Publications by date

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link rel="preload" href="/shared/dist/fonts/opensans_fixed/OpenSans-Regular.woff2" as="font" crossorigin> <link rel="preload" href="/shared/dist/fonts/opensans_fixed/OpenSans-SemiBold.woff2" as="font" crossorigin> <link rel="preload" href="/shared/dist/fonts/opensans_fixed/OpenSans-Bold.woff2" as="font" crossorigin> <link rel="preload" href="/shared/dist/fonts/ecb-iconset/ECB-icon-set.woff2" as="font" crossorigin> <link rel="icon" href="/fav.ico" sizes="16x16"> <link rel="icon" href="/favicon-16.png" sizes="16x16"> <link rel="icon" href="/favicon-32.png" sizes="32x32"> <link rel="icon" href="/favicon-64.png" sizes="64x64"> <link rel="icon" href="/favicon-128.png" sizes="128x128"> <link rel="icon" href="/favicon-192.png" sizes="192x192"> <link rel="icon" href="/favicon-256.png" sizes="256x256"> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="/favicon-196.png" sizes="196x196"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/favicon-152.png" sizes="152x152"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/favicon-180.png" sizes="180x180"> <title>Publications by date</title> <meta property="article:published_time" content="2024-08-16"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.ecb.europa.eu/press/pubbydate/html/index.en.html"> <meta name="author" content="European Central Bank"> <meta name="description" content="Interested in a publication by the ECB from a particular point in time? Browse publications by date. "> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, viewport-fit=cover"> <script> var ECB = {}; ECB.currentLanguage = 'en'; ECB.isoLocalLanguageName = 'English'; ECB.isLive = true; ECB.version = '2728911'; ECB.navigationVersion = '1732551482'; ECB.clientTimeError = 1733169088 - (new Date().getTime()); ECB.availableLanguages = [{"bg": "Български"},{"cs": "Čeština"},{"da": "Dansk"},{"de": "Deutsch"},{"el": "Eλληνικά"},{"en": "English"},{"es": "Español"},{"et": "Eesti keel"},{"fi": "Suomi"},{"fr": "Français"},{"hr": "Hrvatski"},{"hu": "Magyar"},{"it": "Italiano"},{"lt": "Lietuvių"},{"lv": "Latviešu"},{"mt": "Malti"},{"nl": "Nederlands"},{"pl": "Polski"},{"pt": "Português"},{"ro": "Română"},{"sk": "Slovenčina"},{"sl": "Slovenščina"},{"sv": "Svenska"}]; </script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/shared/dist/css/main-ecb.min.css?2728911" media="all"> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary"> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@ecb"> <meta name="explainerDate" content="1 January 1970"> <meta property="og:type" content="article"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <meta property="og:title" content="Publications by date"> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.ecb.europa.eu/press/pubbydate/html/index.en.html?topic=Strategy%20review"> <meta property="og:image:secure_url" content="https://www.ecb.europa.eu/press/shared/img/socialmedia/social-default.jpg?0ef1632c35edede913681bb76af694a4"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://www.ecb.europa.eu/press/shared/img/socialmedia/social-default.jpg?0ef1632c35edede913681bb76af694a4" > <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="600"> <meta property="og:description" content="Interested in a publication by the ECB from a particular point in time? Browse publications by date. "> <meta property="og:site_name" content="European Central Bank"> <noscript> <style> .accordion .content-box { display: block; } </style> </noscript> <script type="text/javascript"> /*! ecb - v2.0.0 - European Central Bank */ var ECB=window.ECB||{};ECB.fast=ECB.fast||{},ECB.slow=ECB.slow||{},ECB.supports=ECB.supports||{},ECB.fast.annexSwap=function(){var t,e,n=document.querySelector(".section-press .address-box + .definition-list");n&&(t=(e=(t=(e=(t=n.previousElementSibling).previousElementSibling)&&e.classList.contains("related-topics")?e:t).previousElementSibling)&&e.classList.contains("footnotes")?e:t).parentNode.insertBefore(n,t)},ECB.fast.attribution=function(n){var t=n.style.backgroundImage||n.src;t=(t=t.replace('url("',"")).replace('")',""),n.src&&(n=n.closest("picture"));t&&!function(t){t=t.replace('url("',"");var e=document.location.protocol+"//"+document.location.hostname;return(-1!==t.indexOf("http")||-1!==t.indexOf('url("//'))&&!t.startsWith(e)}(t)&&ECB.fast.exif.getArtist(t,function(t){var e;0<t.length&&!n.classList.contains("-attribution")&&(n.classList.add("-attribution"),n.insertAdjacentHTML("beforeend",'<span class="attribution"><span class="attribution-details">'+(t.startsWith("©")?"":"© ")+t+'</span> <button aria-label="Photographer"></button></span>'),(e=n.querySelector(".attribution button")).addEventListener("click",function(t){return e.parentElement.classList.toggle("-active"),t.preventDefault(),t.stopPropagation(),!1}))})},ECB.fast.authorMove=function(){let t=document.getElementById("side-authors");var e;t&&(e=Array.from(document.querySelectorAll("aside > *")).reduce(function(t,e){return t+e.clientHeight},0),t.style.marginTop=Math.max(110,e)+50+"px")},ECB.fast.connector=function(t){function e(t){t.classList.contains("-gradient-upper")&&(i="-gradient-upper"),t.classList.contains("-dark-grey")&&(o="-dark-grey"),t.classList.contains("-light-grey-blue")&&(i="-transparent-light-grey",o="-transparent-blue");var e="<div class='upper-connection "+i+"'></div> <div class='lower-connection "+o+"'></div>";t.insertAdjacentHTML("afterend",e)}function a(t,e){return t.classList.contains(e)}function n(t,e){for(var n=0;n<e.length;n++)if(a(t,e[n]))return 1}var r=(t=t||document).querySelectorAll(".connector"),i="-transparent-blue",o="-light-blue";if(0<r.length)e(r[r.length-1]);else{var s=Array.from(t.querySelectorAll(".contact-box, .see-also-boxes, .carousel, .promo-box, .contact-box, .explainer-box"));if(s.length){var l=s[0],c=l.previousElementSibling;if(c&&"DIV"==c.tagName&&!a(c,"title")){for(var u=l.nextElementSibling,g=!1;null!=u;)a(u,"in-this-section")||"SCRIPT"==u.tagName||"STYLE"==u.tagName||(-1==s.indexOf(u)?g=!0:g&&(c=(l=u).previousElementSibling,g=!1)),u=u.nextElementSibling;g||(c.classList.add("connector"),n(c,["section","intro","boxes","accordion","definition-list","tags"])&&c.classList.add("-gradient-upper"),n(c,["jumbo-box"])&&a(c,"-dark-blue")&&c.classList.add("-light-grey-blue"),a(l,".carousel")||c.classList.add("-dark-grey"),e(c))}}}},ECB.fast.exif=function(){function i(t,e,n){return function(t,e,n){var a,r,i,o="";for(n=e+n;e<n;)switch((a=t.getUint8(e++))>>4){case 0:case 1:case 2:case 3:case 4:case 5:case 6:case 7:o+=String.fromCharCode(a);break;case 12:case 13:r=t.getUint8(e++),o+=String.fromCharCode((31&a)<<6|63&r);break;case 14:r=t.getUint8(e++),i=t.getUint8(e++),o+=String.fromCharCode((15&a)<<12|(63&r)<<6|(63&i)<<0)}return o}(t,e,n)}function o(t,e,n){if("exif"!=i(t,e,4).toLowerCase())return!1;var a,e=e+(n?8:6);if(18761==t.getUint16(e))a=!1;else{if(19789!=t.getUint16(e))return!1;a=!0}return 42==t.getUint16(e+2,!a)&&(!((n=t.getUint32(e+4,!a))<8)&&function(t,e,n,a){for(var r,i=t.getUint16(n,!a),o=0;o<i;o++)if(315===t.getUint16(r=n+12*o+2,!a))return s(t,r,e,a);return""}(t,e,e+n,a))}var s=function(t,e,n,a){var r=t.getUint32(e+4,!a),n=t.getUint32(e+8,!a)+n;return i(t,4<r?n:e+8,r-1)};return{getArtist:function(t,e){function n(t){t=function(t){var e=new DataView(t),n=!1;if(1380533830==e.getUint32(0)&&1464156752==e.getUint32(8)&&1448097880==e.getUint32(12)){if(!(e.getUint8(20)&8))return!1;n=!0}else if(255!=e.getUint8(0)||216!=e.getUint8(1))return!1;var a=2,r=t.byteLength;if(n)for(a=16;a<r;){if(a+=e.getUint32(a,!0)+4,"EXIF"==i(e,a,4))return o(e,a,!0,e.getUint32(a,!0));a+=4}else for(;a<r;){if(255!=e.getUint8(a))return!1;if(225==e.getUint8(a+1))return o(e,a+4,!1,e.getUint16(a+2));a+=2+e.getUint16(a+2)}}(t);e.call(window,t||"")}var a=new XMLHttpRequest;a.onload=function(){200!=this.status&&0!==this.status||n(a.response),a=null},a.open("GET",t,!0),a.responseType="arraybuffer",a.send(null)}}}(),ECB.fast.isLoading=function(){for(var t=document.querySelectorAll(".-is-loading"),e=0;e<t.length;e++)t[e].insertAdjacentHTML("afterbegin","<div class='is-busy'> Loading ... </div>")},ECB.fast.langLinks=function(){if(ECB.fast.isEuLanguage=!!document.querySelector("#language-values a[lang="+ECB.currentLanguage+"]:not([specialLang])"),ECB.fast.isEuLanguage&&"en"!=ECB.currentLanguage)for(var t=document.querySelectorAll("a:not([lang]"),n=/\.[a-z]{2,3}(\.(html|pdf)([\?#].*)?)$/,e=0;e<t.length;e++){var a=t[e];a.hasAttribute("href")&&-1===a.getAttribute("href").indexOf(":")&&function(t){let e=t.getAttribute("href").match(n);return!!(e&&0<e.length)&&"en"==e[0].substr(1,2)}(a)&&a.setAttribute("href",a.getAttribute("href").replace(n,"."+ECB.currentLanguage+"$1"))}},ECB.fast.langSwitch=function(){var e,n;ECB.isLive&&(e=localStorage.getItem("lastLanguage"),(n=function(t){if(t&&ECB.currentLanguage!=t){t=document.querySelector("#language-values>a[lang="+t+"]");return t&&(document.location.href=t.href),!0}return!1})(e)||window.addEventListener("storage",function(t){"lastLanguage"==t.key&&t.newValue!=e&&n(t.newValue)}))},ECB.fast.loadImages=function(t){var n,e=t;t||(e=document);var a=function(t){var e=ECB.supports.webp&&t.getAttribute("data-image-webp")?t.getAttribute("data-image-webp"):t.getAttribute("data-image"),n=t;n.style.backgroundImage="url('"+e+"')",t.classList.contains("-inner")||ECB.fast.attribution(n),n.classList.add("loaded")};window.IntersectionObserver&&(n=new IntersectionObserver(function(t){for(var e=0;e<t.length;e++)t[e].isIntersecting&&(a(t[e].target),n.unobserve(t[e].target))},{rootMargin:"50%"}));for(var r=e.querySelectorAll("[data-image]"),i=0;i<r.length;i++)r[i].classList.contains("fast")||r[i].classList.contains("coin-cropper")||!n?a(r[i]):n.observe(r[i]);for(var o=e.querySelectorAll("picture img"),i=0;i<o.length;i++)ECB.fast.attribution(o[i])},ECB.fast.pageTitle=function(){var t=document.querySelector("main>.title h1");t&&0<t.innerText.length&&(document.title=t.innerText)},ECB.fast.random=function(t){Element.prototype.matches||(Element.prototype.matches=Element.prototype.msMatchesSelector||Element.prototype.webkitMatchesSelector);for(var e=(!t?document:t).querySelectorAll(".random"),n=0;n<e.length;n++){e[n].querySelectorAll(".random-item");var a=[];Array.prototype.slice.call(e[n].children).map(function(t){t.matches(".random-item")&&a.push(t)});var r=Math.floor(Math.random()*a.length);e[n].classList.contains("-daily")&&(r=(new Date).getDate()%a.length),a[r].classList.add("active");for(var i=0;i<a.length;i++)i!=r&&e[n].removeChild(a[i])}},ECB.fast.supportCheck=function(e){var n=new Image;n.onload=function(t){"load"==t.type&&1==n.width&&(document.documentElement.classList.add("webp"),ECB.supports.webp=!0),e&&e()},n.onerror=function(){e&&e()},n.src="data:image/webp;base64,UklGRiQAAABXRUJQVlA4IBgAAAAwAQCdASoBAAEAAwA0JaQAA3AA/vuUAAA="},ECB.fast.tempFixes=function(){!function(t,e){for(var n=document.querySelectorAll(t),a=0;a<n.length;a++)e(n[a])}(".table .wrapper h3",function(t){var e=t.parentElement.parentElement,n=document.createElement("div");n.classList.add("header"),n.innerHTML='<div class="title">'+t.innerHTML+"</div>",t.parentElement.removeChild(t),e.prepend(n)})},ECB.fast.supportCheck(function(){function t(){ECB.jsForContentOnly||ECB.fast.pageTitle(),ECB.fast.tempFixes(),ECB.fast.random(),ECB.fast.loadImages(),ECB.fast.langLinks(),ECB.fast.connector(),ECB.fast.annexSwap(),ECB.fast.isLoading(),ECB.fast.authorMove()}"loading"!==document.readyState?t():window.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",t)}); </script> <script type="text/javascript" async src="/shared/dist/js/slow.min.js?v=2728911"></script> </head> <body class="project-ecb section-press sub-pubbydate "> <div id="skip-links"> <div class="skip-links-content"> <span>Skip to:</span> <a href="#navwrapper"><span class="sr-only">Skip to </span>navigation</a> <a href="#main-content"><span class="sr-only">Skip to </span>content</a> <a href="#ecb-doc-footer"><span class="sr-only">Skip to </span>footer</a> </div> </div> <header id="ecb-doc-header" class="v2"> <div class="headerHolder"> <button id="toggle-sticky-nav" aria-haspopup="true" ></button> <div class="logo-name"> <a href="/home/html/index.en.html" alt="Go to our homepage"> <img src="/shared/img/logo/logo_name.en.svg" alt="European Central Bank - eurosystem"> </a> </div> <div class="logo-name-mobile"> <a href="/home/html/index.en.html" alt="Go to our homepage"> <img src="/shared/img/logos_mobile/ECB_Eurosystem_OneLineLogo_Mobile_EN.svg" alt="European Central Bank - eurosystem"> </a> </div> <div id="language-selector-holder" role="button" title="Select language"> <div id="language-selector"></div> <div id="language-selected" aria-haspopup="true"><i></i><span class="ecb-full">EN</span></div> <div id="language-values"> <a href="index.bg.html" class="available" lang="bg" title="Български"><span class="ecb-full">Български</span></a><a href="index.cs.html" class="available" lang="cs" title="Čeština"><span class="ecb-full">Čeština</span></a><a href="index.da.html" class="available" lang="da" title="Dansk"><span class="ecb-full">Dansk</span></a><a href="index.de.html" class="available" lang="de" title="Deutsch"><span class="ecb-full">Deutsch</span></a><a href="index.el.html" class="available" lang="el" title="Eλληνικά"><span class="ecb-full">Eλληνικά</span></a><a href="index.en.html" class="selected available" lang="en" title="English"><span class="ecb-full">English</span></a><a href="index.es.html" class="available" lang="es" title="Español"><span class="ecb-full">Español</span></a><a href="index.et.html" class="available" lang="et" title="Eesti keel"><span class="ecb-full">Eesti keel</span></a><a href="index.fi.html" class="available" lang="fi" title="Suomi"><span class="ecb-full">Suomi</span></a><a href="index.fr.html" class="available" lang="fr" title="Français"><span class="ecb-full">Français</span></a><a href="index.ga.html" lang="ga" title="Gaeilge"><span