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In 2006 he established with two colleagues the architectural practice Frontoffice/ Tokyo.<br /><br />Christian has earned his PhD from the University of Tokyo with his urban history dissertation ‘[Re]negotiating Public Space: a Historical Critique of Modern Public Space in Metropolitan Japan and its Contemporary Re-valuation’. As a JSPS (Japan Society for the Promotion of Science) post-doctoral research fellow he was affiliated with the Interfaculty Initiative in Information Studies at the University of Tokyo, where he examined the 'Politics and Contestations of Public Space in post-industrial metropolitan Japan'. This project was carried out in cooperation with his research host Prof. YOSHIMI Shunya.<br /><br />Christian is Associate-Professor at the School of International Liberal Studies (SILS), Waseda University, where he teaches undergraduate courses on 'Transition Design', ‘Sustainable Urbanism,’ 'Politics of Public Space,' 'Global Urbanism', as well as ‘Theories of Place-Making and Urban Practice’.<br /><br />He is co-founder of the charitable, design-led disaster response organisation, Architecture for Humanity｜Tokyo Chapter, as well as of the TPF²｜Tohoku Planning Forum, which facilitates the exchange of ideas, projects and initiatives for the reconstruction of the disaster-hit areas of Tohoku in north-eastern Japan with international experts and professionals from various fields.<br /><div class="js-profile-less-about u-linkUnstyled u-tcGrayDarker u-textDecorationUnderline u-displayNone">less</div></div></div><div class="suggested-academics-container"><div class="suggested-academics--header"><p class="ds2-5-body-md-bold">Related Authors</p></div><ul class="suggested-user-card-list"><div class="suggested-user-card"><div class="suggested-user-card__avatar social-profile-avatar-container"><a href="https://unipd.academia.edu/AlexandraChavarriaArnau"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" alt="Alexandra Chavarria Arnau" border="0" onerror="if (this.src != '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png') this.src = '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png';" width="200" height="200" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/31783/10261/21828087/s200_alexandra.chavarria_arnau.jpg" /></a></div><div class="suggested-user-card__user-info"><a class="suggested-user-card__user-info__header ds2-5-body-sm-bold ds2-5-body-link" href="https://unipd.academia.edu/AlexandraChavarriaArnau">Alexandra Chavarria Arnau</a><p class="suggested-user-card__user-info__subheader ds2-5-body-xs">Università degli Studi di Padova</p></div></div><div class="suggested-user-card"><div class="suggested-user-card__avatar social-profile-avatar-container"><a href="https://deakin.academia.edu/BenjaminIsakhan"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" alt="Benjamin Isakhan" border="0" onerror="if (this.src != '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png') this.src = '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png';" width="200" height="200" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/51183/15567/18712076/s200_benjamin.isakhan.jpg" /></a></div><div class="suggested-user-card__user-info"><a class="suggested-user-card__user-info__header ds2-5-body-sm-bold ds2-5-body-link" href="https://deakin.academia.edu/BenjaminIsakhan">Benjamin Isakhan</a><p class="suggested-user-card__user-info__subheader ds2-5-body-xs">Deakin University</p></div></div><div class="suggested-user-card"><div class="suggested-user-card__avatar social-profile-avatar-container"><a href="https://nd-au.academia.edu/StephenMuecke"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" alt="Stephen Muecke" border="0" onerror="if (this.src != '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png') this.src = '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png';" width="200" height="200" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/64791/18214/131386575/s200_stephen.muecke.jpg" /></a></div><div class="suggested-user-card__user-info"><a class="suggested-user-card__user-info__header ds2-5-body-sm-bold ds2-5-body-link" href="https://nd-au.academia.edu/StephenMuecke">Stephen Muecke</a><p class="suggested-user-card__user-info__subheader ds2-5-body-xs">University of Notre Dame (Australia)</p></div></div><div class="suggested-user-card"><div class="suggested-user-card__avatar social-profile-avatar-container"><a href="https://kyoto-u.academia.edu/RMichaelFeener"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" alt="R. 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Lisbon</p></div></div><div class="suggested-user-card"><div class="suggested-user-card__avatar social-profile-avatar-container"><a href="https://umontreal.academia.edu/DanielleLabb%C3%A9"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" alt="Danielle Labbé" border="0" onerror="if (this.src != '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png') this.src = '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png';" width="200" height="200" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/147380/312571/1305473/s200_danielle.labb_.jpg" /></a></div><div class="suggested-user-card__user-info"><a class="suggested-user-card__user-info__header ds2-5-body-sm-bold ds2-5-body-link" href="https://umontreal.academia.edu/DanielleLabb%C3%A9">Danielle Labbé</a><p class="suggested-user-card__user-info__subheader ds2-5-body-xs">Université de Montréal</p></div></div></ul></div><div class="ri-section"><div class="ri-section-header"><span>Interests</span><a class="ri-more-link js-profile-ri-list-card" 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id="Pill-react-component-ff279f59-90cc-4377-9882-e8c9cc5a9ba2"></div> </a><a data-click-track="profile-user-info-expand-research-interests" data-has-card-for-ri-list="525981" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Contested_Spaces_Sociology_"><div class="js-react-on-rails-component" style="display:none" data-component-name="Pill" data-props="{"color":"gray","children":["Contested Spaces (Sociology)"]}" data-trace="false" data-dom-id="Pill-react-component-4a0e4942-588d-4a8b-8617-f443e176924b"></div> <div id="Pill-react-component-4a0e4942-588d-4a8b-8617-f443e176924b"></div> </a><a data-click-track="profile-user-info-expand-research-interests" data-has-card-for-ri-list="525981" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Civil_Society_and_the_Public_Sphere"><div class="js-react-on-rails-component" style="display:none" data-component-name="Pill" data-props="{"color":"gray","children":["Civil Society and the Public Sphere"]}" data-trace="false" data-dom-id="Pill-react-component-289a1f8f-3a27-490b-879f-e3628ceb9955"></div> <div id="Pill-react-component-289a1f8f-3a27-490b-879f-e3628ceb9955"></div> </a><a data-click-track="profile-user-info-expand-research-interests" data-has-card-for-ri-list="525981" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Privately_owned_Public_Space"><div class="js-react-on-rails-component" style="display:none" data-component-name="Pill" data-props="{"color":"gray","children":["Privately owned Public Space"]}" data-trace="false" data-dom-id="Pill-react-component-b94373d0-70af-43c4-b57d-21bf16cbd344"></div> <div id="Pill-react-component-b94373d0-70af-43c4-b57d-21bf16cbd344"></div> </a><a data-click-track="profile-user-info-expand-research-interests" data-has-card-for-ri-list="525981" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Contested_Spaces_Anthropology_of_space_"><div class="js-react-on-rails-component" style="display:none" data-component-name="Pill" data-props="{"color":"gray","children":["Contested Spaces (Anthropology of space)"]}" data-trace="false" data-dom-id="Pill-react-component-eba7a7dd-6af9-4549-acc3-05eb7655a998"></div> <div id="Pill-react-component-eba7a7dd-6af9-4549-acc3-05eb7655a998"></div> </a></div></div><div class="external-links-container"><ul class="profile-links new-profile js-UserInfo-social"><li class="profile-profiles js-social-profiles-container"><i class="fa fa-spin fa-spinner"></i></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="right-panel-container"><div class="user-content-wrapper"><div class="uploads-container" id="social-redesign-work-container"><div class="upload-header"><h2 class="ds2-5-heading-sans-serif-xs">Uploads</h2></div><div class="nav-container backbone-profile-documents-nav hidden-xs"><ul class="nav-tablist" role="tablist"><li class="nav-chip active" role="presentation"><a data-section-name="" data-toggle="tab" href="#all" role="tab">all</a></li><li class="nav-chip" role="presentation"><a class="js-profile-docs-nav-section u-textTruncate" data-click-track="profile-works-tab" data-section-name="Papers" data-toggle="tab" href="#papers" role="tab" title="Papers"><span>54</span> <span class="ds2-5-body-sm-bold">Papers</span></a></li><li class="nav-chip" role="presentation"><a class="js-profile-docs-nav-section u-textTruncate" data-click-track="profile-works-tab" data-section-name="Books" data-toggle="tab" href="#books" role="tab" title="Books"><span>2</span> <span class="ds2-5-body-sm-bold">Books</span></a></li><li class="nav-chip" role="presentation"><a class="js-profile-docs-nav-section u-textTruncate" data-click-track="profile-works-tab" data-section-name="Book-Reviews" data-toggle="tab" href="#bookreviews" role="tab" title="Book Reviews"><span>1</span> <span class="ds2-5-body-sm-bold">Book Reviews</span></a></li></ul></div><div class="divider ds-divider-16" style="margin: 0px;"></div><div class="documents-container backbone-social-profile-documents" style="width: 100%;"><div class="u-taCenter"></div><div class="profile--tab_content_container js-tab-pane tab-pane active" id="all"><div