_96–8-9">[7]</a> The contemporary <a href="/wiki/Nyingma" title="Nyingma">Nyingma</a> school considers Padmasambhava to be a founding figure.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey2008204-15">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-Doney_2015-7">[5]</a> The Nyingma school also traditionally holds that its <a href="/wiki/Dzogchen" title="Dzogchen">Dzogchen</a> lineage has its origins in <a href="/wiki/Garab_Dorje" title="Garab Dorje">Garab Dorje</a> through a lineage of transmission to Padmasambhava.<a href="#cite_note-KPSR-16">[14]</a> In Tibetan Buddhism, the teachings of Padmasambava are said to include an oral lineage (kama), and a lineage of the hidden treasure texts (termas).<a href="#cite_note-Khenchen-17">[15]</a> Tibetan Buddhism holds that Padmasambhava's termas are discovered by fortunate beings and <a href="/wiki/Tert%C3%B6n" title="Tertön">tertöns</a> (treasure finders) when conditions are ripe for their reception.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFremantle200119-18">[16]</a> Padmasambhava is said to appear to tertöns in visionary encounters, and his form is visualized during guru yoga practice, particularly in the Nyingma school. Padmasambhava is widely venerated by <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Buddhists</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Himalayan_states" title="Himalayan states">Himalayan states</a> of India, and in countries around the world.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2013600-8">[6]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Padmasambhava&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_sources">Early sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Padmasambhava&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early sources">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Guru_Rinpoche_in_mist_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Guru_Rinpoche_in_mist_2.jpg/240px-Guru_Rinpoche_in_mist_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Guru_Rinpoche_in_mist_2.jpg/360px-Guru_Rinpoche_in_mist_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Guru_Rinpoche_in_mist_2.jpg/480px-Guru_Rinpoche_in_mist_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rewalsar_Lake#Colossus_of_Padmasambhava" title="Rewalsar Lake">Colossus of Padmasambhava</a>, 123 ft. (37.5 m), high in mist overlooking <a href="/wiki/Rewalsar_Lake" title="Rewalsar Lake">Rewalsar Lake</a>, <a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:British_Library_fragment_of_the_Testament_of_Ba.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/British_Library_fragment_of_the_Testament_of_Ba.jpg/245px-British_Library_fragment_of_the_Testament_of_Ba.jpg" decoding="async" width="245" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/British_Library_fragment_of_the_Testament_of_Ba.jpg/368px-British_Library_fragment_of_the_Testament_of_Ba.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/British_Library_fragment_of_the_Testament_of_Ba.jpg/490px-British_Library_fragment_of_the_Testament_of_Ba.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2486" data-file-height="1007" /></a><figcaption>Fragment of the Testament of Ba at the <a href="/wiki/British_Library" title="British Library">British Library</a>, with six incomplete lines of <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan writing</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://idp.bl.uk/database/oo_loader.a4d?pm=Or.8210%2FS.9498A">Or.8210/S.9498A</a>)</figcaption></figure> One of the earliest chronicle sources for Padmasambhava as a historical figure is the <a href="/wiki/Testament_of_Ba" title="Testament of Ba">Testament of Ba</a> (Dba' bzhed, c. 9th–12th centuries), which records the founding of <a href="/wiki/Samye" title="Samye">Samye Monastery</a> under the reign of King <a href="/wiki/Trisong_Detsen" title="Trisong Detsen">Trisong Detsen</a> (r. 755–797/804).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_SchaikIwao2009-19">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Doney_2015-7">[5]</a> Other early manuscripts from <a href="/wiki/Dunhuang" title="Dunhuang">Dunhuang</a> also mention a tantric master associated with <a href="/wiki/Vajrakilaya" title="Vajrakilaya">kilaya</a> rituals named Padmasambhava who tames demons, though they do not associate this figure with Trisong Detsen.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Schaik201134–5,_96–8,_273-20">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-Doney_2015-7">[5]</a> According to the Testament of Ba, <a href="/wiki/Trisong_Detsen" title="Trisong Detsen">Trisong Detsen</a> had invited the Buddhist abbot and Indian philosopher <a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81ntarak%E1%B9%A3ita" title="Śāntarakṣita">Śāntarakṣita</a> (725–788) to Tibet to propagate Buddhism and help found the first Buddhist monastery at Samye ('The Inconceivable'). However, certain events like the flooding of a Buddhist temple and lightning striking the royal palace had caused some at the Tibetan court to believe that the local gods were angry.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Schaik201134–5-6">[4]</a> Śāntarakṣita was sent to Nepal, but was then asked to return after the anti-Buddhist sentiments had subsided. On his return, Śāntarakṣita brought Padmasambhava who was an Indian tantric adept from <a href="/wiki/Oddiyana" title="Oddiyana">Oddiyana</a>.<a href="#cite_note-loc-1">[note 1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeulenbeld2001[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidY53pT_gGE_0CpgPA93_93]-21">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKazi2020[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid_MwDEAAAQBAJpgPT45_45]-22">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Schaik201180-23">[21]</a> Padmasambhava's task was to tame the local spirits and impress the Tibetans with his magical and ritual powers. The Tibetan sources then explain how Padmasambhava identified the local gods and spirits, called them out and threatened them with his powers. After they had been tamed, the construction of Samye went ahead.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Schaik201134–5-6">[4]</a> Padmasambhava was also said to have taught various forms of tantric Buddhist yoga.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Schaik201135-24">[22]</a> When the royal court began to suspect that Padmasambhava wanted to seize power, he was asked to leave by the king.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Schaik201135-24">[22]</a> The Testament of Ba also mentions other miracles by Padmasambhava, mostly associated with the taming of demons and spirits as well as longevity rituals and water magic.<a href="#cite_note-Doney_2015-7">[5]</a> Evidence shows that Padmasambhava's <a href="/wiki/Tantras_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tantras (Buddhism)">tantric</a> teachings were being taught in Tibet during the 10th century. Recent evidence suggests that Padmasambhava already figured in spiritual hagiography and ritual, and was already seen as the enlightened source of tantric scriptures up to 200 years before <a href="/wiki/Nyangrel_Nyima_%C3%96zer" title="Nyangrel Nyima Özer">Nyangrel Nyima Özer</a> (1136–1204),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECantwellMayer201322-25">[23]</a> the primary source of the traditional hagiography of Padmasambhava. Lewis Doney notes that while numerous texts are associated with Padmasambhava, the most likely of these attributions are the Man ngag lta ba'i phreng ba (The Garland of Views), a commentary on the 13th chapter of the <a href="/wiki/Guhyagarbha_tantra" title="Guhyagarbha tantra">Guhyagarbha tantra</a> and the Thabs zhags padma 'phreng (A Noble Noose of Methods, The Lotus Garland), an exposition of <a href="/wiki/Mahayoga" title="Mahayoga">Mahayoga</a>. The former work is mentioned in the work of <a href="/wiki/Nubchen_Sangye_Yeshe" title="Nubchen Sangye Yeshe">Nubchen Sangye Yeshe</a> (c. 9–10th centuries) and attributed to Padmasambhava.<a href="#cite_note-Doney_2015-7">[5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development_of_the_mythos">Development of the mythos</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Padmasambhava&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Development of the mythos">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thangka_(AM_1931.626-5).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Thangka_%28AM_1931.626-5%29.jpg/238px-Thangka_%28AM_1931.626-5%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="238" height="318" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Thangka_%28AM_1931.626-5%29.jpg/358px-Thangka_%28AM_1931.626-5%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Thangka_%28AM_1931.626-5%29.jpg/477px-Thangka_%28AM_1931.626-5%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Thangka of Padmasambhava</figcaption></figure> While in the eleventh and twelfth centuries there were several parallel narratives of important founding figures like Padmasambhava, <a href="/wiki/Vimalamitra" title="Vimalamitra">Vimalamitra</a>, Songtsän Gampo, and <a href="/wiki/Vairotsana" title="Vairotsana">Vairotsana</a>, by the end of the 12th century, the Padmasambhava narrative grew to dominate the others, becoming the most influential legend of the introduction of Buddhism to Tibet.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson2005229,_278-26">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Schaik201196-10">[8]</a> The first full biography of Padmasambhava is a <a href="/wiki/Terma_(religion)" title="Terma (religion)">terma</a> (treasure text) said to have been revealed by Nyangrel Nyima Özer, abbot of Mawochok Monastery. This biography, The Copper Palace (bka' thang zangs gling ma), was very influential on the Padmasambhava hagiographical tradition. The narrative was also incorporated into Nyima Özer's history of Buddhism, the Flower Nectar: The Essence of Honey (chos 'byung me tog snying po sbrang rtsi'i bcud).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHirschberg2013-27">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-Doney_2015-7">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-thlib.org2-14">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Germano_2005-13">[11]</a> The tertön Guru Chöwang (1212–1270) was the next major contributor to the Padmasambhava tradition, and may have been the first full life-story biographer of <a href="/wiki/Yeshe_Tsogyal" title="Yeshe Tsogyal">Yeshe Tsogyal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-thlib.org2-14">[12]</a> The basic narrative of The Copper Palace continued to be expanded and edited by Tibetans. In the 14th century, the Padmasambhava hagiography was further expanded and re-envisioned through the efforts of the <a href="/wiki/Orgyen_Lingpa" title="Orgyen Lingpa">Orgyen Lingpa</a> (1323 – c. 1360). It is in the works of Orgyen Lingpa, particularly his Padma bka' thang (Lotus Testament, 1352), that the "11 deeds" of Padmasambhava first appear in full.<a href="#cite_note-Doney_2015-7">[5]</a> The Lotus Testament is a very extensive biography of Padmasambhava, which begins with his ordination under <a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda" title="Ānanda">Ananda</a> and contains numerous references to Padmasambhava as a "second Buddha."<a href="#cite_note-Doney_2015-7">[5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hagiography">Hagiography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Padmasambhava&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Hagiography">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Padmasambhava_(Guru_Rinpoche,_8th_century)_LACMA_M.2005.154.7_(1_of_6).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Padmasambhava_%28Guru_Rinpoche%2C_8th_century%29_LACMA_M.2005.154.7_%281_of_6%29.jpg/235px-Padmasambhava_%28Guru_Rinpoche%2C_8th_century%29_LACMA_M.2005.154.7_%281_of_6%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="235" height="353" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Padmasambhava_%28Guru_Rinpoche%2C_8th_century%29_LACMA_M.2005.154.7_%281_of_6%29.jpg/353px-Padmasambhava_%28Guru_Rinpoche%2C_8th_century%29_LACMA_M.2005.154.7_%281_of_6%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Padmasambhava_%28Guru_Rinpoche%2C_8th_century%29_LACMA_M.2005.154.7_%281_of_6%29.jpg/470px-Padmasambhava_%28Guru_Rinpoche%2C_8th_century%29_LACMA_M.2005.154.7_%281_of_6%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="2100" /></a><figcaption>Statue of Guru Rinpoche, Central Tibet, Tsang Valley, 15th–16th century</figcaption></figure> According to <a href="/wiki/Khenchen_Palden_Sherab_Rinpoche" title="Khenchen Palden Sherab Rinpoche">Khenchen Palden Sherab</a>, there are traditionally said to be nine thousand nine hundred and ninety-nine biographies of Padmasambhava.<a href="#cite_note-KPSR8-5">[3]</a> They are categorized in three ways: Those relating to Padmasambhava's Dharmakaya buddhahood, those accounts of his Sambhogakaya nature, and those chronicles of his Nirmanakaya activities.<a href="#cite_note-KPSR8-5">[3]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Birth_and_early_life">Birth and early life</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Padmasambhava&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Birth and early life">edit</a>]</div> Hagiographies of Padmasambhava such as The Copper Palace, depict Padmasambhava being born as an eight-year-old child appearing in a lotus blossom floating in <a href="/wiki/Lake" title="Lake">Lake</a> Dhanakosha surrounded by a host of <a href="/wiki/Dakini" title="Dakini">dakinis</a>, in the kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Oddiyana" title="Oddiyana">Oddiyana</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Doney_2015-7">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-28">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-loc-1">[note 1]</a> However there are other birth stories as well, another common one states that he was born from the womb of Queen Jalendra, the wife of king Sakra of Oddiyana and received the name Dorje Duddul (Vajra Demon Subjugator) because of the auspicious marks on his body were identified as those of a demon tamer.<a href="#cite_note-Doney_2015-7">[5]</a> As <a href="/wiki/Nyingma" title="Nyingma">Nyingma</a> scholar <a href="/wiki/Palden_Sherab" class="mw-redirect" title="Palden Sherab">Khenchen Palden Sherab Rinpoche</a> explains: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">There are many stories explaining how Guru Padmasambhava was born. Some say that he instantly appeared on the peak of Meteorite Mountain, in Sri Lanka. Others teach that he came through his mother's womb, but most accounts refer to a miraculous birth, explaining that he spontaneously appeared in the center of a lotus. These stories are not contradictory because highly realized beings abide in the expanse of great equanimity with perfect understanding and can do anything. Everything is flexible, anything is possible. Enlightened beings can appear in any way they want or need to.<a href="#cite_note-KPSR8-5">[3]</a></blockquote> In The Copper Palace, King <a href="/wiki/Indrabhuti" title="Indrabhuti">Indrabhuti</a> of Oddiyana is searching for a wish fulfilling jewel and finds Padmasambhava, who is said to be an incarnation of Buddha <a href="/wiki/Amit%C4%81bha" title="Amitābha">Amitabha</a>. The king adopts him as his own son and Padmasambhava is enthroned as the Lotus King (Pema Gyalpo).<a href="#cite_note-Doney_2015-7">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-28">[26]</a> However, Padmasambhava's <a href="/wiki/Kha%E1%B9%ADv%C4%81%E1%B9%85ga" title="Khaṭvāṅga">khaṭvāṅga</a> staff falls on one of Indrabhuti's ministers, killing him, and Padmasambhava is exiled from the kingdom, which allows him to live as a <a href="/wiki/Mahasiddha" title="Mahasiddha">mahasiddha</a> and practice tantra in charnel grounds throughout India.<a href="#cite_note-Doney_2015-7">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-28">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorgan2010208-29">[27]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Himachal Pradesh, India">Himachal Pradesh, India</a> at <a href="/wiki/Rewalsar_Lake" title="Rewalsar Lake">Rewalsar Lake</a>, known as Tso Pema in Tibetan, Padmasambhava secretly gave <a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">tantric teachings</a> to princess Mandarava, the local king's daughter. The king found out and tried to burn both him and his daughter, but it is said that when the smoke cleared they were still alive and in meditation, centered in a lotus arising from a lake. Greatly astonished by this miracle, the king offered Padmasambhava both his kingdom and Mandarava.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESamten_Lingpa1998-30">[28]</a> Padmasambhava is then said to have returned home with Mandarava and together they converted the kingdom to Vajrayana Buddhism.<a href="#cite_note-Doney_2015-7">[5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nepal">Nepal</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Padmasambhava&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Nepal">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Religious_Cave_Cave_Sesh_Narayan_Dachhinkali_Kathmandu_Nepal_Rajesh_Dhungana_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Religious_Cave_Cave_Sesh_Narayan_Dachhinkali_Kathmandu_Nepal_Rajesh_Dhungana_%282%29.jpg/223px-Religious_Cave_Cave_Sesh_Narayan_Dachhinkali_Kathmandu_Nepal_Rajesh_Dhungana_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="223" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Religious_Cave_Cave_Sesh_Narayan_Dachhinkali_Kathmandu_Nepal_Rajesh_Dhungana_%282%29.jpg/335px-Religious_Cave_Cave_Sesh_Narayan_Dachhinkali_Kathmandu_Nepal_Rajesh_Dhungana_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Religious_Cave_Cave_Sesh_Narayan_Dachhinkali_Kathmandu_Nepal_Rajesh_Dhungana_%282%29.jpg/446px-Religious_Cave_Cave_Sesh_Narayan_Dachhinkali_Kathmandu_Nepal_Rajesh_Dhungana_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8256" data-file-height="5504" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pharping" title="Pharping">Pharping</a> cave in Nepal where the Guru did the penance combining Yangdak <a href="/wiki/Heruka" title="Heruka">Heruka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vajrakilaya" title="Vajrakilaya">Vajrakilaya</a> and attained the ultimate <a href="/wiki/Mahamudra" title="Mahamudra">Mahamudra</a> </figcaption></figure>Padmasambhava and <a href="/wiki/Mandarava" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandarava">Mandarava</a> are also said to have travelled together to the <a href="/wiki/Halesi-Maratika_Caves" title="Halesi-Maratika Caves">Maratika Cave</a> in eastern Nepal to practice long life rituals of <a href="/wiki/Amit%C4%81bha" title="Amitābha">Amitāyus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuffetrille2012-31">[29]</a> It was the place where, after the penance, they achieved the blessing of immortality from lord <a href="/wiki/Amit%C4%81bha" title="Amitābha">Amitāyus</a>, the Buddha of long life. In the village of <a href="/wiki/Pharping" title="Pharping">Pharping</a>, located on the southern edge of <a href="/wiki/Kathmandu" title="Kathmandu">Kathmandu</a> district, the Guru is said to have done long penance combining the practices of Yangdak <a href="/wiki/Heruka" title="Heruka">Heruka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vajrakilaya" title="Vajrakilaya">Vajrakilaya</a>, and attained the ultimate <a href="/wiki/Mahamudra" title="Mahamudra">Mahamudra</a> (or "the Great Seal").<a href="#cite_note-32">[30]</a> The Tibetan Buddhism also mentions that Guru Rinpoche meditated at <a href="/wiki/Muktinath" title="Muktinath">Muktinath</a> (lord of liberation) temple in western Nepal before departing for Tibet.<a href="#cite_note-33">[31]</a> The nuns residing in the temple complex of Muktinath are revered as female goddesses and offspring of the females who were taught and initiated by Padmasambhava. A statue of Padmasambhava, which is believed to have built by him in his own image, currently resides in the Mharme Lhakhang Gompa and is taken care of by these nuns.<a href="#cite_note-34">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tibet">Tibet</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Padmasambhava&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Tibet">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Guru_Padmasambhava_of_bSam-yas_Monastery_in_Tibet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Guru_Padmasambhava_of_bSam-yas_Monastery_in_Tibet.jpg/220px-Guru_Padmasambhava_of_bSam-yas_Monastery_in_Tibet.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Guru_Padmasambhava_of_bSam-yas_Monastery_in_Tibet.jpg/330px-Guru_Padmasambhava_of_bSam-yas_Monastery_in_Tibet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Guru_Padmasambhava_of_bSam-yas_Monastery_in_Tibet.jpg/440px-Guru_Padmasambhava_of_bSam-yas_Monastery_in_Tibet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="495" data-file-height="606" /></a><figcaption>The famous "looks like me" statue of Padmasambhava at <a href="/wiki/Samye" title="Samye">Samye</a> which is traditionally said to have been blessed by him personally</figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Entrance_to_Dawa_Puk,_Padmasambhava%27s_cave,_Yerpa_1993.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Entrance_to_Dawa_Puk%2C_Padmasambhava%27s_cave%2C_Yerpa_1993.jpg/220px-Entrance_to_Dawa_Puk%2C_Padmasambhava%27s_cave%2C_Yerpa_1993.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Entrance_to_Dawa_Puk%2C_Padmasambhava%27s_cave%2C_Yerpa_1993.jpg/330px-Entrance_to_Dawa_Puk%2C_Padmasambhava%27s_cave%2C_Yerpa_1993.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Entrance_to_Dawa_Puk%2C_Padmasambhava%27s_cave%2C_Yerpa_1993.jpg/440px-Entrance_to_Dawa_Puk%2C_Padmasambhava%27s_cave%2C_Yerpa_1993.jpg 2x" data-file-width="574" data-file-height="870" /></a><figcaption>Entrance to Dawa Puk, <a href="/wiki/Guru_Rinpoche" class="mw-redirect" title="Guru Rinpoche">Guru Rinpoche</a>'s cave, <a href="/wiki/Yerpa" title="Yerpa">Yerpa</a>, 1993</figcaption></figure> Padmasambhava hagiographies also discuss the activities of Padmasambhāva in Tibet, beginning with the invitation by King Trisong Detsen to help in the founding of Samye. Padmasambhava is depicted as a great tantric adept who tames the spirits and demons of Tibet and turns them into guardians for the Buddha's Dharma (specifically, the deity <a href="/wiki/Pehar_Gyalpo" title="Pehar Gyalpo">Pe har</a> is made the protector of Samye). He is also said to have spread Vajrayana Buddhism to the people of Tibet, and specifically introduced its practice of Tantra.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESnelling1987-35">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey1995-36">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-Doney_2015-7">[5]</a> The subjection of subduing deities and demons is a recurrent theme in Buddhist literature, as noted also in <a href="/wiki/Vajrapani#Vajrapani_and_Mahesvara" title="Vajrapani">Vajrapani and Mahesvara</a> and Steven Heine's "Opening a Mountain".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeine2002-37">[35]</a> Because of his role in the founding of Samye monastery, the first monastery in Tibet, Padmasambhava is regarded as the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Nyingma" title="Nyingma">Nyingma</a> school ("Ancients") of Tibetan Buddhism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorbuTurnbull1987162-38">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESnelling1987198-39">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESnelling1987196,_198-40">[38]</a> Padmasambhava's activities in the Tibet include the practice of tantric rituals to increase the life of the king as well as initiating king Trisong Detsen into tantric rites.<a href="#cite_note-Doney_2015-7">[5]</a> The various biographies also discuss stories of Padmasambhava's main Tibetan consort, princess <a href="/wiki/Yeshe_Tsogyal" title="Yeshe Tsogyal">Yeshe Tsogyal</a> ("<a href="/wiki/Jnana" class="mw-redirect" title="Jnana">Knowledge</a> Lake Empress"), who became his student while living in the court of Trisong Deutsen. She was among Padmasambhava's three special students (along with the King, and <a href="/wiki/Namkhai_Nyingpo" title="Namkhai Nyingpo">Namkhai Nyingpo</a>) and is widely revered in Tibet as the "Mother of Buddhism".<a href="#cite_note-thlib.org2-14">[12]</a> Yeshe Tsogyal became a great master with many disciples and is widely considered to be a female Buddha.