CINXE.COM

<html> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" media="screen" href="experiment-7.css"></link> <title>Organic Lasers and Organic Photonics</title> <center> <center><a href="http://www.tunablelasers.com"><img src = "http://www.tunablelasers.com/tunablelasers-7.jpg" align = leftt border = 0></a></center <center><h1>Organic Lasers and Organic Photonics</h2></center> <center><h2>F J Duarte (Ed) Organic Lasers and Organic Photonics 2nd Edn (Institute of Physics, Bristol, 2024)</h2></center> <h3>https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-5547-6</h3> <h3>ISBN: 978-0-7503-5545-2 (Print); 978-0-7503-5547-6 (On line)</h3> <hr> Organic Lasers and Organic Photonics: 16 chapters, 161 figures, 36 tables, 350 equations, 18 schemes, 85 problems and approximately 2500 archival references in 481 pages. <hr> Contributing authors: <a href="http://www.tunablelasers.com/fjduarte.htm">F. J. Duarte</a>, <a href="https://www.biologie.hu-berlin.de/de/gruppenseiten/expbp/members-1/prof.-hegemann-peter">Peter Hegemann</a>, Suneel Kateriya, <a href="https://research.com/u/alfons-penzkofer">Alfons Penskofer</a>, <a href="https://kth.se/profile/sergeip">Sergei Popov</a>, <a href="http://www.tunablelasers.com/kmvaeth.htm">Kathleen M. Vaeth</a>, Elena Vasileva <hr> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1088/978-0-7503-5547-6"><img src = "http://www.tunablelasers.com/FJ Duarte OLOP 2nd Edn 2024.jpg" align = right border = 0></a> <a href="http://iopscience.iop.org/book/edit/978-0-7503-5547-6">Organic Lasers and Organic Photonics (Institure of Physics, Bristol, 2024) at IoP</a> Includes a cohesive, handbook style, theoretical compendium for the design and assessment of high-performance tunable narrow-linewidth laser oscillators (Chapter 6). Describes in detail the material science and physics of coherent electrically-pumped organic semicunductors (Chapter 11). Includes the world's most extensive and comprehensive cumulative review on organic molecules applied to optogenetics (Chapter 13). Includes, using quantum interference principles, the first transparent derivation of Born's rule (Chapter 16). <h3>CONTENTS</h3> <ul> <h3>1 Introduction</h2> 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Laser linewidth 1.2.1 Laser linewidth in organic dye lasers 1.2.2 Narrow-linewidth landmarks in high-power pulsed organic dye lasers 1.2.3 Narrow-linewidth landmarks in CW organic dye lasers 1.2.4 CW organic dye laser developments for pulse compression 1.3 Solid-state organic lasers 1.3.1 Solid-state organic dye lasers 1.3.2 Further notable developments 1.3.3 Coherent emission from electrically-pumped organic semiconductors 1.4 Organic photonics 1.5 Organic lasers and organic photonics 1.6 Perspective 1.7 Organic Lasers and Organic Photonics (Second Edition) References <h3>2 Organic laser dyes</h2> 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Organic laser dye molecules 2.2.1 Water solubility 2.2.2 Criticisms to organic dye as laser gain media 2.3 Organic laser dyes in the liquid-state and the solid-state 2.4 Literatute 2.5 Problems References <h3>3 Energetics of organic laser dyes</h3> 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Rate equations for generalized multiple-level systems 3.2.1 Rate equations for single-energy levels 3.2.2 Applications of rate equations for single-energy levels 3.3 Quantum approach to transition cross sections 3.4 Amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) 3.5 Quantum energy 3.6 Problems References <h3>4 Polymer matrices for lasers</h3> 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Physical parameters of PMMA 4.3 Polymer matrices for organic lasers 4.3.1 Excitation parameters for dye-doped polymer laser matrices 4.4 Longevity of polymer matrices for organic lasers 4.5 Problems References <h3>5 Cavity and resonator architectures for high-performance organic laser oscillators</h3> 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Mirror杕irror