class="ecb-full">Gaeilge</span></a><a href="index.hr.html" class="available" lang="hr" title="Hrvatski"><span class="ecb-full">Hrvatski</span></a><a href="index.hu.html" class="available" lang="hu" title="Magyar"><span class="ecb-full">Magyar</span></a><a href="index.it.html" class="available" lang="it" title="Italiano"><span class="ecb-full">Italiano</span></a><a href="index.lt.html" class="available" lang="lt" title="Lietuvių"><span class="ecb-full">Lietuvių</span></a><a href="index.lv.html" class="available" lang="lv" title="Latviešu"><span class="ecb-full">Latviešu</span></a><a href="index.mt.html" class="available" lang="mt" title="Malti"><span class="ecb-full">Malti</span></a><a href="index.nl.html" class="available" lang="nl" title="Nederlands"><span class="ecb-full">Nederlands</span></a><a href="index.pl.html" class="available" lang="pl" title="Polski"><span class="ecb-full">Polski</span></a><a href="index.pt.html" class="available" lang="pt" title="Português"><span class="ecb-full">Português</span></a><a href="index.ro.html" class="available" lang="ro" title="Română"><span class="ecb-full">Română</span></a><a href="index.sk.html" class="available" lang="sk" title="Slovenčina"><span class="ecb-full">Slovenčina</span></a><a href="index.sl.html" class="available" lang="sl" title="Slovenščina"><span class="ecb-full">Slovenščina</span></a><a href="index.sv.html" class="available" lang="sv" title="Svenska"><span class="ecb-full">Svenska</span></a> </div> </div> <button id="hamburger" aria-haspopup="true" > Menu <div class="icon"> <div class="line-outer"> <div class="line-inner"></div> </div> <div class="line-outer"> <div class="line-inner"></div> </div> <div class="line-outer"> <div class="line-inner"></div> </div> </div> </button> <div class="logo"> <a href="/home/html/index.en.html" alt="Go to our homepage"> <img src="/shared/img/logo/logo_only.svg" alt="our logo, a yellow Euro sign surrounded by yellow stars centered in a dark blue circle resting on a dark blue base"> </a> </div> <nav id="navwrapper" role="navigation" aria-label="Main navigation"><div id="mainnav"><ul><li class="has-subpages" aria-expanded="false"><a href="/mopo/html/index.en.html">Monetary policy & markets</a><a href="#" class="subpages" title="toggle subpages for Monetary policy & markets"></a><div class="nav-first-level-wrap"><div class="nav-featured-wrap"><div class="nav-featured"><div class="item"> <div class="title">Monetary policy & markets</div> <p>Our monetary policy strategy, the tools we use and the impact they have</p> <a href="/mopo/html/index.en.html">Overview of monetary policy and markets</a> <hr> <div class="nav-title">Quick links</div> <ul> <li><a href="/ecb/educational/explainers/tell-me/html/what-is-monetary-policy.en.html">What is monetary policy?</a></li> <li><a href="/mopo/strategy/strategy-review/html/index.en.html">Strategy review</a></li> <li><a href="/mopo/implement/app/html/index.en.html">Asset purchase programmes</a></li> </ul> </div> <a href="/press/press_conference/html/index.en.html" class="item image"> <img src="/press/tvservices/html/index/ECB press conference place holder new_2560x1440.jpg" width="357" height="179" loading="lazy" style="object-fit:cover"> <div class="image-caption">Latest monetary policy press conference</div> <div class="image-date">17 October 2024</div> </a> </div></div><ul><li class="has-subpages"><a href="/mopo/intro/html/index.en.html">Introduction</a><a href="#" class="subpages" title="toggle subpages for Introduction"></a><ul><li class="clearfix"><a href="/mopo/intro/benefits/html/index.en.html">Benefits of price stability</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/mopo/intro/role/html/index.en.html">Scope of monetary policy</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/mopo/intro/transmission/html/index.en.html">Transmission mechanism</a></li></ul></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/mopo/decisions/html/index.en.html">Decisions, statements & accounts</a></li><li class="has-subpages"><a href="/mopo/strategy/html/index.en.html">Monetary policy strategy</a><a href="#" class="subpages" title="toggle subpages for Monetary policy strategy"></a><ul><li class="clearfix"><a href="/mopo/strategy/strategy-review/html/index.en.html">Strategy review</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/mopo/strategy/medium-term-orientation/html/index.en.html">Medium-term orientation</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/mopo/strategy/pricestab/html/index.en.html">Two per cent inflation target</a></li></ul></li><li class="has-subpages"><a href="/mopo/devel/html/index.en.html">Economic, monetary and financial analysis</a><a href="#" class="subpages" title="toggle subpages for Economic, monetary and financial analysis"></a><ul><li class="clearfix"><a href="/mopo/devel/ecana/html/index.en.html">Economic analysis</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/mopo/devel/monan/html/index.en.html">Monetary and financial analysis</a></li></ul></li><li class="has-subpages"><a href="/mopo/implement/html/index.en.html">Instruments</a><a href="#" class="subpages" title="toggle subpages for Instruments"></a><ul><li class="has-subpages"><a href="/mopo/implement/omo/html/index.en.html">Open market operations</a><a href="#" class="subpages" title="toggle subpages for Open market operations"></a><ul><li class="clearfix"><a href="/mopo/implement/omo/tltro/html/index.en.html">TLTROs</a></li></ul></li><li class="has-subpages"><a href="/mopo/implement/app/html/index.en.html">Asset purchase programmes</a><a href="#" class="subpages" title="toggle subpages for Asset purchase programmes"></a><ul><li class="clearfix"><a href="/mopo/implement/app/lending/html/index.en.html">Securities lending</a></li></ul></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/mopo/implement/pepp/html/index.en.html">Pandemic emergency purchase programme</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/mopo/implement/sf/html/index.en.html">Standing facilities</a></li><li class="has-subpages"><a href="/mopo/implement/mr/html/index.en.html">Minimum reserves</a><a href="#" class="subpages" title="toggle subpages for Minimum reserves"></a><ul><li class="clearfix"><a href="/mopo/implement/mr/two-tier/html/index.en.html">Two-tier system</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class="has-subpages"><a href="/mopo/international-market-operations/html/index.en.html">International market operations</a><a href="#" class="subpages" title="toggle subpages for International market operations"></a><ul><li class="clearfix"><a href="/mopo/international-market-operations/liquidity_lines/html/index.en.html">Euro central bank liquidity lines</a></li></ul></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/mopo/ela/html/index.en.html">Emergency liquidity assistance (ELA)</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/mopo/liq/html/index.en.html">Liquidity analysis</a></li><li class="has-subpages"><a href="/mopo/coll/html/index.en.html">Collateral</a><a href="#" class="subpages" title="toggle subpages for Collateral"></a><ul><li class="has-subpages"><a href="/mopo/coll/standards/html/index.en.html">Eligibility criteria and assessment</a><a href="#" class="subpages" title="toggle subpages for Eligibility criteria and assessment"></a><ul><li class="clearfix"><a href="/mopo/coll/standards/marketable/html/index.en.html">Marketable assets</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/mopo/coll/standards/nonmarketable/html/index.en.html">Non-marketable assets</a></li></ul></li><li class="has-subpages"><a href="/mopo/coll/assets/html/index.en.html">List of eligible marketable assets</a><a href="#" class="subpages" title="toggle subpages for List of eligible marketable assets"></a><ul><li class="clearfix"><a href="/mopo/coll/assets/guide/html/index.en.html">User guide</a></li></ul></li><li class="has-subpages"><a href="/mopo/coll/coll/html/index.en.html">Mobilising collateral</a><a href="#" class="subpages" title="toggle subpages for Mobilising collateral"></a><ul><li class="clearfix"><a href="/mopo/coll/coll/ccbm/html/index.en.html">CCBM</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/mopo/coll/coll/eligiblesss/html/index.en.html">Eligible SSSs</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/mopo/coll/coll/ssslinks/html/index.en.html">Eligible links</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/mopo/coll/coll/triparty/html/index.en.html">Eligible triparty agents</a></li></ul></li><li class="has-subpages"><a href="/mopo/coll/risk/html/index.en.html">Risk mitigation</a><a href="#" class="subpages" title="toggle subpages for Risk mitigation"></a><ul><li class="clearfix"><a href="/mopo/coll/risk/ecaf/html/index.en.html">ECAF</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/mopo/coll/risk/riskcontrol/html/index.en.html">Risk control</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/mopo/coll/risk/liquidity/html/index.en.html">Haircut categories</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/mopo/coll/risk/valuation/html/index.en.html">Valuation</a></li></ul></li><li class="has-subpages"><a href="/mopo/coll/loanlevel/html/index.en.html">Loan-level requirements</a><a href="#" class="subpages" title="toggle subpages for Loan-level requirements"></a><ul><li class="clearfix"><a href="/mopo/coll/loanlevel/transmission/html/index.en.html">Data templates</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/mopo/coll/loanlevel/implementation/html/index.en.html">Eligibility requirements</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/mopo/coll/loanlevel/faq/html/index.en.html">Frequently asked questions</a></li></ul></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/mopo/coll/contacts/html/index.en.html">Contacts</a></li></ul></li><li class="has-subpages"><a href="/mopo/eaec/html/index.en.html">Structure of the euro area economy</a><a href="#" class="subpages" title="toggle subpages for Structure of the euro area economy"></a><ul><li class="clearfix"><a href="/mopo/eaec/ecopolicy/html/index.en.html">Economic policy</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/mopo/eaec/fiscal/html/index.en.html">Fiscal policies</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/mopo/eaec/trade/html/index.en.html">External trade</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/mopo/eaec/eer/html/index.en.html">Effective exchange rates</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/mopo/eaec/structure/html/index.en.html">Financial structure</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/mopo/eaec/markets/html/index.en.html">Financial markets</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/mopo/eaec/intermediaries/html/index.en.html">Financial intermediaries</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/mopo/eaec/diversity/html/index.en.html">Economic diversity</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/mopo/eaec/labour/html/index.en.html">Labour market</a></li></ul></li><li class="has-subpages"><a href="/mopo/market-contact-groups/html/index.en.html">Market contact groups</a><a href="#" class="subpages" title="toggle subpages for Market contact groups"></a><ul><li class="clearfix"><a href="/mopo/market-contact-groups/bmcg/html/index.en.html">Bond market (BMCG)</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/mopo/market-contact-groups/mmcg/html/index.en.html">Money market (MMCG)</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/mopo/market-contact-groups/dimcg/html/index.en.html">Debt Issuance Market Contact Group (DIMCG)</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/mopo/market-contact-groups/omg/html/index.en.html">ECB Operations managers group (ECB OMG)</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/mopo/market-contact-groups/fxcg/html/index.en.html">Foreign exchange (FXCG)</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/mopo/market-contact-groups/iid/html/index.en.html">Institutional Investor Dialogue (IID)</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></li><li class="has-subpages" aria-expanded="false"><a href="/paym/html/index.en.html">Payments & financial stability</a><a href="#" class="subpages" title="toggle subpages for Payments & financial stability"></a><div class="nav-first-level-wrap"><div class="nav-featured-wrap"><div class="nav-featured"><div class="item"> <div class="title">Payments & financial stability</div> <p>Insights into our work on financial stability and payments infrastructure</p> <a href="/paym/html/index.en.html">Overview of payments and financial stability</a> <hr> <div class="nav-title">Quick links</div> <ul> <li><a href="/euro/digital_euro/html/index.en.html">Digital euro</a></li> <li><a href="/press/intro/html/index.en.html">Payments news</a></li> <li><a href="/paym/target/target-professional-use-documents-links/html/index.en.html">TARGET professional use documents and links</a></li> </ul> </div> <a href="/pub/financial-stability/fsr/html/index.en.html" class="item image"> <img src="/paym/financial-stability/html/index/fsr_1000x750.jpg" width="357" height="179" loading="lazy" style="object-fit:cover"> <div class="image-caption">Latest Financial Stability Review</div> <div class="image-date">16 May 2024</div> </a> </div></div><ul><li class="clearfix"><span>Payments</span></li><li class="has-subpages"><a href="/paym/target/html/index.en.html">TARGET Services</a><a href="#" class="subpages" title="toggle subpages for TARGET Services"></a><ul><li class="clearfix"><a href="/paym/target/coco/html/index.en.html">Shared features</a></li><li class="has-subpages"><a href="/paym/target/t2/html/index.en.html">T2</a><a href="#" class="subpages" title="toggle subpages for T2"></a><ul><li class="clearfix"><a href="/paym/target/t2/facts/html/index.en.html">Facts and figures</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/paym/target/t2/governance/html/index.en.html">Governance</a></li></ul></li><li