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChangchubNyingpo2002xxxvii-41">[39]</a> Padmasambhava hid numerous termas in Tibet for later discovery with her aid, while she compiled and elicited Padmasambhava's teachings through the posing of questions, and then reached <a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddhahood</a> in her lifetime. Many <a href="/wiki/Thangka" title="Thangka">thangkas</a> and paintings depict Padmasambhava with consorts at each side, Mandarava on his right and Yeshe Tsogyal on his left.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeulenbeld200152-42">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuntingtonBangdel2004150-43">[41]</a> Many of the Nyingma school's <a href="/wiki/Terma_(religion)" title="Terma (religion)">terma</a> texts are said to have originated from the activities of Padmasambhava and his students. These hidden treasure texts are believed to be discovered and disseminated when conditions are ripe for their reception.<a href="#cite_note-KPSR-16">[14]</a> The Nyingma school traces its lineage of <a href="/wiki/Dzogchen" title="Dzogchen">Dzogchen</a> teachings to <a href="/wiki/Garab_Dorje" title="Garab Dorje">Garab Dorje</a> through Padmasambhava's termas.<a href="#cite_note-Khenchen-17">[15]</a> In The Copper Palace, after the death of Trisong Detsen, Padmasambhava is said to have travelled to Lanka in order to convert its blood thirsty raksasa demons to the Dharma. His parting words of advice advocates for the worship of <a href="/wiki/Avalokite%C5%9Bvara" title="Avalokiteśvara">Avalokiteshvara</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Doney_2015-7">[5]</a> According to Tibetan Buddhist legends of the local <a href="/wiki/Monpa_people" title="Monpa people">Monpa</a> tribe, <a href="/wiki/Chumi_Gyatse_Falls" title="Chumi Gyatse Falls">Chumi Gyatse Falls</a>, also known as the '108 waterfalls' got created after a mythical showdown between <a href="/wiki/Guru_Padmasambhava" class="mw-redirect" title="Guru Padmasambhava">Guru Padmasambhava</a> and a high priest of the Bonpa sect that ruled supreme in Tibet and surrounding areas including Arunachal Pradesh in the pre-Buddhist times. The waterfall was formed when <a href="/wiki/Guru_Padmasambhava" class="mw-redirect" title="Guru Padmasambhava">Guru Padmasambhava</a> flung his rosary against a rock and 108 streams gushed out.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArunima2022-44">[42]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] Chumi Gyatse waterfall is revered and holy for the <a href="/wiki/Monpa_people" title="Monpa people">Monpas</a>, the Tibetan Buddhists. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bhutan">Bhutan</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Padmasambhava&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Bhutan">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paro,_Taktsang_Goemba_(Tiger%27s_Nest)_(15221622304).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Paro%2C_Taktsang_Goemba_%28Tiger%27s_Nest%29_%2815221622304%29.jpg/224px-Paro%2C_Taktsang_Goemba_%28Tiger%27s_Nest%29_%2815221622304%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="224" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Paro%2C_Taktsang_Goemba_%28Tiger%27s_Nest%29_%2815221622304%29.jpg/336px-Paro%2C_Taktsang_Goemba_%28Tiger%27s_Nest%29_%2815221622304%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Paro%2C_Taktsang_Goemba_%28Tiger%27s_Nest%29_%2815221622304%29.jpg/448px-Paro%2C_Taktsang_Goemba_%28Tiger%27s_Nest%29_%2815221622304%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Paro Taktsang ("Tiger's Nest") monastery</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a> has many important pilgrimage places associated with Padmasambhava. The most famous is <a href="/wiki/Paro_Taktsang" title="Paro Taktsang">Paro Taktsang</a> or "Tiger's Nest" monastery which is built on a sheer cliff wall about 900m above the floor of <a href="/wiki/Paro,_Bhutan" title="Paro, Bhutan">Paro</a> valley. It was built around the Taktsang Senge Samdup (stag tshang seng ge bsam grub) cave where Padmasambhava is said to have meditated.<a href="#cite_note-KPSR8-5">[3]</a> He is said to have flown there from Tibet on the back of <a href="/wiki/Yeshe_Tsogyal" title="Yeshe Tsogyal">Yeshe Tsogyal</a>, whom he transformed into a flying tigress for the purpose of the trip. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Later he travelled to <a href="/wiki/Bumthang_District" title="Bumthang District">Bumthang district</a> to subdue a powerful <a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">deity</a> offended by a local king. According to legend, Padmasambhava's body imprint can be found in the wall of a cave at nearby Kurje Lhakhang temple. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eight_manifestations">Eight manifestations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Padmasambhava&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Eight manifestations">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wrathful_Padmasambhava.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Wrathful_Padmasambhava.jpg/220px-Wrathful_Padmasambhava.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Wrathful_Padmasambhava.jpg/330px-Wrathful_Padmasambhava.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Wrathful_Padmasambhava.jpg/440px-Wrathful_Padmasambhava.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4421" data-file-height="3315" /></a><figcaption>Guru Senge Dradrog, a wrathful manifestation of Padmasambhava (painting in Tashichho Dzong)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Padmasambhava_(Guru_Rinpoche,_8th_century)_in_his_form_as_Dorje_Drolo,_Subduer_of_Demons_LACMA_M.86.281.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Padmasambhava_%28Guru_Rinpoche%2C_8th_century%29_in_his_form_as_Dorje_Drolo%2C_Subduer_of_Demons_LACMA_M.86.281.jpg/220px-Padmasambhava_%28Guru_Rinpoche%2C_8th_century%29_in_his_form_as_Dorje_Drolo%2C_Subduer_of_Demons_LACMA_M.86.281.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Padmasambhava_%28Guru_Rinpoche%2C_8th_century%29_in_his_form_as_Dorje_Drolo%2C_Subduer_of_Demons_LACMA_M.86.281.jpg/330px-Padmasambhava_%28Guru_Rinpoche%2C_8th_century%29_in_his_form_as_Dorje_Drolo%2C_Subduer_of_Demons_LACMA_M.86.281.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Padmasambhava_%28Guru_Rinpoche%2C_8th_century%29_in_his_form_as_Dorje_Drolo%2C_Subduer_of_Demons_LACMA_M.86.281.jpg/440px-Padmasambhava_%28Guru_Rinpoche%2C_8th_century%29_in_his_form_as_Dorje_Drolo%2C_Subduer_of_Demons_LACMA_M.86.281.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1668" data-file-height="2100" /></a><figcaption>Guru Dorje Drolo, Subduer of Demons</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bhutanese_painted_thanka_of_Guru_Nyima_Ozer,_late_19th_century,_Do_Khachu_Gonpa,_Chukka,_Bhutan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Bhutanese_painted_thanka_of_Guru_Nyima_Ozer%2C_late_19th_century%2C_Do_Khachu_Gonpa%2C_Chukka%2C_Bhutan.jpg/220px-Bhutanese_painted_thanka_of_Guru_Nyima_Ozer%2C_late_19th_century%2C_Do_Khachu_Gonpa%2C_Chukka%2C_Bhutan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="369" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Bhutanese_painted_thanka_of_Guru_Nyima_Ozer%2C_late_19th_century%2C_Do_Khachu_Gonpa%2C_Chukka%2C_Bhutan.jpg/330px-Bhutanese_painted_thanka_of_Guru_Nyima_Ozer%2C_late_19th_century%2C_Do_Khachu_Gonpa%2C_Chukka%2C_Bhutan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Bhutanese_painted_thanka_of_Guru_Nyima_Ozer%2C_late_19th_century%2C_Do_Khachu_Gonpa%2C_Chukka%2C_Bhutan.jpg/440px-Bhutanese_painted_thanka_of_Guru_Nyima_Ozer%2C_late_19th_century%2C_Do_Khachu_Gonpa%2C_Chukka%2C_Bhutan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1297" data-file-height="2174" /></a><figcaption>Bhutanese painted thanka of Guru Nyima Ozer, late 19th century</figcaption></figure> The eight manifestations are also seen as Padmasambhava's biography that spans 1500 years. As <a href="/wiki/Khenchen_Palden_Sherab_Rinpoche" title="Khenchen Palden Sherab Rinpoche">Khenchen Palden Sherab Rinpoche</a> states, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">When Guru Padmasambhava appeared on earth, he came as a human being. In order to dissolve our attachment to dualistic conceptions and destroy complex neurotic fixations, he also exhibited some extraordinary manifestations.<a href="#cite_note-KPSR8-5">[3]</a></blockquote> In accord, Rigpa Shedra also states the eight principal forms were assumed by Guru Rinpoche at different points in his life. Padmasambhava's eight manifestations, or forms (Tib. Guru Tsen Gye), represent different aspects of his being as needed, such as wrathful or peaceful for example. The eight manifestations of Padmasambhava belong to the tradition of Terma, the Revealed Treasures (Tib.: ter ma),<a href="#cite_note-KPSR8-5">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[note 3]</a> and are described and enumerated as follows:[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <ol><li> <a href="/wiki/Padma_Gyalpo" title="Padma Gyalpo">Guru Pema Gyalpo</a> (Wylie: gu ru pad ma rgyal-po, Skt: Guru Padmarāja) of <a href="/wiki/Oddiyana" title="Oddiyana">Oddiyana</a>, meaning "Lotus King", king of the Tripitaka (the Three Collections of Scripture), manifests as a child four years after the Mahaparinirvana of Buddha Shakyamuni, as predicted by the Buddha. He is shown with a reddish pink complexion and semi-wrathful, seated on a lotus and wearing yellow-orange robes, a small damaru in his right hand and a mirror and hook in his left hand, with a top-knot wrapped in white and streaming with red silk.</li> <li> Guru Nyima Ozer (Wylie: gu ru nyi-ma 'od-zer, Skrt: Guru Suryabhasa or Sūryaraśmi<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoord1993115-46">[43]</a>), meaning "Ray of Sun", the Sunray Yogi, semi-wrathful, manifests in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> simultaneously with Guru Pema Gyalpo, often portrayed as a crazy wisdom wandering yogi, numerous simultaneous emanations, illuminates the darkness of the mind through the insight of Dzogchen. He is shown seated on a lotus with left leg bent and with a golden-red complexion, semi-wrathful with slightly bulging eyes, long hair with bone ornaments, moustache and beard, bare-chested with a tiger-skin skirt, right hand holds a khatvanga and left hand is in a mudra, interacting with the sun.</li> <li> Guru Loden Chokse (Wylie: gu ru blo ldan mchog sred; Skrt: Guru Mativat Vararuci,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoord1993115-46">[43]</a>) meaning roughly "Super Knowledge Holder", peaceful, manifests after Guru Pema Gyalpo departs Oddiyana for the great charnel grounds of India and for all knowledge, the Intelligent Youth, the one who gathers the knowledge of all worlds. He is shown seated on a lotus, white complexion, wearing a white scarf with ribbons wrapped around his head, and a blue-green lotus decorating his hair, holding a damaru in the right hand and a lotus bowl in the left hand.</li> <li>Guru Padmasambhava (Skt: Guru Padmasambhava), meaning "Lotus Essence", a symbol of spiritual perfection, peaceful, manifests and teaches Mandarava, transforming negative energies into compassionate and peaceful forms. He is shown with a rich white complexion, very peaceful, and wears a red monk's hat, and sits on a lotus with his right hand in a mudra and left hand holding a skull-cup.</li> <li> Guru Shakya Senge (Wylie: shAkya seng-ge, Skt: Guru Śākyasimha) of Bodh Gaya, meaning "Lion of the Sakyas", peaceful, manifests as Ananda's student and brings <a href="/wiki/Ashoka%27s_Hell" title="Ashoka's Hell">King Ashoka</a> to the Dharma, Lion of the Sakyas, embodies patience and detachment, learns all Buddhist canons and Tantric practices of the eight Vidyadharas. He is shown similar to Buddha Shakymuni but with golden skin in red monk's robes, a unishaka, a begging bowl in the left hand and a five-pointed vajra in the right hand.</li> <li> Guru Senge Dradrog (Wylie: gu ru seng-ge sgra-sgrogs, Skt: Guru Simhanāda,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoord1993115-46">[43]</a>) meaning "The Lion's Roar", wrathful, subdues and pacifies negative influences, manifests in India and at Nalanda University, the Lion of Debate, promulgator of the Dharma throughout the six realms of sentient beings. He is shown as dark blue and surrounded by flames above a lotus, with fangs and three glaring eyes, crown of skulls and long hair, standing on a demon, holding a flaming vajra in the right hand, left hand in a subjugation mudra.</li> <li>Guru Pema Jungne (Wylie: pad ma 'byung-gnas, Skt: Guru Padmakara), meaning "Born from a Lotus", manifests before his arrival in <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a> Buddha that teaches the Dharma to the people, embodies all manifestations and actions of pacifying, increasing, magnetizing and subjugating. As the most depicted manifestation, he is shown sitting on a lotus, dressed in three robes, under which he wears a blue shirt, pants and Tibetan shoes. He holds a vajra in his right hand, and a skull-bowl with a small vase in his left hand. A special trident called a khatvanga leans on the left shoulder representing <a href="/wiki/Yeshe_Tsogyal" title="Yeshe Tsogyal">Yeshe Tsogyal</a>, and he wears a Nepalese cloth hat in the shape of a lotus flower. Thus he is represented as he must have appeared in Tibet.</li> <li> Guru Dorje Drolo (Wylie: gu ru rDo-rje gro-lod, Skt: Guru Vajra), meaning "Crazy Wisdom", very wrathful, manifests five years before Guru Pema Jungne departs Tibet, 13 emanations for 13 Tiger's Nests caves, the fierce manifestation of <a href="/wiki/Vajrakilaya" title="Vajrakilaya">Vajrakilaya</a> (wrathful Vajrasattva) known as "Diamond Guts", the comforter of all, imprinting the elements with Wisdom-Treasure, subduer for degenerate times. He is shown dark red, surrounded by flames, wearing robes and Tibetan shoes, conch earrings, a garland of heads, dancing on a tiger, symbolizing Tashi Kyeden, that is also dancing.</li></ol> Padmasambhava's various Sanskrit names are preserved in mantras such as those found in the Yang gsang rig 'dzin youngs rdzogs kyi blama guru mtshan brgyad bye brag du sgrub pa ye shes bdud rtsi'i sbrang char zhe bya ba.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoord1993115-46">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[note 4]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Iconography">Iconography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Padmasambhava&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Iconography">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Padma_Sambhava_FS-7619_10.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Padma_Sambhava_FS-7619_10.jpg/196px-Padma_Sambhava_FS-7619_10.jpg" decoding="async" width="196" height="351" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Padma_Sambhava_FS-7619_10.jpg/294px-Padma_Sambhava_FS-7619_10.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Padma_Sambhava_FS-7619_10.jpg/392px-Padma_Sambhava_FS-7619_10.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2121" data-file-height="3801" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Thangka" title="Thangka">Thangka</a> of Padmasambhava, 19th century, Lhasa, Central Tibet</figcaption></figure> Padmasambhava has one face and two hands.<a href="#cite_note-Wangpo-48">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-Drakpa-49">[45]</a> He is wrathful and smiling.<a href="#cite_note-Wangpo-48">[44]</a> He blazes magnificently with the splendour of the major and minor marks.<a href="#cite_note-Wangpo-48">[44]</a> His two eyes are wide open in a piercing gaze.<a href="#cite_note-Wangpo-48">[44]</a> He has the youthful appearance of an eight-year-old child.<a href="#cite_note-Drakpa-49">[45]</a> His complexion is white with a tinge of red.<a href="#cite_note-Drakpa-49">[45]</a> He is seated with his two feet in the royal posture.<a href="#cite_note-Wangpo-48">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-Drakpa-49">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-Patrul-50">[46]</a> On his head he wears a five-petalled lotus hat,<a href="#cite_note-Wangpo-48">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-Patrul-50">[46]</a> which has three points symbolizing the three kayas, five colours symbolizing the five kayas, the sun and moon symbolizing skillful means and wisdom, a vajra top to symbolize unshakable <a href="/wiki/Samadhi" title="Samadhi">samadhi</a>, and a vulture's feather to represent the realization of the highest view.<a href="#cite_note-Drakpa-49">[45]</a> Padmasambhava wears a white vajra undergarment. On top of this, in layers, a red robe, a dark blue mantrayana tunic, a red monastic shawl decorated with a golden flower pattern, and a maroon cloak of silk brocade.<a href="#cite_note-Wangpo-48">[44]</a> Also, he wears a silk cloak, Dharma robes and gown.<a href="#cite_note-Patrul-50">[46]</a> He is wearing the dark blue gown of a mantra practitioner, the red and yellow shawl of a monk, the maroon cloak of a king, and the red robe and secret white garments of a <a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">bodhisattva</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Drakpa-49">[45]</a> In his right hand, he holds a five-pronged <a href="/wiki/Vajra" title="Vajra">vajra</a> at his heart.<a href="#cite_note-Wangpo-48">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-Drakpa-49">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-Patrul-50">[46]</a> His left hand rests in the gesture of equanimity,<a href="#cite_note-Wangpo-48">[44]</a> In his left hand he holds a skull-cup brimming with nectar, containing the vase of longevity that is also filled with the nectar of deathless wisdom<a href="#cite_note-Wangpo-48">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-Drakpa-49">[45]</a> and ornamented on top by a wish-fulfilling tree.<a href="#cite_note-Patrul-50">[46]</a> Cradled in his left arm he holds the three-pointed <a href="/wiki/Khatvanga" class="mw-redirect" title="Khatvanga">khatvanga</a> (trident) symbolizing the Princess consort Mandarava, one of his two main consorts.<a href="#cite_note-Wangpo-48">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-Patrul-50">[46]</a> who arouses the wisdom of bliss and emptiness, concealed as the three-pointed khatvanga.<a href="#cite_note-Drakpa-49">[45]</a> Other sources say that the khatvanga represents the Lady <a href="/wiki/Yeshe_Tsogyal" title="Yeshe Tsogyal">Yeshe Tsogyal</a>, his primary consort and main disciple.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuntingtonBangdel2004358-51">[47]</a> Its three points represent the essence, nature and compassionate energy (ngowo, rangshyin and tukjé).<a href="#cite_note-Drakpa-49">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-Patrul-50">[46]</a> Below these three prongs are three severed heads, dry, fresh and rotten, symbolizing the <a href="/wiki/Dharmakaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharmakaya">dharmakaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sambhogakaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Sambhogakaya">sambhogakaya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nirmanakaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Nirmanakaya">nirmanakaya</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Drakpa-49">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-Patrul-50">[46]</a> Nine iron rings adorning the prongs represent the nine yanas.<a href="#cite_note-Drakpa-49">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-Patrul-50">[46]</a> Five-coloured strips of silk symbolize the five wisdoms<a href="#cite_note-Drakpa-49">[45]</a> The khatvanga is also adorned with locks of hair from dead and living mamos and dakinis, as a sign that the Master subjugated them all when he practised austerities in the Eight Great Charnel Grounds.<a href="#cite_note-Drakpa-49">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-Patrul-50">[46]</a> Around him within a lattice of five-coloured light, appear the eight <a href="/wiki/Vidyadhara" title="Vidyadhara">vidyadharas</a> of India, the twenty-five disciples of Tibet, the deities of the three roots, and an ocean of oath-bound protectors<a href="#cite_note-Patrul-50">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Attributes">Attributes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Padmasambhava&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Attributes">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pureland_paradise">Pureland paradise</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Padmasambhava&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Pureland paradise">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pure_land" title="Pure land">Pure land</a></div> His pureland paradise is Zangdok Palri (the Copper-Coloured Mountain).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYeshe_Tsogyal1993252–53-52">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Samantabhadra_and_Samantabhadri">Samantabhadra and Samantabhadri</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Padmasambhava&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Samantabhadra and Samantabhadri">edit</a>]</div> Padmasambhava said: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">My father is the intrinsic awareness, <a href="/wiki/Adi-Buddha" title="Adi-Buddha">Samantabhadra</a> (Sanskrit; Tib. ཀུན་ཏུ་བཟང་པོ). My mother is the ultimate sphere of reality, <a href="/wiki/Samantabhadri" title="Samantabhadri">Samantabhadri</a> (Sanskrit; Tib. ཀུན་ཏུ་བཟང་མོ). I belong to the caste of non-duality of the sphere of awareness. My name is the Glorious Lotus-Born. I am from the unborn sphere of all phenomena. I consume concepts of duality as my diet. I act in the way of the Buddhas of the three times.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Inline_citation#When_you_must_use_inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Inline citation">This quote needs a citation</a>]</blockquote> Another translation of Guru Rinpoche's statement is: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> My father is wisdom and my mother is voidness. My country is the country of Dharma. I am of no caste and no creed. I am sustained by perplexity; and I am here to destroy lust, anger and sloth. </div><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Guru Padmasambhava<a href="#cite_note-KPSR8-5">[3]</a></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Associated_practices">Associated practices</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Padmasambhava&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Associated practices">edit</a>]</div> From the earliest sources to today, Padmasambhava has remained closely associated with the <a href="/wiki/K%C4%ABla_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kīla (Buddhism)">Kila (phurba) dagger</a> and also with the deity <a href="/wiki/Vajrakilaya" title="Vajrakilaya">Vajrakilaya</a> (a meditation deity based on the kila).<a href="#cite_note-Doney_2015-7">[5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vajra_Guru_mantra">Vajra Guru mantra</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Padmasambhava&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Vajra Guru mantra">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TsozongOm-wiki.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/TsozongOm-wiki.jpg/220px-TsozongOm-wiki.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/TsozongOm-wiki.jpg/330px-TsozongOm-wiki.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/TsozongOm-wiki.jpg/440px-TsozongOm-wiki.jpg 2x" data-file-width="997" data-file-height="823" /></a><figcaption>The Vajra Guru Mantra inscribed on a rock</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vajra_Guru_Mantra.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Vajra_Guru_Mantra.svg/220px-Vajra_Guru_Mantra.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Vajra_Guru_Mantra.svg/330px-Vajra_Guru_Mantra.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Vajra_Guru_Mantra.svg/440px-Vajra_Guru_Mantra.