cavities 5.3 Mirror-grating cavities 5.3.1 Littrow grating cavities 5.3.2 Grazing-incidence grating cavities 5.3.3 Open cavity versus closed cavity configurations 5.4 Output-coupler polarizer multiple-prism grating oscillators 5.4.1 Hybrid multiple-prism grazing-incidence (HMPGI) grating configurations 5.4.2 Multiple-prism Littrow (MPL) grating configurations 5.5 Linear and ring laser cavities 5.6 Unstable resonators as laser amplifiers 5.7 Laser-pumped amplifier stages 5.8 Distributed feedback configurations 5.9 Vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSELs) 5.10 Perspective 5.11 Problems References <h3>6 Mathematical-physics for tunable narrow-linewidth organic laser oscillators</h3> 6.1 Introduction 6.2 The generalized interferometric equations 6.2.1 The uncertainty principle in optics 6.2.2 Beam divergence 6.3 The cavity linewidth equation 6.4 The diffraction equations 6.5 The generalized multiple-prism equations 6.5.1 Return-pass multiple-prism intracavity dispersion 6.5.2 Multiple-return-pass multiple-prism intracavity dispersion 6.5.3 Multiple-return-pass cavity linewidth 6.5.4 Multiple-return-pass propagation matrix 6.5.5 Multiple-prism mathematical series 6.6 The generalized prismatic equations for laser pulse compression 6.6.1 Fundamentals of pulse compression 6.7 Distributed feedback 6.8 Longitudinal tuning in laser microcavities 6.9 Laser linewidth of microcavity emission 6.10 Linewidth equivalence 6.11 Problems References <h3>7 Best performance of organic lasers</h3> 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Laser-pumped liquid organic dye lasers 7.2.1 Tunable narrow-linewidth laser oscillators 7.2.2 Master-oscillator power-amplifiers 7.2.3 CW lasers 7.2.4 Femtosecond pulse lasers 7.3 Flashlamp-pumped organic dye lasers 7.3.1 Tunable narrow-linewidth laser oscillators 7.3.2 Flashlamp-pumped master-oscillator forced-oscillators 7.4 Solid-state tunable organic dye lasers 7.4.1 Narrow-linewidth tunable solid-state laser oscillators 7.4.2 Long-pulse solid-state tunable laser oscillators 7.5 Additional solid-state organic lasers 7.5.1 Microcavity and optofluidic organic lasers 7.5.2 Organic fiber lasers 7.5.3 Solid-state distributed feedback organic lasers 7.5.4 Solid-state waveguide organic lasers 7.5.5 Solid-state microcavity organic lasers 7.5.6 Organic vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSELs) 7.6 Problems References <h3>8 Tunable organic lasers for directed energy</h3> 8.1 Introduction 8.1.1 Atmospheric propagation 8.2 Organic laser oscillators for directed energy 8.3 Organic master-oscilator forced-oscillator (MOFO) for directed energy 8.4 High-energy amplification stages 8.5 Further development for solid-state tunable organic lasers 8.6 Pulse average power versus CW power 8.7 Thermal dissipation 8.8 Problems Acknowledgements References <h3>9 Polymer杗anoparticle organic lasers </h3> 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Laser dye-doped polymer杗anoparticle gain media 9.3 Organic dye-doped polymer杗anoparticle tunable lasers 9.4 Interferometric interpretation on polymer杗anoparticle matrix homogeneity 9.5 Problems References <h3>10 Compact and miniaturized organic dye lasers: from glass to bio-based gain media</h3> 10.1 Introduction: from liquid to solid gain media 10.2 Tunable solid-state dye lasers 10.2.1 VECSOLs 10.2.2 DFB organic lasers 10.2.3 Sol杇el silica organic lasers 10.2.4 Multi-prism SSDL and nanoparticle technology 10.3 Fixed-tuned lasers 10.3.1 Fiber based dye lasers 10.3.2 Whispering gallery mode lasers 10.4 Transparent wood as novel laser media 10.4.1 Optically transparent wood material 10.4.2 Transparent wood dye laser References <h3>11 Electrically-pumped organic semiconductor laser emission</h3> 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Organic semiconductors 11.2.1 Energetics of organic semiconductors 11.2.2 High luminescence OLEDs 11.3 Electrical excitation of the tandem organic semiconductor