class="has-subpages"><a href="/paym/target/t2s/html/index.en.html">T2S</a><a href="#" class="subpages" title="toggle subpages for T2S"></a><ul><li class="clearfix"><a href="/paym/target/t2s/governance/html/index.en.html">Governance</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/paym/target/t2s/facts/html/index.en.html">Facts and figures</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/paym/target/t2s/pricing/html/index.en.html">Pricing</a></li></ul></li><li class="has-subpages"><a href="/paym/target/tips/html/index.en.html">TIPS</a><a href="#" class="subpages" title="toggle subpages for TIPS"></a><ul><li class="clearfix"><a href="/paym/target/tips/governance/html/index.en.html">Governance</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/paym/target/tips/facts/html/index.en.html">Facts and figures</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/paym/target/tips/onboarding/html/index.en.html">Onboarding</a></li></ul></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/paym/target/ecms/html/index.en.html">ECMS</a></li><li class="has-subpages"><a href="/paym/target/target-professional-use-documents-links/html/index.en.html">TARGET professional use documents & links</a><a href="#" class="subpages" title="toggle subpages for TARGET professional use documents & links"></a><ul><li class="clearfix"><a href="/paym/target/target-professional-use-documents-links/coco/html/index.en.html">Shared features documents & links</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/paym/target/target-professional-use-documents-links/t2/html/index.en.html">T2 documents & links</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/paym/target/target-professional-use-documents-links/t2s/html/index.en.html">T2S documents & links</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/paym/target/target-professional-use-documents-links/tips/html/index.en.html">TIPS documents & links</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/paym/target/target-professional-use-documents-links/ecms/html/index.en.html">ECMS documents & links</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class="has-subpages"><a href="/paym/integration/html/index.en.html">Integration and innovation</a><a href="#" class="subpages" title="toggle subpages for Integration and innovation"></a><ul><li class="has-subpages"><a href="/paym/integration/distributed/html/index.en.html">Distributed ledger technologies</a><a href="#" class="subpages" title="toggle subpages for Distributed ledger technologies"></a><ul><li class="clearfix"><a href="/paym/integration/distributed/exploratory/html/index.en.html">Exploratory work</a></li></ul></li><li class="has-subpages"><a href="/paym/integration/retail/html/index.en.html">Retail payments</a><a href="#" class="subpages" title="toggle subpages for Retail payments"></a><ul><li class="clearfix"><a href="/paym/integration/retail/retail_payments_strategy/html/index.en.html">Retail payments strategy</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/paym/integration/retail/ecb/html/index.en.html">ECB as a catalyst</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/paym/integration/retail/sepa/html/index.en.html">SEPA</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/paym/integration/retail/instant_payments/html/index.en.html">Instant payments</a></li></ul></li><li class="has-subpages"><a href="/paym/integration/collateral/html/index.en.html">Collateral management harmonisation</a><a href="#" class="subpages" title="toggle subpages for Collateral management harmonisation"></a><ul><li class="clearfix"><a href="/paym/integration/collateral/implementation/html/index.en.html">Implementation</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/paym/integration/collateral/faq/html/index.en.html">FAQ</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class="has-subpages"><a href="/paym/cyber-resilience/html/index.en.html">Cyber resilience</a><a href="#" class="subpages" title="toggle subpages for Cyber resilience"></a><ul><li class="clearfix"><a href="/paym/cyber-resilience/fmi/html/index.en.html">Financial market infrastructures</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/paym/cyber-resilience/tiber-eu/html/index.en.html">TIBER-EU</a></li></ul></li><li class="has-subpages"><a href="/paym/pol/html/index.en.html">Oversight</a><a href="#" class="subpages" title="toggle subpages for Oversight"></a><ul><li class="clearfix"><a href="/paym/pol/systems/html/index.en.html">Payment systems</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/paym/pol/target2-securities/html/index.en.html">TARGET2-Securities</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/paym/pol/instr/html/index.en.html">Electronic payments</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/paym/pol/clearing/html/index.en.html">Securities settlement systems and central counterparties</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/paym/pol/critical/html/index.en.html">Critical service providers</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/paym/pol/correspondent-and-custodian-banks/html/index.en.html">Correspondent and custodian banks</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/paym/pol/forum/html/index.en.html">SecuRe Pay forum</a></li></ul></li><li class="has-subpages"><a href="/paym/erms/html/index.en.html">Reserve management services</a><a href="#" class="subpages" title="toggle subpages for Reserve management services"></a><ul><li class="clearfix"><a href="/paym/erms/aspects/html/index.en.html">Key aspects</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/paym/erms/service/html/index.en.html">Range of services</a></li></ul></li><li class="has-subpages"><a href="/paym/cashprof/html/index.en.html">Cash professionals</a><a href="#" class="subpages" title="toggle subpages for Cash professionals"></a><ul><li class="has-subpages"><a href="/paym/cashprof/cashhand/html/index.en.html">Cash handling</a><a href="#" class="subpages" title="toggle subpages for Cash handling"></a><ul><li class="clearfix"><a href="/paym/cashprof/cashhand/devices/html/index.en.html">Authentication devices</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/paym/cashprof/cashhand/recycling/html/index.en.html">Recirculation of banknotes</a></li></ul></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/paym/cashprof/cdispec/html/index.en.html">Common detector interface specifications</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/paym/cashprof/accreditation/html/index.en.html">Banknote manufacturer accreditation</a></li></ul></li><li class="has-subpages"><a href="/paym/groups/html/index.en.html">Payment contact groups</a><a href="#" class="subpages" title="toggle subpages for Payment contact groups"></a><ul><li class="clearfix"><a href="/paym/groups/ami/html/index.en.html">Advisory groups on market infrastructures</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/paym/groups/euro-cyber-board/html/index.en.html">Euro Cyber Resilience Board</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/paym/groups/erpb/html/index.en.html">Euro Retail Payments Board (ERPB)</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/paym/groups/efip/html/index.en.html">European Forum for Innovation in Payments (EFIP)</a></li></ul></li><li class="clearfix"><span>Financial stability</span></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/paym/financial-stability/html/index.en.html">Introduction to financial stability</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/paym/macroprudential-measures/html/index.en.html">Macroprudential Measures</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/paym/financial_stability_contact_groups/html/index.en.html">Financial stability contact groups</a></li></ul></div></li><li class="has-subpages" aria-expanded="false"><a href="/stats/html/index.en.html">Statistics</a><a href="#" class="subpages" title="toggle subpages for Statistics"></a><div class="nav-first-level-wrap"><div class="nav-featured-wrap"><div class="nav-featured"><div class="item"> <div class="title">Statistics</div> <p>Access to all ECB statistics and background information</p> <a href="/stats/html/index.en.html">Overview of ECB statistics</a> <hr> <div class="nav-title">Quick links</div> <ul> <li><a href="https://data.ecb.europa.eu/main-figures">Main figures</a></li> <li><a href="https://data.ecb.europa.eu/">ECB Data Portal</a></li> <li><a href="/press/stats/html/index.en.html">Statistical releases</a></li> </ul> </div> <a href="/press/blog/date/2024/html/ecb.blog20240418~2240ea1850.en.html" class="item image"> <img src="/press/blog/date/2024/html//ecb.blog20240418~2240ea1850/ecb.blog20240418~2240ea1850.jpg" width="357" height="179" loading="lazy" style="object-fit:cover"> <div class="image-caption">THE ECB BLOG - Improved data: how climate change impacts banks</div> <div class="image-date">18 April 2024</div> </a> </div></div><ul><li class="clearfix"><span>Frequently accessed</span></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/stats/euro-exchange-rates/html/index.en.html">Euro exchange rates</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/stats/key-ecb-interest-rates/html/index.en.html">Key ECB interest rates</a></li><li class="has-subpages"><a href="/stats/euro-short-term-rates/html/index.en.html">Euro short-term rate (€STR)</a><a href="#" class="subpages" title="toggle subpages for Euro short-term rate (€STR)"></a><ul><li class="has-subpages"><a href="/stats/euro-short-term-rates/interest_rate_benchmarks/html/index.en.html">Interest rate benchmarks</a><a href="#" class="subpages" title="toggle subpages for Interest rate benchmarks"></a><ul><li class="clearfix"><a href="/stats/euro-short-term-rates/interest_rate_benchmarks/WG_euro_risk-free_rates/html/index.en.html">Working group on euro risk-free rates</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/stats/inflation/html/index.en.html">Inflation</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/stats/euro-area-yield-curves/html/index.en.html">Euro area yield curves</a></li><li class="clearfix"><span>All statistics & background</span></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/stats/all-key-statistics/html/index.en.html">All key statistics</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/stats/accessing-our-data/html/index.en.html">All data services</a></li><li class="has-subpages"><a href="/stats/ecb_statistics/html/index.en.html">Data reporting & standards</a><a href="#" class="subpages" title="toggle subpages for Data reporting & standards"></a><ul><li class="clearfix"><a href="/stats/ecb_statistics/governance_and_quality_framework/html/index.en.html">Governance and quality framework</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/stats/ecb_statistics/co-operation_and_standards/html/index.en.html">Co-operation and standards</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/stats/ecb_statistics/reporting/html/index.en.html">Banks’ data reporting</a></li><li class="has-subpages"><a href="/stats/ecb_statistics/anacredit/html/index.en.html">AnaCredit</a><a href="#" class="subpages" title="toggle subpages for AnaCredit"></a><ul><li class="clearfix"><a href="/stats/ecb_statistics/anacredit/questions/html/index.en.html">AnaCredit Q&A</a></li></ul></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/stats/ecb_statistics/consultations/html/index.en.html">Public consultations</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/stats/ecb_statistics/dialogue/html/index.en.html">Banking industry dialogue on ESCB statistics and integrated reporting</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/stats/ecb_statistics/sdmx/html/index.en.html">SDMX – statistical data exchange model</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/stats/ecb_statistics/inexda/html/index.en.html">INEXDA - granular data network</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></li><li class="has-subpages" aria-expanded="false"><a href="/euro/html/index.en.html">The euro</a><a href="#" class="subpages" title="toggle subpages for The euro"></a><div class="nav-first-level-wrap"><div class="nav-featured-wrap"><div class="nav-featured"><div class="item"> <div class="title">The euro</div> <p>All you need to know about our common currency</p> <a href="/euro/html/index.en.html">Overview of the euro</a> <hr> <div class="nav-title">Quick links</div> <ul> <li><a href="/paym/cashprof/html/index.en.html">Cash professionals</a></li> <li><a href="/stats/policy_and_exchange_rates/banknotes+coins/html/index.en.html">Banknote and coins statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/stats/policy_and_exchange_rates/euro_reference_exchange_rates/html/index.en.html">Euro exchange rates</a></li> </ul> </div> <a href="/euro/digital_euro/progress/html/index.en.html" class="item image"> <img src="/euro/digital_euro/shared/img/Digital Euro_Website_Homepage-Box-eurosign_1000x750.jpg" width="357" height="179" loading="lazy" style="object-fit:cover"> <div class="image-caption">Second progress report on the preparation phase of a digital euro</div> <div class="image-date">2 December 2024</div> </a> </div></div><ul><li class="has-subpages"><a href="/euro/digital_euro/html/index.en.html">Digital euro</a><a href="#" class="subpages" title="toggle subpages for Digital euro"></a><ul><li class="has-subpages"><a href="/euro/digital_euro/features/html/index.en.html">What it is</a><a href="#" class="subpages" title="toggle subpages for What it is"></a><ul><li class="clearfix"><a href="/euro/digital_euro/features/privacy/html/index.en.html">Digital euro and privacy</a></li></ul></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/euro/digital_euro/how-it-works/html/index.en.html">How it works</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/euro/digital_euro/why-we-need-it/html/index.en.html">Why we need