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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resource_road"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Resource road</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resource_road-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Forest_service_road" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forest_service_road"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Forest service road</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forest_service_road-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Logging_road" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Logging_road"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Logging road</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Logging_road-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Image_gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Image_gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Image gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Image_gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unpaved_roads_length_by_country" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unpaved_roads_length_by_country"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Unpaved roads length by country</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unpaved_roads_length_by_country-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" 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title="Wassergebundene Decke – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Wassergebundene Decke" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kruusatee" title="Kruusatee – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kruusatee" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camino_de_ripio" title="Camino de ripio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Camino de ripio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pista_(bidea)" title="Pista (bidea) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Pista (bidea)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piste_(voirie)" title="Piste (voirie) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Piste (voirie)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDvyrkelis" title="Žvyrkelis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Žvyrkelis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Хайрган зам – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хайрган зам" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grindweg_(weg)" title="Grindweg (weg) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Grindweg (weg)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A0%82%E5%88%A9%E9%81%93" title="砂利道 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="砂利道" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Гравийная дорога – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гравийная дорога" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soratie" title="Soratie – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Soratie" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grusv%C3%A4g" title="Grusväg – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Grusväg" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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.ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Disputed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-disputed" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/System-search.svg/45px-System-search.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/System-search.svg/68px-System-search.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/System-search.svg/90px-System-search.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article's <b>factual accuracy is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute">disputed</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Gravel_road#Disputed" title="Talk:Gravel road">talk page</a>. Please help to ensure that disputed statements are <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">reliably sourced</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Type of unpaved road surfaced with gravel</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Gravel_road" title="Special:EditPage/Gravel road">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Gravel+road%22">"Gravel road"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Gravel+road%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Gravel+road%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Gravel+road%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Gravel+road%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Gravel+road%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2007</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Soratie_Kalkkinen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Soratie_Kalkkinen.jpg/220px-Soratie_Kalkkinen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Soratie_Kalkkinen.jpg/330px-Soratie_Kalkkinen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Soratie_Kalkkinen.jpg/440px-Soratie_Kalkkinen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5100" data-file-height="3400" /></a><figcaption>A gravel road in <a href="/wiki/Asikkala" title="Asikkala">Asikkala</a>, Finland</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>gravel road</b> is a type of <a href="/wiki/Pavement_(material)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pavement (material)">unpaved</a> <a href="/wiki/Road" title="Road">road</a> surfaced with <a href="/wiki/Gravel" title="Gravel">gravel</a> that has been brought to the site from a <a href="/wiki/Quarry" title="Quarry">quarry</a> or <a href="/wiki/Stream_bed" title="Stream bed">stream bed</a>. Gravel roads are common in less-developed nations, and also in the rural areas of developed nations such as <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. In New Zealand, and other <a href="/wiki/British_Commonwealth" class="mw-redirect" title="British Commonwealth">Commonwealth</a> countries, they may be known as <a href="/wiki/Road_metal" class="mw-redirect" title="Road metal">metal roads</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They may be referred to as "dirt roads" in common speech, but that term is used more for <a href="/wiki/Dirt_road" title="Dirt road">unimproved roads</a> with no surface material added. If well constructed and maintained, a gravel road is an all-weather road. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gravel_road&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Construction">Construction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gravel_road&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Construction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Compared to <a href="/wiki/Sealed_road" title="Sealed road">sealed roads</a>, which require large machinery to work and pour <a href="/wiki/Concrete" title="Concrete">concrete</a> or to lay and smooth a <a href="/wiki/Bitumen" title="Bitumen">bitumen</a>-based surface, gravel roads are easy and cheap to build. However, compared to <a href="/wiki/Dirt_road" title="Dirt road">dirt roads</a>, all-weather gravel highways are quite expensive to build, as they require <a href="/wiki/Loader_(equipment)" title="Loader (equipment)">front loaders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dump_trucks" class="mw-redirect" title="Dump trucks">dump trucks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grader" title="Grader">graders</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Roadrollers" class="mw-redirect" title="Roadrollers">roadrollers</a> to provide a <a href="/wiki/Base_course" title="Base course">base course</a> of compacted earth or other material, sometimes <a href="/wiki/Macadam" title="Macadam">macadamised</a>, covered with one or more different layers of gravel. Graders are used to "blade" the road's surface (pass frequently to mix and distribute the gravel) to produce a more extreme <a href="/wiki/Cant_(road/rail)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cant (road/rail)">camber</a> compared to a paved road to aid drainage, to produce an A-shaped surface to the road called a "crown",<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as to construct drainage ditches and <a href="/wiki/Embankment_(transportation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Embankment (transportation)">embankments</a> in low-lying areas. <a href="/wiki/Cellular_confinement" title="Cellular confinement">Cellular confinement</a> systems can be used to prevent the <a href="/wiki/Washboarding" title="Washboarding">washboarding</a> effect. </p><p>Construction of a gravel road begins with the base or subgrade layer. The expected road traffic volume and the average daily truck passage must be considered during the design process as they will influence the thickness of this layer, along with the balances of gravel and fines. <a href="/wiki/Geotextile" title="Geotextile">Geotextile</a> fabric may be laid to improve the stability of the subgrade layer. When geotextile fabric is used, a gravel layer with a minimum thickness of 6" (15 cm)<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is suggested to ensure the fabric remains unexposed. Road construction guidelines suggest that the crown in the road surface begins at the center point in the road, and does not exceed a 4% gradation from the center to the edge of the roadway.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The surface layer is constructed atop the subgrade layer. The amount of precipitation is taken into consideration for the selection of gravel size distribution. The surface layer will follow the crown established by the subgrade layer. Scarification of the subgrade layer prior to application of the surface gravel layer can be performed to increase the mixing and adherence between layers. Construction of the road surface is done gradually through multiple applications of layers of gravel, with compaction prior to the addition of the following layer. During reparation of a damaged road, ensuring that any washboarding, rutting, potholes, and erosion is adequately removed will minimize future need for reparation. <a href="/wiki/Windrow" title="Windrow">Windrowing</a> can be performed along the edges of roads in dry climates to allow easy access to gravel material for small repairs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Materials">Materials</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gravel_road&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Materials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The gravel used consists of varying amount of crushed stone, <a href="/wiki/Sand" title="Sand">sand</a>, and fines. Fines are <a href="/wiki/Silt" title="Silt">silt</a> or <a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">clay</a> particles smaller than .075 millimetres (0.0030 in), which can act as a binder. Crushed stone, also called road metal, is used because gravel with fractured faces will stay in place better than rounded river pebbles. A good gravel for a gravel road will have a higher percentage of fines than gravel used as a <a href="/wiki/Subbase_(pavement)" title="Subbase (pavement)">subbase</a> for a paved road. This often causes problems if a gravel road is paved without adding sand and gravel sized stone to dilute the percentage of fines.