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Modulació per impulsos codificats - Viquipèdia, l'enciclopèdia lliure

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data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contingut</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mou a la barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">amaga</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inici</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Classificació" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classificació"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Classificació</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Classificació-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Commuta la subsecció Classificació</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Classificació-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-PCM_uniforme" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#PCM_uniforme"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>PCM uniforme</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-PCM_uniforme-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-PCM_no-uniforme" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#PCM_no-uniforme"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>PCM no-uniforme</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-PCM_no-uniforme-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-PCM_logarítmic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#PCM_logarítmic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>PCM logarítmic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-PCM_logarítmic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Altres_variants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Altres_variants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Altres variants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Altres_variants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mostreig" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mostreig"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Mostreig</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mostreig-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Canal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soroll" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soroll"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Soroll</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soroll-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Capacitat_del_canal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Capacitat_del_canal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Capacitat del canal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Capacitat_del_canal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Codificació_de_canals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Codificació_de_canals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Codificació de canals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Codificació_de_canals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referències" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referències"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Referències</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referències-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contingut" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Taula de continguts" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Commuta la taula de continguts." > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Commuta la taula de continguts.</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Modulació per impulsos codificats</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Vés a un article en una altra llengua. Disponible en 38 llengües" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-38" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">38 llengües</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B6%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86_%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B6%D9%8A_%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B2" title="تضمين نبضي مرمز - àrab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تضمين نبضي مرمز" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="àrab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Импулсно-кодова модулация - búlgar" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Импулсно-кодова модулация" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="búlgar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulzn%C4%9B_k%C3%B3dov%C3%A1_modulace" title="Pulzně kódová modulace - txec" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pulzně kódová modulace" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="txec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse_Code_Modulation" title="Pulse Code Modulation - danès" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Pulse Code Modulation" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puls-Code-Modulation" title="Puls-Code-Modulation - alemany" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Puls-Code-Modulation" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemany" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation" title="Pulse-code modulation - anglès" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Pulse-code modulation" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impulskodigo-modulado" title="Impulskodigo-modulado - esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Impulskodigo-modulado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulaci%C3%B3n_por_impulsos_codificados" title="Modulación por impulsos codificados - espanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Modulación por impulsos codificados" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impulsskoodmodulatsioon" title="Impulsskoodmodulatsioon - estonià" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Impulsskoodmodulatsioon" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCM" title="PCM - basc" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="PCM" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86_%DA%A9%D8%AF_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3" title="مدولاسیون کد پالس - persa" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مدولاسیون کد پالس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulssikoodimodulaatio" title="Pulssikoodimodulaatio - finès" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pulssikoodimodulaatio" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulation_par_impulsions_et_codage" title="Modulation par impulsions et codage - francès" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Modulation par impulsions et codage" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulaci%C3%B3n_por_c%C3%B3digo_de_pulsos" title="Modulación por código de pulsos - gallec" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Modulación por código de pulsos" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="gallec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%A7_%D7%9E%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%93%D7%93" title="אפנון דופק מקודד - hebreu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אפנון דופק מקודד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulsno-kodna_modulacija" title="Pulsno-kodna modulacija - croat" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pulsno-kodna modulacija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulasi_kode_pulsa" title="Modulasi kode pulsa - indonesi" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Modulasi kode pulsa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulazione_a_impulsi_codificati" title="Modulazione a impulsi codificati - italià" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Modulazione a impulsi codificati" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%91%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B9%E7%AC%A6%E5%8F%B7%E5%A4%89%E8%AA%BF" title="パルス符号変調 - japonès" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="パルス符号変調" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8E%84%EC%8A%A4_%EB%B6%80%ED%98%B8_%EB%B3%80%EC%A1%B0" title="펄스 부호 변조 - coreà" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="펄스 부호 변조" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreà" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Импулсно-кодна модулација - macedoni" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Импулсно-кодна модулација" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedoni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulscodemodulatie" title="Pulscodemodulatie - neerlandès" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Pulscodemodulatie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCM" title="PCM - noruec nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="PCM" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="noruec nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCM" title="PCM - noruec bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="PCM" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="noruec bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCM" title="PCM - polonès" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="PCM" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modula%C3%A7%C3%A3o_por_c%C3%B3digo_de_pulsos" title="Modulação por código de pulsos - portuguès" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Modulação por código de pulsos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portuguès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Импульсно-кодовая модуляция - rus" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Импульсно-кодовая модуляция" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulzn%C3%A1_k%C3%B3dov%C3%A1_modul%C3%A1cia" title="Pulzná kódová modulácia - eslovac" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Pulzná kódová modulácia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="eslovac" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulimi_me_kode_pulsi" title="Modulimi me kode pulsi - albanès" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Modulimi me kode pulsi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Импулсна кодна модулација - serbi" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Импулсна кодна модулација" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulasi_kode_pulsa" title="Modulasi kode pulsa - sondanès" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Modulasi kode pulsa" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sondanès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulskodsmodulering" title="Pulskodsmodulering - suec" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Pulskodsmodulering" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="துடிப்பு குறி பண்பேற்றம் - tàmil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="துடிப்பு குறி பண்பேற்றம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tàmil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C" title="การกล้ำรหัสของพัลส์ - tai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การกล้ำรหัสของพัลส์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darbe_kod_mod%C3%BClasyonu" title="Darbe kod modülasyonu - turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Darbe kod modülasyonu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ca" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Senyal_sinusoidal_mostrejat.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Senyal_sinusoidal_mostrejat.png/220px-Senyal_sinusoidal_mostrejat.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Senyal_sinusoidal_mostrejat.png/330px-Senyal_sinusoidal_mostrejat.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Senyal_sinusoidal_mostrejat.png/440px-Senyal_sinusoidal_mostrejat.