class="profile--tab_heading_container js-section-heading" data-section="Papers" id="Papers"><h3 class="profile--tab_heading_container">Papers by Christian Dimmer</h3></div><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="123904710"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/123904710/Tokyo_Olympic_Bubble_The_Spatialisation_of_Corona_Politics_for_and_around_the_2020_Games"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Tokyo Olympic “Bubble”: The Spatialisation of Corona Politics for and around the 2020 Games" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/123904710/Tokyo_Olympic_Bubble_The_Spatialisation_of_Corona_Politics_for_and_around_the_2020_Games">Tokyo Olympic “Bubble”: The Spatialisation of Corona Politics for and around the 2020 Games</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Mega event planning</span><span>, 2024</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="123904710"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="123904710"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 123904710; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=123904710]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=123904710]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 123904710; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='123904710']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=123904710]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":123904710,"title":"Tokyo Olympic “Bubble”: The Spatialisation of Corona Politics for and around the 2020 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src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/123904707/Bubble_Protocol">Bubble Protocol</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Review of Japanese culture and society</span><span>, 2021</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="123904707"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="123904707"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 123904707; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=123904707]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=123904707]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 123904707; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='123904707']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=123904707]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":123904707,"title":"Bubble Protocol","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/123904707/Bubble_Protocol","owner_id":525981,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":525981,"first_name":"Christian","middle_initials":"","last_name":"Dimmer","page_name":"ChristianDimmer","domain_name":"waseda","created_at":"2011-07-02T09:52:49.201-07:00","display_name":"Christian Dimmer","url":"https://waseda.academia.edu/ChristianDimmer"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="101200860"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/101200860/Assembling_Sonys_presence_in_Ginza"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Assembling Sony's presence in Ginza" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/101200860/Assembling_Sonys_presence_in_Ginza">Assembling Sony's presence in Ginza</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>16th International Docomomo Conference Tokyo Japan 2020+1</span><span>, 2021</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">This paper offers a critical re-evaluation of what is arguably the clearest representation of a J...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">This paper offers a critical re-evaluation of what is arguably the clearest representation of a Japanese consumer electronic and media corporation in architectural form: the Ginza Sony Building. The paper argues that architect Yoshinobu Ashihara’s 1966 modern master- piece can be seen as a multilayered assemblage through which a number of distinct modernist traditions have evolved. This aspect of the building, we argue, is clearer in the present, ironically, after it has been demolished; in its absence. The building’s status as a modernist icon and, consequently, fame, developed gradually since it was opened. But a series of recent events and the resulting dynamic encouraged us to revisit the building to construct a wider, more satisfying understanding of its value. The renewed relevance of the Sony Build- ing, we know in hindsight, was determined when Tokyo was announced as a host of the 2020 Olympics. That announcement in September 2013 was a catalyst for a chain of events that revealed four distinct ‘evolutions’ in which the iconic building plays a distinct role. We discuss the change over time of: (1.) the emergence and presence of Sony in Ginza; (2.) the employment of modern architectural traditions and ideas; (3.) the linkage between Sony’s flagship products and the building; and (4.) the representations of Sony as an architectural form and how it evolved from building to park and the expected building-park. The paper, then, offers a re-reading of the modernist building as a non-discrete urban assemblage at the intersection of new technologies in consumer electronics, novel architectural ideas, a Post-War nascent consumer society, and, an urban district that transformed because of the 1964 Olympic Games and is currently re-transforming through the 2020 Tokyo Olympics. The paper recognizes the Sony Building as a relevant object of study and repositions it in the current context. It accounts for the main evolutionary traditions and shows how the building encourages their composition.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="101200860"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="101200860"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 101200860; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=101200860]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=101200860]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 101200860; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='101200860']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=101200860]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":101200860,"title":"Assembling Sony's presence in Ginza","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/101200860/Assembling_Sonys_presence_in_Ginza","owner_id":525981,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":525981,"first_name":"Christian","middle_initials":"","last_name":"Dimmer","page_name":"ChristianDimmer","domain_name":"waseda","created_at":"2011-07-02T09:52:49.201-07:00","display_name":"Christian Dimmer","url":"https://waseda.academia.edu/ChristianDimmer"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="101200859"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/101200859/Towns_in_transition_regional_and_ideological_diversity_among_local_climate_protection_projects_and_regional_revitalisation_efforts_in_rural_Japan"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Towns in transition – regional and ideological diversity among local climate protection projects and regional revitalisation efforts in rural Japan" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/101200859/Towns_in_transition_regional_and_ideological_diversity_among_local_climate_protection_projects_and_regional_revitalisation_efforts_in_rural_Japan">Towns in transition – regional and ideological diversity among local climate protection projects and regional revitalisation efforts in rural Japan</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Local Action on Climate Change</span><span>, 2017</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Japan is currently supplying its energy demand mostly by importing fosile fuels, especially LNG. ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Japan is currently supplying its energy demand mostly by importing fosile fuels, especially LNG. This is costly and contribute to CO2 related global warming. While the Japanese central government aims at reducing its reliance on LNG by restarting nuclear power plants, local initiatives show more concern for global and local environmental issues. In this chapter we are looking at three cases in Japan, a prominent Japanese branch of the transnational Transition Town initiative, a town in southern Japan and a mountain village in northwest Japan. We show that local initiatives within Japan differ strongly from national agendas and also from each other. We pay attention to geographic, demographic and political differences in order to point out the factors that contribute or hinder climate change action. We also point out, that climate change related activities in Japan, do not necessarily have to address or frame climate change as the main issue. Our cases show, that local problems seem to be much more eminent in the perception and motivation for taking action and that climate protection sometimes comes as a side effect. We also point out that while there is a huge natural, economic and social potential for renewable energies in Japan, committed politician, entrepreneurs and citizen activists face serious political and economic challenges.