<sup id="cite_ref-gravel_roads_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gravel_roads-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A gravel road is quite different from a 'gravel drive', popular as private <a href="/wiki/Driveway" title="Driveway">driveways</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>. This uses clean gravel consisting of uniform, rounded stones and small <a href="/wiki/Pebble" title="Pebble">pebbles</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Laterite_and_murram_roads">Laterite and murram roads</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gravel_road&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Laterite and murram roads"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a> and parts of <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laterite" title="Laterite">laterite</a> soils are used to build <a href="/wiki/Dirt_road" title="Dirt road">dirt roads</a>. However laterite, called <i>murram</i> in <a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East Africa</a>, varies considerably in the proportion of stones (which are usually very small) to earth and sand. It ranges from a hard gravel to a softer earth embedded with small stones. Not all laterite and murram roads are therefore strictly gravel roads. Laterite and murram which contains a significant proportion of clay becomes very slippery when wet, and in the rainy season, it may be difficult even for <a href="/wiki/Four-wheel_drive" title="Four-wheel drive">four-wheel drive</a> vehicles to avoid slipping off very <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/camber" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:camber">cambered</a> roads into the drainage ditches at the side of the road. As it dries out, such laterite can become very hard, like <a href="/wiki/Sun-dried_brick" class="mw-redirect" title="Sun-dried brick">sun-dried bricks</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maintenance">Maintenance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gravel_road&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Maintenance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vedligehold_af_grusvej.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Vedligehold_af_grusvej.jpg/220px-Vedligehold_af_grusvej.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Vedligehold_af_grusvej.jpg/330px-Vedligehold_af_grusvej.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Vedligehold_af_grusvej.jpg/440px-Vedligehold_af_grusvej.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2931" data-file-height="1649" /></a><figcaption>Maintenance of a gravel road in Denmark</figcaption></figure> <p>Gravel roads require much more frequent maintenance than paved roads, especially after wet periods and when accommodating increased traffic. Wheel motion shoves material to the outside (as well as in-between travelled lanes), leading to rutting, reduced water-runoff, and eventual road destruction if unchecked. As long as the process is interrupted early enough, simple re-grading is sufficient, with material being pushed back into shape. </p><p>Segments of gravel roads on <a href="/wiki/Grade_(slope)" title="Grade (slope)">grades</a> also <a href="/wiki/Rut_(roads)" title="Rut (roads)">rut</a> easily as a result of flowing water. When grading or building the road, <a href="/wiki/Waterbar" title="Waterbar">waterbars</a> are used to direct water off the road. As an alternative method, humps can be formed in the gravel along the road to impede water flow, thereby reducing rutting. </p><p>Another problem with gravel roads is <a href="/wiki/Washboarding" title="Washboarding">washboarding</a> — the formation of corrugations across the surface at right angles to the direction of travel. Narrow-spaced washboarding can develop on gravel roads due to inconsistent moisture levels in the gravel, poor quality gravel, and vehicular stress to the road. Washboarding can also occur when graders exceed recommended speeds during the construction or maintenance phase causing the blade to bounce on the surface creating a pattern of widely-spaced corrugations.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Corrugations from washboarding can become severe enough to cause vibration in vehicles so that bolts loosen or cracks form in components. Proper grading is needed to remove the corrugations, and reconstruction with careful choice of good quality gravel can help prevent them reforming. Additionally, installing a <a href="/wiki/Cellular_confinement" title="Cellular confinement">cellular confinement system</a> will prevent the washboard-like corrugations from occurring. </p><p>Gravel roads are often found in cold climates because they are less vulnerable to freeze / thaw damage than <a href="/wiki/Asphalt_concrete" title="Asphalt concrete">asphalt</a> roads. The inferior surface of gravel is not an issue if the road is covered by snow and ice for extended periods. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dust_control">Dust control</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gravel_road&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Dust control"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dust control is routine practice on gravel roads in order to reduce the need for frequent maintenance, mitigate health concerns, and to prevent dust-related damage to roadside vegetation. Some common dust-suppression techniques are the application of a chloride solution (<a href="/wiki/Calcium_chloride" title="Calcium chloride">calcium chloride</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magnesium_chloride" title="Magnesium chloride">magnesium chloride</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sodium_chloride" title="Sodium chloride">sodium chloride</a>), the application of a <a href="/wiki/Resin" title="Resin">resin</a> compound, or the incorporation of natural clay into the gravel mixture during the construction phase.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Calcium_chloride_as_a_dust_suppressant">Calcium chloride as a dust suppressant</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gravel_road&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Calcium chloride as a dust suppressant"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Calcium chloride provides dust suppression through its <a href="/wiki/Hygroscopy" title="Hygroscopy">hygroscopic</a> properties, allowing moisture to be drawn in and retained by the compound. Calcium chloride can be applied in either dry (pellet or flake) or wet (dissolved pre-prepared solution) form. Successful applications can be effective for up to three years, depending on the weather and traffic conditions for the roadway.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dry application of this type of dust suppressant is begun by first preparing the road surface through grader passes, moving the top 5–8 cm of gravel creating windrows on the edges of the road. Calcium chloride is then applied to the road surface, and the road is then sprayed with water until the compound is dissolved. A grader "blades" the surface in numerous passes to ensure a uniform distribution of the compound. Compaction and the forming of the road surface is then performed to finalize the process.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wet application begins by spraying the road surface with a 30% concentration solution of calcium chloride. After the solution is applied, the top 5–8 cm of gravel is mixed through numerous passes of a grader. The road is then formed and compacted.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Driving">Driving</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gravel_road&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Driving"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although well-constructed and graded gravel roads are suitable for speeds of up to 100 km/h (60 mph), driving on them requires far more attention to variations of the surface, and it is easier to lose control than on a paved road. In addition to potholes, ruts and loose stony or sandy ridges at the edges or in the middle of the road, problems associated with driving on gravel roads include: </p> <ul><li>sharper and larger stones cutting and puncturing tires, or being thrown up by the wheels and damaging the underside, especially puncturing the fuel tank of unmodified cars</li> <li>stones skipping up hitting the <a href="/wiki/Car_body" class="mw-redirect" title="Car body">car body</a>, lights or <a href="/wiki/Windshield" title="Windshield">windshields</a> when two vehicles pass at high speed</li> <li>dust thrown up from a passing vehicle reducing visibility</li> <li>'<a href="/wiki/Washboarding" title="Washboarding">washboard</a>' corrugations cause loss of control or damage to vehicles due to excessive <a href="/wiki/Vibration" title="Vibration">vibration</a>. These are most often found near intersections as stopping or braking causes them to form or otherwise if heavy farm or other equipment often uses these roads.</li> <li>skidding on mud after rain</li> <li>vehicle <a href="/wiki/Fishtailing" title="Fishtailing">fishtailing</a> as a result of ruts in the surface of the gravel. Often found on frequently traveled roads.</li> <li>In higher rainfall areas, the increased camber required to drain water, and open drainage ditches at the sides of the road, often cause vehicles with a high <a href="/wiki/Centre_of_gravity" class="mw-redirect" title="Centre of gravity">centre of gravity</a>, such as trucks and off-road vehicles, to overturn if they do not keep close to the crown of the road.</li> <li>Excess dust permeates door-opening rubber moulding, breaking the seal.</li> <li>Lost binder in the form of road dust, when mixed with rain, will wear away the painted surfaces of vehicles.</li> <li>Many gravel roads are only <a href="/wiki/Single_track_road" class="mw-redirect" title="Single track road">one lane wide</a> or slightly larger, thus requiring special attention when driving at higher speeds.