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="932" data-file-height="395" /></a><figcaption>The Vajra Guru Mantra in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lantsa_Script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lantsa Script (page does not exist)">Ranjana script</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan script</a></figcaption></figure> The Vajra Guru <a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">mantra</a> is: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Oṃ āḥ hūṃ vajra guru padma siddhi hūṃ<a href="#cite_note-Wangpo-48">[44]</a></blockquote> Like most Sanskrit mantras in Tibet, the Tibetan pronunciation demonstrates <a href="/wiki/Dialect" title="Dialect">dialectic</a> variation and is generally Om Ah Hung Benza Guru Pema Siddhi Hung. In the Tibetan Buddhist traditions, particularly in Nyingma, the Vajra Guru mantra is held to be a powerful mantra engendering <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/communion" class="extiw" title="wikt:communion">communion</a> with the Three Vajras of Padmasambhava's <a href="/wiki/Mindstream" title="Mindstream">mindstream</a> and by his <a href="/wiki/Divine_grace" title="Divine grace">grace</a>, all enlightened beings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESogyal_Rinpoche1992386–389-53">[49]</a> The 14th century tertön Karma Lingpa wrote a famous commentary on the mantra.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarma_Lingpa2022-54">[50]</a> According to the great tertön <a href="/wiki/Jamyang_Khyentse_Wangpo" title="Jamyang Khyentse Wangpo">Jamyang Khyentse Wangpo</a>, the basic meaning of the mantra is: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">It begins with OṂ ĀḤ HŪṂ, which are the seed syllables of the three vajras (of body, speech and mind). Vajra signifies the dharmakāya since [like the adamantine vajra] it cannot be 'cut' or destroyed by the elaborations of conceptual thought. Guru signifies the sambhogakāya, which is 'heavily' laden with the qualities of the seven aspects of union. Padma signifies the nirmāṇakāya, the radiant awareness of the wisdom of discernment arising as the lotus family of enlightened speech. Remembering the qualities of the great Guru of Oḍḍiyāna, who is inseparable from these three kāyas, pray with the continuous devotion that is the intrinsic display of the nature of mind, free from the elaboration of conceptual thought. All the supreme and ordinary accomplishments—Siddhi—are obtained through the power of this prayer, and by thinking, "HŪṂ! May they be bestowed upon my mindstream, this very instant!"<a href="#cite_note-Wangpo-48">[44]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seven_Line_Prayer">Seven Line Prayer</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Padmasambhava&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Seven Line Prayer">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:28%; ; color: #202122;background-color: #FFE0BB;"> <div class="quotebox-title" style="color: #202122;background-color: #FFE0BB;">Padmasambhava on Enlightenment for Female Seekers</div> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> "The basis for realizing enlightenment is a human body. Male or female, there is no great difference. But if she develops the mind bent on enlightenment, the woman’s body is better." </blockquote> </div> The Seven Line Prayer to Padmasambhava (Guru Rinpoche) is a well-known prayer that is recited by many Tibetans daily and is said to contain the most sacred and important teachings of Dzogchen:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarma_Lingpa2022-54">[50]</a> <table border="0" style="background: white; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <dl><dd>ཧཱུྃ༔ ཨོ་རྒྱན་ཡུལ་གྱི་ནུབ་བྱང་མཚམས༔</dd> <dd>པདྨ་གེ་སར་སྡོང་པོ་ལ༔</dd> <dd>ཡ་མཚན་མཆོག་གི་དངོས་གྲུབ་བརྙེས༔</dd> <dd>པདྨ་འབྱུང་གནས་ཞེས་སུ་གྲགས༔</dd> <dd>འཁོར་དུ་མཁའ་འགྲོ་མང་པོས་བསྐོར༔</dd> <dd>ཁྱེད་ཀྱི་རྗེས་སུ་བདག་བསྒྲུབ་ཀྱི༔</dd> <dd>བྱིན་གྱིས་བརླབ་ཕྱིར་གཤེགས་སུ་གསོལ༔</dd> <dd>གུ་རུ་པདྨ་སིདྡྷི་ཧཱུྃ༔<a href="#cite_note-Lotsawa_SLP-55">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[note 5]</a></dd></dl> </td> <td> <dl><dd>Hūṃ! In the north-west of the land of Oḍḍiyāna</dd> <dd>In the heart of a lotus flower,</dd> <dd>Endowed with the most marvellous attainments,</dd> <dd>You are renowned as the ‘Lotus-born’,</dd> <dd>Surrounded by many hosts of ḍākinīs</dd> <dd>Following in your footsteps,</dd> <dd>I pray to you: Come, inspire me with your blessing!</dd> <dd>guru padma siddhi hūṃ.<a href="#cite_note-Lotsawa_SLP-55">[51]</a></dd></dl> </td></tr></tbody></table> <a href="/wiki/Jamgon_Ju_Mipham_Gyatso" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamgon Ju Mipham Gyatso">Jamgon Ju Mipham Gyatso</a> composed a famous commentary to the Seven Line Prayer called White Lotus. It explains the meaning of the prayer in five levels of meaning intended to catalyze a process of realization. These hidden teachings are described as ripening and deepening, in time, with study and with contemplation.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(December_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMipham2007[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_December_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(December_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-57">[52]</a> There is also a shorter commentary by Tulku Thondup.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(December_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETulku_Thondup1995[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_December_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(December_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-58">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cham_dances">Cham dances</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Padmasambhava&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Cham dances">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jakar_tshechu,_Guru_Tshengye,_Guru_Rinpoche_with_two_helpers_and_six_manifestations_(15222639594).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Jakar_tshechu%2C_Guru_Tshengye%2C_Guru_Rinpoche_with_two_helpers_and_six_manifestations_%2815222639594%29.jpg/220px-Jakar_tshechu%2C_Guru_Tshengye%2C_Guru_Rinpoche_with_two_helpers_and_six_manifestations_%2815222639594%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Jakar_tshechu%2C_Guru_Tshengye%2C_Guru_Rinpoche_with_two_helpers_and_six_manifestations_%2815222639594%29.jpg/330px-Jakar_tshechu%2C_Guru_Tshengye%2C_Guru_Rinpoche_with_two_helpers_and_six_manifestations_%2815222639594%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Jakar_tshechu%2C_Guru_Tshengye%2C_Guru_Rinpoche_with_two_helpers_and_six_manifestations_%2815222639594%29.jpg/440px-Jakar_tshechu%2C_Guru_Tshengye%2C_Guru_Rinpoche_with_two_helpers_and_six_manifestations_%2815222639594%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Jakar <a href="/wiki/Tshechu" title="Tshechu">tshechu</a>, Guru Tshengye, and Guru Rinpoche with two helpers and six manifestations</figcaption></figure> The life of Padmasambhava is widely depicted in the <a href="/wiki/Cham_dance" title="Cham dance">Cham dances</a> which are masked and costumed dances associated with religious festivals in the Tibetan Buddhist world.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDobson2004-59">[54]</a> In Bhutan, the dances are performed during the annual <a href="/wiki/Religious_festival" title="Religious festival">religious festivals</a> or <a href="/wiki/Tshechu" title="Tshechu">tshechu</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Terma_cycles">Terma cycles</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Padmasambhava&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Terma cycles">edit</a>]</div> There are numerous <a href="/wiki/Terma_(religion)" title="Terma (religion)">Terma</a> cycles which are believed to contain teachings of Padmasambhava.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaird200690-60">[55]</a> According to Tibetan tradition, the <a href="/wiki/Bardo_Thodol" title="Bardo Thodol">Bardo Thodol</a> (commonly referred to as the Tibetan Book of the Dead) was among these hidden treasures, subsequently discovered by a Tibetan tertön, <a href="/wiki/Karma_Lingpa" title="Karma Lingpa">Karma Lingpa</a> (1326–1386). Tantric cycles related to Padmasambhava are not just practiced by the <a href="/wiki/Nyingma" title="Nyingma">Nyingma</a>, they even gave rise to a new offshoot of <a href="/wiki/Bon" title="Bon">Bön</a> which emerged in the 14th century called the New Bön. Prominent figures of the Sarma (new translation) schools such as the <a href="/wiki/Karmapa" title="Karmapa">Karmapas</a> and Sakya lineage heads have practiced these cycles and taught them. Some of the greatest scholars who revealed teachings related to Padmasambhava have been from the <a href="/wiki/Kagyu" title="Kagyu">Kagyu</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sakya_(Tibetan_Buddhist_school)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakya (Tibetan Buddhist school)">Sakya</a> lineages. The hidden lake temple of the <a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lamas</a> behind the <a href="/wiki/Potala_Palace" title="Potala Palace">Potala Palace</a>, called <a href="/wiki/Lukhang" title="Lukhang">Lukhang</a>, is dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Dzogchen" title="Dzogchen">Dzogchen</a> teachings and has murals depicting the eight manifestations of Padmasambhava.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker2001-61">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Five_main_consorts">Five main consorts</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Padmasambhava&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Five main consorts">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Dakini" title="Dakini">Dakini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yeshe_Tsogyal" title="Yeshe Tsogyal">Yeshe Tsogyal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mandarava" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandarava">Mandarava</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Padmasambhava_in_yam-yum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Padmasambhava_in_yam-yum.jpg/220px-Padmasambhava_in_yam-yum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Padmasambhava_in_yam-yum.jpg/330px-Padmasambhava_in_yam-yum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Padmasambhava_in_yam-yum.jpg/440px-Padmasambhava_in_yam-yum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1492" data-file-height="2028" /></a><figcaption>Padmasambhava in yab-yum form with a spiritual consort</figcaption></figure> Many of the students gathered around Padmasambhava became advanced <a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a> tantric practitioners, and became enlightened. They also founded and propagated the <a href="/wiki/Nyingma" title="Nyingma">Nyingma</a> school. The most prominent of these include Padmasambhava's five main female consorts, often referred to as <a href="/wiki/Dakini" title="Dakini">wisdom dakinis</a>, and his twenty five main students along with king Trisong Detsen. Padmasambhava had five main female tantric consorts, beginning in India before his time in Tibet and then in Tibet as well. When seen from an outer, or perhaps even historical or mythological perspective, these five women from across South Asia were known as the Five Consorts. That the women come from very different geographic regions is understood as a mandala, a support for Padmasambhava in spreading the dharma throughout the region. Yet, when understood from a more inner tantric perspective, these same women are understood not as ordinary women but as <a href="/wiki/Dakini" title="Dakini">wisdom dakinis</a>. From this point of view, they are known as the "Five Wisdom Dakinis" (Wylie: Ye-shes mKha-'gro lnga). Each of these consorts is believed to be an <a href="/wiki/Emanationism" title="Emanationism">emanation</a> of the tantric <a href="/wiki/Yidam" title="Yidam">yidam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vajrav%C4%81r%C4%81h%C4%AB" title="Vajravārāhī">Vajravārāhī</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDowman1984265-62">[57]</a> As one author writes of these relationships: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Yet in reality, he [Padmasambhava] was never separate from the five emanations of Vajravarahi: the Body-emanation, <a href="/wiki/Mandarava" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandarava">Mandarava</a>; the Speech-emanation, <a href="/wiki/Yeshe_Tsogyal" title="Yeshe Tsogyal">Yeshe Tsogyal</a>; the Mind-emanation, Shakyadema; the Qualities-emanation, Kalasiddhi; and the Activity-emanation, Trashi [sic] Chidren.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChangchubNyingpo20023–4-63">[58]</a> </blockquote> In summary, the five consorts/wisdom dakinis were: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yeshe_Tsogyal" title="Yeshe Tsogyal">Yeshe Tsogyal</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>, who was the emanation of Vajravarahi's Speech (<a href="/wiki/Tibetan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibetan languages">Tibetan</a>: gsung; <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>: vāk);</li> <li>Mandarava of Zahor, northeast India, who was the emanation of Vajravarahi's Body (Tibetan: sku; Sanskrit: kāya);</li> <li>Belwong Kalasiddhi of northwest India, who was the emanation of Vajravarahi's Quality (Tibetan: yon-tan; Sanskrit: guṇa);</li> <li>Belmo Sakya Devi of <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>, who was the emanation of Vajravarahi's Mind (Tibetan: thugs; Sanskrit: citta); and</li> <li>Tashi Kyeden (or Kyedren or Chidren), sometimes called Mangala, of <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a> and Tiger's Nest caves, is an emanation of Vajravarahi's Activity (Tibetan: phrin-las; Sanskrit: karma).<a href="#cite_note-64">[note 6]</a> Tashi Kyeden is often depicted with Guru Dorje Drolo.<a href="#cite_note-KPSR8-5">[3]</a></li></ul> While there are very few sources on the lives of Kalasiddhi, Sakya Devi, and Tashi Kyedren, there are extant biographies of both <a href="/wiki/Yeshe_Tsogyal" title="Yeshe Tsogyal">Yeshe Tsogyal</a> and Mandarava that have been translated into English and other western languages. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Twenty-five_main_students">Twenty-five main students</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Padmasambhava&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Twenty-five main students">edit</a>]</div> Padmasambhava has twenty five main students (<a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1106655535">.mw-parser-output .uchen{font-family:"Jomolhari","Uchen","Noto Serif Tibetan Medium","Noto Serif Tibetan","BabelStone Tibetan Slim","Yagpo Tibetan Uni","Noto Sans Tibetan","Microsoft Himalaya","Kailash","DDC Uchen","TCRC Youtso Unicode","Tibetan Machine Uni","Qomolangma-Uchen Sarchen","Qomolangma-Uchen Sarchung","Qomolangma-Uchen Suring","Qomolangma-Uchen Sutung","Qomolangma-Title","Qomolangma-Subtitle","DDC Rinzin","Qomolangma-Woodblock","Qomolangma-Dunhuang"}.mw-parser-output .ume{font-family:"Qomolangma-Betsu","Qomolangma-Chuyig","Qomolangma-Drutsa","Qomolangma-Edict","Qomolangma-Tsumachu","Qomolangma-Tsuring","Qomolangma-Tsutong","TibetanSambhotaYigchung","TibetanTsugRing","TibetanYigchung"}</style>རྗེ་འབངས་ཉེར་ལྔ, <a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a>: rje 'bangs nyer lnga) in Tibet during the Nyingma's school's Early Translation period. These students are also called the "Twenty-five King and subjects" and "The King and 25" of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chimphu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chimphu (page does not exist)">Chimphu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalden_Sherab_RinpocheTsewang_Dongyal_Rinpoche2008179-65">[59]</a> In Dudjom Rinpoche's list,<a href="#cite_note-DudjomRinpoche-66">[60]</a> and in other sources, these include: <ul><li>King Trisong Detsen (<a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535">ཁྲི་སྲོང་ལྡེའུ་བཏཟན, <a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a>: khri srong lde'u btzan)</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Denma_Tsemang.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Denma_Tsemang.jpg/220px-Denma_Tsemang.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Denma_Tsemang.jpg/330px-Denma_Tsemang.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Denma_Tsemang.jpg/440px-Denma_Tsemang.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1488" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Denma Tsémang</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Denma_Ts%C3%A9mang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Denma Tsémang (page does not exist)">Denma Tsémang</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535">ལྡན་མ་རྩེ་མང, <a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a>: ldan ma rtse mang)<a href="#cite_note-67">[61]</a></li> <li>Nanam Dorje Dudjom, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dorje_Dudjom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dorje Dudjom (page does not exist)">Dorje Dudjom</a> of Nanam (<a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535">རྡོ་རྗེ་བདུད་འཇོམ, <a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a>: rdo rje bdud 'joms)<a href="#cite_note-68">[62]</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Dorje_Dudjom.jpg" title="File:Dorje Dudjom.jpg">(image on Wikimedia commons)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drokben_Khyechung_Lotsawa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Drokben Khyechung Lotsawa (page does not exist)">Drokben Khyechung Lotsawa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535">ཁྱེའུ་ཆུང་ལོ་ཙཱ་བ, <a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a>: khye'u chung lo tsā ba)</li> <li>Lasum Gyelwa Changchup, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gyalwa_Changchub_of_Lasum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gyalwa Changchub of Lasum (page does not exist)">Gyalwa Changchub of Lasum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535">ལ་སུམ་རྒྱལ་བ་བྱང་ཆུབ, <a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a>: la sum rgyal ba byang chub)<a href="#cite_note-69">[63]</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Gyalwa_Janchub.jpg" title="File:Gyalwa Janchub.jpg">(image on Wikimedia commons)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gyalwa_Choyang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gyalwa Choyang (page does not exist)">Gyalwa Choyang</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535">རྒྱལ་བ་མཆོག་དབྱངས, <a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a>: rgyal ba mchog dbyangs)<a href="#cite_note-70">[64]</a></li> <li>Dre Gyelwei Lodro, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gyalwe_Lodro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gyalwe Lodro (page does not exist)">Gyalwe Lodro</a> of Dré (<a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535">རྒྱལ་བའི་བློ་གྲོས, <a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a>: rgyal ba'i blo gros)<a href="#cite_note-71">[65]</a></li> <li>Nyak Jnanakumara, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jnanakumara_of_Nyak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jnanakumara of Nyak (page does not exist)">Jnanakumara of Nyak</a>(<a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535">གཉགས་ཛཉའ་ན་ཀུ་མ་ར, <a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a>: gnyags dzny' na ku ma ra)<a href="#cite_note-72">[66]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawa_Paltsek" title="Kawa Paltsek">Kawa Paltsek</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535">སྐ་བ་དཔལ་བརྩེགས, <a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a>: ska ba dpal brtsegs)<a href="#cite_note-73">[67]</a></li> <li>Karchen Za, <a href="/wiki/Khandro_Yeshe_Tsogyal" class="mw-redirect" title="Khandro Yeshe Tsogyal">Khandro Yeshe Tsogyal</a> the princess of Karchen (<a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535">མཁར་ཆེན་བཟའ་མཚོ་རྒྱལ, <a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a>: mkhar chen bza' mtsho rgyal)</li> <li>Langdro Konchok Jungue, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Konchog_Jungn%C3%A9_of_Langdro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Konchog Jungné of Langdro (page does not exist)">Konchog Jungné of Langdro</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535">ལང་གྲོ་དཀོན་མཆོག་འབྱུང་གནས, <a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a>: lang gro dkon mchog 'byung gnas)<a href="#cite_note-74">[68]</a></li> <li>Sogdian Lhapel, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lhapal_the_Sokpo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lhapal the Sokpo (page does not exist)">Lhapal the Sokpo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535">སོག་པོ་ལྷ་དཔལ, <a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a>: sog po lha dpal)<a href="#cite_note-75">[69]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namkhai_Nyingpo" title="Namkhai Nyingpo">Namkhai Nyingpo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535">ནམ་མཁའི་སྙིང་པོ, <a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a>: nam mkha'i snying po)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nanam_Zhang_Yeshe_De&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nanam Zhang Yeshe De (page does not exist)">Nanam Zhang Yeshe De</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535">ཞང་ཡེ་ཤེས་སྡེ, <a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a>: zhang ye shes sde)</li> <li>Lhalung Pelgi Dorje, <a href="/wiki/Lhalung_Pelgyi_Dorje" title="Lhalung Pelgyi Dorje">Lhalung Pelgyi Dorje</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535">ལྷ་ལུང་དཔལ་གྱི་རྡོ་རྗེ, <a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a>: lha lung dpal gyi rdo rje)<a href="#cite_note-76">[70]</a></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palgyi_Sengge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Palgyi_Sengge.jpg/220px-Palgyi_Sengge.