it</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/euro/digital_euro/progress/html/index.en.html">Timeline and progress</a></li><li class="has-subpages"><a href="/euro/digital_euro/timeline/html/index.en.html">In-depth information</a><a href="#" class="subpages" title="toggle subpages for In-depth information"></a><ul><li class="clearfix"><a href="/euro/digital_euro/timeline/stakeholder/html/index.en.html">Governance and stakeholder engagement</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/euro/digital_euro/timeline/profuse/html/index.en.html">Technical documents and research</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/euro/digital_euro/timeline/rulebook/html/index.en.html">Scheme rulebook</a></li></ul></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/euro/digital_euro/faqs/html/index.en.html">Frequently asked questions</a></li></ul></li><li class="clearfix"><span>Cash</span></li><li class="has-subpages"><a href="/euro/cash_strategy/html/index.en.html">The Eurosystem cash strategy</a><a href="#" class="subpages" title="toggle subpages for The Eurosystem cash strategy"></a><ul><li class="clearfix"><a href="/euro/cash_strategy/cash_role/html/index.en.html">The role of cash</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/euro/cash_strategy/issuance/html/index.en.html">Issuance and circulation</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/euro/cash_strategy/acceptance-cash/html/index.en.html">Access to and acceptance of cash</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/euro/cash_strategy/faqs/html/index.en.html">Frequently asked questions</a></li></ul></li><li class="has-subpages"><a href="/euro/banknotes/html/index.en.html">Banknotes</a><a href="#" class="subpages" title="toggle subpages for Banknotes"></a><ul><li class="has-subpages"><a href="/euro/banknotes/future_banknotes/html/index.en.html">Future banknotes</a><a href="#" class="subpages" title="toggle subpages for Future banknotes"></a><ul><li class="clearfix"><a href="/euro/banknotes/future_banknotes/redesign/html/index.en.html">Redesign process</a></li></ul></li><li class="has-subpages"><a href="/euro/banknotes/current/html/index.en.html">Current banknotes</a><a href="#" class="subpages" title="toggle subpages for Current banknotes"></a><ul><li class="clearfix"><a href="/euro/banknotes/current/denominations/html/index.en.html">Denominations</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/euro/banknotes/current/design/html/index.en.html">Design elements</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/euro/banknotes/current/security/html/index.en.html">Security features</a></li></ul></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/euro/banknotes/ac/html/index.en.html">Anti-counterfeiting</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/euro/banknotes/production/html/index.en.html">Banknote production and stocks</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/euro/banknotes/damaged/html/index.en.html">Damaged and inked-stained banknotes</a></li><li class="has-subpages"><a href="/euro/banknotes/environmental/html/index.en.html">Environment, health and safety</a><a href="#" class="subpages" title="toggle subpages for Environment, health and safety"></a><ul><li class="clearfix"><a href="/euro/banknotes/environmental/pef/html/index.en.html">Product environmental footprint</a></li></ul></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/euro/banknotes/research/html/index.en.html">Research and development</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/euro/banknotes/images/html/index.en.html">Images and reproduction rules</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/euro/banknotes/info/html/index.en.html">Information and training materials</a></li></ul></li><li class="has-subpages"><a href="/euro/coins/html/index.en.html">Coins</a><a href="#" class="subpages" title="toggle subpages for Coins"></a><ul><li class="clearfix"><a href="/euro/coins/2euro/html/index.en.html">€2</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/euro/coins/1euro/html/index.en.html">€1</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/euro/coins/50cents/html/index.en.html">50 cent</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/euro/coins/20cents/html/index.en.html">20 cent</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/euro/coins/10cents/html/index.en.html">10 cent</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/euro/coins/5cents/html/index.en.html">5 cent</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/euro/coins/2cents/html/index.en.html">2 cent</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/euro/coins/1cent/html/index.en.html">1 cent</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/euro/coins/common/html/index.en.html">Common sides</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/euro/coins/comm/html/index.en.html">€2 commemorative coins</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/euro/coins/security/html/index.en.html">Security features</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/euro/coins/collect/html/index.en.html">Collector coins</a></li></ul></li><li class="has-subpages"><a href="/euro/changeover/html/index.en.html">Joining the euro area</a><a href="#" class="subpages" title="toggle subpages for Joining the euro area"></a><ul><li class="clearfix"><a href="/euro/changeover/croatia/html/index.en.html">Croatia (2023)</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/euro/changeover/lithuania/html/index.en.html">Lithuania (2015)</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/euro/changeover/latvia/html/index.en.html">Latvia (2014)</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/euro/changeover/estonia/html/index.en.html">Estonia (2011)</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/euro/changeover/slovakia/html/index.en.html">Slovakia (2009)</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/euro/changeover/cyprus/html/index.en.html">Cyprus (2008)</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/euro/changeover/malta/html/index.en.html">Malta (2008)</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/euro/changeover/slovenia/html/index.en.html">Slovenia (2007)</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/euro/changeover/2002/html/index.en.html">Initial changeover (2002)</a></li></ul></li><li class="has-subpages"><a href="/euro/exchange/html/index.en.html">Exchanging national cash</a><a href="#" class="subpages" title="toggle subpages for Exchanging national cash"></a><ul><li class="clearfix"><a href="/euro/exchange/au/html/index.en.html">Austria</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/euro/exchange/be/html/index.en.html">Belgium</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/euro/exchange/hr/html/index.en.html">Croatia</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/euro/exchange/cy/html/index.en.html">Cyprus</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/euro/exchange/et/html/index.en.html">Estonia</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/euro/exchange/fi/html/index.en.html">Finland</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/euro/exchange/fr/html/index.en.html">France</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/euro/exchange/de/html/index.en.html">Germany</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/euro/exchange/gr/html/index.en.html">Greece</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/euro/exchange/ir/html/index.en.html">Ireland</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/euro/exchange/it/html/index.en.html">Italy</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/euro/exchange/lv/html/index.en.html">Latvia</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/euro/exchange/lt/html/index.en.html">Lithuania</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/euro/exchange/lu/html/index.en.html">Luxembourg</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/euro/exchange/mt/html/index.en.html">Malta</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/euro/exchange/nl/html/index.en.html">The Netherlands</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/euro/exchange/pt/html/index.en.html">Portugal</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/euro/exchange/slovakia/html/index.en.html">Slovakia</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/euro/exchange/sl/html/index.en.html">Slovenia</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/euro/exchange/es/html/index.en.html">Spain</a></li></ul></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/euro/visually/html/index.en.html">Visually impaired people</a></li></ul></div></li><li class="has-subpages" aria-expanded="false"><a href="/pub/html/index.en.html">Research</a><a href="#" class="subpages" title="toggle subpages for Research"></a><div class="nav-first-level-wrap"><div class="nav-featured-wrap"><div class="nav-featured"><div class="item"> <div class="title">Research</div> <p>In-depth studies and expert analyses covering diverse topics and fields</p> <a href="/pub/html/index.en.html">Overview of ECB research</a> <hr> <div class="nav-title">Quick links</div> <ul> <li><a href="/press/conferences/html/index.en.html">Conferences & seminars</a></li> <li><a href="/pub/economic-research/programmes/html/index.en.html">Opportunities for researchers</a></li> </ul> </div> <a href="/press/research-publications/resbull/html/index.en.html" class="item image"> <img src="/pub/html/index/research-bulletin_2560x800.jpg" width="357" height="179" loading="lazy" style="object-fit:cover"> <div class="image-caption">Research Bulletin</div> </a> </div></div><ul><li class="has-subpages"><a href="/pub/economic-research/html/index.en.html">Economic research</a><a href="#" class="subpages" title="toggle subpages for Economic research"></a><ul><li class="has-subpages"><a href="/pub/economic-research/research_agenda/html/index.en.html">Research agenda</a><a href="#" class="subpages" title="toggle subpages for Research agenda"></a><ul><li class="clearfix"><a href="/pub/economic-research/research_agenda/monetary_policy/html/index.en.html">Monetary policy, strategy and implementation</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/pub/economic-research/research_agenda/fiscal_policy/html/index.en.html">Fiscal policy and governance within EMU</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/pub/economic-research/research_agenda/international/html/index.en.html">International macro and finance</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/pub/economic-research/research_agenda/real_sector/html/index.en.html">Real sector and microeconomic analysis</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/pub/economic-research/research_agenda/forecasting/html/index.en.html">Forecasting and business cycle analysis</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/pub/economic-research/research_agenda/macro-finance/html/index.en.html">Macro-finance, systemic risk and macroprudential policy</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/pub/economic-research/research_agenda/financial_institutions/html/index.en.html">Financial institutions, microprudential policy, financial markets and payments</a></li></ul></li><li class="has-subpages"><a href="/pub/economic-research/programmes/html/index.en.html">Opportunities for researchers</a><a href="#" class="subpages" title="toggle subpages for Opportunities for researchers"></a><ul><li class="clearfix"><a href="/pub/economic-research/programmes/duisenberg/html/index.en.html">Wim Duisenberg Fellowship</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/pub/economic-research/programmes/visitors/html/index.en.html">Regular Research Visitors</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/pub/economic-research/programmes/lamfalussy/html/index.en.html">Lamfalussy Fellowship</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/pub/economic-research/programmes/graduate/html/index.en.html">Summer Research Graduate Programme</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/pub/economic-research/programmes/traineeship/html/index.en.html">Student Research Traineeship Programme</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class="has-subpages"><a href="/pub/legal-research/html/index.en.html">Legal Research</a><a href="#" class="subpages" title="toggle subpages for Legal Research"></a><ul><li class="clearfix"><a href="/pub/legal-research/legal-conferences-and-seminars/html/index.en.html">Legal conferences and seminars</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/pub/legal-research/legal-research-programme/html/index.en.html">Legal Research Programme</a></li></ul></li><li class="has-subpages"><a href="/pub/research/html/index.en.html">Research papers</a><a href="#" class="subpages" title="toggle subpages for Research papers"></a><ul><li class="clearfix"><a href="/pub/research/authors/html/index.en.html">Papers by authors</a></li></ul></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/pub/researchers/html/index.en.html">ECB researchers</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/pub/research-networks/html/index.en.html">Research networks</a></li></ul></div></li><li class="has-subpages -section" aria-expanded="false"><a href="/press/html/index.en.html">News & publications</a><a href="#" class="subpages" title="toggle subpages for News & publications"></a><div class="nav-first-level-wrap -nav-in-first-column"><div class="nav-featured-wrap"><div class="nav-featured"> <div class="item"> <div class="title">News & Publications</div> <a href="/press/pubbydate/html/index.en.html">Browse all news & publications</a> <hr> </div> </div><ul><li><span>News</span></li><li><a href="/press/pr/html/index.en.html">Press releases</a></li><li><a href="/press/stats/html/index.en.html">Statistical releases</a></li><li><a href="/press/key/html/index.en.html">Speeches</a></li><li><a