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Mostratge i quantificació d'un senyal amb un sistema PCM de 4 bits</figcaption></figure> <p>La <b>modulació per impulsos codificats</b> o <b>PCM</b> (de l'<a href="/wiki/Angl%C3%A8s" title="Anglès">anglès</a>, <i>Pulse Code Modulation</i>) és un procediment de <a href="/wiki/Modulaci%C3%B3_(telecomunicacions)" title="Modulació (telecomunicacions)">modulació</a> utilitzat per transformar un <a href="/wiki/Senyal_anal%C3%B2gic" title="Senyal analògic">senyal analògic</a> en una seqüència de <a href="/wiki/Bit" title="Bit">bits</a>. </p><p>Un cop els avenços tecnològics del segle&#160;<span title="Nombre&#160;escrit en xifres romanes" style="font-variant:small-caps;">xx</span> van portar a l'ésser humà a tenir la capacitat de digitalitzar la informació d'àudio, PCM va ser un dels primers mètodes per aconseguir tal objectiu. PCM és un algorisme que codifica les mostres del senyal i que en permet recuperar quasi perfectament la forma d'ona en el receptor. Les característiques generals són: </p> <ul><li>Algorismes estàndard i de complexitat baixa</li> <li>No introdueixen pràcticament retard algorísmic</li></ul> <p>PCM és un procediment de modulació on un senyal analògic és sotmès a tres etapes: mostreig, quantificació i codificació. Primer es mostreja el senyal cada cert període regular de temps a través d'impulsos amb la qual cosa s'aconsegueix transformar un senyal analògic en un <a href="/wiki/Senyal_discret" title="Senyal discret">senyal discret</a>. Un cop s'obtenen aquestes mostres del senyal, es procedeix a quantificar. Aquesta quantificació consisteix a assignar a un valor discret cert nivell de tensió i pot ser "midriser" (si el pas per zero és en vertical. No és adequat si el senyal és sorollós) o "midthread" (si el pas per zero és en horitzontal). El senyal descodificat tindrà més o menys qualitat depenent de la quantitat de bits utilitzats en aquest procés. Després de la quantificació, a cada valor obtingut se li assigna un codi en format binari. A aquest procés d'assignació de bits se l'anomena codificació. Un cop codificat el senyal, es pot enregistrar en diferents tipus de formats digitals que utilitzin aquest sistema (el CD, per exemple). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classificació"><span id="Classificaci.C3.B3"></span>Classificació</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modulaci%C3%B3_per_impulsos_codificats&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Modifica la secció: Classificació"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Distingim diferents tipus de codificació PCM: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="PCM_uniforme">PCM uniforme</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modulaci%C3%B3_per_impulsos_codificats&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Modifica la secció: PCM uniforme"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>El paràmetre a quantificar és l'amplitud del senyal i, com diu el nom, el pas de quantificació és uniformement distribuït. Aquests paràmetres són: </p><p>N.nivells: <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 2^{Nbits}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mn>2</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>N</mi> <mi>b</mi> <mi>i</mi> <mi>t</mi> <mi>s</mi> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 2^{Nbits}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/be4b18610b563ea01425b21ef095b27222a6a506" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.491ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 2^{Nbits}}" /></span> </p><p>Marge dinàmic <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle =2\cdot x_{\text{max}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>=</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mo>&#x22c5;<!-- ⋅ --></mo> <msub> <mi>x</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>max</mtext> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle =2\cdot x_{\text{max}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/fb4bd419a552d0973b9e21dbd7f64d5e6e7e7997" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:9.916ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle =2\cdot x_{\text{max}}}" /></span> </p><p>Pas quantificació: <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta ={\frac {2\cdot x_{\text{max}}}{N}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">&#x394;<!-- Δ --></mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mn>2</mn> <mo>&#x22c5;<!-- ⋅ --></mo> <msub> <mi>x</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>max</mtext> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <mi>N</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta ={\frac {2\cdot x_{\text{max}}}{N}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/2bb1d6b05e4049540229efdeed6e94f6917578f5" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:13.333ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta ={\frac {2\cdot x_{\text{max}}}{N}}}" /></span> </p><p>Error de quantificació: <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle e_{Q}=x_{Q}[n]-x[n]}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>e</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>Q</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>x</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>Q</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mi>n</mi> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> <mo>&#x2212;<!-- − --></mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mi>n</mi> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle e_{Q}=x_{Q}[n]-x[n]}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9d7e9f56c934bf40996df48ffbb596ecf2120be0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:18.123ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle e_{Q}=x_{Q}[n]-x[n]}" /></span> </p><p>Zona d'error granular: <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \|e_{Q}[n]\|\leq {\frac {\Delta }{2}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">&#x2016;<!