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Palgyi_Sengge.jpg/330px-Palgyi_Sengge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Palgyi_Sengge.jpg/440px-Palgyi_Sengge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1528" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Palgyi Senge</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Shuphu Pelgi Senge, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Palgyi_Senge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palgyi Senge (page does not exist)">Palgyi Senge</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535">དཔལ་གྱི་སེང་གེ, <a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a>: dpal gyi seng ge)<a href="#cite_note-77">[71]</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karchen_Palgyi_Wangchuk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karchen Palgyi Wangchuk (page does not exist)">Karchen Palgyi Wangchuk</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535">དཔལ་གྱི་དབང་ཕྱུག, <a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a>: dpal gyi dbang phyug)<a href="#cite_note-78">[72]</a></li> <li>Odren Pelgi Wangchuk, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Palgyi_Wangchuk_of_Odren&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palgyi Wangchuk of Odren (page does not exist)">Palgyi Wangchuk of Odren</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535">འོ་དྲན་དཔལ་གྱི་དབང་ཕྱུག, <a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a>: 'o dran dpal gyi dbang phyug)<a href="#cite_note-79">[73]</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palgyi_Yeshe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palgyi Yeshe (page does not exist)">Palgyi Yeshe</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535">དཔལ་གྱི་ཡེ་ཤེས, <a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a>: dpal gyi ye shes)</li> <li>Ma Rinchen-chok, <a href="/wiki/Rinchen_Chok_of_Ma" title="Rinchen Chok of Ma">Rinchen Chok of Ma</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535">རྨ་རིན་ཆེན་མཆོག, <a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a>: rma rin chen mchog)<a href="#cite_note-80">[74]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nubchen_Sangye_Yeshe" title="Nubchen Sangye Yeshe">Nubchen Sangye Yeshe</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535">སངས་རྒྱས་ཡེ་ཤེས, <a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a>: sangs rgyas ye shes), reincarnated as Tsasum Lingpa<a href="#cite_note-81">[75]</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shubu_Palgyi_Senge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shubu Palgyi Senge (page does not exist)">Shubu Palgyi Senge</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535">ཤུད་བུ་དཔལ་གྱི་སེང་གེ, <a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a>: shud bu dpal gyi seng ge)</li> <li>Vairocana, <a href="/wiki/Vairotsana" title="Vairotsana">Vairotsana</a>, the great translator (<a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535">བཻ་རོ་ཙ་ན, <a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a>: bai ro tsa na)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yeshe_Yang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yeshe Yang (page does not exist)">Yeshe Yang</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535">ཡེ་ཤེས་དབྱངས, <a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a>: ye shes dbyangs)<a href="#cite_note-82">[76]</a></li> <li>Gyelmo Yudra Nyingpo, <a href="/wiki/Yudra_Nyingpo" title="Yudra Nyingpo">Yudra Nyingpo</a> of Gyalmo (<a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535">ག་ཡུ་སྒྲ་སྙིང་པོ, <a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a>: g.yu sgra snying po)</li></ul> Also, but not listed in the 25: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vimalamitra" title="Vimalamitra">Vimalamitra</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535">དྲུ་མེད་བཤེས་གཉེན, <a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a>: dru med bshes gnyen)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tingdzin_Zangpo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tingdzin Zangpo (page does not exist)">Tingdzin Zangpo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535">ཏིང་འཛིན་བཟང་པོ, <a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a>: ting 'dzin bzang po)<a href="#cite_note-83">[77]</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Nyangben_Tingdzin_Zangpo.jpg" title="File:Nyangben Tingdzin Zangpo.jpg">(image on Wikimedia commons)</a></li></ul> In addition to Yeshe Tsogyal, 15 other women practitioners became accomplished Nyingma masters during this Early Translation period of the Nyingma school:<a href="#cite_note-DudjomRinpoche-66">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-KPSR-16">[14]</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsenamza_Sangyetso&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tsenamza Sangyetso (page does not exist)">Tsenamza Sangyetso</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shekar_Dorjetso&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shekar Dorjetso (page does not exist)">Shekar Dorjetso</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsombuza_Pematso&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tsombuza Pematso (page does not exist)">Tsombuza Pematso</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Melongza_Rinchensho&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Melongza Rinchensho (page does not exist)">Melongza Rinchensho</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruza_Tondrupma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ruza Tondrupma (page does not exist)">Ruza Tondrupma</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shubuza_Sherampa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shubuza Sherampa (page does not exist)">Shubuza Sherampa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yamdrokza_Choki_Dronma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yamdrokza Choki Dronma (page does not exist)">Yamdrokza Choki Dronma</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oceza_Kargyelma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oceza Kargyelma (page does not exist)">Oceza Kargyelma</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dzemza_Lhamo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dzemza Lhamo (page does not exist)">Dzemza Lhamo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barza_Lhayang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barza Lhayang (page does not exist)">Barza Lhayang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chokroza_Changchupman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chokroza Changchupman (page does not exist)">Chokroza Changchupman</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dronma_Pamti_Chenmo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dronma Pamti Chenmo (page does not exist)">Dronma Pamti Chenmo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rongmenza_Tsultrim-dron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rongmenza Tsultrim-dron (page does not exist)">Rongmenza Tsultrim-dron</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khuza_Peltsunma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khuza Peltsunma (page does not exist)">Khuza Peltsunma</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trumza_Shelmen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trumza Shelmen (page does not exist)">Trumza Shelmen</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Padmasambhava&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Gallery">edit</a>]</div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Pema_Jungne-One-of-manifestations-of-Padmasambhava.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Thangka of Guru Pema Jungne"><img alt="Thangka of Guru Pema Jungne" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Pema_Jungne-One-of-manifestations-of-Padmasambhava.jpg/95px-Pema_Jungne-One-of-manifestations-of-Padmasambhava.jpg" decoding="async" width="95" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Pema_Jungne-One-of-manifestations-of-Padmasambhava.jpg/143px-Pema_Jungne-One-of-manifestations-of-Padmasambhava.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Pema_Jungne-One-of-manifestations-of-Padmasambhava.jpg/191px-Pema_Jungne-One-of-manifestations-of-Padmasambhava.jpg 2x" data-file-width="478" data-file-height="750" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Thangka" title="Thangka">Thangka</a> of Guru Pema Jungne</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Hemis_Padmasambhava.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Padmasambhava statue in Hemis Monastery, Ladakh, India"><img alt="Padmasambhava statue in Hemis Monastery, Ladakh, India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Hemis_Padmasambhava.jpg/111px-Hemis_Padmasambhava.jpg" decoding="async" width="111" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Hemis_Padmasambhava.jpg/167px-Hemis_Padmasambhava.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Hemis_Padmasambhava.jpg/222px-Hemis_Padmasambhava.jpg 2x" data-file-width="445" data-file-height="600" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Padmasambhava statue in <a href="/wiki/Hemis" title="Hemis">Hemis</a> Monastery, <a href="/wiki/Ladakh" title="Ladakh">Ladakh</a>, India</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Guru_Padmasambhava_sideview.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Holy Statue of Guru Padmasambhava at Samdruptse, Namchi, Sikkim, India"><img alt="The Holy Statue of Guru Padmasambhava at Samdruptse, Namchi, Sikkim, India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Guru_Padmasambhava_sideview.jpg/150px-Guru_Padmasambhava_sideview.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Guru_Padmasambhava_sideview.jpg/225px-Guru_Padmasambhava_sideview.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Guru_Padmasambhava_sideview.jpg/300px-Guru_Padmasambhava_sideview.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Holy Statue of Guru Padmasambhava at Samdruptse, <a href="/wiki/Namchi" title="Namchi">Namchi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sikkim" title="Sikkim">Sikkim</a>, India</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Guru_Rinpoche,_Yerpa_1993.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Statue of Guru Rinpoche (Padmasambhava) in his meditation cave at Yerpa, Tibet"><img alt="Statue of Guru Rinpoche (Padmasambhava) in his meditation cave at Yerpa, Tibet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Guru_Rinpoche%2C_Yerpa_1993.JPG/96px-Guru_Rinpoche%2C_Yerpa_1993.JPG" decoding="async" width="96" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Guru_Rinpoche%2C_Yerpa_1993.JPG/145px-Guru_Rinpoche%2C_Yerpa_1993.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Guru_Rinpoche%2C_Yerpa_1993.JPG/193px-Guru_Rinpoche%2C_Yerpa_1993.JPG 2x" data-file-width="574" data-file-height="891" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Statue of Guru Rinpoche (Padmasambhava) in his meditation cave at <a href="/wiki/Yerpa" title="Yerpa">Yerpa</a>, Tibet</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Hand_print_of_Guru_Rinpoche_embedded_in_rock.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Guru Rinpoche hand print embedded in the rock at Pharping, Kathmandu"><img alt="Guru Rinpoche hand print embedded in the rock at Pharping, Kathmandu" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Hand_print_of_Guru_Rinpoche_embedded_in_rock.jpg/150px-Hand_print_of_Guru_Rinpoche_embedded_in_rock.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Hand_print_of_Guru_Rinpoche_embedded_in_rock.jpg/225px-Hand_print_of_Guru_Rinpoche_embedded_in_rock.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Hand_print_of_Guru_Rinpoche_embedded_in_rock.jpg/300px-Hand_print_of_Guru_Rinpoche_embedded_in_rock.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4224" data-file-height="2376" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Guru Rinpoche hand print embedded in the rock at Pharping, Kathmandu</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Vajra_Guru_Mantra_-_Tibetan_Script.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mantra of Padmasambhava in Tibetan script"><img alt="Mantra of Padmasambhava in Tibetan script" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Vajra_Guru_Mantra_-_Tibetan_Script.svg/150px-Vajra_Guru_Mantra_-_Tibetan_Script.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Vajra_Guru_Mantra_-_Tibetan_Script.svg/225px-Vajra_Guru_Mantra_-_Tibetan_Script.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Vajra_Guru_Mantra_-_Tibetan_Script.svg/300px-Vajra_Guru_Mantra_-_Tibetan_Script.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="530" data-file-height="169" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mantra of Padmasambhava in Tibetan script</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Guru_Rinpochey..jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Guru Rinpoche statue at Serlung Goenpa"><img alt="Guru Rinpoche statue at Serlung Goenpa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Guru_Rinpochey..jpg/150px-Guru_Rinpochey..jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Guru_Rinpochey..jpg/225px-Guru_Rinpochey..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Guru_Rinpochey..jpg/300px-Guru_Rinpochey..jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Guru Rinpoche statue at Serlung Goenpa</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biographies_in_English">Biographies in English</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Padmasambhava&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Biographies in English">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAdzom_Drukpa" class="citation book cs1">Adzom Drukpa. Biography of Orgyen Guru Pema Jungne. Translated by Padma Samye Ling. Dharma Samudra.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biography+of+Orgyen+Guru+Pema+Jungne&rft.pub=Dharma+Samudra&rft.au=Adzom+Drukpa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APadmasambhava" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChokgyur_Lingpa1973" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Orgyen_Chokgyur_Lingpa" title="Orgyen Chokgyur Lingpa">Chokgyur Lingpa, Orgyen</a> (1973). The Legend of the Great Stupa and the Life Story of the Lotus Born Guru. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Keith_Dowman" title="Keith Dowman">Keith Dowman</a>. Dharma Publishing.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Legend+of+the+Great+Stupa+and+the+Life+Story+of+the+Lotus+Born+Guru&rft.pub=Dharma+Publishing&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Chokgyur+Lingpa&rft.aufirst=Orgyen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APadmasambhava" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChokgyur_Lingpa2016" class="citation book cs1">Chokgyur Lingpa (2016). "The Wish-Fulfilling Tree". The Great <a href="/wiki/Terton" class="mw-redirect" title="Terton">Terton</a>. Translated by Phakchok Rinpoche. Lhasey Lotsawa Publications.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Wish-Fulfilling+Tree&rft.btitle=The+Great+Terton&rft.pub=Lhasey+Lotsawa+Publications&rft.date=2016&rft.au=Chokgyur+Lingpa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APadmasambhava" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChokgyur_Lingpa2023" class="citation book cs1">Chokgyur Lingpa (2023). "The Wish-Fulfilling Tree". Following in Your Footsteps: The Lotus-Born Guru in Tibet: Volume III. Translated by Samye Translations. Samye Translations and Publications.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Wish-Fulfilling+Tree&rft.btitle=Following+in+Your+Footsteps%3A+The+Lotus-Born+Guru+in+Tibet%3A+Volume+III&rft.pub=Samye+Translations+and+Publications&rft.date=2023&rft.au=Chokgyur+Lingpa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APadmasambhava" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChokgyur_Lingpa2023" class="citation book cs1">Chokgyur Lingpa (2023). "The Wish-Fulfilling Tree". Terchen Chokgyur Dechen Zhikpo Lingpa: The Great Tertön, The Seven Transmissions and The Thirty-Seven Treasure Sites. Translated by Samyé Translations. Samyé Translations and Publications.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Wish-Fulfilling+Tree&rft.btitle=Terchen+Chokgyur+Dechen+Zhikpo+Lingpa%3A+The+Great+Tert%C3%B6n%2C+The+Seven+Transmissions+and+The+Thirty-Seven+Treasure+Sites&rft.pub=Samy%C3%A9+Translations+and+Publications&rft.date=2023&rft.au=Chokgyur+Lingpa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APadmasambhava" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKongtrul1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jamg%C3%B6n_Kongtrul_Lodr%C3%B6_Thaye" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamgön Kongtrul Lodrö Thaye">Kongtrul, Jamgon</a> (1999). "A Short Biography of Padmasambhava". Dakini Teachings. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Erik_Pema_Kunsang" title="Erik Pema Kunsang">Erik Pema Kunsang</a>. Rangjung Yeshe Publishing.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Short+Biography+of+Padmasambhava&rft.btitle=Dakini+Teachings&rft.pub=Rangjung+Yeshe+Publishing&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Kongtrul&rft.aufirst=Jamgon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APadmasambhava" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKongtrul2005" class="citation book cs1">Kongtrul, Jamgon (2005). The Vajra Garland and the Lotus Garden: Treasure Biographies of Padmakara and Vairochana. Translated by Yeshe Gyamtso. KTD Publications.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vajra+Garland+and+the+Lotus+Garden%3A+Treasure+Biographies+of+Padmakara+and+Vairochana&rft.pub=KTD+Publications&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Kongtrul&rft.aufirst=Jamgon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APadmasambhava" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKongtrul2019" class="citation book cs1">Kongtrul, Jamgön (2019). Following in Your Footsteps: The Lotus-Born Guru in Nepal: Volume I. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Neten_Chokling" title="Neten Chokling">Neten Chokling Rinpoche</a> & Lhasey Lotsawa Translations. Rangjung Yeshe Publishing.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Following+in+Your+Footsteps%3A+The+Lotus-Born+Guru+in+Nepal%3A+Volume+I&rft.pub=Rangjung+Yeshe+Publishing&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Kongtrul&rft.aufirst=Jamg%C3%B6n&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APadmasambhava" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLotsawa2021" class="citation book cs1">Lotsawa, Lhasey (2021). Following in Your Footsteps: The Lotus-Born Guru in India: Volume II. Rangjung Yeshe.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Following+in+Your+Footsteps%3A+The+Lotus-Born+Guru+in+India%3A+Volume+II&rft.pub=Rangjung+Yeshe&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Lotsawa&rft.aufirst=Lhasey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APadmasambhava" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrgyen_Padma2004" class="citation book cs1">Orgyen Padma (2004). The Condensed Chronicle. Translated by Tony Duff. Padma Karpo Translation Committee.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Condensed+Chronicle&rft.pub=Padma+Karpo+Translation+Committee&rft.date=2004&rft.au=Orgyen+Padma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APadmasambhava" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSogyal_Rinpoche1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sogyal_Rinpoche" title="Sogyal Rinpoche">Sogyal Rinpoche</a> (1990). Dzogchen and Padmasambhava. Rigpa International.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dzogchen+and+Padmasambhava&rft.pub=Rigpa+International&rft.date=1990&rft.au=Sogyal+Rinpoche&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APadmasambhava" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYeshe_Tsogyal1978" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Yeshe_Tsogyal" title="Yeshe Tsogyal">Yeshe Tsogyal</a> (1978). The Life and Liberation of Padmasambhava. Padma bKa'i Thang. (Parts I & II). Translated by Gustave-Charles Toussaint; Kenneth Douglas; Gwendolyn Bays. Dharma Publishing.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+and+Liberation+of+Padmasambhava.+Padma+bKa%27i+Thang.+%28Parts+I+%26+II%29&rft.pub=Dharma+Publishing&rft.date=1978&rft.au=Yeshe+Tsogyal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APadmasambhava" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-913546-18-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-913546-18-6">0-913546-18-6</a> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-913546-20-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-913546-20-8">0-913546-20-8</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYeshe_Tsogyal1993" class="citation book cs1">Yeshe Tsogyal (1993). Binder Schmidt, M.; Hein Schmidt, E. (eds.). The Lotus-Born: The Life Story of Padmasambhava. Translated by Erik Pema Kunsang. Boston: Shambhala Publications.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lotus-Born%3A+The+Life+Story+of+Padmasambhava&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Shambhala+Publications&rft.date=1993&rft.au=Yeshe+Tsogyal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APadmasambhava" class="Z3988"> Reprint: Boudhanath: Rangjung Yeshe Publications, 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/962-7341-55-X" title="Special:BookSources/962-7341-55-X">962-7341-55-X</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYeshe_Tsogyal2009" class="citation book cs1">Yeshe Tsogyal (2009). Padmasambhava Comes to Tibet. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Tarthang_Tulku" title="Tarthang Tulku">Tarthang Tulku</a>. Dharma Publishing.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Padmasambhava+Comes+to+Tibet&rft.pub=Dharma+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.au=Yeshe+Tsogyal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APadmasambhava" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaranatha2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Taranatha" title="Taranatha">Taranatha</a> (2005). The Life of Padmasambhava. Translated by Cristiana de Falco. Shang Shung Publications.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+Padmasambhava&rft.pub=Shang+Shung+Publications&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Taranatha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APadmasambhava" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZangpo2002" class="citation book cs1">Zangpo, Ngawang (2002). Guru Rinpoché: His Life and Times. Snow Lion Publications.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guru+Rinpoch%C3%A9%3A+His+Life+and+Times&rft.pub=Snow+Lion+Publications&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Zangpo&rft.aufirst=Ngawang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APadmasambhava" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Padmasambhava&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bardo_Thodol" title="Bardo Thodol">Bardo Thodol</a> – Tibetan Book of the Dead</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic_of_King_Gesar" title="Epic of King Gesar">Epic of King Gesar</a> – East and Central Asian epic cycle</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padmasambhava_Mahavihara_monastery" title="Padmasambhava Mahavihara monastery">Padmasambhava Mahavihara monastery</a> – Buddhist Monastery in Odisha, India</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Padmasambhava&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Padmasambhava&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-loc-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-loc_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-loc_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-loc_1-2">c</a> For debate on its geographical location, see also the article on <a href="/wiki/Oddiyana" title="Oddiyana">Oddiyana</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> पद्मसम्भव Padmasambhava; <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535">པདྨ་འབྱུང་གནས།, <a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a>: pad+ma 'byung gnas (EWTS)); <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_language" title="Mongolian language">Mongolian</a> ловон Бадмажунай, lovon Badmajunai, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: 莲花生大士 (<a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: Liánhuāshēng) </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> For the eight manifestations as terma, see <a href="#CITEREFWatt1999">Watt 1999</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> See also image and description in <a href="#CITEREFWatt1999">Watt 1999</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> A common transliteration used by Western practitioners reads: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> HUNG. OR GYAN YUL GYI NUB JANG TSAM PAD MA GE SAR DHONG PO LA. YA TSAN CHHOG GI NGO DRUB NYEY PAD MA JUNG NAY ZHEY SU DRAG KHOR DU KHA DRO MANG PÖ KOR KHYED KYI JEY SU DAG DRUB KYIY. JIN GYIY LOB KHYIR SHEK SU SOL.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.ripaladrang.org/get-involved/prayers/">[1]</a> </div></blockquote> The same text with audio can be found at <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://chagdudgonpaamrita11.wildapricot.org/Precious-Echoes">[2]</a>, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> Tibetan Wylie transliteration and Sanskrit transliteration are found in <a href="#CITEREFDowman1984">Dowman 1984</a>, p. 193. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Padmasambhava&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGyaltsen_Karmay2007" class="citation book cs1">Gyaltsen Karmay, Samten (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vyS71NvZPXsC&q=padmasambhava+semi+mythical">The Great Perfection (rDzogs Chen): A Philosophical and Meditative Teaching of Tibetan Buddhism</a>. BRILL. pp. 6–7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004151420" title="Special:BookSources/9789004151420"><bdi>9789004151420</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Perfection+%28rDzogs+Chen%29%3A+A+Philosophical+and+Meditative+Teaching+of+Tibetan+Buddhism&rft.pages=6-7&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9789004151420&rft.aulast=Gyaltsen+Karmay&rft.aufirst=Samten&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvyS71NvZPXsC%26q%3Dpadmasambhava%2Bsemi%2Bmythical&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APadmasambhava" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-tthr-4"><a href="#cite_ref-tthr_4-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKværne2013">Kværne 2013</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tibetanhistoryre00tutt/page/n196">168</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-KPSR8-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KPSR8_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KPSR8_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KPSR8_5-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KPSR8_5-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KPSR8_5-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KPSR8_5-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KPSR8_5-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KPSR8_5-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KPSR8_5-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KPSR8_5-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KPSR8_5-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KPSR8_5-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KPSR8_5-12">m</a> <a href="#CITEREFPalden_Sherab_Rinpoche1992">Palden Sherab Rinpoche 1992</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Schaik201134–5-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Schaik201134–5_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Schaik201134–5_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Schaik201134–5_6-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Schaik201134–5_6-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFvan_Schaik2011">van Schaik 2011</a>, pp. 34–5. </li> <li id="cite_note-Doney_2015-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Doney_2015_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Doney_2015_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Doney_2015_7-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Doney_2015_7-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Doney_2015_7-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Doney_2015_7-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Doney_2015_7-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Doney_2015_7-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Doney_2015_7-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Doney_2015_7-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Doney_2015_7-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Doney_2015_7-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Doney_2015_7-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Doney_2015_7-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Doney_2015_7-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Doney_2015_7-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Doney_2015_7-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Doney_2015_7-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Doney_2015_7-18">s</a> <a href="#CITEREFDoney2015">Doney 2015</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2013600-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2013600_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2013600_8-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBuswellLopez2013">Buswell & Lopez 2013</a>, p. 600. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Schaik201134–5,_96–8-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Schaik201134–5,_96–8_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Schaik201134–5,_96–8_9-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFvan_Schaik2011">van Schaik 2011</a>, pp. 34–5, 96–8. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Schaik201196-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Schaik201196_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Schaik201196_10-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFvan_Schaik2011">van Schaik 2011</a>, p. 96. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoney2014-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoney2014_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDoney2014">Doney 2014</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalton2004-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalton2004_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDalton2004">Dalton 2004</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Germano_2005-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Germano_2005_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Germano_2005_13-1">b</a> <a 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id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFremantle200119-18"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFremantle200119_18-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFremantle2001">Fremantle 2001</a>, p. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_SchaikIwao2009-19"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_SchaikIwao2009_19-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFvan_SchaikIwao2009">van Schaik & Iwao 2009</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Schaik201134–5,_96–8,_273-20"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Schaik201134–5,_96–8,_273_20-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFvan_Schaik2011">van Schaik 2011</a>, pp. 34–5, 96–8, 273. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeulenbeld2001[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidY53pT_gGE_0CpgPA93_93]-21"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeulenbeld2001[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidY53pT_gGE_0CpgPA93_93]_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMeulenbeld2001">Meulenbeld 2001</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y53pT_gGE_0C&pg=PA93">93</a>. </li> <li 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</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArunima2022-44"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArunima2022_44-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFArunima2022">Arunima 2022</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoord1993115-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoord1993115_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoord1993115_46-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoord1993115_46-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoord1993115_46-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFBoord1993">Boord 1993</a>, p. 115. </li> <li id="cite_note-Wangpo-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wangpo_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wangpo_48-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wangpo_48-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wangpo_48-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wangpo_48-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wangpo_48-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wangpo_48-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wangpo_48-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wangpo_48-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wangpo_48-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wangpo_48-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wangpo_48-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wangpo_48-12">m</a> <a href="#CITEREFWangpo2022">Wangpo 2022</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Drakpa-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Drakpa_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Drakpa_49-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Drakpa_49-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Drakpa_49-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Drakpa_49-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Drakpa_49-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Drakpa_49-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Drakpa_49-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Drakpa_49-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Drakpa_49-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Drakpa_49-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Drakpa_49-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Drakpa_49-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Drakpa_49-13">n</a> <a href="#CITEREFDrakpa2022">Drakpa 2022</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Patrul-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Patrul_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Patrul_50-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Patrul_50-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Patrul_50-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Patrul_50-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Patrul_50-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Patrul_50-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Patrul_50-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Patrul_50-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Patrul_50-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Patrul_50-10">k</a> <a href="#CITEREFPatrul_Rinpoche2022">Patrul Rinpoche 2022</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuntingtonBangdel2004358-51"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuntingtonBangdel2004358_51-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHuntingtonBangdel2004">Huntington & Bangdel 2004</a>, p. 358. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYeshe_Tsogyal1993252–53-52"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYeshe_Tsogyal1993252–53_52-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFYeshe_Tsogyal1993">Yeshe Tsogyal 1993</a>, pp. 252–53. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESogyal_Rinpoche1992386–389-53"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESogyal_Rinpoche1992386–389_53-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSogyal_Rinpoche1992">Sogyal Rinpoche 1992</a>, pp. 386–389. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarma_Lingpa2022-54">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarma_Lingpa2022_54-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarma_Lingpa2022_54-1">b</a> <a 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Retrieved 19 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Treasury+of+Lives%3A+Biographies+of+Himalayan+Religious+Masters&rft.atitle=Lang+Pelgyi+Sengge&rft.date=2007-08&rft.aulast=Mandelbaum&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftreasuryoflives.org%2Fbiographies%2Fview%2FLang-Pelgyi-Sengge%2F96&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APadmasambhava" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMandelbaum2007" class="citation web cs1">Mandelbaum, Arthur (August 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://treasuryoflives.org/biographies/view/Pelgyi-Wangchuk/490">"Kharchen Pelgyi Wangchuk"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Treasury_of_Lives:_Biographies_of_Himalayan_Religious_Masters" class="mw-redirect" title="The Treasury of Lives: Biographies of Himalayan Religious Masters">The Treasury of Lives: Biographies of Himalayan Religious Masters</a>. Retrieved 19 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Treasury+of+Lives%3A+Biographies+of+Himalayan+Religious+Masters&rft.atitle=Kharchen+Pelgyi+Wangchuk&rft.date=2007-08&rft.aulast=Mandelbaum&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftreasuryoflives.org%2Fbiographies%2Fview%2FPelgyi-Wangchuk%2F490&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APadmasambhava" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMandelbaum2007" class="citation web cs1">Mandelbaum, Arthur (August 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://treasuryoflives.org/biographies/view/Odren-Pelgyi-Wangchuk/13058">"Odren Pelgyi Wangchuk"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Treasury_of_Lives:_Biographies_of_Himalayan_Religious_Masters" class="mw-redirect" title="The Treasury of Lives: Biographies of Himalayan Religious Masters">The Treasury of Lives: Biographies of Himalayan Religious Masters</a>. 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Retrieved 19 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Treasury+of+Lives%3A+Biographies+of+Himalayan+Religious+Masters&rft.atitle=Nubchen+Sanggye+Yeshe&rft.date=2009-12&rft.aulast=Mandelbaum&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftreasuryoflives.org%2Fbiographies%2Fview%2FNubchen-Sanggye-Yeshe%2F4626&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APadmasambhava" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMandelbaum2007" class="citation web cs1">Mandelbaum, Arthur (August 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://treasuryoflives.org/biographies/view/Yeshe-Yang/9141">"Yeshe Yang"</a>. The Treasury of Lives: Biographies of Himalayan Religious Masters. 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Retrieved 19 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Treasury+of+Lives%3A+Biographies+of+Himalayan+Religious+Masters&rft.atitle=Nyang+Tingdzin+Zangpo&rft.date=2007-08&rft.aulast=Leschly&rft.aufirst=Jakob&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftreasuryoflives.org%2Fbiographies%2Fview%2FNyang-Tingngedzin-Zangpo%2F6205&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APadmasambhava" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Padmasambhava&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Works cited">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArunima2022" class="citation news cs1">Arunima (13 December 2022). Thirumalai, Nitya (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.news18.com/news/india/border-clash-indias-tourism-push-near-yangtze-holy-site-for-arunachal-and-tibet-riled-up-the-chinese-6606283.html">"Border Clash: India's Tourism Push Near Yangtze, Holy Site for Arunachal and Tibet, Riled Up the Chinese?"</a>. News18.com. New Delhi, India: CNN-News18. Retrieved 26 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=News18.com&rft.atitle=Border+Clash%3A+India%27s+Tourism+Push+Near+Yangtze%2C+Holy+Site+for+Arunachal+and+Tibet%2C+Riled+Up+the+Chinese%3F&rft.date=2022-12-13&rft.au=Arunima&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.news18.com%2Fnews%2Findia%2Fborder-clash-indias-tourism-push-near-yangtze-holy-site-for-arunachal-and-tibet-riled-up-the-chinese-6606283.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APadmasambhava" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaker2001" class="citation web cs1">Baker, Ian A. (4 January 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asianart.com/articles/baker/index.html">"The Lukhang: A hidden temple in Tibet"</a>. Asianart.com. Retrieved 26 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Asianart.com&rft.atitle=The+Lukhang%3A+A+hidden+temple+in+Tibet&rft.date=2001-01-04&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=Ian+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asianart.com%2Farticles%2Fbaker%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APadmasambhava" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoord1993" class="citation book cs1">Boord, Martin (1993). Cult of the Deity Vajrakila. Institute of Buddhist Studies. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9515424-3-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-9515424-3-5"><bdi>0-9515424-3-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cult+of+the+Deity+Vajrakila&rft.pub=Institute+of+Buddhist+Studies&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-9515424-3-5&rft.aulast=Boord&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APadmasambhava" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuffetrille2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Katia_Buffetrille" title="Katia Buffetrille">Buffetrille, Katia</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/3011609">"Low Tricks and High Stakes Surrounding a Holy Place in Eastern Nepal: The Halesi-Māratika Caves"</a>. In Buffetrille, Katia (ed.). Revisiting Rituals in a Changing Tibetan World. Brill's Tibetan Studies Library. Vol. 31. Leiden/Boston: Brill. pp. 163–208. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004232174" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004232174"><bdi>978-9004232174</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1568-6183">1568-6183</a> – via Academia.edu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Low+Tricks+and+High+Stakes+Surrounding+a+Holy+Place+in+Eastern+Nepal%3A+The+Halesi-M%C4%81ratika+Caves&rft.btitle=Revisiting+Rituals+in+a+Changing+Tibetan+World&rft.place=Leiden%2FBoston&rft.series=Brill%27s+Tibetan+Studies+Library&rft.pages=163-208&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2012&rft.issn=1568-6183&rft.isbn=978-9004232174&rft.aulast=Buffetrille&rft.aufirst=Katia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F3011609&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APadmasambhava" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuswellLopez2013" class="citation book cs1">Buswell, Robert E.; Lopez, Donald S. Jr., eds. (2013). The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-4805-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-4805-8"><bdi>978-1-4008-4805-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Princeton+Dictionary+of+Buddhism&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-4805-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APadmasambhava" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCantwellMayer2013" class="citation conference cs1">Cantwell, Cathy; Mayer, Rob (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:5d15f677-4bb2-44a7-8305-330d5a299348/download_file?file_format=pdf&safe_filename=Representations_of_Padmasambhava_in_earl.pdf&type_of_work=Book+section">"Representations of Padmasambhava in early post-Imperial Tibet"</a>. In Cüppers, Christoph; Mayer, Robert; Walter, Michael (eds.). Tibet after Empire: Culture, Society and Religion between 850–1000. LIRI Seminar Proceedings Series. pp. 19–50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9937-553-05-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-9937-553-05-6"><bdi>978-9937-553-05-6</bdi></a>. Retrieved 26 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=Representations+of+Padmasambhava+in+early+post-Imperial+Tibet&rft.btitle=Tibet+after+Empire%3A+Culture%2C+Society+and+Religion+between+850%E2%80%931000&rft.series=LIRI+Seminar+Proceedings+Series&rft.pages=19-50&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-9937-553-05-6&rft.aulast=Cantwell&rft.aufirst=Cathy&rft.au=Mayer%2C+Rob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fora.ox.ac.uk%2Fobjects%2Fuuid%3A5d15f677-4bb2-44a7-8305-330d5a299348%2Fdownload_file%3Ffile_format%3Dpdf%26safe_filename%3DRepresentations_of_Padmasambhava_in_earl.pdf%26type_of_work%3DBook%2Bsection&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APadmasambhava" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChangchubNyingpo2002" class="citation book cs1">Changchub, Gyalwa; Nyingpo, Namkhai (2002). Lady of the Lotus-born: The Life and Enlightenment of Yeshe Tsogyal. Translated by the Padmakara Translation Group. Boston & London: Shambhala Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57062-544-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-57062-544-1"><bdi>1-57062-544-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lady+of+the+Lotus-born%3A+The+Life+and+Enlightenment+of+Yeshe+Tsogyal&rft.place=Boston+%26+London&rft.pub=Shambhala+Publications&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1-57062-544-1&rft.aulast=Changchub&rft.aufirst=Gyalwa&rft.au=Nyingpo%2C+Namkhai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APadmasambhava" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalton2004" class="citation journal cs1">Dalton, Jacob (October–December 2004). "The Early Development of the Padmasambhava Legend in Tibet: A Study of IOL Tib J 644 and Pelliot tibétain 307". 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Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-38452-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-38452-3"><bdi>978-0-313-38452-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essential+Buddhism%3A+A+Comprehensive+Guide+to+Belief+and+Practice&rft.place=Santa+Barbara&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-313-38452-3&rft.aulast=Morgan&rft.aufirst=D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APadmasambhava" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorbuTurnbull1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thubten_Jigme_Norbu" title="Thubten Jigme Norbu">Norbu, Thubten Jigme</a>; Turnbull, Colin (1987). Tibet: Its History, Religion and People. Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-021382-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-021382-1"><bdi>0-14-021382-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tibet%3A+Its+History%2C+Religion+and+People&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-14-021382-1&rft.aulast=Norbu&rft.aufirst=Thubten+Jigme&rft.au=Turnbull%2C+Colin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APadmasambhava" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalden_Sherab_Rinpoche1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Khenchen_Palden_Sherab_Rinpoche" title="Khenchen Palden Sherab Rinpoche">Palden Sherab Rinpoche, Khenchen</a> (May 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://turtlehill.org/cleanup/khen/eman.html">The Eight Manifestations of Guru Padmasambhava</a>. Translated by Khenpo Tsewang Dongyal Rinpoche. Padma Gochen Ling: Turtle Hill. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221204090128/https://turtlehill.org/cleanup/khen/eman.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 December 2022. Retrieved 20 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Eight+Manifestations+of+Guru+Padmasambhava&rft.place=Padma+Gochen+Ling&rft.pub=Turtle+Hill&rft.date=1992-05&rft.aulast=Palden+Sherab+Rinpoche&rft.aufirst=Khenchen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fturtlehill.org%2Fcleanup%2Fkhen%2Feman.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APadmasambhava" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalden_Sherab_RinpocheTsewang_Dongyal_Rinpoche1998" class="citation book cs1">Palden Sherab Rinpoche, Khenchen; Tsewang Dongyal Rinpoche, Khenpo (1998). Kaye, Joan (ed.). Lion's Gaze: A Commentary on Tsig Sum Nedek. Translated by Sarah Harding. Sky Dancer Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1880975053" title="Special:BookSources/978-1880975053"><bdi>978-1880975053</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lion%27s+Gaze%3A+A+Commentary+on+Tsig+Sum+Nedek&rft.pub=Sky+Dancer+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1880975053&rft.aulast=Palden+Sherab+Rinpoche&rft.aufirst=Khenchen&rft.au=Tsewang+Dongyal+Rinpoche%2C+Khenpo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APadmasambhava" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalden_Sherab_RinpocheTsewang_Dongyal_Rinpoche2008" class="citation book cs1">Palden Sherab Rinpoche, Khenchen; Tsewang Dongyal Rinpoche, Khenpo (2008). Illuminating the Path: Ngondro Instructions According to the Nyingma School of Vajrayana Buddhism. Padmasambhava Buddhist Center. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0965933940" title="Special:BookSources/978-0965933940"><bdi>978-0965933940</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Illuminating+the+Path%3A+Ngondro+Instructions+According+to+the+Nyingma+School+of+Vajrayana+Buddhism&rft.pub=Padmasambhava+Buddhist+Center&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0965933940&rft.aulast=Palden+Sherab+Rinpoche&rft.aufirst=Khenchen&rft.au=Tsewang+Dongyal+Rinpoche%2C+Khenpo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APadmasambhava" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalden_Sherab_RinpocheTsewang_Dongyal_Rinpoche2013" class="citation book cs1">Palden Sherab Rinpoche, Khenchen; Tsewang Dongyal Rinpoche, Khenpo (2013). The Beauty of Awakened Mind: Dzogchen Lineage of the Great Master Shigpo Dudtsi. Dharma Samudra. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0983407416" title="Special:BookSources/978-0983407416"><bdi>978-0983407416</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Beauty+of+Awakened+Mind%3A+Dzogchen+Lineage+of+the+Great+Master+Shigpo+Dudtsi&rft.pub=Dharma+Samudra&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0983407416&rft.aulast=Palden+Sherab+Rinpoche&rft.aufirst=Khenchen&rft.au=Tsewang+Dongyal+Rinpoche%2C+Khenpo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APadmasambhava" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowers2007" class="citation book cs1">Powers, John (2007). Introduction to Tibetan Buddhism (rev. ed.). <a href="/wiki/Ithaca,_New_York" title="Ithaca, New York">Ithaca, New York</a>: Snow Lion Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55939-282-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55939-282-2"><bdi>978-1-55939-282-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Tibetan+Buddhism&rft.place=Ithaca%2C+New+York&rft.edition=rev.