active region 11.4 Integrated interferometric coherent emitter (IICE) 11.5 Energetics of the organic semiconductor IICE 11.6 Spatial coherence of the emission from the organic semiconductor IICE 11.6.1 Interferometrically determined transverse-mode structures 11.7 Spectral coherence of the emission from the organic semiconductor IICE 11.7.1 Emission linewidth from N-slit interferograms 11.8 On the origin of the coherent emission 11.9 Perspective on the literature 11.10 Quantum coherence 11.11 Miniaturization prospects 11.12 Conclusion 11.13 Problems References <h3>12 Organic photonics </h3> 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Elements of organic photonics 12.2.1 Organic dyes 12.2.2 Polymers 12.2.3 Organic杋norganic composites 12.2.4 Organic lasers 12.2.5 Quantum dots 12.3 Organic optical elements 12.3.1 Organic lenses 12.3.2 Organic杋norganic prisms 12.3.3 Organic fibers 12.4 Applications 12.4.1 Communications 12.4.2 Directed energy 12.4.3 Industry 12.4.4 Medicine 12.4.5 Nonlinear optics 12.4.6 Science 12.4.7 Sensors 12.5 Perspective 12.6 Problems References <h3>13 Organic dyes in optogenetics</h3> 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Characterization of organic dyes applied in optogenetics 13.2.1 Retinals 13.2.2 Flavins (isoalloxazine derivatives) 13.2.3 Folates 13.2.4 p-coumaric acid 13.2.5 Linear tetrapyrroles (phytochrome chromophores) 13.2.6 Corrinoid-based cyclic tetrapyrroles (chromophores of cobalamin-based photoreceptors) 13.2.7 Tryptophan (UVR8 chromophore) 13.2.8 Fluorescent probes 13.2.9 Fluorescent proteins 13.2.10 Nanomaterials 13.3 Action of the organic dyes in photoreceptors 13.3.1 Rodopsins 13.3.2 Flavoproteins 13.3.3 Xanthopsins (photoactive yellow proteins) 13.3.4 Phytochromes 13.3.5 Cobalamin-based photoreceptors CarH and AerR 13.3.6 UVR8 plant photoreceptors 13.3.7 Upconversion nanoparticle mediated optogenetics 13.4 Application of optogenetic tools 13.4.1 Application of optogenetic tools in neuroscience 13.4.2 Application of optogenetic tools in cell biology 13.5 Conclusions 13.6 Recent advances as to organic dyes applied in optogenetics 13.6.1 Introduction 13.6.2 Characterization of organic dyes applied in optogenetics 13.6.3 Action of organic dyes in photoreceptors 13.6.4 Applications of optogenetic tools 13.6.5 Conclusions List of Abbreviations Symbols Acknowledgements References <h3>14 Tunable organic lasers and organic molecules for medicine </h3> 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Organic lasers for medicine 14.2.1 High-performance solid-state organic lasers for medicine 14.2.2 Additional organic lasers for medicine 14.3 Light sheet microscopy illumination 14.3.1 Multiple-prism propagation matrix equations for extremely wide light sheets for microscopy 14.3.2 Propagation physics of the optics to generate extremely wide light sheets for microscopy 14.4 Organic dye molecules for photodynamic therapy 14.4.1 Additional organic molecules for photodynamic therapy 14.5 Dual laser system for diagnosis and photodynamic therapy 14.6 Conclusions 14.7 Problems References <h3>15 Organic lasers for N-channel quantum entanglement</h3> 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Sources for quantum entanglement experiments 15.2.1 Parametric down conversion 15.2.2 CW organic dye lasers 15.2.3 Organic lasers for N-channel quantum entanglement 15.2.4 Entanglement of quantum indistinguishable ensembles 15.3 The physics of N-channel quantum entanglement 15.3.1 Background 15.3.2 Quantum entanglement probability amplitudes 15.3.3 Interferometric approach to quantum entanglement 15.3.4 Generalized quantum entanglement probability amplitudes 15.3.5 Alternative probability amplitude methodologies 15.4 The interferometric equation and quantum entropy 15.5 Implications for the interpretations of quantum mechanics 15.6 Perspective 15.7 Problems References <h3>16 Intrinsic quantum coherence in electrically-pumped organic interferometric