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Related_types">Related types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gravel_road&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Related types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Resource_road">Resource road</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gravel_road&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Resource road"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a> Ministry of Forests, resource roads are typically "one- or two-lane gravel roads built for industrial purposes to access natural resources in remote areas".<sup id="cite_ref-Min._Forestry_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Min._Forestry-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They may be used by industrial vehicles or the general public, and as a link to rural communities.<sup id="cite_ref-Min._Forestry_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Min._Forestry-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Driving on resource roads can be hazardous for many reasons, including limited <a href="/wiki/Visibility" title="Visibility">visibility</a>, unusual <a href="/wiki/Road_geometry" class="mw-redirect" title="Road geometry">road geometry</a>, and the presence of <a href="/wiki/Wildlife" title="Wildlife">wildlife</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Min._Forestry_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Min._Forestry-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Disused resource roads can pose a danger to both drivers and passersby, due to the danger of <a href="/wiki/Landslide" title="Landslide">landslides</a> forming on unstable, <a href="/wiki/Drainage" title="Drainage">poorly-drained</a> ground.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Forest_service_road">Forest service road</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gravel_road&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Forest service road"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fire_trail" title="Fire trail">Fire trail</a></div> <p>A forest service road is a type of rudimentary access road, built by private companies, or government entities such as the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Forest_Service" title="United States Forest Service">United States Forest Service</a> to access remote undeveloped areas. These roads are built mainly for the purposes of the <a href="/wiki/Logging" title="Logging">logging industry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wood_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Wood management">forest management</a> workers, although in some cases they are also used for <a href="/wiki/Backcountry" title="Backcountry">backcountry</a> recreation access. </p><p>Networks of tributary roads branch off from a <a href="/wiki/Trunk_road" title="Trunk road">trunk</a> FSR. Roads are usually named after a regional district, and branches have an <a href="/wiki/Alphanumeric" class="mw-redirect" title="Alphanumeric">alphanumeric</a> designation. </p><p>Typically, a high-clearance four-wheel drive vehicle is required to travel effectively on a road, especially where large <a href="/wiki/Pothole" title="Pothole">potholes</a> and/or <a href="/wiki/Waterbar" title="Waterbar">waterbars</a> are present. <a href="/wiki/Hairpin_turn" title="Hairpin turn">Switchbacks</a> are employed to make the road passable through steep terrain. </p><p>These roads rapidly fall into disrepair and quickly become impassable. Remnants of old roads can exist for decades. They are eventually erased by <a href="/wiki/Washout_(erosion)" title="Washout (erosion)">washout</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">erosion</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ecological_succession" title="Ecological succession">ecological succession</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Logging_road">Logging road</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gravel_road&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Logging road"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dans_la_for%C3%AAt_d%27Eseka1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Dans_la_for%C3%AAt_d%27Eseka1.jpg/220px-Dans_la_for%C3%AAt_d%27Eseka1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Dans_la_for%C3%AAt_d%27Eseka1.jpg/330px-Dans_la_for%C3%AAt_d%27Eseka1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Dans_la_for%C3%AAt_d%27Eseka1.jpg/440px-Dans_la_for%C3%AAt_d%27Eseka1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Logging road near <a href="/wiki/Es%C3%A9ka" title="Eséka">Eséka</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Logging <a href="/wiki/Roads" class="mw-redirect" title="Roads">roads</a> are constructed to provide access to the forest for <a href="/wiki/Logging" title="Logging">logging</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Wood_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Wood management">forest management</a> operations. They are commonly narrow, winding, and unpaved, but main haul roads can be widened, straightened or paved if traffic volume warrants it. </p><p>The choice of <a href="/wiki/Road_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Road design">road design</a> <a href="/wiki/Technical_standard" title="Technical standard">standards</a> is a tradeoff between construction costs and haul costs (which the road is designed to reduce). A road that serves only a few stands will be used by relatively few trucks over its lifetime and so it makes sense to save construction costs with a narrow, winding, unpaved road that adds to the time (and haul costs) of the few trips. A main haul road serving a large area, however, will be used by many trucks each day, and each trip will be shorter (saving time and money) if the road is straighter and wider, with a smoother surface. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Logging_truck" title="Logging truck">Logging trucks</a> are generally given right of way. In areas that the practice is regulated, on non-highway roads with heavy logging traffic may be "radio-controlled", meaning that a <a href="/wiki/Citizens%27_band_radio" class="mw-redirect" title="Citizens' band radio">CB radio</a> on board any vehicle on the road is advised for safety reasons. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Image_gallery">Image gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gravel_road&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Image gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Saviselk%C3%A4_2.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Gravel road at the Saviselkä village in Kärsämäki, Finland"><img alt="Gravel road at the Saviselkä village in Kärsämäki, Finland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Saviselk%C3%A4_2.JPG/120px-Saviselk%C3%A4_2.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Saviselk%C3%A4_2.JPG/180px-Saviselk%C3%A4_2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Saviselk%C3%A4_2.JPG/240px-Saviselk%C3%A4_2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gravel road at the Saviselkä village in <a href="/wiki/K%C3%A4rs%C3%A4m%C3%A4ki" title="Kärsämäki">Kärsämäki</a>, Finland</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rrgrade.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Logging railroad converted to logging truck use in northwest Oregon"><img alt="Logging railroad converted to logging truck use in northwest Oregon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Rrgrade.jpg/120px-Rrgrade.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Rrgrade.jpg/180px-Rrgrade.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Rrgrade.jpg/240px-Rrgrade.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Logging_railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Logging railroad">Logging railroad</a> converted to <a href="/wiki/Logging_truck" title="Logging truck">logging truck</a> use in northwest Oregon</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gravel_Road_Coober_Pedy.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gravel road south of Coober Pedy"><img alt="Gravel road south of Coober Pedy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gravel_Road_Coober_Pedy.jpg/120px-Gravel_Road_Coober_Pedy.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gravel_Road_Coober_Pedy.jpg/180px-Gravel_Road_Coober_Pedy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gravel_Road_Coober_Pedy.jpg/240px-Gravel_Road_Coober_Pedy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gravel road south of <a href="/wiki/Coober_Pedy" title="Coober Pedy">Coober Pedy</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chase_khar_-_%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%87_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B1_(3).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gravel road in Iran"><img alt="Gravel road in Iran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Chase_khar_-_%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%87_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B1_%283%29.jpg/120px-Chase_khar_-_%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%87_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B1_%283%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Chase_khar_-_%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%87_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B1_%283%29.jpg/180px-Chase_khar_-_%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%87_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B1_%283%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Chase_khar_-_%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%87_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B1_%283%29.jpg/240px-Chase_khar_-_%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%87_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B1_%283%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="1840" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gravel road in Iran</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tamsa.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="A gravel road between the villages of Tamsa and Laguja, Estonia"><img alt="A gravel road between the villages of Tamsa and Laguja, Estonia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Tamsa.JPG/120px-Tamsa.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Tamsa.JPG/180px-Tamsa.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Tamsa.JPG/240px-Tamsa.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A gravel road between the villages of <a href="/wiki/Tamsa,_Estonia" title="Tamsa, Estonia">Tamsa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Laguja" title="Laguja">Laguja</a>, Estonia</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gravel1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A close-up of a gravel road in Terre Haute, Indiana"><img alt="A close-up of a gravel road in Terre Haute, Indiana" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Gravel1.jpg/120px-Gravel1.