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="101200859"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="101200859"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 101200859; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); 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} }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="101200858"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/101200858/New_Urban_Commons"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of New Urban Commons" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/101200858/New_Urban_Commons">New Urban Commons</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="101200858"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="101200858"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 101200858; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=101200858]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=101200858]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 101200858; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='101200858']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=101200858]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":101200858,"title":"New Urban Commons","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/101200858/New_Urban_Commons","owner_id":525981,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":525981,"first_name":"Christian","middle_initials":"","last_name":"Dimmer","page_name":"ChristianDimmer","domain_name":"waseda","created_at":"2011-07-02T09:52:49.201-07:00","display_name":"Christian Dimmer","url":"https://waseda.academia.edu/ChristianDimmer"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="101200857"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/101200857/Re_imagining_public_space_The_vicissitudes_of_Japan_s_privately_owned_public_spaces"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Re-imagining public space: The vicissitudes of Japan’s privately owned public spaces" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/101200857/Re_imagining_public_space_The_vicissitudes_of_Japan_s_privately_owned_public_spaces">Re-imagining public space: The vicissitudes of Japan’s privately owned public spaces</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Perhaps few other ideas have been more persevering in architecture or urban planning discourses o...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Perhaps few other ideas have been more persevering in architecture or urban planning discourses over the past decades than ‘public space’. Ironically, its recent, expanded career as a central intellectual concept beyond those academic disciplines, concerned with the built environment, and its extensive use in professional and scholarly debates, in media and everyday language, didn’t help to lessen its semantic ambiguities (Gulick 1998, Nadal 2000). One substantial problem with the concept is its (mis-)conception as static and universal; as transcending the particularities of time, space, or culture, thus frustrating meaningful comparative discourses. As a result examining public space outside ones own cultural context may lead to early conclusions and normative distortions when observations do not match the preconceived repertoire of spatial archetypes, or familiar patterns of appropriation. Neil Smith reminds us thus that &amp;quot;(d)ifferent societies and different modes of production produce space differently; they produce their own kinds of spaces” (1998: 54). He argues that “specific societies and specific periods have distinctive spatial codes (… that) are integral to the social and spatial practices of a given place and period (…)” (ibid.). Consequently, public space is better conceived as a complex multi-dimensional notion, perpetually reproduced by local and global actors and discourses, shaped by hard and soft social institutions, as well as specific spatio-culturally induced systems of perception, interaction, representation, and language in a particular time and place. The job of theory and empirical enquiry is then elucidating the emergence, performance, and change of those spatial codes, constituting particular public space notions, rather than superimposing a priori views. Interestingly, international debates showed hitherto a strong bias toward Europe or North America —underplaying public space in non-western settings. Referring to the ultimately related and equally abstract idea of ‘civil society’ Frank Schwartz points out the intricacies of applying concepts across cultures that evolved in distinctively western milieus (2003: 3). After all, as the etymology of the Latin publicus (‘of the people’) suggests, delineating the social universe in public and private spheres or spaces has been a recurring concern of Western thought since antiquity. Cultures, however, have always borrowed from one and another in the past and thus rarely constitute homogeneous entities in the present. “Defying abstract considerations of authenticity and universality, ideas and institutions are constantly spreading beyond their place of origin to take root elsewhere, where they may be reconceived in local terms” (ibid.). Jennifer Robertson adds that “culture (...) is every bit as much an ongoing production as it is a constantly transforming product” (1998: 11). With Henri Lefèbvre (1991) I suggest that space, or more specifically public space, both reflects and contributes to this process and thus deserves further attention. The objective of this article is therefore to sketch out a more nuanced, flexible and culture sensitive understanding of public space. The key is Lefèbvre’s influential idea of the social construction of space, after which space is continually and dynamically constructed through a trialectic between the perceived, the conceived and the lived. The paper elucidates this idea with the example of urban Japan and applies it for a close examination of the underlying socio-spatial and historical processes, leading up to the present public space boom. In order to reduce complexity, the focus is on one particular spatial archetype and its related institutional and discursive context. So-called privately owned public spaces (POPS) are quantitatively highly significant as they thrived adjacent to hundreds of downtown skyscrapers since the late 1960s. Moreover, since these privately owned, yet publicly accessible spaces result from a trade-off between bonus floor area for open space, involving developers and local governments, their design and operation reflects how public space was thought by both public and private key actors at a specific point in time. This is a fresh perspective, as most writing on the subject focused hitherto mostly on government policies but ignored the motivation of private developers.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="101200857"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="101200857"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 101200857; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=101200857]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=101200857]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 101200857; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='101200857']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=101200857]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":101200857,"title":"Re-imagining public space: The vicissitudes of Japan’s privately owned public spaces","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/101200857/Re_imagining_public_space_The_vicissitudes_of_Japan_s_privately_owned_public_spaces","owner_id":525981,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":525981,"first_name":"Christian","middle_initials":"","last_name":"Dimmer","page_name":"ChristianDimmer","domain_name":"waseda","created_at":"2011-07-02T09:52:49.201-07:00","display_name":"Christian Dimmer","url":"https://waseda.academia.edu/ChristianDimmer"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="101200856"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/101200856/1am_5am_Tokyo_Urban_rhythms_and_the_politics_of_train_schedules"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of 1am-5am: Tokyo, Urban rhythms and the politics of train schedules" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/101200856/1am_5am_Tokyo_Urban_rhythms_and_the_politics_of_train_schedules">1am-5am: Tokyo, Urban rhythms and the politics of train schedules</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">At the centre of this article is arguably one of the most significant yet underexplored voids at ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">At the centre of this article is arguably one of the most significant yet underexplored voids at the heart of the major cities in Japan: the temporal void of approximately four hours, which occurs between the last train on any day and the first train of the following one. Many cities, including Tokyo, have witnessed debates in recent years about their competitiveness as &quot;always on&quot; 24-hour global cities. In these debates &quot;night&quot; is often characterised as a temporal void, a comparatively unproductive urban time that might be better utilized to improve the city&#39;s economic position as well as urban experience. This article argues that such a view is institutionally biased, as it marginalizes or ignores the everyday experiences of city inhabitants and is also a misunderstanding of the broader temporal and spatial context of &quot;night&quot; and the apparent void it creates.