emitters: Diracian emission</h3> 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Quantum interferometric probabilities 16.3 Dirac's identities 16.4 Quantum coherence in electrically-pumped interferometric emitters 16.5 Born's rule 16.6 Discussion 16.7 Problems References <h3>Index</h3> </ul> <BODY LINK="#000066" VLINK="007766" ALINK="#000066"> <h3>F. J. Duarte (Ed), Organic Lasers and Organic Photonics (Institute of Physics, London, 2018)</h3> ISBN: 978-0-7503-1570-8 <hr> Organic Lasers and Organic Photonics: 142 figures, 36 tables, 275 equations, 18 schemes, and more than 1700 archival references in 300 pages. <hr> Contributing authors: <a href="http://www.tunablelasers.com/fjduarte.htm">F. J. Duarte</a>, <a href="https://www.biologie.hu-berlin.de/de/gruppenseiten/expbp/members/prof.-hegemann-peter">Peter Hegemann</a>, Suneel Kateriya, <a href="http://www.physik.uni-regensburg.de/forschung/penzkofer/">Alfons Penskofer</a>, Sergei Popov, <a href="http://www.tunablelasers.com/kmvaeth.htm">Kathleen M. Vaeth</a>, Elena Vasileva <hr> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Organic-Lasers-Photonics-IPH001-dp-0750315709/dp/0750315709/ref=mt_hardcover?_encoding=UTF8&me=&qid="><img src = "http://www.tunablelasers.com/OLOP 2018.jpg" align = right border = 0></a> <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Organic-Lasers-Photonics-IPH001-dp-0750315709/dp/0750315709/ref=mt_hardcover?_encoding=UTF8&me=&qid=">Organic Lasers and Organic Photonics (Institure of Physics, London, 2018) at Amazon</a> <a href="https://www.barnesandnoble.com/w/organic-lasers-and-organic-photonics-frank-duarte/1128698770?ean=9780750315722">Organic Lasers and Organic Photonics (Institure of Physics, London, 2018) at Barnes & Noble</a> <a href="http://iopscience.iop.org/book/978-0-7503-1572-2">Organic Lasers and Organic Photonics (Institure of Physics, London, 2018) at IoP</a> <h3>CONTENTS</h3> <ul> <h3>1 Introduction</h2> 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Laser linewidth 1.2.1 Laser linewidth in organic dye lasers 1.2.2 Narrow-linewidth landmarks in high-power pulsed organic dye lasers 1.2.3 Narrow-linewidth landmarks in CW organic dye lasers 1.2.4 CW organic dye laser developments for pulse compression 1.3 Solid-state organic lasers 1.3.1 Solid-state organic dye lasers 1.3.2 Further notable developments 1.3.3 Coherent emission from electrically-pumped organic semiconductors 1.4 Organic photonics 1.5 Organic lasers and organic photonics 1.6 Perspective References <h3>2 Organic laser dyes</h2> 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Organic laser dye molecules 2.2.1 Water solubility 2.2.2 Criticisms to organic dye as laser gain media 2.3 Organic laser dyes in the liquid-state and the solid-state References <h3>3 Energetics of organic laser dyes</h3> 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Rate equations for generalized multiple-level systems 3.2.1 Rate equations for single-energy levels 3.2.2 Applications of rate equations for single-energy levels 3.3 Quantum approach to transition cross sections 3.4 Amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) References <h3>4 Polymer matrices for lasers</h3> 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Physical parameters of PMMA 4.3 Polymer matrices for organic lasers 4.3.1 Excitation parameters for dye-doped polymer laser matrices References <h3>5 Cavity and resonator architectures for high-performance organic laser oscillators</h3> 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Mirror杕irror cavities 5.3 Mirror-grating cavities 5.3.1 Littrow grating cavities 5.3.2 Grazing-incidence grating cavities 5.3.3 Open cavity versus closed cavity configurations 5.4 Output-coupler polarizer multiple-prism grating oscillators 5.4.1 Hybrid multiple-prism grazing-incidence (HMPGI) grating configurations 5.4.2 Multiple-prism Littrow (MPL) grating configurations 5.5 Linear and ring laser cavities 5.6 Unstable resonators as laser