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Gravel1.jpg/180px-Gravel1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Gravel1.jpg/240px-Gravel1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A close-up of a gravel road in <a href="/wiki/Terre_Haute,_Indiana" title="Terre Haute, Indiana">Terre Haute, Indiana</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gravel_road,_Namibia.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gravel road in Namibia"><img alt="Gravel road in Namibia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Gravel_road%2C_Namibia.jpg/120px-Gravel_road%2C_Namibia.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Gravel_road%2C_Namibia.jpg/180px-Gravel_road%2C_Namibia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Gravel_road%2C_Namibia.jpg/240px-Gravel_road%2C_Namibia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gravel road in <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Unpaved_roads_length_by_country">Unpaved roads length by country</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gravel_road&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Unpaved roads length by country"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> <tbody><tr> <th><b>Country</b> </th> <th data-sort-type="number"><b>Length of unpaved roads (km)</b><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Afghanistan </td> <td>29,800 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Albania </td> <td>10,980 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Algeria </td> <td>26,050 </td></tr> <tr> <td>American Samoa </td> <td>No data </td></tr> <tr> <td>Andorra </td> <td>No data </td></tr> <tr> <td>Angola </td> <td>46,080 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Anguilla </td> <td>93 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Antigua and Barbuda </td> <td>784 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Argentina </td> <td>161,962 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Armenia </td> <td>No data </td></tr> <tr> <td>Australia </td> <td>727,645 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Austria </td> <td>No data </td></tr> <tr> <td>Azerbaijan </td> <td>26,153 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bahamas, The </td> <td>1,080 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bahrain </td> <td>730 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bangladesh </td> <td>19,248 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Barbados </td> <td>No data </td></tr> <tr> <td>Belarus </td> <td>11,741 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Belgium </td> <td>33,498 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Belize </td> <td>2,382 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Benin </td> <td>14,600 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bermuda </td> <td>447 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bhutan </td> <td>7,603 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bolivia </td> <td>80,776 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bosnia and Herzegovina </td> <td>3,500 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Botswana </td> <td>No data </td></tr> <tr> <td>Brazil </td> <td>1,368,166 </td></tr> <tr> <td>British Indian Ocean Territory </td> <td>No data </td></tr> <tr> <td>British Virgin Islands </td> <td>No data </td></tr> <tr> <td>Brunei </td> <td>417 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bulgaria </td> <td>277 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Burkina Faso </td> <td>No data </td></tr> <tr> <td>Burma </td> <td>No data </td></tr> <tr> <td>Burundi </td> <td>10,822 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cabo Verde </td> <td>418 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cambodia </td> <td>41,102 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cameroon </td> <td>47,242 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Canada </td> <td>626,700 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cayman Islands </td> <td>No data </td></tr> <tr> <td>Central African Republic </td> <td>18,893 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Chad </td> <td>No data </td></tr> <tr> <td>Chile </td> <td>59,645 </td></tr> <tr> <td>China </td> <td>531,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Christmas Island </td> <td>110 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cocos (Keeling) Islands </td> <td>12 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Colombia </td> <td>No data </td></tr> <tr> <td>Comoros </td> <td>207 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Congo, Democratic Republic of the </td> <td>150,703 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Congo, Republic of the </td> <td>15,788 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cook Islands </td> <td>287 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Costa Rica </td> <td>28,885 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cote d'Ivoire </td> <td>75,494 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Croatia </td> <td>No data </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cuba </td> <td>31,038 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Curacao </td> <td>No data </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cyprus </td> <td>8,564 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Czechia </td> <td>No data </td></tr> <tr> <td>Denmark </td> <td>No data </td></tr> <tr> <td>Djibouti </td> <td>1,686 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Dominica </td> <td>750 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Dominican Republic </td> <td>9,833 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ecuador </td> <td>37,198 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Egypt </td> <td>10,688 </td></tr> <tr> <td>El Salvador </td> <td>2,565 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Equatorial Guinea </td> <td>No data </td></tr> <tr> <td>Eritrea </td> <td>3,136 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Estonia </td> <td>47,985 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Eswatini </td> <td>2,516 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ethiopia </td> <td>96,060 </td></tr> <tr> <td>European Union </td> <td>No data </td></tr> <tr> <td>Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) </td> <td>390 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Faroe Islands </td> <td>No data </td></tr> <tr> <td>Fiji </td> <td>1,754 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Finland </td> <td>350,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>France </td> <td>No data </td></tr> <tr> <td>French Polynesia </td> <td>855 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Gabon </td> <td>8,073 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Gambia, The </td> <td>3,029 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Gaza Strip </td> <td>No data </td></tr> <tr> <td>Georgia </td> <td>No data </td></tr> <tr> <td>Germany </td> <td>No data </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ghana </td> <td>95,728 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Gibraltar </td> <td>No data </td></tr> <tr> <td>Greece </td> <td>75,603 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Greenland </td> <td>No data </td></tr> <tr> <td>Grenada </td> <td>225 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Guam </td> <td>No data </td></tr> <tr> <td>Guatemala </td> <td>10,132 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Guinea </td> <td>40,006 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Guinea-Bissau </td> <td>2,490 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Guyana </td> <td>7,380 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Haiti </td> <td>3,498 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Honduras </td> <td>11,375 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hong Kong </td> <td>No data </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hungary </td> <td>126,514 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Iceland </td> <td>8,108 </td></tr> <tr> <td>India </td> <td>No data </td></tr> <tr> <td>Indonesia </td> <td>213,505 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Iran </td> <td>38,500 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Iraq </td> <td>No data </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ireland </td> <td>No data </td></tr> <tr> <td>Isle of Man </td> <td>No data </td></tr> <tr> <td>Israel </td> <td>No data </td></tr> <tr> <td>Italy </td> <td>No data </td></tr> <tr> <td>Jamaica </td> <td>5,973 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Japan </td> <td>225,937 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Jersey </td> <td>No data </td></tr> <tr> <td>Jordan </td> <td>No data </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kazakhstan </td> <td>10,278 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kenya </td> <td>147,032 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kiribati </td> <td>No data </td></tr> <tr> <td>Korea, North </td> <td>24,830 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Korea, South </td> <td>7,633 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kosovo </td> <td>91 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kuwait </td> <td>No data </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kyrgyzstan </td> <td>No data </td></tr> <tr> <td>Laos </td> <td>34,171 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Latvia </td> <td>55,233 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Lebanon </td> <td>No data </td></tr> <tr> <td>Lesotho </td> <td>4,871 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Liberia </td> <td>9,943 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Libya </td> <td>42,810 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Liechtenstein </td> <td>No data </td></tr> <tr> <td>Lithuania </td> <td>11,869 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Luxembourg </td> <td>No data </td></tr> <tr> <td>Macau </td> <td>No data </td></tr> <tr> <td>Macedonia </td> <td>4,549 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Madagascar </td> <td>31,373 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Malawi </td> <td>11,378 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Malaysia </td> <td>28,234 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Maldives </td> <td>No data </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mali </td> <td>16,952 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Malta </td> <td>392 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Marshall Islands </td> <td>No data </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mauritania </td> <td>8,265 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mauritius </td> <td>49 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mexico </td> <td>240,116 