href="/press/inter/html/index.en.html">Interviews</a></li><li><a href="/press/blog/html/index.en.html">The ECB Blog</a></li><li><a href="/press/tvservices/html/index.en.html">Podcasts & webcasts</a></li><li><a href="/press/intro/html/index.en.html">Payments news</a></li><li><a href="/press/contacts/html/index.en.html">Media contacts</a></li></ul></div><ul><li class="clearfix"><span>Publications</span></li><li class="has-subpages"><a href="/press/govcdec/html/index.en.html">Governing Council decisions</a><a href="#" class="subpages" title="toggle subpages for Governing Council decisions"></a><ul><li class="clearfix"><a href="/press/govcdec/mopo/html/index.en.html">Monetary policy decisions</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/press/govcdec/otherdec/html/index.en.html">Other decisions</a></li></ul></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/press/accounts/html/index.en.html">Monetary policy accounts</a></li><li class="has-subpages"><a href="/press/economic-bulletin/html/index.en.html">Economic Bulletin</a><a href="#" class="subpages" title="toggle subpages for Economic Bulletin"></a><ul><li class="clearfix"><a href="/press/economic-bulletin/articles/html/index.en.html">Articles</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/press/economic-bulletin/focus/html/index.en.html">Focus</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/press/economic-bulletin/mb/html/index.en.html">Monthly Bulletin</a></li></ul></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/press/projections/html/index.en.html">Macroeconomic projections</a></li><li class="has-subpages"><a href="/press/annual-reports-financial-statements/html/index.en.html">Annual reports & financial statements</a><a href="#" class="subpages" title="toggle subpages for Annual reports & financial statements"></a><ul><li class="has-subpages"><a href="/press/annual-reports-financial-statements/annual/html/index.en.html">Annual Report</a><a href="#" class="subpages" title="toggle subpages for Annual Report"></a><ul><li class="clearfix"><a href="/press/annual-reports-financial-statements/annual/annual-accounts/html/index.en.html">Annual Accounts</a></li><li class="has-subpages"><a href="/press/annual-reports-financial-statements/annual/balance/html/index.en.html">Eurosystem balance sheet</a><a href="#" class="subpages" title="toggle subpages for Eurosystem balance sheet"></a><ul><li class="clearfix"><a href="/press/annual-reports-financial-statements/annual/balance/mpo/html/index.en.html">Monetary policy operations</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class="has-subpages"><a href="/press/annual-reports-financial-statements/wfs/html/index.en.html">Weekly financial statements</a><a href="#" class="subpages" title="toggle subpages for Weekly financial statements"></a><ul><li class="clearfix"><a href="/press/annual-reports-financial-statements/wfs/dis/html/index.en.html">Disaggregated data</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class="has-subpages"><a href="/press/financial-stability-publications/html/index.en.html">Financial stability publications</a><a href="#" class="subpages" title="toggle subpages for Financial stability publications"></a><ul><li class="has-subpages"><a href="/press/financial-stability-publications/fsr/html/index.en.html">Financial Stability Review</a><a href="#" class="subpages" title="toggle subpages for Financial Stability Review"></a><ul><li class="clearfix"><a href="/press/financial-stability-publications/fsr/special/html/index.en.html">Special features & boxes</a></li></ul></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/press/financial-stability-publications/macroprudential-bulletin/html/index.en.html">Macroprudential Bulletin</a></li></ul></li><li class="has-subpages"><a href="/press/research-publications/html/index.en.html">Research publications</a><a href="#" class="subpages" title="toggle subpages for Research publications"></a><ul><li class="clearfix"><a href="/press/research-publications/resbull/html/index.en.html">Research Bulletin</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/press/research-publications/working-papers/html/index.en.html">Working papers</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/press/research-publications/discussion-papers/html/index.en.html">Discussion papers</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/press/research-publications/occasional-papers/html/index.en.html">Occasional papers</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/press/research-publications/legal-working-papers/html/index.en.html">Legal working papers</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/press/research-publications/statistics-papers/html/index.en.html">Statistics papers</a></li></ul></li><li class="has-subpages"><a href="/press/other-publications/html/index.en.html">Other publications</a><a href="#" class="subpages" title="toggle subpages for Other publications"></a><ul><li class="clearfix"><a href="/press/other-publications/mep-letters/html/index.en.html">Letters to MEPs</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/press/other-publications/convergence/html/index.en.html">Convergence Report</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/press/other-publications/ire/html/index.en.html">International Role of the Euro</a></li></ul></li><li class="clearfix"><span>Events & calendars</span></li><li class="has-subpages"><a href="/press/press_conference/html/index.en.html">Monetary policy press conference</a><a href="#" class="subpages" title="toggle subpages for Monetary policy press conference"></a><ul><li class="clearfix"><a href="/press/press_conference/monetary-policy-statement/html/index.en.html">Monetary policy statements</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/press/press_conference/visual-mps/html/index.en.html">Monetary policy statements at a glance</a></li></ul></li><li class="has-subpages"><a href="/press/conferences/html/index.en.html">Conferences & seminars</a><a href="#" class="subpages" title="toggle subpages for Conferences & seminars"></a><ul><li class="has-subpages"><a href="/press/conferences/ecbforum/html/index.en.html">Forum on Central Banking</a><a href="#" class="subpages" title="toggle subpages for Forum on Central Banking"></a><ul><li class="clearfix"><a href="/press/conferences/ecbforum/YE_competition/html/index.en.html">Young Economist Prize</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/press/conferences/ecbforum/previous_fora/html/index.en.html">Past editions</a></li></ul></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/press/conferences/civil_society_engagement/html/index.en.html">Civil society engagement</a></li></ul></li><li class="has-subpages"><a href="/press/calendars/html/index.en.html">Calendars</a><a href="#" class="subpages" title="toggle subpages for Calendars"></a><ul><li class="clearfix"><a href="/press/calendars/weekly/html/index.en.html">Weekly schedule</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/press/calendars/mgcgc/html/index.en.html">Meetings of the Governing Council and the General Council</a></li><li class="has-subpages"><a href="/press/calendars/statscal/html/index.en.html">Statistical calendars</a><a href="#" class="subpages" title="toggle subpages for Statistical calendars"></a><ul><li class="clearfix"><a href="/press/calendars/statscal/mfm/html/index.en.html">Money, banking and financial markets</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/press/calendars/statscal/eaa/html/index.en.html">Euro area economic and financial developments by institutional sector</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/press/calendars/statscal/ext/html/index.en.html">External transactions and positions</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/press/calendars/statscal/ges/html/index.en.html">Prices, output, demand and labour</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/press/calendars/statscal/gf/html/index.en.html">Government finance</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/press/calendars/statscal/sps/html/index.en.html">Supervisory and prudential statistics</a></li></ul></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/press/calendars/caleu/html/index.en.html">Eurosystem's tender operations</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/press/calendars/reserve/html/index.en.html">Reserve maintenance period</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></li><li class="clearfix -ssm" aria-expanded="false"><a href="https://www.bankingsupervision.europa.eu/home/html/index.en.html">Banking Supervision<i class="external"></i></a></li></ul></div><div id="topnav"><ul><li class="has-subpages" aria-expanded="false"><a href="/ecb/html/index.en.html">About us</a><a href="#" class="subpages" title="toggle subpages for About us"></a><div class="nav-first-level-wrap"><div class="nav-featured-wrap"><div class="nav-featured"> <div class="item"> <div class="title">About us</div> <hr> </div> </div></div><ul><li class="clearfix"><a href="/ecb/all-about-us/html/index.en.html">All about us</a></li><li class="has-subpages"><a href="/ecb/decisions/html/index.en.html">Our leadership</a><a href="#" class="subpages" title="toggle subpages for Our leadership"></a><ul><li class="clearfix"><a href="/ecb/decisions/eb/html/index.en.html">Executive Board</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/ecb/decisions/govc/html/index.en.html">Governing Council</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/ecb/decisions/genc/html/index.en.html">General Council</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/ecb/decisions/ssm/html/index.en.html">Supervisory Board</a></li></ul></li><li class="has-subpages"><a href="/ecb/orga/html/index.en.html">Our organisation</a><a href="#" class="subpages" title="toggle subpages for Our organisation"></a><ul><li class="has-subpages"><a href="/ecb/orga/escb/html/index.en.html">ECB, ESCB and the Eurosystem</a><a href="#" class="subpages" title="toggle subpages for ECB, ESCB and the Eurosystem"></a><ul><li class="clearfix"><a href="/ecb/orga/escb/ecb-mission/html/index.en.html">ECB mission</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/ecb/orga/escb/eurosystem-mission/html/index.en.html">Eurosystem mission</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/ecb/orga/escb/strategic-intents/html/index.en.html">Strategic intents</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/ecb/orga/escb/organisational-principles/html/index.en.html">Organisational principles</a></li></ul></li><li class="has-subpages"><a href="/ecb/orga/tasks/html/index.en.html">Our tasks and responsibilities</a><a href="#" class="subpages" title="toggle subpages for Our tasks and responsibilities"></a><ul><li class="clearfix"><a href="/ecb/orga/tasks/monpol/html/index.en.html">Monetary policy</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/ecb/orga/tasks/statistics/html/index.en.html">Statistics</a></li><li class="has-subpages"><a href="/ecb/orga/tasks/stability/html/index.en.html">Financial stability and macroprudential policy</a><a href="#" class="subpages" title="toggle subpages for Financial stability and macroprudential policy"></a><ul><li class="clearfix"><a href="/ecb/orga/tasks/stability/tasks/html/index.en.html">Our tasks</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/ecb/orga/tasks/stability/strategy/html/index.en.html">Strategy</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/ecb/orga/tasks/stability/framework/html/index.en.html">Institutional framework</a></li></ul></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/ecb/orga/tasks/euro/html/index.en.html">Banknotes</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/ecb/orga/tasks/paym/html/index.en.html">Payments & securities</a></li><li class="has-subpages"><a href="/ecb/orga/tasks/europe/html/index.en.html">European relations</a><a href="#" class="subpages" title="toggle subpages for European relations"></a><ul><li class="clearfix"><a href="/ecb/orga/tasks/europe/cooperation/html/index.en.html">European cooperation</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/ecb/orga/tasks/europe/emu/html/index.en.html">EMU economic governance</a></li></ul></li><li class="has-subpages"><a href="/ecb/orga/tasks/international/html/index.en.html">International affairs</a><a href="#" class="subpages" title="toggle subpages for International affairs"></a><ul><li class="clearfix"><a href="/ecb/orga/tasks/international/institutions/html/index.en.html">International relations and analysis</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/ecb/orga/tasks/international/financialarchitecture/html/index.en.html">International central bank cooperation</a></li></ul></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/ecb/orga/tasks/reserves/html/index.en.html">Foreign reserves and own funds</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/ecb/orga/tasks/forex/html/index.en.html">Foreign exchange operations</a></li></ul></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/ecb/orga/orgachart/html/index.en.html">Organisation chart of the ECB</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/ecb/orga/capital/html/index.en.html">Capital subscription</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/ecb/orga/governance/html/index.en.html">Corporate governance</a></li></ul></li><li class="has-subpages"><a href="/ecb/our-values/html/index.en.html">Our values</a><a href="#" class="subpages" title="toggle subpages for Our values"></a><ul><li class="clearfix"><a href="/ecb/our-values/independence/html/index.en.html">Independence</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/ecb/our-values/transparency/html/index.en.html">Transparency</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/ecb/our-values/accountability/html/index.en.html">Accountability</a></li><li class="has-subpages"><a href="/ecb/our-values/ethics/html/index.en.html">Ethics – working with integrity</a><a href="#" class="subpages" title="toggle subpages for Ethics – working with integrity"></a><ul><li class="clearfix"><a href="/ecb/our-values/ethics/enmo/html/index.en.html">Ethics Network of Multilateral Organizations (ENMO)</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class="has-subpages"><a href="/ecb/history-arts-culture/html/index.en.html">Our history, arts and culture</a><a href="#" class="subpages" title="toggle subpages for Our history, arts and culture"></a><ul><li class="has-subpages"><a href="/ecb/history-arts-culture/history/html/index.en.html">Our history</a><a href="#" class="subpages" title="toggle subpages for Our history"></a><ul><li class="clearfix"><a href="/ecb/history-arts-culture/history/25-year-anniversary-of-the-ecb/html/index.en.html">25 years of the ECB</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/ecb/history-arts-culture/history/emu/html/index.en.html">Economic and Monetary Union</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/ecb/history-arts-culture/history/enlargement/html/index.en.html">EU enlargement</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/ecb/history-arts-culture/history/ec/html/index.en.html">European Union</a></li></ul></li><li class="has-subpages"><a href="/ecb/history-arts-culture/archives/html/index.en.html">Archives</a><a href="#" class="subpages" title="toggle subpages for Archives"></a><ul><li class="clearfix"><a href="/ecb/history-arts-culture/archives/cog/html/index.en.html">Committee of Governors</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/ecb/history-arts-culture/archives/emcf/html/index.en.html">European Monetary Cooperation Fund</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/ecb/history-arts-culture/archives/delors/html/index.en.html">Delors Committee</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/ecb/history-arts-culture/archives/emi/html/index.en.html">European Monetary Institute</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/ecb/history-arts-culture/archives/european/html/index.en.html">European Central Bank</a></li></ul></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/ecb/history-arts-culture/artsculture/html/index.en.html">Arts and culture</a></li></ul></li><li class="has-subpages"><a href="/ecb/legal/html/index.en.html">Our legal framework</a><a href="#" class="subpages" title="toggle subpages for Our legal framework"></a><ul><li class="clearfix"><a href="/ecb/legal/faqs/html/index.en.html">EUR-Lex - Frequently asked questions</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/ecb/legal/fsla/html/index.en.html">Institutional framework</a></li></ul></li><li class="has-subpages"><a href="/ecb/climate/html/index.en.html">Climate change and the ECB</a><a href="#" class="subpages" title="toggle subpages for Climate change and the ECB"></a><ul><li class="clearfix"><a href="/ecb/climate/our-climate-and-nature-plan/html/index.en.html">Our climate and nature plan</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/ecb/climate/climate-related-financial-disclosures/html/index.en.html">Climate-related financial disclosures</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/ecb/climate/managing_mitigating_climatel_risk/html/index.en.html">Managing climate-related risks</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/ecb/climate/green_transition/html/index.en.html">Supporting the green transition</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/ecb/climate/wider_action/html/index.en.html">Fostering wider action</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/ecb/climate/our_approach/html/index.en.html">Our approach</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/ecb/climate/green/html/index.en.html">Environmental protection</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/ecb/climate/climate/html/index.en.html">Climate Insurance Protection Gap</a></li></ul></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/ecb/sanctions/html/index.en.html">Sanctions imposed by the ECB</a></li><li class="has-subpages"><a href="/ecb/jobsproc/html/index.en.html">Procurement</a><a href="#" class="subpages" title="toggle subpages for Procurement"></a><ul><li class="clearfix"><a href="/ecb/jobsproc/tenders/html/index.en.html">Tenders</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/ecb/jobsproc/archive/html/index.en.html">Archive</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/ecb/jobsproc/sourcing/html/index.en.html">Electronic tendering system</a></li></ul></li><li class="has-subpages"><a href="/ecb/access_to_documents/html/index.en.html">Access to documents</a><a href="#" class="subpages" title="toggle subpages for Access to documents"></a><ul><li class="clearfix"><a href="/ecb/access_to_documents/document/html/index.en.html">Public Register of Documents</a></li></ul></li><li class="has-subpages"><a href="/ecb/contacts/html/index.en.html">Contacts</a><a href="#" class="subpages" title="toggle subpages for Contacts"></a><ul><li class="clearfix"><a href="/ecb/contacts/address/html/index.en.html">Address</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/ecb/contacts/working-hours/html/index.en.html">ECB public holidays</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></li><li class="has-subpages" aria-expanded="false"><a href="/ecb-and-you/html/index.en.html">ECB & You</a><a href="#" class="subpages" title="toggle subpages for ECB & You"></a><div class="nav-first-level-wrap"><div class="nav-featured-wrap"><div class="nav-featured"> <div class="item"> <div class="title">ECB & You</div> <hr> </div> </div></div><ul><li class="clearfix"><a href="/ecb-and-you/educational/html/index.en.html">All about ECB & You</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/ecb-and-you/explainers/html/index.en.html">Explainers</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/ecb-and-you/test-your-knowledge/html/index.en.html">Test your knowledge</a></li><li class="has-subpages"><a href="/ecb-and-you/youth-initiatives/html/index.en.html">Youth initiatives</a><a href="#" class="subpages" title="toggle subpages for Youth initiatives"></a><ul><li class="clearfix"><a href="/ecb-and-you/youth-initiatives/girls_it_bootcamp/html/index.en.html">Girls' IT Bootcamp</a></li></ul></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/ecb-and-you/everyone-needs-stability/html/index.en.html">Everyone needs stability</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/ecb-and-you/ecb_and_you/html/index.en.html">ECB & You broadcasts</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/ecb-and-you/ask_us/html/index.en.html">Ask us</a></li><li class="has-subpages"><a href="/ecb-and-you/visits/html/index.en.html">Visit us</a><a href="#" class="subpages" title="toggle subpages for Visit us"></a><ul><li class="clearfix"><a href="/ecb-and-you/visits/premises/html/index.en.html">Main building</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></li><li class="has-subpages" aria-expanded="false"><a href="/careers/html/index.en.html">Careers</a><a href="#" class="subpages" title="toggle subpages for Careers"></a><div class="nav-first-level-wrap"><div class="nav-featured-wrap"><div class="nav-featured"> <div class="item"> <div class="title">Careers</div> <hr> </div> </div></div><ul><li class="clearfix"><a href="/careers/all-about-careers/html/index.en.html">All about careers</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/careers/vacancies/html/index.en.html">Vacancies</a></li><li class="has-subpages"><a href="/careers/working-at-the-ecb/html/index.en.html">Who we are</a><a href="#" class="subpages" title="toggle subpages for Who we are"></a><ul><li class="clearfix"><a href="/careers/working-at-the-ecb/about/html/index.en.html">About the ECB</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/careers/working-at-the-ecb/employee-portraits/html/index.en.html">Meet our people</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/careers/working-at-the-ecb/life-in-frankfurt/html/index.en.html">Life in Frankfurt</a></li></ul></li><li class="has-subpages"><a href="/careers/why-we-value-diversity/html/index.en.html">Why we value diversity</a><a href="#" class="subpages" title="toggle subpages for Why we value diversity"></a><ul><li class="clearfix"><a href="/careers/why-we-value-diversity/women/html/index.en.html">Women@ECB</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/careers/why-we-value-diversity/diversity-networks/html/index.en.html">Diversity networks</a></li></ul></li><li class="has-subpages"><a href="/careers/what-we-offer/html/index.en.html">What we offer</a><a href="#" class="subpages" title="toggle subpages for What we offer"></a><ul><li class="clearfix"><a href="/careers/what-we-offer/benefits/html/index.en.html">Benefits & rewards</a></li><li class="has-subpages"><a href="/careers/what-we-offer/contract/html/index.en.html">Contract types</a><a href="#" class="subpages" title="toggle subpages for Contract types"></a><ul><li class="clearfix"><a href="/careers/what-we-offer/contract/fixed/html/index.en.html">Fixed-term</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/careers/what-we-offer/contract/short/html/index.en.html">Short-term</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/careers/what-we-offer/contract/escb/html/index.en.html">ESCB/IO</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/careers/what-we-offer/contract/other/html/index.en.html">Other</a></li></ul></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/careers/what-we-offer/traineeship/html/index.en.html">Traineeship</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/careers/what-we-offer/graduate/html/index.en.html">Graduate programme</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/careers/what-we-offer/wecs/html/index.en.html">ECB Scholarship for Women</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/careers/what-we-offer/ukrainian-scholarship/html/index.en.html">ECB Scholarship for Ukrainian graduates</a></li></ul></li><li class="has-subpages"><a href="/careers/before-you-apply/html/index.en.html">How you can join us</a><a href="#" class="subpages" title="toggle subpages for How you can join us"></a><ul><li class="clearfix"><a href="/careers/before-you-apply/how-to-apply/html/index.en.html">How to apply</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/careers/before-you-apply/how-we-hire/html/index.en.html">How we hire</a></li><li class="has-subpages"><a href="/careers/before-you-apply/newcomers/html/index.en.html">You have been selected, what next?</a><a href="#" class="subpages" title="toggle subpages for You have been selected, what next?"></a><ul><li class="clearfix"><a href="/careers/before-you-apply/newcomers/fixed-term/html/index.en.html">Fixed-term employee</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/careers/before-you-apply/newcomers/short-term/html/index.en.html">Short-term employee</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/careers/before-you-apply/newcomers/trainee/html/index.en.html">Trainee</a></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/careers/before-you-apply/newcomers/cost-free/html/index.en.html">Cost-free secondee</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class="clearfix"><a href="/careers/faq/html/index.en.html">FAQs</a></li></ul></div></li></ul></div></nav> <div id="page-actions"> <div class="ecb-quickSearch" style="width:100%;"> <form role="search" method="get" style="width:100%;display:flex" onsubmit="return false"> <input type="text" name="search" class="addsearch" id="searchInput" maxlength="300" aria-label="Search" alt="Search" autocomplete="off" /> <a href="#" id="searchButton">Search</a> </form> </div> </div> <button id="toggle-mobile-nav" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="navwrapper"><span class="sr-only">Menu</span></button> </div> <div id="ecb-breadcrumbscontainer"><div id="ecb-breadcrumbwrapper"><nav id="ecb-breadcrumbs"></nav></div></div> </header> <div id="ecb-mainnavwrapper" style="display: none !important;"></div> <div id="addSearch-container-full"> <div class="blue-bg"> <div class="arrow-top"></div> <div class="section filter-radio"> <div class="tabs-container -white-blue"> <input id="searchAll" name="search-tab-group" type="radio" checked="" onClick="ECB.slow.addSearchApi.filterDate(this.value);" value="all"> <label for="searchAll" class="count-hits-all">ANYTIME <span class="count-hits"></span></label> <div class="spacer"></div> <input id="searchMonth" name="search-tab-group" type="radio" onClick="ECB.slow.addSearchApi.filterDate(this.value);" value="month"> <label for="searchMonth" class="count-hits-month">PAST MONTH <span class="count-hits"></span></label> <div class="spacer"></div> <input id="searchYear" name="search-tab-group" type="radio" onClick="ECB.slow.addSearchApi.filterDate(this.value);" value="year"> <label for="searchYear" class="count-hits-year">PAST YEAR <span class="count-hits"></span></label> </div> <div class="tabs-search-options-head"> <div id="text-search-options" class="title-option">Search Options</div> <div id="text-image-preview" class="title-option hidden">Image Preview</div> </div> </div> <div class="arrow-bottom"></div> <div class="filter-selection form"> <div class="form-content"> <form> <div> <label for="dropdownSuggestions">Sort by</label> <div id="dropdownFilter" class="dropdown"> <span class="icon"></span> <select onchange="ECB.slow.addSearchApi.filterDate(this.value)" id="searchFilterDate"> <option value="all" class="count-hits-all">ANYTIME </option> <option value="month" class="count-hits-month">PAST MONTH </option> <option value="year" class="count-hits-year">PAST YEAR </option> </select> </div> </div> <div> <label for="dropdownSuggestions" class="space-top">Suggestions</label> <div id="dropdownSuggestions" class="dropdown"> <span class="icon"></span> <select