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="101200856"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="101200856"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 101200856; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=101200856]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=101200856]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 101200856; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='101200856']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=101200856]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":101200856,"title":"1am-5am: Tokyo, Urban rhythms and the politics of train schedules","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/101200856/1am_5am_Tokyo_Urban_rhythms_and_the_politics_of_train_schedules","owner_id":525981,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":525981,"first_name":"Christian","middle_initials":"","last_name":"Dimmer","page_name":"ChristianDimmer","domain_name":"waseda","created_at":"2011-07-02T09:52:49.201-07:00","display_name":"Christian Dimmer","url":"https://waseda.academia.edu/ChristianDimmer"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="101200855"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/101200855/Tokyo_s_modern_legacy_and_the_2020_Olympic_Games"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Tokyo’s modern legacy and the 2020 Olympic Games" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/101200855/Tokyo_s_modern_legacy_and_the_2020_Olympic_Games">Tokyo’s modern legacy and the 2020 Olympic Games</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Routledge Companion to Global Heritage Conservation</span><span>, 2019</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Rarely has the value of modern architecture and heritage in the Japanese city been more trenchant...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Rarely has the value of modern architecture and heritage in the Japanese city been more trenchantly depicted than in Kon Ishikawa&amp;#39;s classic &amp;quot;Tokyo Olympiad&amp;quot; of 1965. The monumental film that chronicles the 1964 Tokyo Olympic begins with a staggering scene of destruction: The image of a rising sun, representing the Japan that has similarly risen out of the ruins of World War II, seamlessly blends into a wrecking ball, vociferously knocking down complete ferro-concrete building facades. After these violent opening scenes and now framed by an ethereal, almost angelic score, the camera gracefully pans along the astounding architectural jewels that were created for the 1964 Tokyo Olympiad-the National Stadium by Katayama Mitsuo, the Komazawa Stadium by Murata Masachika, the Komazawa Gymnasium by Ashihara Yoshinobu, and the Yoyogi Gymnasiums by Tange Kenzo-and that catapulted modernist Japanese architecture into the global limelight almost overnight. This sequence of a dignified, quiet monumentality, devoid of people, harshly ends with a crosscut to a bustling, chaotic Tokyo street, underscored by a nervous score. On the most abstract level, the wrecking ball functions as a powerful symbol, &amp;quot;denoting the violence implicit in [Japan&amp;#39;s overall] modernizing process&amp;quot; (Russell 2002: 218). On another level, these scenes seem to suggest that the old city naturally should give way for the new to emerge. Only the creative destruction of the outdated buildings and neighborhoods allows for the Olympic city to materialize. On yet another concrete level these scenes graphically depict the unsentimental and utilitarian treatment of building structures throughout the country&amp;#39;s modern history. Like in few other places in the world, perfectly maintained ferro-concrete office buildings that couldn&amp;#39;t be much older than 20 to 30 years at the time the film was made are torn down just because changed regulations, new building technologies, or a tense real estate market demanded bigger, more profitable structures. And indeed, few modern building structures last longer than 50 years in Japan. Wrecking balls are no longer used today, but the incessant replacement of outdated building structures continues to this day.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="101200855"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="101200855"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 101200855; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=101200855]").text(description); 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} }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="101200853"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/101200853/Japan_nach_dem_11_Maerz_2011_Zwischen_raschem_Wiederaufbau_und_nachhaltigem_Umbau"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Japan nach dem 11. Maerz 2011 - Zwischen raschem Wiederaufbau und nachhaltigem Umbau" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/101200853/Japan_nach_dem_11_Maerz_2011_Zwischen_raschem_Wiederaufbau_und_nachhaltigem_Umbau">Japan nach dem 11. Maerz 2011 - Zwischen raschem Wiederaufbau und nachhaltigem Umbau</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Geographische Rundschau</span><span>, 2013</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="101200853"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="101200853"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 101200853; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=101200853]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=101200853]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 101200853; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='101200853']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=101200853]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":101200853,"title":"Japan nach dem 11. Maerz 2011 - Zwischen raschem Wiederaufbau und nachhaltigem Umbau","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/101200853/Japan_nach_dem_11_Maerz_2011_Zwischen_raschem_Wiederaufbau_und_nachhaltigem_Umbau","owner_id":525981,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":525981,"first_name":"Christian","middle_initials":"","last_name":"Dimmer","page_name":"ChristianDimmer","domain_name":"waseda","created_at":"2011-07-02T09:52:49.201-07:00","display_name":"Christian Dimmer","url":"https://waseda.academia.edu/ChristianDimmer"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="101200852"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/101200852/Responding_to_the_Environmental_Crisis"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Responding to the Environmental Crisis" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/101200852/Responding_to_the_Environmental_Crisis">Responding to the Environmental Crisis</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">It is clear that attempting to address environmental problems at their point of harm through iden...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">It is clear that attempting to address environmental problems at their point of harm through identifying immediate causes has not been successful. The rate of change and growth in human activity, science, technology and society continues to create environmental crises which outpace remedial actions attempting to safeguard the ecosystems of the planet. Moreover, the uncoordinated application of technological fixes on many scales without properly understanding their long-term side effects has caused new, unpredicted wicked legacies. At the same time, prior efforts to identify root causes of the environmental crisis failed to provide a basis for designing policy interventions which could have direct impacts on the environmental crises within a timeframe suited to the rapid rate at which these crises unfold. Identifying proximate factors contributing to the environmental crisis, in which interventions can be considered short of revolutionary or unlikely societal changes, provides a way to bridge this gap between band-aid solutions and unachievable aspirations. The paper explores a range of proximate factors contributing to the environmental crisis, including: The momentum and self-sustaining logic of money and raw materials; Warfare and the environmental crisis; Wicked legacies; Ownership and legal systems; Modernity, utopian thinking, pursuit of personal happiness, and the idea of progress; Externalising waste, exporting harm, creating inter-generational debt; Information transparency and deliberate blindness; Compartmentalisation and specialisation; Decision making and accountability: Sovereignty, nation-states and the international system; Poverty, redistribution, Malthus and the limits to growth; and, Adaptability.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="101200852"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="101200852"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 101200852; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=101200852]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=101200852]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 101200852; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='101200852']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=101200852]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":101200852,"title":"Responding to the Environmental Crisis","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/101200852/Responding_to_the_Environmental_Crisis","owner_id":525981,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":525981,"first_name":"Christian","middle_initials":"","last_name":"Dimmer","page_name":"ChristianDimmer","domain_name":"waseda","created_at":"2011-07-02T09:52:49.201-07:00","display_name":"Christian Dimmer","url":"https://waseda.academia.edu/ChristianDimmer"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="101200851"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/101200851/Aesthetic_Intelligence_Designing_Smart_and_Beautiful_Architectural_Spaces"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Aesthetic Intelligence: Designing Smart and Beautiful Architectural Spaces" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/101806517/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/101200851/Aesthetic_Intelligence_Designing_Smart_and_Beautiful_Architectural_Spaces">Aesthetic Intelligence: Designing Smart and Beautiful Architectural Spaces</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Lecture Notes in Computer Science</span><span>, 2011</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">This paper reports on the first international workshop on Aesthetic Intelligence. The focus of th...