-- ‖ --></mo> <msub> <mi>e</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>Q</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mi>n</mi> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">&#x2016;<!-- ‖ --></mo> <mo>&#x2264;<!-- ≤ --></mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi mathvariant="normal">&#x394;<!-- Δ --></mi> <mn>2</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \|e_{Q}[n]\|\leq {\frac {\Delta }{2}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0a9d62c68cf6978e4217aa247c8e910edbdb9692" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:13.499ex; height:5.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \|e_{Q}[n]\|\leq {\frac {\Delta }{2}}}" /></span> </p><p>Relació senyal/soroll: <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\text{SNR}}=10\cdot \log _{10}\left({\frac {\sigma _{x}^{2}}{\sigma _{Q}^{2}}}\right)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>SNR</mtext> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mn>10</mn> <mo>&#x22c5;<!-- ⋅ --></mo> <msub> <mi>log</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>10</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>&#x2061;<!-- ⁡ --></mo> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msubsup> <mi>&#x3c3;<!-- σ --></mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>x</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <msubsup> <mi>&#x3c3;<!-- σ --></mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>Q</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\text{SNR}}=10\cdot \log _{10}\left({\frac {\sigma _{x}^{2}}{\sigma _{Q}^{2}}}\right)}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8522668630f1cb1c14666dd800117d68507b3102" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.338ex; width:24.074ex; height:7.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\text{SNR}}=10\cdot \log _{10}\left({\frac {\sigma _{x}^{2}}{\sigma _{Q}^{2}}}\right)}" /></span> </p><p>Si <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle e_{Q}[n]}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>e</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>Q</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mi>n</mi> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle e_{Q}[n]}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a83a2f88dd25f345110609737cc13fa27283d6b4" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:5.304ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle e_{Q}[n]}" /></span> està uniformement distribuït: <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \sigma _{Q}^{2}={\frac {\Delta ^{2}}{12}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msubsup> <mi>&#x3c3;<!-- σ --></mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>Q</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msup> <mi mathvariant="normal">&#x394;<!-- Δ --></mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mn>12</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \sigma _{Q}^{2}={\frac {\Delta ^{2}}{12}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a84f00499078d3daabb3d14e77ff305e6c48e5b8" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:9.784ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \sigma _{Q}^{2}={\frac {\Delta ^{2}}{12}}}" /></span> </p><p>Variància senyal: <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x_{\text{max}}=4\cdot \sigma _{x}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>x</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>max</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mn>4</mn> <mo>&#x22c5;<!-- ⋅ --></mo> <msub> <mi>&#x3c3;<!-- σ --></mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>x</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x_{\text{max}}=4\cdot \sigma _{x}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/50b32a23fbb1b98c757f7950ca88b41bb72def15" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:13.061ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x_{\text{max}}=4\cdot \sigma _{x}}" /></span> </p><p>Zona de saturació: SNR(dB) = 6.02·NBits − 7.21 </p><p><br /> <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Graf_1.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Relació entrada/sortida d&#39;un quantificador uniforme"><img alt="Relació entrada/sortida d&#39;un quantificador uniforme" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/Graf_1.png" decoding="async" width="377" height="293" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="377" data-file-height="293" /></a></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="PCM_no-uniforme">PCM no-uniforme</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modulaci%C3%B3_per_impulsos_codificats&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Modifica la secció: PCM no-uniforme"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Es basa en el següent raonament en funció de l'entropia del senyal: </p> <ul><li>Més nivells per a les amplituds més probables</li> <li>Menys nivells per a les amplituds menys probables</li></ul> <p>Això és degut al fet que en senyals de veu els valors d'amplituds petites són més probables i són més importants per a la percepció de la parla que els valors grans. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="PCM_logarítmic"><span id="PCM_logar.C3.ADtmic"></span>PCM logarítmic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modulaci%C3%B3_per_impulsos_codificats&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Modifica la secció: PCM logarítmic"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Com bé es pot deduir del nom, la quantificació de la codificació PCM logarítmica segueix una funció de tipus logarítmic, és a dir, és equivalent a aplicar una compressió/expansió de les amplituds i una quantificació uniforme. Aquest tipus de codificació s'utilitza en telefonia i es coneix amb el nom de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Llei-A&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Llei-A (encara no existeix)">Llei-A</a> a Europa i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Llei-%CE%BC&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Llei-μ (encara no existeix)">Llei-μ</a> al Japó i Amèrica. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Altres_variants">Altres variants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modulaci%C3%B3_per_impulsos_codificats&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Modifica la secció: Altres variants"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Existeixen altres tipus de codificacions PCM tals com: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DPCM" title="DPCM">DPCM</a> (PCM diferencial)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=DM&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="DM (encara no existeix)">DM</a> (Modulació delta)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ADPCM" title="ADPCM">ADPCM</a> sub-banda</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mostreig">Mostreig</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modulaci%C3%B3_per_impulsos_codificats&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Modifica la secció: Mostreig"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Consisteix a <span style="text-decoration: underline;">prendre mostres</span> (mesures) del valor del senyal n vegades per segon, de manera que tindran n nivells de tensió en un segon. </p><p>Per a un <b>canal telefònic</b> de veu és suficient prendre <span style="text-decoration: underline;">8.000 mostres per segon</span>, o, cosa que és el mateix, una mostra cada 125 <a href="/wiki/Segon" title="Segon">μs</a>. Això és així perquè, d'acord amb el <a href="/wiki/Teorema_de_mostratge_de_Nyquist-Shannon" title="Teorema de mostratge de Nyquist-Shannon">teorema de mostreig</a>, si es prenen mostres d'un senyal elèctric continu a intervals regulars i amb una freqüència doble a la freqüència màxima que es vulgui mostrejar, les mostres de contenir tota la informació necessària per reconstruir el senyal original. </p><p>Com que en aquest cas tenim una <a href="/wiki/Freq%C3%BC%C3%A8ncia_de_mostratge" title="Freqüència de mostratge">freqüència de mostreig</a> de 8&#160;kHz (període 125 μs), seria possible transmetre fins a 4&#160;kHz, suficient per tant per al <b>canal telefònic de veu</b>, on la freqüència més alta transmesa és de 3,4&#160;kHz. El temps de separació entre mostres (125 μs) podria ser destinat al mostreig d'altres canals mitjançant el <b>procediment de multiplexació</b> per divisió de temps (<span style="text-decoration: underline;">TDM</span>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Canal">Canal</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modulaci%C3%B3_per_impulsos_codificats&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Modifica la secció: Canal"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Per a les emissions de ràdio i televisió, el canal admet la <b>variació elèctrica</b> d'una ona electromagnètica emesa des de la torre transmissora i afegeix soroll a la comunicació. <a href="/wiki/Ona_electromagn%C3%A8tica" title="Ona electromagnètica">L'ona electromagnètica</a> és la portadora. Les petites variacions elèctriques que representen el senyal d'informació modulen el portador <span style="text-decoration: underline;">canviant les seves propietats físiques</span>. La modulació d'amplitud (la <b>"AM" a la ràdio AM</b>) modifica l'energia de l'ona portadora electromagnètica, mentre que la modulació de freqüència, utilitzada per a les <span style="text-decoration: underline;">emissions de PM i TV</span>, modifica la seva freqüència.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Soroll">Soroll</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modulaci%C3%B3_per_impulsos_codificats&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Modifica la secció: Soroll"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mentre un senyal passa de la font al receptor, està influenciat per l'entorn físic circumdant. Un llamp ofegarà un senyal de <b>ràdio AM</b> de la mateixa manera que un tambor ofegarà la parla. El <span style="text-decoration: underline;">senyal d'informació</span> encara hi és, però està emmascarat pel senyal més gran i no pot ser detectat pel receptor, de la mateixa manera que l'oïda no pot detectar un to més suau emmascarat per un de més fort proper. "<a href="/wiki/Soroll_digital" title="Soroll digital">Soroll</a>" </p><p>És una modulació no desitjada de la portadora la presència de la qual interfereix amb la <b>detecció del senyal desitjat</b>. El soroll d'una persona és el senyal d'una altra persona. Normalment pensem en una <span style="text-decoration: underline;">conversa telefònica</span> d'una altra línia que es filtra a la nostra línia telefònica com a soroll, encara que les altres parts tenen una opinió diferent. La <a href="/wiki/Telef%C3%B3nica" title="Telefónica">companyia telefònica</a> anomena a això "<b>interferència co-canal</b>". El soroll, la interferència, està sempre present en tots els canals de comunicació i corromp totes les comunicacions. Fa que el receptor cometi errors en la descodificació del senyal transmès. Aquests errors de canal <span style="text-decoration: underline;">limiten l'eficiència del sistema de comunicació</span>. La codificació de canals és un mètode per recuperar la informació que ha estat corrompuda pel soroll.