&rft.pub=Snow+Lion+Publications&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-55939-282-2&rft.aulast=Powers&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APadmasambhava" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamten_Lingpa1998" class="citation book cs1">Samten Lingpa (1998). The Lives and Liberation of Princess Mandarava: the Indian Consort of Padmasambhava. Translated by Lama Chönam; Sangye Khandro. Boston: Wisdom Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0861711444" title="Special:BookSources/978-0861711444"><bdi>978-0861711444</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lives+and+Liberation+of+Princess+Mandarava%3A+the+Indian+Consort+of+Padmasambhava&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Wisdom+Publications&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0861711444&rft.au=Samten+Lingpa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APadmasambhava" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnelling1987" class="citation book cs1">Snelling, John (1987). The Buddhist Handbook: A Complete Guide to Buddhist Teaching and Practice. London: Century Paperbacks.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Buddhist+Handbook%3A+A+Complete+Guide+to+Buddhist+Teaching+and+Practice&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Century+Paperbacks&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Snelling&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APadmasambhava" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSogyal_Rinpoche1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sogyal_Rinpoche" title="Sogyal Rinpoche">Sogyal Rinpoche</a> (1992). <a href="/wiki/The_Tibetan_Book_of_Living_and_Dying" title="The Tibetan Book of Living and Dying">The Tibetan Book of Living and Dying</a>. Rider. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7126-5437-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7126-5437-2"><bdi>0-7126-5437-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tibetan+Book+of+Living+and+Dying&rft.pub=Rider&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-7126-5437-2&rft.au=Sogyal+Rinpoche&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APadmasambhava" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTulku_Thondup1995" class="citation book cs1">Tulku Thondup (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080107172252/http://www.quietmountain.org/links/teachings/7_Line_Prayer_To_Guru_Rinpoche/7lnpryr.htm">"The Meaning Of The Vajra Seven Line Prayer To Guru Rinpoche"</a>. Enlightened Journey: Buddhist Practice as Daily Life. Shambhala Publications, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1570626074" title="Special:BookSources/978-1570626074"><bdi>978-1570626074</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.quietmountain.org/links/teachings/7_Line_Prayer_To_Guru_Rinpoche/7lnpryr.htm">the original</a> on 7 January 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Meaning+Of+The+Vajra+Seven+Line+Prayer+To+Guru+Rinpoche&rft.btitle=Enlightened+Journey%3A+Buddhist+Practice+as+Daily+Life&rft.pub=Shambhala+Publications%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-1570626074&rft.au=Tulku+Thondup&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.quietmountain.org%2Flinks%2Fteachings%2F7_Line_Prayer_To_Guru_Rinpoche%2F7lnpryr.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APadmasambhava" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrungpa2001" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Chogyam_Trungpa" class="mw-redirect" title="Chogyam Trungpa">Trungpa, Chögyam</a> (2001), Crazy Wisdom, Boston: Shambhala Publications, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87773-910-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-87773-910-2"><bdi>0-87773-910-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crazy+Wisdom&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Shambhala+Publications&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-87773-910-2&rft.aulast=Trungpa&rft.aufirst=Ch%C3%B6gyam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APadmasambhava" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Schaik2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sam_van_Schaik" title="Sam van Schaik">van Schaik, Sam</a> (2011). Tibet: A History. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-19410-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-19410-4"><bdi>978-0-300-19410-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tibet%3A+A+History&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-300-19410-4&rft.aulast=van+Schaik&rft.aufirst=Sam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APadmasambhava" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_SchaikIwao2009" class="citation journal cs1">van Schaik, Sam; Iwao, Kazushi (2009). "Fragments of the Testament of Ba from Dunhuang". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 128 (3): 477–487. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-0279">0003-0279</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Oriental+Society&rft.atitle=Fragments+of+the+Testament+of+Ba+from+Dunhuang&rft.volume=128&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=477-487&rft.date=2009&rft.issn=0003-0279&rft.aulast=van+Schaik&rft.aufirst=Sam&rft.au=Iwao%2C+Kazushi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APadmasambhava" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatt1999" class="citation web cs1">Watt, James (January 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.himalayanart.org/image.cfm/261.html">"Padmasambhava – 8 Forms: Dorje Drolo"</a>. Himalayan Art Resources. Retrieved 26 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Himalayan+Art+Resources&rft.atitle=Padmasambhava+%E2%80%93+8+Forms%3A+Dorje+Drolo&rft.date=1999-01&rft.aulast=Watt&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.himalayanart.org%2Fimage.cfm%2F261.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APadmasambhava" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sadhanas_and_commentaries">Sadhanas and commentaries</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Padmasambhava&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Sadhanas and commentaries">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrakpa2022" class="citation web cs1">Drakpa, Chökyi (17 March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lotsawahouse.org/tibetan-masters/chokyi-drakpa/a-torch-for-the-path">"A Torch for the Path to Omniscience: A Word by Word Commentary on the Text of the Longchen Nyingtik Preliminary Practices"</a>. Lotsawa House. Retrieved 20 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lotsawa+House&rft.atitle=A+Torch+for+the+Path+to+Omniscience%3A+A+Word+by+Word+Commentary+on+the+Text+of+the+Longchen+Nyingtik+Preliminary+Practices&rft.date=2022-03-17&rft.aulast=Drakpa&rft.aufirst=Ch%C3%B6kyi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lotsawahouse.org%2Ftibetan-masters%2Fchokyi-drakpa%2Fa-torch-for-the-path&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APadmasambhava" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarma_Lingpa2022" class="citation web cs1">Karma Lingpa (4 May 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lotsawahouse.org/tibetan-masters/karma-lingpa/benefits-vajra-guru-mantra">"The Benefits of the Vajra Guru Mantra and an Explanation of Its Syllables: A Treasure Text Revealed by Tulku Karma Lingpa"</a>. Lotsawa House. Retrieved 26 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lotsawa+House&rft.atitle=The+Benefits+of+the+Vajra+Guru+Mantra+and+an+Explanation+of+Its+Syllables%3A+A+Treasure+Text+Revealed+by+Tulku+Karma+Lingpa&rft.date=2022-05-04&rft.au=Karma+Lingpa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lotsawahouse.org%2Ftibetan-masters%2Fkarma-lingpa%2Fbenefits-vajra-guru-mantra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APadmasambhava" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMipham2007" class="citation book cs1">Mipham (2007). White Lotus: An Explanation of the Seven-line Prayer to Guru Padmasambhava. Translated by Padmakara Translation Group. Shambhala. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1590305119" title="Special:BookSources/978-1590305119"><bdi>978-1590305119</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=White+Lotus%3A+An+Explanation+of+the+Seven-line+Prayer+to+Guru+Padmasambhava&rft.pub=Shambhala&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1590305119&rft.au=Mipham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APadmasambhava" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatrul_Rinpoche2022" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Patrul_Rinpoche" title="Patrul Rinpoche">Patrul Rinpoche</a> (28 June 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lotsawahouse.org/tibetan-masters/patrul-rinpoche/brief-guide-ngondro">"Brief Guide to the Stages of Visualization for the Ngöndro Practice"</a>. Lotsawa House. Retrieved 20 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lotsawa+House&rft.atitle=Brief+Guide+to+the+Stages+of+Visualization+for+the+Ng%C3%B6ndro+Practice&rft.date=2022-06-28&rft.au=Patrul+Rinpoche&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lotsawahouse.org%2Ftibetan-masters%2Fpatrul-rinpoche%2Fbrief-guide-ngondro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APadmasambhava" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWangpo2022" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jamyang_Khyentse_Wangpo" title="Jamyang Khyentse Wangpo">Wangpo, Jamyang Khyentse</a> (7 April 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lotsawahouse.org/tibetan-masters/jamyang-khyentse-wangpo/illuminating-excellent-path">"Illuminating the Excellent Path to Omniscience: Notes on the Longchen Nyingtik Ngöndro"</a>. Lotsawa House. Retrieved 20 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lotsawa+House&rft.atitle=Illuminating+the+Excellent+Path+to+Omniscience%3A+Notes+on+the+Longchen+Nyingtik+Ng%C3%B6ndro&rft.date=2022-04-07&rft.aulast=Wangpo&rft.aufirst=Jamyang+Khyentse&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lotsawahouse.org%2Ftibetan-masters%2Fjamyang-khyentse-wangpo%2Filluminating-excellent-path&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APadmasambhava" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Padmasambhava&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Bischoff, F. A. (1978). Ligeti, Louis (ed.). "Padmasambhava est-il un personnage historique?" [Is Padmasambhava a historical figure?]. Csoma de Körös Memorial Symposium. Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó: 27–33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/963-05-1568-7" title="Special:BookSources/963-05-1568-7"><bdi>963-05-1568-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Csoma+de+K%C3%B6r%C3%B6s+Memorial+Symposium&rft.atitle=Padmasambhava+est-il+un+personnage+historique%3F&rft.pages=27-33&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=963-05-1568-7&rft.aulast=Bischoff&rft.aufirst=F.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APadmasambhava" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_V._G%C3%BCnther" title="Herbert V. Günther">Guenther, Herbert V.</a> (1996). The Teachings of Padmasambhava. Leiden: E.J. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-10542-5" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-10542-5"><bdi>90-04-10542-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Teachings+of+Padmasambhava&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=E.J.+Brill&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=90-04-10542-5&rft.aulast=Guenther&rft.aufirst=Herbert+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APadmasambhava" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Jackson, D. (1979). "Review: The Life and Liberation of Padmasambhava (Padma bKaí thang)". The Journal of Asian Studies. 39: 123–25. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2053510">10.2307/2053510</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2053510">2053510</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161669619">161669619</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=Review%3A+The+Life+and+Liberation+of+Padmasambhava+%28Padma+bKa%C3%AD+thang%29&rft.volume=39&rft.pages=123-25&rft.date=1979&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161669619%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2053510%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2053510&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APadmasambhava" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Padmasambhava (1994). Schmidt, Marcia Binder (ed.). Advice from the Lotus-Born: A Collection of Padmasambhava's Advice to the Dakini Yeshe Tsogyal and Other Close Disciples. Rangjung Yeshe Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9627341208" title="Special:BookSources/978-9627341208"><bdi>978-9627341208</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Advice+from+the+Lotus-Born%3A+A+Collection+of+Padmasambhava%27s+Advice+to+the+Dakini+Yeshe+Tsogyal+and+Other+Close+Disciples&rft.pub=Rangjung+Yeshe+Publications&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-9627341208&rft.au=Padmasambhava&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APadmasambhava" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Pattanaik, Prabir Kumar (2024). Uddiyana Guru Padmasambhava : The Second Buddha. Odisha, India: B K publications Private Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-19348-70-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-19348-70-1"><bdi>978-81-19348-70-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Uddiyana+Guru+Padmasambhava+%3A+The+Second+Buddha&rft.place=Odisha%2C+India&rft.pub=B+K+publications+Private+Limited&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=978-81-19348-70-1&rft.aulast=Pattanaik&rft.aufirst=Prabir+Kumar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APadmasambhava" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Thondup, Tulku (1986). Hidden Teachings of Tibet: An Explanation of the Terma Tradition of the Nyingma School of Tibetan Buddhism. London: Wisdom Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0861710416" title="Special:BookSources/978-0861710416"><bdi>978-0861710416</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hidden+Teachings+of+Tibet%3A+An+Explanation+of+the+Terma+Tradition+of+the+Nyingma+School+of+Tibetan+Buddhism&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Wisdom+Publications&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0861710416&rft.aulast=Thondup&rft.aufirst=Tulku&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APadmasambhava" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Wang, S. A. (1975). "Can Man Go Beyond Ethics?: The System of Padmasambhava". The Journal of Religious Ethics. 3 (1): 141–155. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40017721">40017721</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Religious+Ethics&rft.atitle=Can+Man+Go+Beyond+Ethics%3F%3A+The+System+of+Padmasambhava&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=141-155&rft.date=1975&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40017721%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=S.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APadmasambhava" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Padmasambhava&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism" title="Outline of Buddhism">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" title="Index of Buddhism-related articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism" title="Outline of Buddhism">Foundations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Noble_Truths" title="Four Noble Truths">Four Noble Truths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_in_Buddhism" title="Refuge in Buddhism">Three Jewels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangha" title="Sangha">Sangha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_Eightfold_Path" title="Noble Eightfold Path">Noble Eightfold Path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Way" title="Middle Way">Middle Way</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">The Buddha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tath%C4%81gata" title="Tathāgata">Tathāgata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha%27s_Birthday" title="Buddha's Birthday">Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_sights" title="Four sights">Four sights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Eight_Great_Events_in_the_Life_of_Buddha" title="The Eight Great Events in the Life of Buddha">Eight Great Events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Renunciation" title="Great Renunciation">Great Renunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_characteristics_of_the_Buddha" title="Physical characteristics of the Buddha">Physical characteristics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Buddha_in_art" title="Life of Buddha in art">Life of Buddha in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha_footprint" title="Buddha footprint">Footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relics_associated_with_Buddha" title="Relics associated with Buddha">Relics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconography_of_Gautama_Buddha_in_Laos_and_Thailand" title="Iconography of Gautama Buddha in Laos and Thailand">Iconography in Laos and Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depictions_of_Gautama_Buddha_in_film" title="Depictions of Gautama Buddha in film">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Miracles of Gautama Buddha">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Family of Gautama Buddha">Family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Auddhodana" title="Śuddhodana">Suddhodāna (father)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(mother_of_the_Buddha)" title="Maya (mother of the Buddha)">Māyā (mother)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahapajapati_Gotami" title="Mahapajapati Gotami">Mahapajapati Gotamī (aunt, adoptive mother)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%C5%9Bodhar%C4%81" title="Yaśodharā">Yaśodharā (wife)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C4%81hula" title="Rāhula">Rāhula (son)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda" title="Ānanda">Ānanda (cousin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devadatta" title="Devadatta">Devadatta (cousin)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_where_Gautama_Buddha_stayed" title="List of places where Gautama Buddha stayed">Places where the Buddha stayed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha_in_world_religions" title="Gautama Buddha in world religions">Buddha in world religions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattvas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avalokite%C5%9Bvara" title="Avalokiteśvara">Avalokiteśvara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guanyin" title="Guanyin">Guanyin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manjushri" title="Manjushri">Mañjuśrī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahasthamaprapta" title="Mahasthamaprapta">Mahāsthāmaprāpta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80k%C4%81%C5%9Bagarbha" title="Ākāśagarbha">Ākāśagarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%E1%B9%A3itigarbha" title="Kṣitigarbha">Kṣitigarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samantabhadra_(Bodhisattva)" title="Samantabhadra (Bodhisattva)">Samantabhadra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrapani" title="Vajrapani">Vajrapāṇi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skanda_(Buddhism)" title="Skanda (Buddhism)">Skanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tara_(Buddhism)" title="Tara (Buddhism)">Tārā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitreya" title="Maitreya">Metteyya/Maitreya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Disciples_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Category:Disciples of Gautama Buddha">Disciples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaundinya" title="Kaundinya">Kaundinya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assaji" title="Assaji">Assaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81riputra" title="Śāriputra">Sāriputta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maudgalyayana" title="Maudgalyayana">Mahamoggallāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda" title="Ānanda">Ānanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81k%C4%81%C5%9Byapa" title="Mahākāśyapa">Mahākassapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%E1%B9%85gulim%C4%81la" title="Aṅgulimāla">Aṅgulimāla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuruddha" title="Anuruddha">Anuruddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katyayana_(Buddhist)" title="Katyayana (Buddhist)">Mahākaccana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanda_(half-brother_of_Buddha)" title="Nanda (half-brother of Buddha)">Nanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subh%C5%ABti" title="Subhūti">Subhūti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pu%E1%B9%87%E1%B9%87a_Mant%C4%81n%C4%ABputta" title="Puṇṇa Mantānīputta">Puṇṇa Mantānīputta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up%C4%81li" title="Upāli">Upāli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahapajapati_Gotami" title="Mahapajapati Gotami">Mahapajapati Gotamī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khema" title="Khema">Khema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uppalavanna" title="Uppalavanna">Uppalavanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asita" title="Asita">Asita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channa_(Buddhist)" title="Channa (Buddhist)">Channa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasa" title="Yasa">Yasa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Key concepts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avidy%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Avidyā (Buddhism)">Avidyā (Ignorance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardo" title="Bardo">Bardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhicitta" title="Bodhicitta">Bodhicitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha-nature" title="Buddha-nature">Buddha-nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhamma_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhamma theory">Dhamma theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_hindrances" title="Five hindrances">Five hindrances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indriya" title="Indriya">Indriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Buddhism" title="Karma in Buddhism">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleshas_(Buddhism)" title="Kleshas (Buddhism)">Kleshas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_factors_(Buddhism)" title="Mental factors (Buddhism)">Mental factors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindstream" title="Mindstream">Mindstream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parinirvana" title="Parinirvana">Parinirvana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prat%C4%ABtyasamutp%C4%81da" title="Pratītyasamutpāda">Pratītyasamutpāda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebirth_(Buddhism)" title="Rebirth (Buddhism)">Rebirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra_(Buddhism)" title="Saṃsāra (Buddhism)">Saṃsāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%85kh%C4%81ra" title="Saṅkhāra">Saṅkhāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skandha" title="Skandha">Skandha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">Śūnyatā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%E1%B9%87h%C4%81" title="Taṇhā">Taṇhā (Craving)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tath%C4%81t%C4%81" title="Tathātā">Tathātā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetter_(Buddhism)" title="Fetter (Buddhism)">Ten Fetters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_marks_of_existence" title="Three marks of existence">Three marks of existence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impermanence_(Buddhism)" title="Impermanence (Buddhism)">Anicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du%E1%B8%A5kha" title="Duḥkha">Dukkha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatt%C4%81" title="Anattā">Anattā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_truths_doctrine" title="Two truths doctrine">Two truths doctrine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cosmology" title="Buddhist cosmology">Cosmology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten_realms" title="Ten realms">Ten spiritual realms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_Paths" title="Six Paths">Six Paths</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Buddhism)" title="Deva (Buddhism)">Deva realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_beings_in_Buddhism" title="Human beings