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">This paper reports on the first international workshop on Aesthetic Intelligence. The focus of the workshop is on the relevance of beauty and aesthetic values for Ambient Intelligence and the meaning of aesthetically pleasing design for usability, technology acceptance, and well-being in technology-enhanced spaces.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="57d023cd5941ba3d186914f640100897" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":101806517,"asset_id":101200851,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/101806517/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="101200851"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="101200851"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 101200851; 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class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Planning Theory & Practice</span><span>, 2014</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Itonaga & Christian Dimmer (2014) Planning innovation and post-disaster reconstruction: The case ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Itonaga & Christian Dimmer (2014) Planning innovation and post-disaster reconstruction: The case of Tohoku, Japan/Reconstruction of tsunami-devastated fishing villages in the Tohoku region of Japan and the challenges for planning/Post-disaster reconstruction in Iwate and new planning challenges for Japan/Towards a "network community" for the displaced town of Namie, FukushimaResilience design and community support in Iitate Village in the 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class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="123904710"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="123904710"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 123904710; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=123904710]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=123904710]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 123904710; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='123904710']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=123904710]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":123904710,"title":"Tokyo Olympic “Bubble”: The Spatialisation of Corona Politics for and around the 2020 Games","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/123904710/Tokyo_Olympic_Bubble_The_Spatialisation_of_Corona_Politics_for_and_around_the_2020_Games","owner_id":525981,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":525981,"first_name":"Christian","middle_initials":"","last_name":"Dimmer","page_name":"ChristianDimmer","domain_name":"waseda","created_at":"2011-07-02T09:52:49.201-07:00","display_name":"Christian Dimmer","url":"https://waseda.academia.edu/ChristianDimmer"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="123904707"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/123904707/Bubble_Protocol"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Bubble Protocol" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/123904707/Bubble_Protocol">Bubble Protocol</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Review of Japanese culture and society</span><span>, 2021</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="123904707"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="123904707"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 123904707; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=123904707]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=123904707]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 123904707; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='123904707']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=123904707]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":123904707,"title":"Bubble Protocol","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/123904707/Bubble_Protocol","owner_id":525981,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":525981,"first_name":"Christian","middle_initials":"","last_name":"Dimmer","page_name":"ChristianDimmer","domain_name":"waseda","created_at":"2011-07-02T09:52:49.201-07:00","display_name":"Christian Dimmer","url":"https://waseda.academia.edu/ChristianDimmer"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="101200860"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/101200860/Assembling_Sonys_presence_in_Ginza"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Assembling Sony's presence in Ginza" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/101200860/Assembling_Sonys_presence_in_Ginza">Assembling Sony's presence in Ginza</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>16th International Docomomo Conference Tokyo Japan 2020+1</span><span>, 2021</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">This paper offers a critical re-evaluation of what is arguably the clearest representation of a J...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">This paper offers a critical re-evaluation of what is arguably the clearest representation of a Japanese consumer electronic and media corporation in architectural form: the Ginza Sony Building. The paper argues that architect Yoshinobu Ashihara’s 1966 modern master- piece can be seen as a multilayered assemblage through which a number of distinct modernist traditions have evolved. This aspect of the building, we argue, is clearer in the present, ironically, after it has been demolished; in its absence. The building’s status as a modernist icon and, consequently, fame, developed gradually since it was opened. But a series of recent events and the resulting dynamic encouraged us to revisit the building to construct a wider, more satisfying understanding of its value. The renewed relevance of the Sony Build- ing, we know in hindsight, was determined when Tokyo was announced as a host of the 2020 Olympics. That announcement in September 2013 was a catalyst for a chain of events that revealed four distinct ‘evolutions’ in which the iconic building plays a distinct role. We discuss the change over time of: (1.) the emergence and presence of Sony in Ginza; (2.) the employment of modern architectural traditions and ideas; (3.) the linkage between Sony’s flagship products and the building; and (4.) the representations of Sony as an architectural form and how it evolved from building to park and the expected building-park. The paper, then, offers a re-reading of the modernist building as a non-discrete urban assemblage at the intersection of new technologies in consumer electronics, novel architectural ideas, a Post-War nascent consumer society, and, an urban district that transformed because of the 1964 Olympic Games and is currently re-transforming through the 2020 Tokyo Olympics. The paper recognizes the Sony Building as a relevant object of study and repositions it in the current context. It accounts for the main evolutionary traditions and shows how the building encourages their composition.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="101200860"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="101200860"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 101200860; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=101200860]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=101200860]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 101200860; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='101200860']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=101200860]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":101200860,"title":"Assembling Sony's presence in Ginza","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/101200860/Assembling_Sonys_presence_in_Ginza","owner_id":525981,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":525981,"first_name":"Christian","middle_initials":"","last_name":"Dimmer","page_name":"ChristianDimmer","domain_name":"waseda","created_at":"2011-07-02T09:52:49.201-07:00","display_name":"Christian Dimmer","url":"https://waseda.academia.edu/ChristianDimmer"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="101200859"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/101200859/Towns_in_transition_regional_and_ideological_diversity_among_local_climate_protection_projects_and_regional_revitalisation_efforts_in_rural_Japan"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Towns in transition – regional and ideological diversity among local climate protection projects and regional revitalisation efforts in rural Japan" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/101200859/Towns_in_transition_regional_and_ideological_diversity_among_local_climate_protection_projects_and_regional_revitalisation_efforts_in_rural_Japan">Towns in transition – regional and ideological diversity among local climate protection projects and regional revitalisation efforts in rural Japan</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Local Action on Climate Change</span><span>, 2017</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Japan is currently supplying its energy demand mostly by importing fosile fuels, especially LNG. ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Japan is currently supplying its energy demand mostly by importing fosile fuels, especially LNG. This is costly and contribute to CO2 related global warming. While the Japanese central government aims at reducing its reliance on LNG by restarting nuclear power plants, local initiatives show more concern for global and local environmental issues. In this chapter we are looking at three cases in Japan, a prominent Japanese branch of the transnational Transition Town initiative, a town in southern Japan and a mountain village in northwest Japan. We show that local initiatives within Japan differ strongly from national agendas and also from each other. We pay attention to geographic, demographic and political differences in order to point out the factors that contribute or hinder climate change action. We also point out, that climate change related activities in Japan, do not necessarily have to address or frame climate change as the main issue. Our cases show, that local problems seem to be much more eminent in the perception and motivation for taking action and that climate protection sometimes comes as a side effect. We also point out that while there is a huge natural, economic and social potential for renewable energies in Japan, committed politician, entrepreneurs and citizen activists face serious political and economic challenges.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="101200859"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="101200859"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 101200859; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=101200859]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=101200859]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 101200859; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='101200859']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=101200859]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":101200859,"title":"Towns in transition – regional and ideological diversity among local climate protection projects and regional revitalisation efforts in rural Japan","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/101200859/Towns_in_transition_regional_and_ideological_diversity_among_local_climate_protection_projects_and_regional_revitalisation_efforts_in_rural_Japan","owner_id":525981,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":525981,"first_name":"Christian","middle_initials":"","last_name":"Dimmer","page_name":"ChristianDimmer","domain_name":"waseda","created_at":"2011-07-02T09:52:49.201-07:00","display_name":"Christian Dimmer","url":"https://waseda.academia.edu/ChristianDimmer"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="101200858"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/101200858/New_Urban_Commons"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of New Urban Commons" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/101200858/New_Urban_Commons">New Urban Commons</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="101200858"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="101200858"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 101200858; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=101200858]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=101200858]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 101200858; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='101200858']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=101200858]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":101200858,"title":"New Urban Commons","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/101200858/New_Urban_Commons","owner_id":525981,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":525981,"first_name":"Christian","middle_initials":"","last_name":"Dimmer","page_name":"ChristianDimmer","domain_name":"waseda","created_at":"2011-07-02T09:52:49.201-07:00","display_name":"Christian Dimmer","url":"https://waseda.academia.edu/ChristianDimmer"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="101200857"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/101200857/Re_imagining_public_space_The_vicissitudes_of_Japan_s_privately_owned_public_spaces"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Re-imagining public space: The vicissitudes of Japan’s privately owned public spaces" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/101200857/Re_imagining_public_space_The_vicissitudes_of_Japan_s_privately_owned_public_spaces">Re-imagining public space: The vicissitudes of Japan’s privately owned public spaces</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Perhaps few other ideas have been more persevering in architecture or urban planning discourses o...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Perhaps few other ideas have been more persevering in architecture or urban planning discourses over the past decades than ‘public space’. Ironically, its recent, expanded career as a central intellectual concept beyond those academic disciplines, concerned with the built environment, and its extensive use in professional and scholarly debates, in media and everyday language, didn’t help to lessen its semantic ambiguities (Gulick 1998, Nadal 2000). One substantial problem with the concept is its (mis-)conception as static and universal; as transcending the particularities of time, space, or culture, thus frustrating meaningful comparative discourses. As a result examining public space outside ones own cultural context may lead to early conclusions and normative distortions when observations do not match the preconceived repertoire of spatial archetypes, or familiar patterns of appropriation. Neil Smith reminds us thus that &amp;quot;(d)ifferent societies and different modes of production produce space differently; they produce their own kinds of spaces” (1998: 54). He argues that “specific societies and specific periods have distinctive spatial codes (… that) are integral to the social and spatial practices of a given place and period (…)” (ibid.). Consequently, public space is better conceived as a complex multi-dimensional notion, perpetually reproduced by local and global actors and discourses, shaped by hard and soft social institutions, as well as specific spatio-culturally induced systems of perception, interaction, representation, and language in a particular time and place. The job of theory and empirical enquiry is then elucidating the emergence, performance, and change of those spatial codes, constituting particular public space notions, rather than superimposing a priori views. Interestingly, international debates showed hitherto a strong bias toward Europe or North America —underplaying public space in non-western settings. Referring to the ultimately related and equally abstract idea of ‘civil society’ Frank Schwartz points out the intricacies of applying concepts across cultures that evolved in distinctively western milieus (2003: 3). After all, as the etymology of the Latin publicus (‘of the people’) suggests, delineating the social universe in public and private spheres or spaces has been a recurring concern of Western thought since antiquity. Cultures, however, have always borrowed from one and another in the past and thus rarely constitute homogeneous entities in the present. “Defying abstract considerations of authenticity and universality, ideas and institutions are constantly spreading beyond their place of origin to take root elsewhere, where they may be reconceived in local terms” (ibid.). Jennifer Robertson adds that “culture (...) is every bit as much an ongoing production as it is a constantly transforming product” (1998: 11). With Henri Lefèbvre (1991) I suggest that space, or more specifically public space, both reflects and contributes to this process and thus deserves further attention. The objective of this article is therefore to sketch out a more nuanced, flexible and culture sensitive understanding of public space. The key is Lefèbvre’s influential idea of the social construction of space, after which space is continually and dynamically constructed through a trialectic between the perceived, the conceived and the lived. The paper elucidates this idea with the example of urban Japan and applies it for a close examination of the underlying socio-spatial and historical processes, leading up to the present public space boom. In order to reduce complexity, the focus is on one particular spatial archetype and its related institutional and discursive context. So-called privately owned public spaces (POPS) are quantitatively highly significant as they thrived adjacent to hundreds of downtown skyscrapers since the late 1960s. Moreover, since these privately owned, yet publicly accessible spaces result from a trade-off between bonus floor area for open space, involving developers and local governments, their design and operation reflects how public space was thought by both public and private key actors at a specific point in time. This is a fresh perspective, as most writing on the subject focused hitherto mostly on government policies but ignored the motivation of private developers.