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Micronesia, Federated States of </td> <td>204 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Moldova </td> <td>517 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Monaco </td> <td>No data </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mongolia </td> <td>44,449 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Montenegro </td> <td>621 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Montserrat </td> <td>No data </td></tr> <tr> <td>Morocco </td> <td>17,279 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mozambique </td> <td>23,718 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Namibia </td> <td>37,751 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nauru </td> <td>6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nepal </td> <td>16,100 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Netherlands </td> <td>No data </td></tr> <tr> <td>New Caledonia </td> <td>No data </td></tr> <tr> <td>New Zealand </td> <td>32,400 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nicaragua </td> <td>20,551 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Niger </td> <td>15,037 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nigeria </td> <td>164,220 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Niue </td> <td>No data </td></tr> <tr> <td>Norfolk Island </td> <td>27 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Northern Mariana Islands </td> <td>No data </td></tr> <tr> <td>Norway </td> <td>18,116 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Oman </td> <td>30,545 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pakistan </td> <td>78,879 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Panama </td> <td>8,786 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Papua New Guinea </td> <td>6,349 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Paraguay </td> <td>27,199 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Peru </td> <td>No data </td></tr> <tr> <td>Philippines </td> <td>155,294 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Poland </td> <td>129,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Portugal </td> <td>11,606 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Puerto Rico </td> <td>No data </td></tr> <tr> <td>Qatar </td> <td>No data </td></tr> <tr> <td>Romania </td> <td>34,312 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Russia </td> <td>355,666 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Rwanda </td> <td>3,493 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Saint Helena, Ascension, and Tristan da Cunha </td> <td>30 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Saint Kitts and Nevis </td> <td>220 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Saint Lucia </td> <td>363 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Saint Pierre and Miquelon </td> <td>37 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Saint Vincent and the Grenadines </td> <td>249 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Samoa </td> <td>95 </td></tr> <tr> <td>San Marino </td> <td>No data </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sao Tome and Principe </td> <td>102 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Saudi Arabia </td> <td>173,843 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Senegal </td> <td>10,539 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Serbia </td> <td>16,248 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Seychelles </td> <td>12 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sierra Leone </td> <td>10,396 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Singapore </td> <td>No data </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sint Maarten </td> <td>No data </td></tr> <tr> <td>Slovakia </td> <td>No data </td></tr> <tr> <td>Slovenia </td> <td>No data </td></tr> <tr> <td>Solomon Islands </td> <td>1,356 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Somalia </td> <td>19,492 </td></tr> <tr> <td>South Africa </td> <td>588,062 </td></tr> <tr> <td>South Sudan </td> <td>No data </td></tr> <tr> <td>Spain </td> <td>No data </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sri Lanka </td> <td>97,116 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sudan </td> <td>7,580 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Suriname </td> <td>3,174 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sweden </td> <td>433,034 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Switzerland </td> <td>No data </td></tr> <tr> <td>Syria </td> <td>6,813 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Taiwan </td> <td>396 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tajikistan </td> <td>No data </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tanzania </td> <td>79,380 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Thailand </td> <td>No data </td></tr> <tr> <td>Timor-Leste </td> <td>3,440 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Togo </td> <td>9,205 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tonga </td> <td>496 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Trinidad and Tobago </td> <td>4,068 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tunisia </td> <td>4,662 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Turkey </td> <td>33,486 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Turkmenistan </td> <td>11,015 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Turks and Caicos Islands </td> <td>97 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tuvalu </td> <td>No data </td></tr> <tr> <td>Uganda </td> <td>16,287 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ukraine </td> <td>3,599 </td></tr> <tr> <td>United Arab Emirates </td> <td>No data </td></tr> <tr> <td>United Kingdom </td> <td>No data </td></tr> <tr> <td>United States </td> <td>2,281,895 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Uruguay </td> <td>69,989 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Uzbekistan </td> <td>10,985 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Vanuatu </td> <td>814 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Venezuela </td> <td>No data </td></tr> <tr> <td>Vietnam </td> <td>47,130 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Virgin Islands </td> <td>No data </td></tr> <tr> <td>West Bank </td> <td>No data </td></tr> <tr> <td>World </td> <td>No data </td></tr> <tr> <td>Yemen </td> <td>65,100 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Zambia </td> <td>31,051 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Zimbabwe </td> <td>78,786 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Total</b> </td> <td><b>11,705,250</b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gravel_road&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Country_lane" title="Country lane">Country lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirt_road" title="Dirt road">Dirt road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">Erosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_Highway" title="Forest Highway">Forest Highway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_railway" title="Forest railway">Forest railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_track" title="Forest track">Forest track</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logging" title="Logging">Logging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road" title="Road">Roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_surface" title="Road surface">Road surface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Track_bed" title="Track bed">Track bed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trail" title="Trail">Trail</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gravel_road&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chemistry.co.nz/kiwi.htm">Kiwi - Words & Phrases</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100209041916/http://www.chemistry.co.nz/kiwi.htm">Archived</a> 2010-02-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (from a private website)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAnon" class="citation web cs1">Anon. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/metal">"Metal"</a>. <i>Online etymological dictionary</i>. 2001 Douglas Harper<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+etymological+dictionary&rft.atitle=Metal&rft.au=Anon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.reference.com%2Fbrowse%2Fmetal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGravel+road" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConcepcion" class="citation web cs1">Concepcion, Bien. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dirtandgravel.psu.edu/general-resources/">"General Resources"</a>. <i>Center for Dirt and Gravel Road Studies</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-11-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Center+for+Dirt+and+Gravel+Road+Studies&rft.atitle=General+Resources&rft.aulast=Concepcion&rft.aufirst=Bien&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdirtandgravel.psu.edu%2Fgeneral-resources%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGravel+road" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Gravel Roads: Construction and Maintenance Guide</i>. Washington: Department of Transportation (DOT), Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). 2015. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780160929915" title="Special:BookSources/9780160929915"><bdi>9780160929915</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gravel+Roads%3A+Construction+and+Maintenance+Guide&rft.place=Washington&rft.pub=Department+of+Transportation+%28DOT%29%2C+Federal+Highway+Administration+%28FHWA%29&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9780160929915&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGravel+road" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>BC supplement to TAC geometric design guide. – 2007 ed</i>. British Columbia: British Columbia. Ministry of Transportation. 2007. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7726-5800-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7726-5800-5"><bdi>978-0-7726-5800-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=BC+supplement+to+TAC+geometric+design+guide.+%E2%80%93+2007+ed.&rft.place=British+Columbia&rft.pub=British+Columbia.