onchange="ECB.slow.addSearchApi.initSearch(this.value)" id="searchSuggestion"> <option></option> </select> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="white-bg"> <div class="section"> <div class="result-main-panel">  <div id="addsearch-api-results"></div> <div class="addsearch-legends-categories"> <span id="adcat_home">Home</span> <span id="adcat_press">Media</span> <span id="adcat_explainers">Explainers</span> <span id="adcat_pub">Research & Publications</span> <span id="adcat_stats">Statistics</span> <span id="adcat_mopo">Monetary Policy</span> <span id="adcat_euro">The €uro</span> <span id="adcat_paym">Payments & Markets</span> <span id="adcat_career">Careers</span> </div> </div> <div class="result-side-panel"> <div id="addsearch-sidemenu"> <div id="result-suggestions"> <span>Suggestions</span> <div id="suggestions-container"> </div> </div> <div id="result-sortBy"> <span>Sort by</span> <div id="sortby-radio-container"> <div class="addsearch-sortby-radiogroup"> <label> <input id="sort-by-relevance" type="radio" name="sortby-radio-container" onclick="ECB.slow.addSearchApi.sortBy('relevance')" data-field="relevance" data-order="desc" value="" checked="">Relevance </label> <label> <input id="sort-by-date" type="radio" name="sortby-radio-container" onclick="ECB.slow.addSearchApi.sortBy('date')" data-field="date" data-order="desc" value="">Date </label> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="addsearch-image-container" aria-hidden="true"><img src="" id="addsearch-image" alt="" /></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="main-wrapper" > <div class="header fast image-attribution -small" data-image-webp="/press/shared/img/header.webp" data-image="/press/shared/img/header.jpg"> <div data-image="/press/shared/img/header.jpg" data-image-webp="/press/shared/img/header.webp" ></div> </div> <aside aria-label="Social media sharing and related content (if available)"> <div id="ecb-social-sharing" class="" tab-index="2"> <ul class="-links"> <li class="-print"><a href="javascript:window.print()" title="Print page"></a></li> </ul> <div class="-separator"></div> <ul class="-links"> <li class="-twitter"><a href="javascript:window.open('https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?url='+location.protocol + '//' + location.host + location.pathname+((document.location.search.search(/\?youtubeID=[a-zA-Z0-9_-]+$/)!=-1&&document.location.search)||''),'_blank','width=600,height=400,menubar=no')" title="Share on X"></a></li> <li class="-facebook"><a href="javascript:window.open('https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u='+location.protocol + '//' + location.host + location.pathname+((document.location.search.search(/\?youtubeID=[a-zA-Z0-9_-]+$/)!=-1&&document.location.search)||''),'_blank','width=600,height=400,menubar=no')" title="Share on Facebook"></a></li> <li class="-linkedin"><a href="javascript:window.open('https://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?url='+location.protocol + '//' + location.host + location.pathname+((document.location.search.search(/\?youtubeID=[a-zA-Z0-9_-]+$/)!=-1&&document.location.search)||''),'_blank','width=600,height=400,menubar=no')" title="Share on LinkedIn"></a></li> <li class="-email"><a href="javascript:window.open('mailto:?subject=I would like to share this link with you&body=Link to the website of the European Central Bank: '+location.protocol + '//' + location.host + location.pathname+((document.location.search.search(/\?youtubeID=[a-zA-Z0-9_-]+$/)!=-1&&document.location.search)||''))" title="Share by Email"></a></li> </ul> </div> </aside> <main > <div class="title"> <h1>All news & publications</h1> </div> <div class="definition-list"> <div class="header"> <div class="title" id="status">Loading..</div> </div> <div class="filter-dl-wrapper"> <div class="form"> <div class="form-content"> <form id="foedb-filter"></form> </div> </div> <div class="dl-wrapper"> <div class="filter-tags-wrapper hidden"> <div id="clear-filters"> <span class="icon"></span> Clear all filters </div> <div id="filter-tags"> </div> </div> <div class="sort-wrapper"> <div class="sort"> <div>Sort by: <span class="sort-trigger" id="foedb-sort"><span class="label">Newest first</span> <span class="icon"></span> </span> </div> </div> <dl> </dl> </div> </div> </div> <div class="lazy-load-hit"></div> <style> #pages-in-section-holder{ display: none; } .filter-dl-wrapper{ display: flex; max-width: 1280px; margin: 0 auto; } .filter-dl-wrapper .form { box-shadow: 12px 0 15px -4px #eee, -12px 0 8px -4px #eee; } .filter-dl-wrapper .form .form-content::after{ display: none; } .filter-dl-wrapper .form .form-content{ position: sticky; top: 0; max-width:calc( (100vw - 1280px)/2 + 400px); max-height: 90vh; overflow-y: auto; -ms-overflow-style: none; scrollbar-width: thin; scrollbar-gutter: stable; box-sizing: content-box; } @media (max-width: 767px) { .filter-dl-wrapper .form .form-content{ min-width: 320px; max-height: none; } } @media (min-width: 768px) { .filter-dl-wrapper .form .form-content{ width: 320px; } } .filter-dl-wrapper select[value="all"] { color:#b4b4b4; } form label a.info::before{ display: none; } .dl-wrapper { width: 100%; padding-right: 40px; } .dl-wrapper > dl { max-width: calc( 1280px - 400px ); } .definition-list .dl-wrapper dl{ padding: 0; flex-flow: column; } .definition-list .dl-wrapper dl dt{ width: 100%; } .definition-list .dl-wrapper dl dt::after { display: none; } .definition-list .dl-wrapper dl dd { padding-left: 0; border-top: 0; } .definition-list .dl-wrapper dl dd div.category { color: #808080; text-transform: uppercase; } .definition-list .dl-wrapper dl dd .title a { color: #448bc3; } .dl-wrapper .accordion .content-box{ font-size: 16px; } .dl-wrapper .accordion .content-box dl dd{ line-height: 24px; } .dl-wrapper .sort-wrapper { padding: 20px 0 5px 50px; } .dl-wrapper .sort-wrapper .sort { width: 100%; border-bottom: 1px solid #cdcdcd; color: #343434; display: flex; justify-content: flex-end; font-size: 15px; } .dl-wrapper .sort-wrapper .sort > div { font-weight: 700; font-size: 15px; } .dl-wrapper .sort-wrapper .sort > div .sort-trigger { cursor: pointer; } .dl-wrapper .sort-wrapper .sort > div > span { font-weight: 400; padding-left: 10px; display: inline-flex; } .dl-wrapper .sort-wrapper .sort > div .icon { display: flex; } .definition-list .dl-wrapper dl dt:first-of-type { border-top-width: 1px; } .dl-wrapper .sort-wrapper .sort > div .icon::before { font-family: ECB-icon-set !important; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal !important; vertical-align: top; content: ""; transform: rotateZ(90deg); font-size: 22px; } .dl-wrapper .sort-wrapper .sort.reversed > div .icon::before { transform: rotateZ(-90deg); } select[disabled]{ background-color: #ddd !important; cursor: default !important; } mark{ font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; } /* #foedb-filter { display: flex; flex-direction: column; justify-content: center; } #foedb-filter > div:not(:first-child) { border-bottom: 1px solid #cdcdcd; padding-bottom: 30px; margin-bottom: 20px; } */ /* #foedb-filter > div input, #foedb-filter > div select { height: 44px; line-height: 44px; border: 1px solid #cdcdcd; border-radius: 0; } */ .filter-tags-wrapper { padding: 35px 150px 0 50px; position: relative; } #filter-tags { display: flex; flex-flow: row wrap; gap: 10px; } #filter-tags > span.filter-tag { color: #fff; background-color: #328dd3; border-radius: 13px; min-height: 38px; line-height: 22px; padding: 0 10px 0 5px; font-size: 14px; cursor: pointer; display: flex; flex-direction: row; align-items: center; margin: 0; } #filter-tags > span.filter-tag .icon::before { font-family: ECB-icon-set !important; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal !important; vertical-align: top; content: ""; font-size: 22px; line-height: 39px; width: auto; cursor: pointer; } #clear-filters { position: absolute; top: 30px; right: 15px; color: #333; font-size: 15px; line-height: 36px; cursor: pointer; } #clear-filters .icon::before { font-family: ECB-icon-set !important; font-style: normal; font-weight: 1000 !important; vertical-align: top; content: ""; font-size: 22px; line-height: 38px; width: auto; color: #666; border: 1px solid #b2b2b2; } .dl-wrapper .sort-wrapper .sort { display: none; } .multiselect-filter-holder .multiselect { width: 300px; border: 1px solid #ccc; border-radius: 4px; } .multiselect-filter-holder { position: relative; background-color: #fff; border-radius: 3px; padding-bottom: 0 !important; border: 1px solid #eee; } .multiselect-filter-holder .multiselect-header { padding: 0 0 0 10px; cursor: pointer; background-color: #f8f8f8; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc; font-size: 16px; -webkit-appearance: none; -moz-appearance: none; -ms-progress-appearance: none; appearance: none; border: 0; outline: 0; border-radius: 10px; /* padding: 0 40px 0 10px; */ height: 45px; line-height: 45px; cursor: pointer; position: relative; display: inline-flex; width: 100%; justify-content: flex-start; z-index: 2; color: #3e3e3e; background-color: transparent; } .multiselect-filter-holder .multiselect-header > span.label { left: 0; width: calc(100% - 40px); height: 100%; align-self: start; position: relative; display: inline-block; margin: 0; } .multiselect-filter-holder .multiselect-header > span.separator { height: 30px; top: -7.5px; align-self: end; display: flex; position: relative; border-left: 1px solid #dadada; margin: 0; } .multiselect-filter-holder .multiselect-header > span.icon { right: 0px; height: 45px; width: 40px; align-self: end; display: flex; justify-content: center; position: relative; margin: 0; } .multiselect-filter-holder .multiselect-header > span.icon::before { font-family: ECB-icon-set !important; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal !important; vertical-align: top; content: ""; transform: rotateZ(90deg); font-size: 22px; color: #4076bf; } .multiselect-filter-holder .multiselect-header.-opened > span.icon::before { transform: rotateZ(-90deg); } .multiselect-filter-holder .multiselect-body { display: none; padding: 10px; } .multiselect-filter-holder .multiselect-search { width: 100%; padding: 5px; margin-bottom: 10px; box-sizing: border-box; } .multiselect-filter-holder .multiselect-search::placeholder { color: #999; } .multiselect-filter-holder .multiselect-options { max-height: 200px; overflow-y: auto; scrollbar-width: thin; } .multiselect-filter-holder .option { padding: 3px 0; cursor: pointer; } .multiselect-filter-holder .option:hover { background-color: #f0f0f0; } .multiselect-filter-holder .option label { display: flex; align-items: flex-start; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; padding-left: 24px; position: relative; } .form .form-content form .multiselect-filter-holder input[type=checkbox]:not(.toggle-input) { position: absolute; left: 2px; top: 4px; margin: 0; height: 16px; width: 18px; } #foedb-filter { display: flex; flex-direction: column; gap: 15px 0; } @media (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 1252px) { #foedb-filter.sticky { margin-top: 18px; } } @media (min-width: 1253px) { #foedb-filter.sticky { margin-top: 90px; } } .form .form-content form .multiselect-filter-holder label::after { content:""; } .multiselect-filter-holder .option input[type="checkbox"] { margin-right: 5px; top:3px; } .form .wrapper form .multiselect-filter-holder input[type=checkbox]:not(.toggle-input)::after, .form .form-content form .multiselect-filter-holder input[type=checkbox]:not(.toggle-input)::after { height: 18px; width: 18px; top: -2px; left: -0px; } .form .wrapper form .multiselect-filter-holder input[type=checkbox]:not(.toggle-input):checked::before, .form .form-content form .multiselect-filter-holder input[type=checkbox]:not(.toggle-input):checked::before { top: -3px; left: -1px; } .multiselect-filter-holder .child-options { margin-left: 12px; } .header #status { position: relative; max-width: 1280px; text-align: left; margin: auto; } @media (max-width: 767px) { .filter::after { bottom: -14px; } .definition-list > .header{ display: none; } .form { padding-bottom: 0; } .form form > div:not(.submit-buttons):not(.switch-buttons) label { font-size: 18px; } /* #foedb-filter p:first-child { display: none; } */ .filter-dl-wrapper { flex-direction: column; } .filter-dl-wrapper .form .form-content { max-width: none; padding-bottom: 15px; border-bottom: 1px solid #b2b2b2; } /* #foedb-filter > div:not(:first-child) { border-bottom: 1px solid transparent; padding-bottom: 0; margin-bottom: 15px; } */ .filter-tags-wrapper { padding: 40px 0 15px 30px; position: relative; } .dl-wrapper .sort-wrapper { padding-left: 30px; } .dl-wrapper { padding-right: 30px; } #clear-filters { top: -10px; left: calc(50% - 64px) } } </style> <script src="/foedb/mark.min.js?v=2713524"></script> <script type="module"> const headerV2 = document.querySelector("header#ecb-doc-header"); const foedbContainer = document.querySelector("#foedb-filter"); if (headerV2 && foedbContainer) { const headerMutationObserver = new MutationObserver((mutationList) => { for (const mutation of mutationList) { if (headerV2.classList.contains('sticky')) { if (!foedbContainer.classList.contains('sticky')) { foedbContainer.classList.add("sticky"); } } else { if (foedbContainer.classList.contains("sticky")) { foedbContainer.classList.remove("sticky"); } } } }); headerMutationObserver.observe(headerV2, { attributes: true, attributeFilter: ["class"], attributeOldValue: true, }); } let version="2713524"; let foeDBindex="/foedb/frontend/"+version+"/index.js"; //let foeDBindex="/foedb/index.js"; let foedb = await import(foeDBindex); foedb=foedb.default; const foedb_host = "/foedb/dbs/foedb"; const database_prefix="publications"; const database_name = `${database_prefix}.