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="101200857"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="101200857"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 101200857; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=101200857]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=101200857]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 101200857; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='101200857']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=101200857]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":101200857,"title":"Re-imagining public space: The vicissitudes of Japan’s privately owned public spaces","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/101200857/Re_imagining_public_space_The_vicissitudes_of_Japan_s_privately_owned_public_spaces","owner_id":525981,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":525981,"first_name":"Christian","middle_initials":"","last_name":"Dimmer","page_name":"ChristianDimmer","domain_name":"waseda","created_at":"2011-07-02T09:52:49.201-07:00","display_name":"Christian Dimmer","url":"https://waseda.academia.edu/ChristianDimmer"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="101200856"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/101200856/1am_5am_Tokyo_Urban_rhythms_and_the_politics_of_train_schedules"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of 1am-5am: Tokyo, Urban rhythms and the politics of train schedules" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/101200856/1am_5am_Tokyo_Urban_rhythms_and_the_politics_of_train_schedules">1am-5am: Tokyo, Urban rhythms and the politics of train schedules</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">At the centre of this article is arguably one of the most significant yet underexplored voids at ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">At the centre of this article is arguably one of the most significant yet underexplored voids at the heart of the major cities in Japan: the temporal void of approximately four hours, which occurs between the last train on any day and the first train of the following one. Many cities, including Tokyo, have witnessed debates in recent years about their competitiveness as &quot;always on&quot; 24-hour global cities. In these debates &quot;night&quot; is often characterised as a temporal void, a comparatively unproductive urban time that might be better utilized to improve the city&#39;s economic position as well as urban experience. This article argues that such a view is institutionally biased, as it marginalizes or ignores the everyday experiences of city inhabitants and is also a misunderstanding of the broader temporal and spatial context of &quot;night&quot; and the apparent void it creates.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="101200856"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="101200856"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 101200856; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=101200856]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=101200856]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 101200856; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='101200856']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=101200856]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":101200856,"title":"1am-5am: Tokyo, Urban rhythms and the politics of train schedules","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/101200856/1am_5am_Tokyo_Urban_rhythms_and_the_politics_of_train_schedules","owner_id":525981,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":525981,"first_name":"Christian","middle_initials":"","last_name":"Dimmer","page_name":"ChristianDimmer","domain_name":"waseda","created_at":"2011-07-02T09:52:49.201-07:00","display_name":"Christian Dimmer","url":"https://waseda.academia.edu/ChristianDimmer"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="101200855"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/101200855/Tokyo_s_modern_legacy_and_the_2020_Olympic_Games"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Tokyo’s modern legacy and the 2020 Olympic Games" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/101200855/Tokyo_s_modern_legacy_and_the_2020_Olympic_Games">Tokyo’s modern legacy and the 2020 Olympic Games</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Routledge Companion to Global Heritage Conservation</span><span>, 2019</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Rarely has the value of modern architecture and heritage in the Japanese city been more trenchant...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Rarely has the value of modern architecture and heritage in the Japanese city been more trenchantly depicted than in Kon Ishikawa&amp;#39;s classic &amp;quot;Tokyo Olympiad&amp;quot; of 1965. The monumental film that chronicles the 1964 Tokyo Olympic begins with a staggering scene of destruction: The image of a rising sun, representing the Japan that has similarly risen out of the ruins of World War II, seamlessly blends into a wrecking ball, vociferously knocking down complete ferro-concrete building facades. After these violent opening scenes and now framed by an ethereal, almost angelic score, the camera gracefully pans along the astounding architectural jewels that were created for the 1964 Tokyo Olympiad-the National Stadium by Katayama Mitsuo, the Komazawa Stadium by Murata Masachika, the Komazawa Gymnasium by Ashihara Yoshinobu, and the Yoyogi Gymnasiums by Tange Kenzo-and that catapulted modernist Japanese architecture into the global limelight almost overnight. This sequence of a dignified, quiet monumentality, devoid of people, harshly ends with a crosscut to a bustling, chaotic Tokyo street, underscored by a nervous score. On the most abstract level, the wrecking ball functions as a powerful symbol, &amp;quot;denoting the violence implicit in [Japan&amp;#39;s overall] modernizing process&amp;quot; (Russell 2002: 218). On another level, these scenes seem to suggest that the old city naturally should give way for the new to emerge. Only the creative destruction of the outdated buildings and neighborhoods allows for the Olympic city to materialize. On yet another concrete level these scenes graphically depict the unsentimental and utilitarian treatment of building structures throughout the country&amp;#39;s modern history. Like in few other places in the world, perfectly maintained ferro-concrete office buildings that couldn&amp;#39;t be much older than 20 to 30 years at the time the film was made are torn down just because changed regulations, new building technologies, or a tense real estate market demanded bigger, more profitable structures. And indeed, few modern building structures last longer than 50 years in Japan. Wrecking balls are no longer used today, but the incessant replacement of outdated building structures continues to this day.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="101200855"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="101200855"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 101200855; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=101200855]").text(description); 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dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=101200855]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":101200855,"title":"Tokyo’s modern legacy and the 2020 Olympic Games","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/101200855/Tokyo_s_modern_legacy_and_the_2020_Olympic_Games","owner_id":525981,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":525981,"first_name":"Christian","middle_initials":"","last_name":"Dimmer","page_name":"ChristianDimmer","domain_name":"waseda","created_at":"2011-07-02T09:52:49.201-07:00","display_name":"Christian Dimmer","url":"https://waseda.academia.edu/ChristianDimmer"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="101200854"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/101200854/_Re_Assembling_Public_Space_Creating_New_Urban_Commons_Evolving_Geographies_of_Contestation_Celebration_and_Collaboration_in_Contemporary_Tokyo"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of {Re}Assembling Public Space/ Creating New Urban Commons: Evolving Geographies of Contestation, Celebration, and Collaboration in Contemporary Tokyo" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/101200854/_Re_Assembling_Public_Space_Creating_New_Urban_Commons_Evolving_Geographies_of_Contestation_Celebration_and_Collaboration_in_Contemporary_Tokyo">{Re}Assembling Public Space/ Creating New Urban Commons: Evolving Geographies of Contestation, Celebration, and Collaboration in Contemporary Tokyo</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="101200854"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="101200854"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 101200854; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=101200854]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=101200854]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 101200854; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='101200854']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); 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} }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="101200853"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/101200853/Japan_nach_dem_11_Maerz_2011_Zwischen_raschem_Wiederaufbau_und_nachhaltigem_Umbau"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Japan nach dem 11. Maerz 2011 - Zwischen raschem Wiederaufbau und nachhaltigem Umbau" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/101200853/Japan_nach_dem_11_Maerz_2011_Zwischen_raschem_Wiederaufbau_und_nachhaltigem_Umbau">Japan nach dem 11. Maerz 2011 - Zwischen raschem Wiederaufbau und nachhaltigem Umbau</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Geographische Rundschau</span><span>, 2013</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="101200853"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="101200853"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 101200853; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=101200853]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=101200853]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 101200853; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='101200853']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=101200853]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":101200853,"title":"Japan nach dem 11. Maerz 2011 - Zwischen raschem Wiederaufbau und nachhaltigem Umbau","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/101200853/Japan_nach_dem_11_Maerz_2011_Zwischen_raschem_Wiederaufbau_und_nachhaltigem_Umbau","owner_id":525981,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":525981,"first_name":"Christian","middle_initials":"","last_name":"Dimmer","page_name":"ChristianDimmer","domain_name":"waseda","created_at":"2011-07-02T09:52:49.201-07:00","display_name":"Christian Dimmer","url":"https://waseda.academia.edu/ChristianDimmer"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="101200852"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/101200852/Responding_to_the_Environmental_Crisis"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Responding to the Environmental Crisis" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/101200852/Responding_to_the_Environmental_Crisis">Responding to the Environmental Crisis</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">It is clear that attempting to address environmental problems at their point of harm through iden...