amplifiers 5.7 Laser-pumped amplifier stages 5.8 Distributed feedback configurations 5.9 Vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSELs) References <h3>6 Mathematical-physics for tunable narrow-linewidth organic laser oscillators</h3> 6.1 Introduction 6.2 The generalized interferometric equations 6.2.1 The uncertainty principle in optics 6.2.2 Beam divergence 6.3 The cavity linewidth equation 6.4 The diffraction equations 6.5 The generalized multiple-prism equations 6.5.1 Return-pass multiple-prism intracavity dispersion 6.5.2 Multiple-return-pass multiple-prism intracavity dispersion 6.5.3 Multiple-return-pass cavity linewidth 6.5.4 Multiple-return-pass propagation matrix 6.5.5 Multiple-prism mathematical series 6.6 The generalized prismatic equations for laser pulse compression 6.6.1 Fundamentals of pulse compression 6.7 Distributed feedback 6.8 Longitudinal tuning in laser microcavities 6.9 Laser linewidth of microcavity emission 6.10 Linewidth equivalence References <h3>7 Best performance of organic lasers</h3> 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Laser-pumped liquid organic dye lasers 7.2.1 Tunable narrow-linewidth laser oscillators 7.2.2 Master-oscillator power-amplifiers 7.2.3 CW lasers 7.2.4 Femtosecond pulse lasers 7.3 Flashlamp-pumped organic dye lasers 7.3.1 Tunable narrow-linewidth laser oscillators 7.3.2 Flashlamp-pumped master-oscillator forced-oscillators 7.4 Solid-state tunable organic dye lasers 7.4.1 Narrow-linewidth tunable solid-state laser oscillators 7.4.2 Long-pulse solid-state tunable laser oscillators 7.5 Additional solid-state organic lasers 7.5.1 Microcavity and optofluidic organic lasers 7.5.2 Organic fiber lasers 7.5.3 Solid-state distributed feedback organic lasers 7.5.4 Solid-state waveguide organic lasers 7.5.5 Solid-state microcavity organic lasers 7.5.6 Organic vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSELs) References <h3>8 Tunable organic lasers for directed energy</h3> 8.1 Introduction 8.1.1 Atmospheric propagation 8.1.2 Organic laser oscillators for directed energy 8.2 Organic master-oscillator forced-oscillator for directed energy 8.3 High-energy amplification stages 8.4 Outlook References <h3>9 Polymer杗anoparticle organic lasers </h3> 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Laser dye-doped polymer杗anoparticle gain media 9.3 Organic dye-doped polymer杗anoparticle tunable lasers 9.4 Interferometric interpretation on polymer杗anoparticle matrix homogeneity References <h3>10 Compact and miniaturized organic dye lasers: from glass to bio-based gain media</h3> 10.1 Introduction: from liquid to solid gain media 10.2 Tunable solid-state dye lasers 10.2.1 VECSOLs 10.2.2 DFB organic lasers 10.2.3 Sol杇el silica organic lasers 10.2.4 Multi-prism SSDL and nanoparticle technology 10.3 Fixed-tuned lasers 10.3.1 Fiber based dye lasers 10.3.2 Whispering gallery mode lasers 10.4 Transparent wood as novel laser media 10.4.1 Optically transparent wood material 10.4.2 Transparent wood dye laser References <h3>11 Electrically-pumped organic semiconductor laser emission</h3> 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Organic semiconductors 11.2.1 Energetics of organic semiconductors 11.2.2 High luminescence OLEDs 11.3 Electrical excitation of the tandem organic semiconductor active region 11.4 Integrated interferometric coherent emitter (IICE) 11.5 Energetics of the organic semiconductor IICE 11.6 Spatial coherence of the emission from the organic semiconductor IICE 11.6.1 Interferometrically determined transverse-mode structures 11.7 Spectral coherence of the emission from the organic semiconductor IICE 11.7.1 Emission linewidth from N-slit interferograms 11.8 On the origin of the coherent emission 11.9 Perspective on the literature 11.10 Miniaturization prospects 11.11 Conclusion References <h3>12 Organic photonics </h3> 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Elements of organic photonics 12.2.1 Organic dyes 