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Capacitat_del_canal">Capacitat del canal</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modulaci%C3%B3_per_impulsos_codificats&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Modifica la secció: Capacitat del canal"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cada canal de comunicació pot transmetre una <span style="text-decoration: underline;">determinada quantitat d'informació</span> sense errors, però no més. El <b>nombre de bits</b> per segon que un canal pot transmetre sense errors s'anomena <b>capacitat de canal</b>. La capacitat del canal disminueix a mesura que augmenta la quantitat de soroll i augmenta a mesura que augmenta l'energia del senyal utilitzada per <span style="text-decoration: underline;">modular la portadora</span>. Per als canals de <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A0dio" title="Ràdio">ràdio</a>, la capacitat del canal és proporcional a l'amplada de banda de freqüència del canal. La <span style="text-decoration: underline;">noció de capacitat del canal</span> és molt general i es pot utilitzar per descriure qualsevol sistema de comunicació.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Codificació_de_canals"><span id="Codificaci.C3.B3_de_canals"></span>Codificació de canals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modulaci%C3%B3_per_impulsos_codificats&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Modifica la secció: Codificació de canals"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La fiabilitat que ha de ser un <b>enllaç de comunicació</b> està relacionada amb la importància de la informació que es transmet. Una mesura de fiabilitat és la <a href="/wiki/Taxa_d%27error_binari" title="Taxa d&#39;error binari">taxa d'error</a> de bits mitjana, que es mesura per la relació de <b>bits falsos</b> detectats amb el nombre total de bits detectats al receptor. La codificació del canal augmenta la probabilitat de <span style="text-decoration: underline;">detecció correcta dels bits d'informació</span> al receptor afegint redundància estructurada a la informació transmesa. Aquesta és l'única manera d'evitar o corregir els errors que es deriven del soroll del canal.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referències"><span id="Refer.C3.A8ncies"></span>Referències</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modulaci%C3%B3_per_impulsos_codificats&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="Modifica la secció: Referències"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-physics/chapter/24-3-the-electromagnetic-spectrum/">The Electromagnetic Spectrum | Physics</a>».&#32;[Consulta: 3 gener 2023].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFResnikoffWells1998"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Resnikoff</span>, Howard L.;&#32;<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Wells</span>, Raymond O. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-0593-7_14"><i>Modulation and Channel Coding</i></a>&#32;(en anglès).&#32; New York, NY:&#32;Springer,&#32;1998,&#32;p.&#160;366–396. <span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">DOI</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-0593-7_14">10.1007/978-1-4612-0593-7_14</a></span>. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/978-1-4612-0593-7" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/978-1-4612-0593-7">ISBN 978-1-4612-0593-7</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Modulation+and+Channel+Coding&amp;rft.aulast=Resnikoff&amp;rft.aufirst=Howard+L.&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.pub=Springer&amp;rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&amp;rft.pages=366%E2%80%93396&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-4612-0593-7&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1007%2F978-1-4612-0593-7_14&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%2F978-1-4612-0593-7_14"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/physics-and-astronomy/channel-capacity">Channel Capacity - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics</a>».&#32;[Consulta: 3 gener 2023].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wasyresearch.com/channel-coding-theory-an-introduction-and-comparison-of-block-convolutional-turbo-and-low-density-parity-check-ldpc-codes/">Channel coding theory: An introduction and comparison of block, Convolutional, Turbo and low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes</a>»&#32;(en anglès),&#32;10-09-2022.&#32;[Consulta: 3 gener 2023].</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Control_d%27autoritats" title="Control d&#39;autoritats">Registres d'autoritat</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">BNF</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb136023289">1</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Diet_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="National Diet Library">NDL</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00569065">1</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bases d'informació</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Online" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Online">Britannica</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/technology/pulse-coded-modulation">1</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐7fd96bd568‐lrdvh Cached time: 20250316093603 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.124 seconds Real time usage: 0.458 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1049/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 8363/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 2552/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 12/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 3907/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.041/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 1556592/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 2/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 124.684 1 -total 51.43% 64.127 1 Plantilla:Referències 40.41% 50.386 1 Plantilla:Autoritat 36.80% 45.886 3 Plantilla:Ref-web 18.53% 23.109 3 Plantilla:Data_consulta 9.46% 11.796 1 Plantilla:Ref-llibre 2.73% 3.402 1 Plantilla:Segle 2.51% 3.125 4 Plantilla:If_both 1.46% 1.823 12 Plantilla:Subratllat 1.24% 1.545 1 Plantilla:Romanes --> <!-- Saved in parser cache with key cawiki:pcache:117979:|#|:idhash:canonical and timestamp 20250316093603 and revision id 33294431. 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