in Buddhism">Human realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asura_(Buddhism)" title="Asura (Buddhism)">Asura realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preta" title="Preta">Hungry Ghost realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_Buddhism" title="Animals in Buddhism">Animal realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naraka_(Buddhism)" title="Naraka (Buddhism)">Naraka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trailokya" title="Trailokya">Three planes of existence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism" title="Schools of Buddhism">Branches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chinese Chan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Zen" title="Japanese Zen">Japanese Zen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Seon" title="Korean Seon">Korean Seon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thi%E1%BB%81n" title="Thiền">Vietnamese Thiền</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiantai" title="Tiantai">Tiantai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huayan" title="Huayan">Huayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rissh%C5%AB_(Buddhism)" title="Risshū (Buddhism)">Risshū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Buddhism" title="Nichiren Buddhism">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhyamaka" title="Madhyamaka">Madhyamaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogachara" title="Yogachara">Yogachara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Esoteric_Buddhism" title="Chinese Esoteric Buddhism">Chinese Esoteric Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingon_Buddhism" title="Shingon Buddhism">Shingon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzogchen" title="Dzogchen">Dzogchen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navayana" title="Navayana">Navayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_schools" title="Early Buddhist schools">Early Buddhist schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-sectarian_Buddhism" title="Pre-sectarian Buddhism">Pre-sectarian Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_points_unifying_Therav%C4%81da_and_Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na" title="Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna">Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern,_Eastern_and_Northern_Buddhism" title="Southern, Eastern and Northern Buddhism">Southern, Eastern and Northern Buddhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhist_practices" title="Category:Buddhist practices">Practices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhavana" title="Bhavana">Bhavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhipakkhiy%C4%81dhamm%C4%81" title="Bodhipakkhiyādhammā">Bodhipakkhiyādhammā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmavihara" title="Brahmavihara">Brahmavihara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maitr%C4%AB" title="Maitrī">Mettā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karu%E1%B9%87%C4%81" title="Karuṇā">Karuṇā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudita" title="Mudita">Mudita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upek%E1%B9%A3%C4%81" title="Upekṣā">Upekkha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddh%C4%81bhi%E1%B9%A3eka" title="Buddhābhiṣeka">Buddhābhiṣeka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_devotion" title="Buddhist devotion">Devotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deity_yoga" title="Deity yoga">Deity yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Buddhism" title="Dhyana in Buddhism">Dhyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Buddhism" title="Faith in Buddhism">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Strengths" title="Five Strengths">Five Strengths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iddhipada" title="Iddhipada">Iddhipada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_meditation" title="Buddhist meditation">Meditation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mantra#Buddhism" title="Mantra">Mantras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamma%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADh%C4%81na" title="Kammaṭṭhāna">Kammaṭṭhāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anussati" title="Anussati">Recollection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simran" title="Simran">Smarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anapanasati" title="Anapanasati">Anapanasati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samatha-vipassan%C4%81" title="Samatha-vipassanā">Samatha-vipassanā</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vipassana_movement" title="Vipassana movement">Vipassana movement</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shikantaza" title="Shikantaza">Shikantaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zazen" title="Zazen">Zazen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukdam" title="Tukdam">Tukdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koan" title="Koan">Koan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganana" title="Ganana">Ganana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandala" title="Mandala">Mandala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonglen" title="Tonglen">Tonglen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tert%C3%B6n" title="Tertön">Tertön</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terma_(religion)" title="Terma (religion)">Terma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merit_(Buddhism)" title="Merit (Buddhism)">Merit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindfulness" title="Mindfulness">Mindfulness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mindful_Yoga" title="Mindful Yoga">Mindful Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satipatthana" title="Satipatthana">Satipatthana</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nekkhamma" title="Nekkhamma">Nekkhamma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nianfo" title="Nianfo">Nianfo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81ramit%C4%81" title="Pāramitā">Pāramitā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paritta" title="Paritta">Paritta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_devotion" title="Buddhist devotion">Puja</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Offering_(Buddhism)" title="Offering (Buddhism)">Offerings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostration_(Buddhism)" title="Prostration (Buddhism)">Prostration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_music" title="Buddhist music">Music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_in_Buddhism" title="Refuge in Buddhism">Refuge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81dhu_(Pali_word)" title="Sādhu (Pali word)">Sādhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacca" title="Sacca">Sacca</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Factors_of_Awakening" title="Seven Factors of Awakening">Seven Factors of Enlightenment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Buddhism)" title="Sati (Buddhism)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhamma_vicaya" title="Dhamma vicaya">Dhamma vicaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%ABti" title="Pīti">Pīti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passaddhi" title="Passaddhi">Passaddhi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Śīla</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_precepts" title="Five precepts">Five precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_precepts" title="Eight precepts">Eight precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva_vow" title="Bodhisattva vow">Bodhisattva vow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratimok%E1%B9%A3a" title="Pratimokṣa">Pratimokṣa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threefold_Training" title="Threefold Training">Threefold Training</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Śīla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samadhi" title="Samadhi">Samadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Prajñā (Buddhism)">Prajñā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%ABrya" title="Vīrya">Vīrya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Right_Exertions" title="Four Right Exertions">Four Right Exertions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-two_vows_of_Ambedkar" title="Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar">Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Bodhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddhahood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratyekabuddhay%C4%81na" title="Pratyekabuddhayāna">Pratyekabuddhayāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_stages_of_awakening" title="Four stages of awakening">Four stages of awakening</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sot%C4%81panna" title="Sotāpanna">Sotāpanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakadagami" title="Sakadagami">Sakadagami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An%C4%81g%C4%81mi" title="Anāgāmi">Anāgāmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arhat" title="Arhat">Arhat</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_monasticism" title="Buddhist monasticism">Monasticism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu" title="Bhikkhu">Bhikkhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhikkhun%C4%AB" title="Bhikkhunī">Bhikkhunī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanera" title="Samanera">Śrāmaṇera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanera" title="Samanera">Śrāmaṇerī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anag%C4%81rika" title="Anagārika">Anagārika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn" title="Ajahn">Ajahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayadaw" title="Sayadaw">Sayadaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen_master" title="Zen master">Zen master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C5%8Dshi" title="Rōshi">Rōshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lama" title="Lama">Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinpoche" title="Rinpoche">Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geshe" title="Geshe">Geshe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulku" title="Tulku">Tulku</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_tulku" title="Western tulku">Western tulku</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kappiya" title="Kappiya">Kappiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donchee" title="Donchee">Donchee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Householder_(Buddhism)" title="Householder (Buddhism)">Householder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up%C4%81saka_and_Up%C4%81sik%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Upāsaka and Upāsikā">Upāsaka and Upāsikā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achar_(Buddhism)" title="Achar (Buddhism)">Achar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C4%81vaka" title="Śrāvaka">Śrāvaka</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten_principal_disciples" title="Ten principal disciples">Ten principal disciples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaolin_Monastery" title="Shaolin Monastery">Shaolin Monastery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhists" title="List of Buddhists">Major figures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">The Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagasena" title="Nagasena">Nagasena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C5%9Bvagho%E1%B9%A3a" title="Aśvaghoṣa">Aśvaghoṣa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagarjuna" title="Nagarjuna">Nagarjuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asanga" title="Asanga">Asanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasubandhu" title="Vasubandhu">Vasubandhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81raj%C4%ABva" title="Kumārajīva">Kumārajīva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhaghosa" title="Buddhaghosa">Buddhaghosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhap%C4%81lita" title="Buddhapālita">Buddhapālita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dign%C4%81ga" title="Dignāga">Dignāga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhidharma" title="Bodhidharma">Bodhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhiyi" title="Zhiyi">Zhiyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wen_of_Sui" title="Emperor Wen of Sui">Emperor Wen of Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songtsen_Gampo" title="Songtsen Gampo">Songtsen Gampo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shandao" title="Shandao">Shandao</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Padmasambhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraha" title="Saraha">Saraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ati%C5%9Ba" title="Atiśa">Atiśa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naropa" title="Naropa">Naropa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karmapa" title="Karmapa">Karmapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dnen" title="Hōnen">Hōnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinran" title="Shinran">Shinran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C5%8Dgen" title="Dōgen">Dōgen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren" title="Nichiren">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamarpa" title="Shamarpa">Shamarpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchen_Lama" title="Panchen Lama">Panchen Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Mun" title="Ajahn Mun">Ajahn Mun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">B. R. Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Chah" title="Ajahn Chah">Ajahn Chah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Nh%E1%BA%A5t_H%E1%BA%A1nh" title="Thích Nhất Hạnh">Thích Nhất Hạnh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_texts" title="Buddhist texts">Texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_texts" title="Early Buddhist texts">Early Buddhist texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripi%E1%B9%ADaka" title="Tripiṭaka">Tripiṭaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana_sutras" title="Mahayana sutras">Mahayana sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pali_Canon" title="Pali Canon">Pali Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhist_canon" title="Chinese Buddhist canon">Chinese Buddhist canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_canon" title="Tibetan Buddhist canon">Tibetan Buddhist canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhammapada" title="Dhammapada">Dhammapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinaya" title="Vinaya">Vinaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhyamak%C4%81la%E1%B9%83k%C4%81ra" title="Madhyamakālaṃkāra">Madhyamakālaṃkāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhidharmad%C4%ABpa" title="Abhidharmadīpa">Abhidharmadīpa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_by_country" title="Buddhism by country">Countries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Afghanistan" title="Buddhism in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bangladesh" title="Buddhism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bhutan" title="Buddhism in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Cambodia" title="Buddhism in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_China" title="Buddhism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Indonesia" title="Buddhism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Japan" title="Buddhism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Buddhism" title="Korean Buddhism">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Laos" title="Buddhism in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Malaysia" title="Buddhism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Maldives" title="Buddhism in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mongolia" title="Buddhism in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Myanmar" title="Buddhism in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Nepal" title="Buddhism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Pakistan" title="Buddhism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Philippines" title="Buddhism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Russia" title="Buddhism in Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Buryatia" title="Buddhism in Buryatia">Buryatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Kalmykia" title="Buddhism in Kalmykia">Kalmykia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Tuva&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Tuva (page does not exist)">Tuva</a> (<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC_%D0%B2_%D0%A2%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Буддизм в Тыве">ru</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Singapore" title="Buddhism in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Buddhism in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Taiwan" title="Buddhism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Thailand" title="Buddhism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Vietnam" title="Buddhism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Africa" title="Buddhism in Africa">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Senegal" title="Buddhism in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_South_Africa" title="Buddhism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Central_Asia" title="Buddhism in Central Asia">Central Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Uzbekistan" title="Buddhism in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Middle_East" title="Buddhism in the Middle East">Middle East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Iran" title="Buddhism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Buddhism in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_West" title="Buddhism in the West">Western countries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Argentina" title="Buddhism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Australia" title="Buddhism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Brazil" title="Buddhism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Canada" title="Buddhism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Costa_Rica" title="Buddhism in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Buddhism in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_France" title="Buddhism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Germany" title="Buddhism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Italy" title="Buddhism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mexico" title="Buddhism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_New_Zealand" title="Buddhism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Norway" title="Buddhism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Poland" title="Buddhism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sweden" title="Buddhism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Switzerland" title="Buddhism in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Ukraine" title="Buddhism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Buddhism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_States" title="Buddhism in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Venezuela" title="Buddhism in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism" title="History of Buddhism">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Buddhism" title="Timeline of Buddhism">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanishka" title="Kanishka">Kanishka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_councils" title="Buddhist councils">Buddhist councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">History of Buddhism in India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Buddhism_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent">Decline of Buddhism in India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huichang_persecution_of_Buddhism" title="Huichang persecution of Buddhism">Huichang persecution of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhism" title="Greco-Buddhism">Greco-Buddhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gandharan_Buddhism" title="Gandharan Buddhism">Gandharan Buddhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gandh%C4%81ran_Buddhist_texts" title="Gandhāran Buddhist texts">Texts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menander_I" title="Menander I">Menander I</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_the_Roman_world" title="Buddhism and the Roman world">Buddhism and the Roman world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_West" title="Buddhism in the West">Buddhism in the West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_Buddhism" title="Silk Road transmission of Buddhism">Silk Road transmission of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Buddhists" title="Persecution of Buddhists">Persecution of Buddhists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Afghanistan" title="Buddhism in Afghanistan">In Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_crisis" title="Buddhist crisis">In Vietnam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rim%C3%A9_movement" title="Rimé movement">Rimé movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banishment_of_Buddhist_monks_from_Nepal" title="Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal">Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalit_Buddhist_movement" title="Dalit Buddhist movement">Dalit Buddhist movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Tibet_by_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China">Chinese invasion of Tibet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1959_Tibetan_uprising" title="1959 Tibetan uprising">1959 Tibetan uprising</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_Buddhist_nationalism" title="Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism">Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Buddhist modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vipassana_movement" title="Vipassana movement">Vipassana movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/969_Movement" title="969 Movement">969 Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engaged_Buddhism" title="Engaged Buddhism">Engaged Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Buddhism" title="Women in Buddhism">Women in Buddhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhidharma" title="Abhidharma">Abhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_atomism" title="Buddhist atomism">Atomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_studies" title="Buddhist studies">Buddhology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creator_in_Buddhism" title="Creator in Buddhism">Creator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_democracy" title="Buddhism and democracy">Buddhism and democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_economics" title="Buddhist economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_Consciousnesses" title="Eight Consciousnesses">Eight Consciousnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engaged_Buddhism" title="Engaged Buddhism">Engaged Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_eschatology" title="Buddhist eschatology">Eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhism and evolution">Evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Buddhism" title="Humanistic Buddhism">Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_logico-epistemology" title="Buddhist logico-epistemology">Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reality_in_Buddhism" title="Reality in Buddhism">Reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Buddhism" title="Secular Buddhism">Secular Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_socialism" title="Buddhist socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_unanswerable_questions" title="The unanswerable questions">The unanswerable questions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Buddhism" title="Culture of Buddhism">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_architecture" title="Buddhist architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_temple" title="Buddhist temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vih%C4%81ra" title="Vihāra">Vihāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyaung" title="Kyaung">Kyaung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wat" title="Wat">Wat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordination_hall" title="Ordination hall">Ordination hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">Stupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagoda" title="Pagoda">Pagoda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_pagoda" title="Burmese pagoda">Burmese pagoda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candi_of_Indonesia" title="Candi of Indonesia">Candi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzong_architecture" title="Dzong architecture">Dzong architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_architecture_in_China" title="List of Buddhist architecture in China">List of Buddhist architecture in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Buddhist_architecture" title="Japanese Buddhist architecture">Japanese Buddhist architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_temples_in_Korea" title="Buddhist temples in Korea">Buddhist temples in Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_temple_art_and_architecture" title="Thai temple art and architecture">Thai temple art and architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_architecture" title="Tibetan Buddhist architecture">Tibetan Buddhist architecture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_art" title="Buddhist art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhist_art" title="Greco-Buddhist art">Greco-Buddhist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhi_Tree" title="Bodhi Tree">Bodhi Tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budai" title="Budai">Budai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha_in_art" title="Buddha in art">Buddha in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_calendar" title="Buddhist calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cuisine" title="Buddhist cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_funeral" title="Buddhist funeral">Funeral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_holidays" title="Buddhist holidays">Holidays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vesak" title="Vesak">Vesak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uposatha" title="Uposatha">Uposatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81gha_P%C5%ABj%C4%81" title="Māgha Pūjā">Māgha Pūjā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asalha_Puja" title="Asalha Puja">Asalha Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vassa" title="Vassa">Vassa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaya_Sri_Maha_Bodhi" title="Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi">Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasaya_(clothing)" title="Kasaya (clothing)">Kasaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabodhi_Temple" title="Mahabodhi Temple">Mahabodhi Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">Mantra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Om_mani_padme_hum" title="Om mani padme hum">Om mani padme hum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudra" title="Mudra">Mudra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_music" title="Buddhist music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_pilgrimage_sites" title="Buddhist pilgrimage sites">Pilgrimage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lumbini" title="Lumbini">Lumbini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_Devi_Temple,_Lumbini" title="Maya Devi Temple, Lumbini">Maya Devi Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodh_Gaya" title="Bodh Gaya">Bodh Gaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarnath" title="Sarnath">Sarnath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushinagar" title="Kushinagar">Kushinagar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_poetry" title="Buddhist poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japamala" title="Japamala">Prayer beads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hama_yumi" title="Hama yumi">Hama yumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_wheel" title="Prayer wheel">Prayer wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_symbolism" title="Buddhist symbolism">Symbolism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Dharmachakra">Dharmachakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_flag" title="Buddhist flag">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavacakra" title="Bhavacakra">Bhavacakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swastika" title="Swastika">Swastika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thangka" title="Thangka">Thangka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_the_Tooth" title="Temple of the Tooth">Temple of the Tooth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_vegetarianism" title="Buddhist vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" title="Index of Buddhism-related articles">Miscellaneous</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhij%C3%B1%C4%81" title="Abhijñā">Abhijñā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amit%C4%81bha" title="Amitābha">Amitābha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahm%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Brahmā (Buddhism)">Brahmā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma_talk" title="Dharma talk">Dharma talk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinayana" title="Hinayana">Hinayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iddhi" title="Iddhi">Iddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(time)" title="Kalpa (time)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koliya" title="Koliya">Koliya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lineage_(Buddhism)" title="Lineage (Buddhism)">Lineage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mara_(demon)" title="Mara (demon)">Māra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddhi" title="Siddhi">Siddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_language" title="Sacred language">Sacred languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pāḷi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Comparative_Buddhism" title="Category:Comparative Buddhism">Comparison</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_and_Buddhism" title="Baháʼí Faith and Buddhism">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Christianity" title="Buddhism and Christianity">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_influences_on_Christianity" title="Buddhist influences on Christianity">Influences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Buddhism_and_Christianity" title="Comparison of Buddhism and Christianity">Comparison</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Eastern_religions" title="Buddhism and Eastern religions">East Asian religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Gnosticism" title="Buddhism and Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Hinduism" title="Buddhism and Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Jainism" title="Buddhism and Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Buddhist" title="Jewish Buddhist">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_psychology" title="Buddhism and psychology">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_science" title="Buddhism and science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Theosophy" title="Buddhism and Theosophy">Theosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_violence" title="Buddhism and violence">Violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Western_philosophy" title="Buddhism and Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhism-related_lists" title="Category:Buddhism-related lists">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bodhisattvas" title="List of bodhisattvas">Bodhisattvas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Buddhas">Buddhas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhists" title="List of Buddhists">Buddhists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_suttas" title="List of suttas">Suttas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_temples" title="List of Buddhist temples">Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_festivals" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Buddhist festivals">Festivals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #FFD068;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhism" title="Category:Buddhism">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Dharma_Wheel_(2).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/16px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/24px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/32px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="697" data-file-height="697" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Buddhism" title="Portal:Buddhism">Buddhism portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Indian_philosophy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indian_philosophy" title="Template:Indian philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indian_philosophy" title="Template talk:Indian philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indian_philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indian philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indian_philosophy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Indian_philosophy" title="Indian philosophy">Indian philosophy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atheism_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Atheism in Hinduism">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomism" title="Atomism">Atomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_idealism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu idealism">Idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_logic" title="Indian logic">Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_views_on_monotheism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu views on monotheism">Monotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion#Philosophy" title="Historical Vedic religion">Vedic philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">Artha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Moksha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Āstika</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Hindu</a>: <a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā">Mīmāṃsā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaiva" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaiva">Shaiva</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rase%C5%9Bvara" title="Raseśvara">Raseśvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashupata_Shaivism" title="Pashupata Shaivism">Pashupata Shaivism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81%E1%B9%87ini" title="Pāṇini">Pāṇiniya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Nāstika</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80j%C4%ABvika" title="Ājīvika">Ājīvika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aj%C3%B1ana" title="Ajñana">Ajñana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Charvaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_philosophy" title="Jain philosophy">Jain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anekantavada" title="Anekantavada">Anekantavada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anekantavada#Syādvāda" title="Anekantavada">Syādvāda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Buddhist philosophy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_schools" title="Early Buddhist schools">Early Buddhist schools</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">Śūnyatā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhyamaka" title="Madhyamaka">Madhyamaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogachara" title="Yogachara">Yogachara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sautr%C4%81ntika" title="Sautrāntika">Sautrāntika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svatantrika" class="mw-redirect" title="Svatantrika">Svatantrika</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medieval</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achintya_Bheda_Abheda" title="Achintya Bheda Abheda">Acintya bheda abheda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhedabheda" title="Bhedabheda">Bhedabheda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimbarka_Sampradaya" title="Nimbarka Sampradaya">Nimbarka Sampradaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuddhadvaita" title="Shuddhadvaita">Shuddhadvaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navya-Ny%C4%81ya" title="Navya-Nyāya">Navya-Nyāya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism#Philosophy_and_teachings" title="Sikhism">Sikh Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaiva" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaiva">Shaiva</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pratyabhijna" title="Pratyabhijna">Pratyabhijna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashupata_Shaivism" title="Pashupata Shaivism">Pashupata Shaivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaiva_Siddhanta" title="Shaiva Siddhanta">Shaiva Siddhanta</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Integral_yoga" title="Integral yoga">Integral yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhism" title="Gandhism">Gandhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._N._Roy#Radical_humanist" title="M. N. Roy">Radical Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_utilization_theory" title="Progressive utilization theory">Progressive utilization theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Texts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhinavabharati" title="Abhinavabharati">Abhinavabharati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Arthashastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sutras" title="Brahma Sutras">Brahma Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_texts" title="Buddhist texts">Buddhist texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharmashastra" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharmashastra">Dharmashastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Hindu texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_Agamas_(%C5%9Av%C4%93t%C4%81mbara)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jain Agamas (Śvētāmbara)">Jain Agamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamasutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamasutra">Kamasutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimamsa_Sutras" class="mw-redirect" title="Mimamsa Sutras">Mimamsa Sutras</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muktik%C4%81" title="Muktikā">All 108 texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukhya_Upanishads" class="mw-redirect" title="Mukhya Upanishads">Principal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ny%C4%81ya_S%C5%ABtras" title="Nyāya Sūtras">Nyāya Sūtras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyayakusumanjali" title="Nyayakusumanjali">Nyayakusumanjali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchadasi" title="Panchadasi">Panchadasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samkhyapravachana_Sutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Samkhyapravachana Sutra">Samkhyapravachana Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangam_literature" title="Sangam literature">Sangam texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarva-Darsana-Sangraha" title="Sarva-Darsana-Sangraha">Sarvadarsanasangraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Sutras_of_Vasugupta" title="Shiva Sutras of Vasugupta">Shiva Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarka-Sangraha" title="Tarka-Sangraha">Tarka-Sangraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tattvacint%C4%81ma%E1%B9%87i" class="mw-redirect" title="Tattvacintāmaṇi">Tattvacintāmaṇi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirukku%E1%B9%9Fa%E1%B8%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirukkuṟaḷ">Tirukkuṟaḷ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads#Classification" title="Upanishads">Minor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vai%C5%9Be%E1%B9%A3ika_S%C5%ABtra" title="Vaiśeṣika Sūtra">Vaiśeṣika Sūtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanga" title="Vedanga">Vedangas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras of Patanjali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Vasistha" title="Yoga Vasistha">Yoga Vasistha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">More...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Adi Shankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhinavagupta" title="Abhinavagupta">Abhinavagupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81rila_Bha%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADa" title="Kumārila Bhaṭṭa">Kumārila Bhaṭṭa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Dana_Mi%C5%9Bra" title="Maṇḍana Miśra">Maṇḍana Miśra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valluvar" class="mw-redirect" title="Valluvar">Valluvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avatsara" title="Avatsara">Avatsara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%81chaspati_Misra" title="Vāchaspati Misra">Vāchaspati Misra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aruni" class="mw-redirect" title="Aruni">Uddalaka Aruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Gautama Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajnavalkya" title="Yajnavalkya">Yājñavalkya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C4%81rg%C4%AB_V%C4%81chaknav%C4%AB" title="Gārgī Vāchaknavī">Gārgī Vāchaknavī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhaghosa" title="Buddhaghosa">Buddhaghosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patanjali" title="Patanjali">Patañjali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ka%E1%B9%87%C4%81da_(philosopher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaṇāda (philosopher)">Kanada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapila" title="Kapila">Kapila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brihadratha_Ikshvaku" title="Brihadratha Ikshvaku">Brihadratha Ikshvaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaimini" title="Jaimini">Jaimini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyasa" title="Vyasa">Vyasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chanakya" title="Chanakya">Chanakya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharmakirti" title="Dharmakirti">Dharmakirti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akshapada_Gotama" class="mw-redirect" title="Akshapada Gotama">Akshapada Gotama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagarjuna" title="Nagarjuna">Nagarjuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padmasambh%C4%81va" class="mw-redirect" title="Padmasambhāva">Padmasambhāva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasubandhu" title="Vasubandhu">Vasubandhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudapada" title="Gaudapada">Gaudapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramana_Maharshi" title="Ramana Maharshi">Ramana Maharshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayananda_Saraswati" title="Dayananda Saraswati">Dayananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanuja" title="Ramanuja">Ramanuja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta_Desika" title="Vedanta Desika">Vedanta Desika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raikva" title="Raikva">Raikva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadananda_(of_Vedantasara)" title="Sadananda (of Vedantasara)">Sadananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakayanya" title="Sakayanya">Sakayanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyakama_Jabala" class="mw-redirect" title="Satyakama Jabala">Satyakama Jabala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhvacharya" title="Madhvacharya">Madhvacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavira" title="Mahavira">Mahavira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Nanak" title="Guru Nanak">Guru Nanak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indian_philosophers" title="Category:Indian philosophers">More...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhava" title="Abhava">Abhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhasavada" title="Abhasavada">Abhasavada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-difference_(Abheda)" title="Non-difference (Abheda)">Abheda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adarsana" title="Adarsana">Adarsana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrishta" class="mw-redirect" title="Adrishta">Adrishta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aham_(Kashmir_Shaivism)" title="Aham (Kashmir Shaivism)">Aham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aishvarya" class="mw-redirect" title="Aishvarya">Aishvarya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrodha" title="Akrodha">Akrodha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aksara" class="mw-redirect" title="Aksara">Aksara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatta" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatta">Anatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananta_(infinite)" title="Ananta (infinite)">Ananta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anavastha" title="Anavastha">Anavastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anupalabdhi" title="Anupalabdhi">Anupalabdhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apauru%E1%B9%A3hey%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Apauruṣheyā">Apauruṣheyā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">Artha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asiddhatva" title="Asiddhatva">Asiddhatva</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asatkalpa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asatkalpa (page does not exist)">Asatkalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">Ātman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avyakta" title="Avyakta">Avyakta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhrama_(Hinduism)" title="Bhrama (Hinduism)">Bhrama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhuman" title="Bhuman">Bhuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhumika" title="Bhumika">Bhumika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catu%E1%B9%A3ko%E1%B9%ADi" title="Catuṣkoṭi">Catuṣkoṭi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaitanya_(consciousness)" title="Chaitanya (consciousness)">Chaitanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chidabhasa" title="Chidabhasa">Chidabhasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cittabhumi" title="Cittabhumi">Cittabhumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" 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class="mw-redirect" title="Parinama-vada (Hindu thought)">Parinama-vada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pradhana" title="Pradhana">Pradhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prajna_(Vedic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Prajna (Vedic)">Prajna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prak%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Prakṛti">Prakṛti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratibimbavada" title="Pratibimbavada">Pratibimbavada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prat%C4%ABtyasamutp%C4%81da" title="Pratītyasamutpāda">Pratītyasamutpāda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purusha" title="Purusha">Puruṣa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajamandala" title="Rajamandala">Rājamaṇḍala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B9%9Ata" title="Ṛta">Ṛta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakshi_(Witness)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakshi (Witness)">Sakshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samadhi" title="Samadhi">Samadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">Saṃsāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a></li> <li><a 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