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">It is clear that attempting to address environmental problems at their point of harm through identifying immediate causes has not been successful. The rate of change and growth in human activity, science, technology and society continues to create environmental crises which outpace remedial actions attempting to safeguard the ecosystems of the planet. Moreover, the uncoordinated application of technological fixes on many scales without properly understanding their long-term side effects has caused new, unpredicted wicked legacies. At the same time, prior efforts to identify root causes of the environmental crisis failed to provide a basis for designing policy interventions which could have direct impacts on the environmental crises within a timeframe suited to the rapid rate at which these crises unfold. Identifying proximate factors contributing to the environmental crisis, in which interventions can be considered short of revolutionary or unlikely societal changes, provides a way to bridge this gap between band-aid solutions and unachievable aspirations. The paper explores a range of proximate factors contributing to the environmental crisis, including: The momentum and self-sustaining logic of money and raw materials; Warfare and the environmental crisis; Wicked legacies; Ownership and legal systems; Modernity, utopian thinking, pursuit of personal happiness, and the idea of progress; Externalising waste, exporting harm, creating inter-generational debt; Information transparency and deliberate blindness; Compartmentalisation and specialisation; Decision making and accountability: Sovereignty, nation-states and the international system; Poverty, redistribution, Malthus and the limits to growth; and, Adaptability.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="101200852"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="101200852"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 101200852; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=101200852]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=101200852]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 101200852; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='101200852']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=101200852]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":101200852,"title":"Responding to the Environmental Crisis","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/101200852/Responding_to_the_Environmental_Crisis","owner_id":525981,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":525981,"first_name":"Christian","middle_initials":"","last_name":"Dimmer","page_name":"ChristianDimmer","domain_name":"waseda","created_at":"2011-07-02T09:52:49.201-07:00","display_name":"Christian Dimmer","url":"https://waseda.academia.edu/ChristianDimmer"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="101200851"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/101200851/Aesthetic_Intelligence_Designing_Smart_and_Beautiful_Architectural_Spaces"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Aesthetic Intelligence: Designing Smart and Beautiful Architectural Spaces" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/101806517/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/101200851/Aesthetic_Intelligence_Designing_Smart_and_Beautiful_Architectural_Spaces">Aesthetic Intelligence: Designing Smart and Beautiful Architectural Spaces</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Lecture Notes in Computer Science</span><span>, 2011</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">This paper reports on the first international workshop on Aesthetic Intelligence. The focus of th...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">This paper reports on the first international workshop on Aesthetic Intelligence. 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class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Planning Theory & Practice</span><span>, 2014</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Itonaga & Christian Dimmer (2014) Planning innovation and post-disaster reconstruction: The case ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Itonaga & Christian Dimmer (2014) Planning innovation and post-disaster reconstruction: The case of Tohoku, Japan/Reconstruction of tsunami-devastated fishing villages in the Tohoku region of Japan and the challenges for planning/Post-disaster reconstruction in Iwate and new planning challenges for Japan/Towards a "network community" for the displaced town of Namie, FukushimaResilience design and community support in Iitate Village in the 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data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/26478682/Espacio_p%C3%BAblico_de_propiedad_privada_en_Jap%C3%B3n_Espacios_corporativos_abiertos_que_no_han_sido_reclamados_para_el_uso_p%C3%BAblico">Espacio público de propiedad privada en Japón: Espacios corporativos abiertos que no han sido reclamados para el uso público</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>POPS – el uso público del espacio urbano</span><span>, 2015</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">El presente ensayo analiza la proliferación de una de las categorías más significativas de esp...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">El presente ensayo analiza la proliferación de una de las categorías más significativas de espacios de uso público en el Japón metropolitano contemporáneo. El texto explora cuándo y por qué el gobierno comenzó a traspasar la producción de espacios públicos a actores privados, y reflexiona sobre cómo se han transforma- do estos espacios en el transcurso de los últimos cuarenta años, pasando de ser «espacios públicos muertos» a convertirse en «escenarios totales de trabajo y es- parcimiento». Resulta interesante observar que la transformación cualitativa de esos relevantes residuos de materia urbana fue, más que el resultado de la presión de la sociedad civil o de los planificadores gubernamentales en pro de la creación de entornos urbanos de alta calidad, el efecto de mecanismos del mercado que identificaron a los espacios públicos como medios importantes para valorizar locaciones específicas.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="958a42575872f103b6a30493a51b61d0" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":46774026,"asset_id":26478682,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/46774026/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="26478682"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="26478682"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 26478682; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> </div><div class="profile--tab_content_container js-tab-pane tab-pane" data-section-id="12587694" id="bookreviews"><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="58709542"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/58709542/Book_Review_SMART_CITIES_IN_ASIA_Governing_Development_in_the_Era_of_Hyper_Connectivity_Cities_Edited_by_Yu_Min_Joo_and_Teck_Boon_Tan"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Book Review: SMART CITIES IN ASIA: Governing Development in the Era of Hyper- Connectivity. Cities. Edited by Yu-Min Joo and Teck-Boon Tan." class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/72989005/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/58709542/Book_Review_SMART_CITIES_IN_ASIA_Governing_Development_in_the_Era_of_Hyper_Connectivity_Cities_Edited_by_Yu_Min_Joo_and_Teck_Boon_Tan">Book Review: SMART CITIES IN ASIA: Governing Development in the Era of Hyper- Connectivity. Cities. Edited by Yu-Min Joo and Teck-Boon Tan.</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Pacific Affairs</span><span>, 2021</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Few recent ideas have equally captivated the imaginations of politicians, corporate strategists, ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Few recent ideas have equally captivated the imaginations of politicians, corporate strategists, and citizen activists as much as the Smart City. The ubiquitous and pervasive application of information and communication technology (ICT) like big data, Internet of things (IoT), artificial intelligence (AI), or robots is widely identified as a means to make cities smarter and more sustainable at a time when 55 percent of the global population resides in urban areas, produces 60 percent of the greenhouse gas emissions and consumes 78 percent of the world’s energy. Critics of the Smart City decry it as an evocative slogan that high-tech companies, entrepreneurial politicians, and international consultants employ in order to advance their agendas. 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