+Ministry+of+Transportation&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7726-5800-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGravel+road" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gravel_roads-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gravel_roads_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkorsethSelim2000" class="citation cs2">Skorseth, Ken; Selim, Ali A. (November 2000), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170131065925/http://idot.illinois.gov/Assets/uploads/files/Transportation-System/Manuals-Guides-%26-Handbooks/T2/L019.pdf">"Section III: Surface Gravel"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://idot.illinois.gov/Assets/uploads/files/Transportation-System/Manuals-Guides-%26-Handbooks/T2/L019.pdf"><i>Gravel Roads: Maintenance and Design Manual</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, FHWA, Federal Highway Administration - South Dakota Local Transportation Assistance Program, pp. 39–49, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-10/documents/2003_07_24_nps_gravelroads_sec3_0.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2017-01-31<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-12-28</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Section+III%3A+Surface+Gravel&rft.btitle=Gravel+Roads%3A+Maintenance+and+Design+Manual&rft.series=FHWA&rft.pages=39-49&rft.pub=Federal+Highway+Administration+-+South+Dakota+Local+Transportation+Assistance+Program&rft.date=2000-11&rft.aulast=Skorseth&rft.aufirst=Ken&rft.au=Selim%2C+Ali+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Fsites%2Fproduction%2Ffiles%2F2015-10%2Fdocuments%2F2003_07_24_nps_gravelroads_sec3_0.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGravel+road" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkorseth2005" class="citation book cs1">Skorseth, Ken (2005). <i>Gravel roads : maintenance and design manual</i>. South Dakota Local Transportation Assistance Program. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2005410659" title="Special:BookSources/2005410659"><bdi>2005410659</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/62208163">62208163</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gravel+roads+%3A+maintenance+and+design+manual&rft.pub=South+Dakota+Local+Transportation+Assistance+Program&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F62208163&rft.isbn=2005410659&rft.aulast=Skorseth&rft.aufirst=Ken&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGravel+road" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">‘GRAVEL ROAD MAINTENANCE MANUAL A Guide for Landowners on Camp and Other Gravel Roads’ (2016). Augusta, (April). Available at: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.maine.gov/dep/land/watershed/camp/road/gravel_road_manual.pdf">https://www.maine.gov/dep/land/watershed/camp/road/gravel_road_manual.pdf</a> (Accessed: 9 April 2019).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Caouette, Leo. 2013. APPLICATION METHODS CALCIUM CHLORIDE AS A DUST SUPPRESSANT. Nunavut: Nunavut Municipal Training Organization. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.nmto.ca/sites/default/files/application_of_calcium_chloride.pdf">https://www.nmto.ca/sites/default/files/application_of_calcium_chloride.pdf</a> .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Min._Forestry-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Min._Forestry_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Min._Forestry_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Min._Forestry_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/industry/natural-resource-use/resource-roads">"Resource roads"</a>. <i>Ministry of Forests, Province of British Columbia</i>. 2021-04-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-10-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ministry+of+Forests%2C+Province+of+British+Columbia&rft.atitle=Resource+roads&rft.date=2021-04-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww2.gov.bc.ca%2Fgov%2Fcontent%2Findustry%2Fnatural-resource-use%2Fresource-roads&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGravel+road" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrendDuncombe2022" class="citation news cs1">Brend, Yvette; Duncombe, Lyndsay (2022-10-27). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/landslide-risk-service-roads-1.6628050">"Fatal landslide blamed on old logging road raises fears about hidden risks near Canada's highways"</a>. <i>CBC News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-10-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBC+News&rft.atitle=Fatal+landslide+blamed+on+old+logging+road+raises+fears+about+hidden+risks+near+Canada%27s+highways&rft.date=2022-10-27&rft.aulast=Brend&rft.aufirst=Yvette&rft.au=Duncombe%2C+Lyndsay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fbritish-columbia%2Flandslide-risk-service-roads-1.6628050&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGravel+road" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190109034959/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/385.html">"Field Listing :: Roadways — The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency"</a>. <i>www.cia.gov</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/385.html">the original</a> on January 9, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-03-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cia.gov&rft.atitle=Field+Listing+%3A%3A+Roadways+%E2%80%94+The+World+Factbook+-+Central+Intelligence+Agency&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Ffields%2F385.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGravel+road" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gravel_road&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Gravel_roads" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Gravel roads">Gravel roads</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/gravel_road" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/gravel road">gravel road</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkorsethSelim2000" class="citation cs2">Skorseth, Ken; Selim, Ali A. (November 2000), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170131065925/http://idot.illinois.gov/Assets/uploads/files/Transportation-System/Manuals-Guides-%26-Handbooks/T2/L019.pdf"><i>Gravel Roads Maintenance and Design Manual</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, FHWA, South Dakota Local Transportation Assistance Program, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://idot.illinois.gov/Assets/uploads/files/Transportation-System/Manuals-Guides-%26-Handbooks/T2/L019.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2017-01-31<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-12-28</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gravel+Roads+Maintenance+and+Design+Manual&rft.series=FHWA&rft.pub=South+Dakota+Local+Transportation+Assistance+Program&rft.date=2000-11&rft.aulast=Skorseth&rft.aufirst=Ken&rft.au=Selim%2C+Ali+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fidot.illinois.gov%2FAssets%2Fuploads%2Ffiles%2FTransportation-System%2FManuals-Guides-%2526-Handbooks%2FT2%2FL019.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGravel+road" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/gpo55219">Environmentally Sensitive Maintenance Practices for Dirt and Gravel Roads</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Forest_Service" title="United States Forest Service">U.S. Forest Service</a></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Road_types" title="Template:Road types"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Road_types" title="Template talk:Road types"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Road_types" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Road types"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Road_hierarchy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Road" title="Road">Road</a> <a href="/wiki/Road_hierarchy" title="Road hierarchy">hierarchy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Types_of_road" title="Types of road">Types of road</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Limited-access_road" title="Limited-access road">Limited-access</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bicycle_highway" title="Bicycle highway">Bicycle highway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Controlled-access_highway" title="Controlled-access highway">Freeway / Motorway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_carriageway" title="Dual carriageway">Dual carriageway / Divided highway / Expressway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elevated_highway" title="Elevated highway">Elevated highway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Limited-access_roads_by_country" title="Category:Limited-access roads by country">By country</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Highways_in_Australia" title="Highways in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Belgium#Road_transport" title="Transport in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Highway_System" title="Brazilian Highway System">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_Canada" title="Roads in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expressways_of_China" title="Expressways of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highways_in_Croatia" title="Highways in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highways_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Highways in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autobahn" title="Autobahn">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highways_in_Greece" title="Highways in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_streets_and_roads_in_Hong_Kong" title="List of streets and roads in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_India" title="Roads in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-quality_dual_carriageway" title="High-quality dual carriageway">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_Italy" title="Roads in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_roads_in_Nepal" title="List of roads in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_Pakistan" title="Roads in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highways_in_Poland" title="Highways in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_Portugal" title="Roads in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highways_in_Spain" title="Highways in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highway_system_in_Taiwan" title="Highway system in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Roads in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numbered_highways_in_the_United_States" title="Numbered highways in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main roads</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arterial_road" title="Arterial road">Arterial road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collector_road" title="Collector road">Collector road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_highway" title="County highway">County highway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local%E2%80%93express_lanes" title="Local–express lanes">Express–collector