12.2.2 Polymers 12.2.3 Organic杋norganic composites 12.2.4 Organic lasers 12.2.5 Quantum dots 12.3 Organic optical elements 12.3.1 Organic lenses 12.3.2 Organic杋norganic prisms 12.3.3 Organic fibers 12.4 Applications 12.4.1 Communications 12.4.2 Directed energy 12.4.3 Industry 12.4.4 Medicine 12.4.5 Nonlinear optics 12.4.6 Science 12.4.7 Sensors 12.5 Perspective References <h3>13 Organic dyes in optogenetics</h3> 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Characterization of organic dyes applied in optogenetics 13.2.1 Retinals 13.2.2 Flavins (isoalloxazine derivatives) 13.2.3 Folates 13.2.4 p-coumaric acid 13.2.5 Linear tetrapyrroles (phytochrome chromophores) 13.2.6 Corrinoid-based cyclic tetrapyrroles (chromophores of cobalamin-based photoreceptors) 13.2.7 Tryptophan (UVR8 chromophore) 13.2.8 Fluorescent probes 13.2.9 Fluorescent proteins 13.2.10 Nanomaterials 13.3 Action of the organic dyes in photoreceptors 13.3.1 Rodopsins 13.3.2 Flavoproteins 13.3.3 Xanthopsins (photoactive yellow proteins) 13.3.4 Phytochromes 13.3.5 Cobalamin-based photoreceptors CarH and AerR 13.3.6 UVR8 plant photoreceptors 13.3.7 Upconversion nanoparticle mediated optogenetics 13.4 Application of optogenetic tools 13.4.1 Application of optogenetic tools in neuroscience 13.4.2 Application of optogenetic tools in cell biology 13.5 Conclusions List of Abbreviations Symbols References <h3>14 Tunable organic lasers and organic molecules for medicine </h3> 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Organic lasers for medicine 14.2.1 High-performance solid-state organic lasers for medicine 14.2.2 Additional organic lasers for medicine 14.3 Organic dye molecules for photodynamic therapy 14.3.1 Additional organic molecules for photodynamic therapy 14.4 Dual laser system for diagnosis and photodynamic therapy 14.5 Light sheet microscopy illumination for large specimens 14.5.1 Propagation physics of the optics to generate extremely wide light sheets for microscopy 14.5.2 The multiple-prism propagation matrix equations extremely wide light sheets for microscopy 14.6 Outlook References <h3>15 Organic lasers for N-channel quantum entanglement</h3> 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Sources for quantum entanglement experiments 15.2.1 Parametric down conversion 15.2.2 CW organic dye lasers 15.2.3 Solid-state organic dye lasers for N-channel quantum entanglement communications 15.3 The physics of N-channel quantum entanglement 15.3.1 Background 15.3.2 Quantum entanglement probability amplitudes 15.3.3 Interferometric approach to quantum entanglement 15.3.4 Generalized quantum entanglement probability amplitudes 15.3.5 Alternative methodologies 15.3.6 Implications for interpretations in quantum mechanics 15.3.7 The interferometric equation and quantum entropy 15.4 Perspective References <h3>Index</h3> </ul> <BODY LINK="#0000FF" VLINK="#000066" ALINK="#00FF00"> <h3>MORE BOOKS ON TUNABLE LASERS</h3> <ul> <li> <a href="http://www.tunablelasers.com/dlp.htm">Dye Laser Principles</a> <li><a href="http://www.tunablelasers.com/hpdl.htm">High Power Dye Lasers</a> <li><a href="http://www.tunablelasers.com/spie.htm">Selected Papers on Dye Lasers</a> <li><a href="http://www.tunablelasers.com/tla.htm">Tunable Laser Applications</a> <li><a href="http://www.tunablelasers.com/tlh.htm">Tunable Lasers Handbook</a> <li><a href="http://www.tunablelaseroptics.com/">Tunable Laser Optics</a> </ul> <center><h1><a href="http://www.opticsnews.com"><img src = "http://www.opticsnews.com/opticsnewscom1.jpg"></a></h1></center> <center><a href="http://www.opticsjournal.com/OpticsJournal.htm"><img src = "http://www.tunablelasers.com/oj2.jpg"></a> <a href="http://www.tunablelasers.com"><img src = "http://www.tunablelasers.com/tll.jpg"></a> <a href="http://www.interferometricoptics.com"><img src = "http://www.tunablelasers.com/lasers33.jpg"></a> <center> Page published on the 21st of January, 2019 Updated on the 12th of July, 2024 </html>