setup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farm-to-market_road" title="Farm-to-market road">Farm-to-market road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highway" title="Highway">Highway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Link_road" title="Link road">Link road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-lane_expressway" title="Two-lane expressway">Two-lane expressway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2%2B1_road" title="2+1 road">2+1 road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2%2B2_road" title="2+2 road">2+2 road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkway" title="Parkway">Parkway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_road" title="Ring road">Ring road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_two" title="Super two">Super two</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trunk_road" title="Trunk road">Trunk road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highway_systems_by_country" title="Highway systems by country">Highway systems by country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Local roads</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Alley</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avenue_(landscape)" title="Avenue (landscape)">Avenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back_road" title="Back road">Back road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicycle_boulevard" title="Bicycle boulevard">Bicycle boulevard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boulevard" title="Boulevard">Boulevard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Country_lane" title="Country lane">Country lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_end_street" title="Dead end street">Dead end</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driveway" title="Driveway">Driveway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontage_road" title="Frontage road">Frontage road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_lane_(road)" title="Green lane (road)">Green lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Main_Street" title="Main Street">Main street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_road" title="Primitive road">Primitive road</a></li> <li>Road</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Side_road" title="Side road">Side road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_carriageway" title="Single carriageway">Single carriageway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-track_road" title="Single-track road">Single-track road</a></li> <li>Street</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunken_lane" title="Sunken lane">Sunken lane</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other terms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concurrency_(road)" title="Concurrency (road)">Concurrency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detour" title="Detour">Detour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_hierarchy" title="Road hierarchy">Road hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_highway" title="Private highway">Private highway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Route_number" title="Route number">Route number</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_route" title="Special route">special route</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_route" title="Business route">business route</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_hierarchy" title="Street hierarchy">Street hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stroad" title="Stroad">Stroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toll_road" title="Toll road">Toll road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_road" title="Winter road">Winter road</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Road_junction" title="Road junction">Road junctions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Interchange_(road)" title="Interchange (road)">Interchanges</a><br /><span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Grade_separation" title="Grade separation">grade-separated</a>)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cloverleaf_interchange" title="Cloverleaf interchange">Cloverleaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diamond_interchange" title="Diamond interchange">Diamond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-flow_interchange" title="Free-flow interchange">Free-flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interchange_(road)#Directional_T_interchange" title="Interchange (road)">Directional T</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diverging_diamond_interchange" title="Diverging diamond interchange">Diverging diamond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partial_cloverleaf_interchange" title="Partial cloverleaf interchange">Parclo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raindrop_interchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Raindrop interchange">Raindrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roundabout_interchange" title="Roundabout interchange">Roundabout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-point_urban_interchange" title="Single-point urban interchange">Single-point urban (SPUI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stack_interchange" title="Stack interchange">Stack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-level_diamond_interchange" title="Three-level diamond interchange">Three-level diamond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interchange_(road)#Trumpet_interchange" title="Interchange (road)">Trumpet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Intersection_(road)" title="Intersection (road)">Intersections<br /><span class="nobold">(at-grade)</span></a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Three-way_junction" title="Three-way junction">3-way junction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowtie_(road)" title="Bowtie (road)">Bowtie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Box_junction" title="Box junction">Box junction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channelization_(roads)" title="Channelization (roads)">Channelization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuous-flow_intersection" title="Continuous-flow intersection">Continuous flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hook_turn" title="Hook turn">Hook turn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jughandle" title="Jughandle">Jughandle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_left" title="Michigan left">Michigan left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offset_T-intersection" title="Offset T-intersection">Offset T-intersection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_intersection" title="Protected intersection">Protected intersection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrant_roadway_intersection" title="Quadrant roadway intersection">Quadrant roadway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-in/right-out" title="Right-in/right-out">Right-in/right-out (RIRO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roundabout" title="Roundabout">Roundabout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seagull_intersection" title="Seagull intersection">Seagull intersection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split_intersection" title="Split intersection">Split intersection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstreet" title="Superstreet">Superstreet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_U-turn" title="Texas U-turn">Texas U-turn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turnaround_(road)" title="Turnaround (road)">Turnaround</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Road_surface" title="Road surface">Surfaces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asphalt_concrete" title="Asphalt concrete">Asphalt concrete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioasphalt" title="Bioasphalt">Bioasphalt</a></li> <li>Brick</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chipseal" title="Chipseal">Chipseal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobblestone" title="Cobblestone">Cobblestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concrete#Roads" title="Concrete">Concrete</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reinforced_concrete" title="Reinforced concrete">Reinforced concrete</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corduroy_road" title="Corduroy road">Corduroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crocodile_cracking" title="Crocodile cracking">Crocodile cracking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crushed_stone" title="Crushed stone">Crushed stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diamond_grinding_of_pavement" title="Diamond grinding of pavement">Diamond grinding of pavement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirt_road" title="Dirt road">Dirt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_depth_recycling" title="Full depth recycling">Full depth recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glassphalt" title="Glassphalt">Glassphalt</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gravel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_road" title="Ice road">Ice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macadam" title="Macadam">Macadam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavement_milling" title="Pavement milling">Pavement milling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permeable_paving" title="Permeable paving">Permeable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plank_road" title="Plank road">Plank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_road" title="Plastic road">Plastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubberized_asphalt" title="Rubberized asphalt">Rubberized asphalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sealcoat" title="Sealcoat">Sealcoat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sett_(paving)" title="Sett (paving)">Sett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamped_asphalt" title="Stamped asphalt">Stamped asphalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarmacadam" title="Tarmacadam">Tarmac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_texture" title="Road texture">Texture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Road_traffic_safety" title="Road traffic safety">Road safety<br />factors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Road and<br />environment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquaplaning" title="Aquaplaning">Aquaplaning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avalanche" title="Avalanche">Avalanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_ice" title="Black ice">Black ice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bleeding_(roads)" title="Bleeding (roads)">Bleeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crosswind" title="Crosswind">Crosswind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_Man%27s_Curve" title="Dead Man's Curve">Dead Man's Curve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansion_joint" title="Expansion joint">Expansion joint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fog" title="Fog">Fog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ford_(crossing)" title="Ford (crossing)">Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hairpin_turn" title="Hairpin turn">Hairpin turn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Level_crossing" title="Level crossing">Level crossing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhole_cover" title="Manhole cover">Manhole cover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_spill" title="Oil spill">Oil spill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oversize_load" title="Oversize load">Oversize load</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pothole" title="Pothole">Pothole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_debris" title="Road debris">Road debris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_slipperiness" title="Road slipperiness">Road slipperiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_train" title="Road train">Road train</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roadkill" title="Roadkill">Roadkill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockfall" title="Rockfall">Rockfall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rut_(roads)" title="Rut (roads)">Rut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speed_bump" title="Speed bump">Speed bump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storm_drain" title="Storm drain">Storm drain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_light" title="Traffic light">Traffic light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_sign" title="Traffic sign">Traffic sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washboarding" title="Washboarding">Washboarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washout_(erosion)" title="Washout (erosion)">Washout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiteout_(weather)" title="Whiteout (weather)">Whiteout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snow_squall" title="Snow squall">Snow squall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Traffic_psychology" title="Traffic psychology">Human factors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Driver%27s_education" title="Driver's education">Driver's education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driving_under_the_influence" title="Driving under the influence">Driving under the influence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drowsy_driving" title="Drowsy driving">Drowsy driving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_rage" title="Road rage">Road rage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-vehicle_crash" class="mw-redirect" title="Single-vehicle crash">Single-vehicle crash</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vehicles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airbag" title="Airbag">Airbag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_safety" title="Automotive safety">Automotive safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seat_belt" title="Seat belt">Seat belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk_compensation#Road_transport" title="Risk compensation">Risk compensation (road transport)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underride_guard" class="mw-redirect" title="Underride guard">Underride guard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Traffic#Rules_of_the_road" title="Traffic">Space and<br />time allocation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barrier_transfer_machine" title="Barrier transfer machine">Barrier transfer machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bike_lane" title="Bike lane">Bike lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climbing_lane" title="Climbing lane">Climbing lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complete_streets" title="Complete streets">Complete streets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contraflow_lane" title="Contraflow lane">Contraflow lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contraflow_lane_reversal" title="Contraflow lane reversal">Contraflow lane reversal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-occupancy_toll_lane" title="High-occupancy toll lane">High-occupancy toll lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-occupancy_vehicle_lane" title="High-occupancy vehicle lane">High-occupancy vehicle lane</a></li> <li>Lane</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Living_street" title="Living street">Living street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managed_lane" title="Managed lane">Managed lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Median_strip" title="Median strip">Median / Central reservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorcycle_lane" title="Motorcycle lane">Motorcycle lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passing_lane" title="Passing lane">Passing lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedestrian_crossing" title="Pedestrian crossing">Pedestrian crossing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedestrian_zone" title="Pedestrian zone">Pedestrian zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_island" title="Refuge island">Refuge island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reversible_lane" title="Reversible lane">Reversible lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_diet" title="Road diet">Road diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_verge" title="Road verge">Road verge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runaway_truck_ramp" title="Runaway truck ramp">Runaway truck ramp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shared_space" title="Shared space">Shared space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidewalk" title="Sidewalk">Sidewalk / Pavement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoulder_(road)" title="Shoulder (road)">Shoulder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_running_train" title="Street running train">Street-running railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_calming" title="Traffic calming">Traffic calming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic" title="Left- and right-hand traffic">Traffic directionality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_island" title="Traffic island">Traffic island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_lanes" class="mw-redirect" title="Traffic lanes">Traffic lanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_signal_preemption" title="Traffic signal preemption">Traffic signal preemption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truck_bypass" title="Truck bypass">Truck bypass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unused_highway" title="Unused highway">Unused highway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide_outside_lane" title="Wide outside lane">Wide outside lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woonerf" title="Woonerf">Woonerf</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Demarcation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bollard" title="Bollard">Bollard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botts%27_dots" title="Botts' dots">Botts' dots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_barrier" title="Cable barrier">Cable barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat%27s_eye_(road)" title="Cat's eye (road)">Cat's eye (road)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concrete_step_barrier" title="Concrete step barrier">Concrete step barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constant-slope_barrier" title="Constant-slope barrier">Constant-slope barrier</a></li> <li>Curb</li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-shape_barrier" title="F-shape barrier">F-shape barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guard_rail" title="Guard rail">Guard rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_barrier" title="Jersey barrier">Jersey barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassel_kerb" title="Kassel kerb">Kassel kerb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_barrier" title="Noise barrier">Noise barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raised_pavement_marker" title="Raised pavement marker">Raised pavement marker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_surface_marking" title="Road surface marking">Road surface marking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumble_strip" title="Rumble strip">Rumble strip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_barrier" title="Traffic barrier">Traffic barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_cone" title="Traffic cone">Traffic cone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Bridge</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causeway" title="Causeway">Causeway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overpass" title="Overpass">Overpass / Flyover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel" title="Tunnel">Underpass / Tunnel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Performance<br />indicators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pavement_condition_index" title="Pavement condition index">Pavement condition index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_roughness_index" title="International roughness index">International roughness index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Present_serviceability_index" title="Present serviceability index">Present serviceability index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavement_performance_modeling" title="Pavement performance modeling">Pavement performance modeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granular_base_equivalency" title="Granular base equivalency">Granular base equivalency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_road_transport_terms" title="Glossary of road transport terms">Glossary of road transport terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_road_types_by_features" class="mw-redirect" title="List of road types by features">Road types by features</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2618162#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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