${ECB.currentLanguage}`; const variable_maps = { "type": foedb_host + ":"+database_prefix+"_types!id_publication_type" }; let sortRev = false; const form = document.getElementById("foedb-filter"); const JEL_Code_types = [2,3,4,5,15,24,25,28,32,61,96,138,217,224,226,239,282]; let mark_instance = new Mark(".sort-wrapper"); let field_properties = { 'relatedPublications': ['recursive','json'], 'childrenPublication': ['recursive','json'], 'documentTypes':['json'], 'publicationProperties':['json'] }; // multipe - multiselect filter, label_value - the value is the id, but the label is used in queries and listings let filter_properties = { "Taxonomy": ["multiple"], "type": ["multiple","label_value"], "JEL_Code": ["multiple"], "year": ["multiple"], "boardmember": ["multiple"], } const date_options = { year: 'numeric', month: 'long', day: 'numeric' }; const filters_map = {Taxonomy: 'topic', type: 'name_of_publication'} const dim_names = { "Taxonomy": "Topic", "type": "Name of publication", "JEL_Code": "JEL Code","year":"Year", "boardmember": "Board member", "Authors": "Author" }; let last_query_time; let lastIndex=0; let observer; let publications = null; let urlObj = new URL(window.location.href); let paramsObj = new URLSearchParams(urlObj.search); let connectionParams = { foedb_host, database_name, variable_maps, "on_status_update": (status) => { //document.getElementById("status").innerHTML = status; document.getElementById("status").innerHTML = ""; }, field_properties, "custom_sort": (a, b) => { return b?.pub_timestamp - a?.pub_timestamp } }; let jels = [ { "code": "A", "description": "General Economics and Teaching", "classification": [ { "code": "A1", "description": "General Economics", "classification": [ { "code": "A10", "description": "General" }, { "code": "A11", "description": "Role of Economics • Role of Economists • Market for Economists" }, { "code": "A12", "description": "Relation of Economics to Other Disciplines" }, { "code": "A13", "description": "Relation of Economics to Social Values" }, { "code": "A14", "description": "Sociology of Economics" }, { "code": "A19", "description": "Other" } ] }, { "code": "A2", "description": "Economic Education and Teaching of Economics", "classification": [ { "code": "A20", "description": "General" }, { "code": "A21", "description": "Pre-college" }, { "code": "A22", "description": "Undergraduate" }, { "code": "A23", "description": "Graduate" }, { "code": "A29", "description": "Other" } ] }, { "code": "A3", "description": "Collective Works", "classification": [ { "code": "A30", "description": "General" }, { "code": "A31", "description": "Collected Writings of Individuals" }, { "code": "A32", "description": "Collective Volumes" }, { "code": "A33", "description": "Handbooks" }, { "code": "A39", "description": "Other" } ] } ] }, { "code": "B", "description": "History of Economic Thought, Methodology, and Heterodox Approaches", "classification": [ { "code": "B0", "description": "General", "classification": [ { "code": "B00", "description": "General" } ] }, { "code": "B1", "description": "History of Economic Thought through 1925", "classification": [ { "code": "B10", "description": "General" }, { "code": "B11", "description": "Preclassical (Ancient, Medieval, Mercantilist, Physiocratic)" }, { "code": "B12", "description": "Classical (includes Adam Smith)" }, { "code": "B13", "description": "Neoclassical through 1925 (Austrian, Marshallian, Walrasian, Wicksellian)" }, { "code": "B14", "description": "Socialist • Marxist" }, { "code": "B15", "description": "Historical • Institutional • Evolutionary" }, { "code": "B16", "description": "Quantitative and Mathematical" }, { "code": "B17", "description": "International Trade and Finance" }, { "code": "B19", "description": "Other" } ] }, { "code": "B2", "description": "History of Economic Thought since 1925", "classification": [ { "code": "B20", "description": "General" }, { "code": "B21", "description": "Microeconomics" }, { "code": "B22", "description": "Macroeconomics" }, { "code": "B23", "description": "Econometrics • Quantitative and Mathematical Studies" }, { "code": "B24", "description": "Socialist • Marxist • Sraffian" }, { "code": "B25", "description": "Historical • Institutional • Evolutionary • Austrian • Stockholm School" }, { "code": "B26", "description": "Financial Economics" }, { "code": "B27", "description": "International Trade and Finance" }, { "code": "B29", "description": "Other" } ] }, { "code": "B3", "description": "History of Economic Thought: Individuals", "classification": [ { "code": "B30", "description": "General" }, { "code": "B31", "description": "Individuals" }, { "code": "B32", "description": "Obituaries" } ] }, { "code": "B4", "description": "Economic Methodology", "classification": [ { "code": "B40", "description": "General" }, { "code": "B41", "description": "Economic Methodology" }, { "code": "B49", "description": "Other" } ] }, { "code": "B5", "description": "Current Heterodox Approaches", "classification": [ { "code": "B50", "description": "General" }, { "code": "B51", "description": "Socialist • Marxian • Sraffian" }, { "code": "B52", "description": "Historical • Institutional • Evolutionary • Modern Monetary Theory" }, { "code": "B53", "description": "Austrian" }, { "code": "B54", "description": "Feminist Economics" }, { "code": "B55", "description": "Social Economics" }, { "code": "B59", "description": "Other" } ] } ] }, { "code": "C", "description": "Mathematical and Quantitative Methods", "classification": [ { "code": "C0", "description": "General", "classification": [ { "code": "C00", "description": "General" }, { "code": "C01", "description": "Econometrics" }, { "code": "C02", "description": "Mathematical Methods" } ] }, { "code": "C1", "description": "Econometric and Statistical Methods and Methodology: General", "classification": [ { "code": "C10", "description": "General" }, { "code": "C11", "description": "Bayesian Analysis: General" }, { "code": "C12", "description": "Hypothesis Testing: General" }, { "code": "C13", "description": "Estimation: General" }, { "code": "C14", "description": "Semiparametric and Nonparametric Methods: General" }, { "code": "C15", "description": "Statistical Simulation Methods: General" }, { "code": "C18", "description": "Methodological Issues: General" }, { "code": "C19", "description": "Other" } ] }, { "code": "C2", "description": "Single Equation Models • Single Variables", "classification": [ { "code": "C20", "description": "General" }, { "code": "C21", "description": "Cross-Sectional Models • Spatial Models • Treatment Effect Models • Quantile Regressions" }, { "code": "C22", "description": "Time-Series Models • Dynamic Quantile Regressions • Dynamic Treatment Effect Models • Diffusion Processes" }, { "code": "C23", "description": "Panel Data Models • Spatio-temporal Models" }, { "code": "C24", "description": "Truncated and Censored Models • Switching Regression Models • Threshold Regression Models" }, { "code": "C25", "description": "Discrete Regression and Qualitative Choice Models • Discrete Regressors • Proportions • Probabilities" }, { "code": "C26", "description": "Instrumental Variables (IV) Estimation" }, { "code": "C29", "description": "Other" } ] }, { "code": "C3", "description": "Multiple or Simultaneous Equation Models • Multiple Variables", "classification": [ { "code": "C30", "description": "General" }, { "code": "C31", "description": "Cross-Sectional Models • Spatial Models • Treatment Effect Models • Quantile Regressions • Social Interaction Models" }, { "code": "C32", "description": "Time-Series Models • Dynamic Quantile Regressions • Dynamic Treatment Effect Models • Diffusion Processes • State Space Models" }, { "code": "C33", "description": "Panel Data Models • Spatio-temporal Models" }, { "code": "C34", "description": "Truncated and Censored Models • Switching Regression Models" }, { "code": "C35", "description": "Discrete Regression and Qualitative Choice Models • Discrete Regressors • Proportions" }, { "code": "C36", "description": "Instrumental Variables (IV) Estimation" }, { "code": "C38", "description": "Classification Methods • Cluster Analysis • Principal Components • Factor Models" }, { "code": "C39", "description": "Other" } ] }, { "code": "C4", "description": "Econometric and Statistical Methods: Special Topics", "classification": [ { "code": "C40", "description": "General" }, { "code": "C41", "description": "Duration Analysis • Optimal Timing Strategies" }, { "code": "C43", "description": "Index Numbers and Aggregation" }, { "code": "C44", "description": "Operations Research • Statistical Decision Theory " }, { "code": "C45", "description": "Neural Networks and Related Topics" }, { "code": "C46", "description": "Specific Distributions • Specific Statistics" }, { "code": "C49", "description": "Other" } ] }, { "code": "C5", "description": "Econometric Modeling", "classification": [ { "code": "C50", "description": "General" }, { "code": "C51", "description": "Model Construction and Estimation" }, { "code": "C52", "description": "Model Evaluation, Validation, and Selection" }, { "code": "C53", "description": "Forecasting and Prediction Methods • Simulation Methods" }, { "code": "C54", "description": "Quantitative Policy Modeling" }, { "code": "C55", "description": "Large Data Sets: Modeling and Analysis" }, { "code": "C57", "description": "Econometrics of Games and Auctions" }, { "code": "C58", "description": "Financial Econometrics" }, { "code": "C59", "description": "Other" } ] }, { "code": "C6", "description": "Mathematical Methods • Programming Models • Mathematical and Simulation Modeling", "classification": [ { "code": "C60", "description": "General" }, { "code": "C61", "description": "Optimization Techniques • Programming Models • Dynamic Analysis" }, { "code": "C62", "description": "Existence and Stability Conditions of Equilibrium" }, { "code": "C63", "description": "Computational Techniques • Simulation Modeling" }, { "code": "C65", "description": "Miscellaneous Mathematical Tools" }, { "code": "C67", "description": "Input–Output Models" }, { "code": "C68", "description": "Computable General Equilibrium Models" }, { "code": "C69", "description": "Other" } ] }, { "code": "C7", "description": "Game Theory and Bargaining Theory", "classification": [ { "code": "C70", "description": "General" }, { "code": "C71", "description": "Cooperative Games" }, { "code": "C72", "description": "Noncooperative Games" }, { "code": "C73", "description": "Stochastic and Dynamic Games • Evolutionary Games • Repeated Games" }, { "code": "C78", "description": "Bargaining Theory • Matching Theory" }, { "code": "C79", "description": "Other" } ] }, { "code": "C8", "description": "Data Collection and Data Estimation Methodology • Computer Programs", "classification": [ { "code": "C80", "description": "General" }, { "code": "C81", "description": "Methodology for Collecting, Estimating, and Organizing Microeconomic Data • Data Access" }, { "code": "C82", "description": "Methodology for Collecting, Estimating, and Organizing Macroeconomic Data • Data Access" }, { "code": "C83", "description": "Survey Methods • Sampling Methods" }, { "code": "C87", "description": "Econometric Software" }, { "code": "C88", "description": "Other Computer Software" }, { "code": "C89", "description": "Other" } ] }, { "code": "C9", "description": "Design of Experiments", "classification": [ { "code": "C90", "description": "General" }, { "code": "C91", "description": "Laboratory, Individual Behavior" }, { "code": "C92", "description": "Laboratory, Group Behavior" }, { "code": "C93", "description": "Field Experiments" }, { "code": "C99", "description": "Other" } ] } ] }, { "code": "D", "description": "Microeconomics", "classification": [ { "code": "D0", "description": "General", "classification": [ { "code": "D00", "description": "General" }, { "code": "D01", "description": "Microeconomic Behavior: Underlying Principles" }, { "code": "D02", "description": "Institutions: Design, Formation, Operations, and Impact" }, { "code": "D04", "description": "Microeconomic Policy: Formulation, Implementation, and Evaluation" } ] }, { "code": "D1", "description": "Household Behavior and Family Economics", "classification": [ { "code": "D10", "description": "General" }, { "code": "D11", "description": "Consumer Economics: Theory" }, { "code": "D12", "description": "Consumer Economics: Empirical Analysis" }, { "code": "D13", "description": "Household Production and Intrahousehold Allocation" }, { "code": "D14", "description": "Household Saving • Personal Finance" }, { "code": "D15", "description": "Intertemporal Household Choice • Life Cycle Models and Saving" }, { "code": "D16", "description": "Collaborative Consumption" }, { "code": "D18", "description": "Consumer Protection" }, { "code": "D19", "description": "Other" } ] }, { "code": "D2", "description": "Production and Organizations", "classification": [ { "code": "D20", "description": "General" }, { "code": "D21", "description": "Firm Behavior: Theory" }, { "code": "D22", "description": "Firm Behavior: Empirical Analysis" }, { "code": "D23", "description": "Organizational Behavior • Transaction Costs • Property Rights" }, { "code": "D24", "description": "Production • Cost • Capital • Capital, Total Factor, and Multifactor Productivity • Capacity" }, { "code": "D25", "description": "Intertemporal Firm Choice: Investment, Capacity, and Financing" }, { "code": "D26", "description": "Crowd-Based Firms" }, { "code": "D29", "description": "Other" } ] }, { "code": "D3", "description": "Distribution", "classification": [ { "code": "D30", "description": "General" }, { "code": "D31", "description": "Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions" }, { "code": "D33", "description": "Factor Income Distribution" }, { "code": "D39", "description": "Other" } ] }, { "code": "D4", "description": "Market Structure, Pricing, and Design", "classification": [ { "code": "D40", "description": "General" }, { "code": "D41", "description": "Perfect Competition" }, { "code": "D42", "description": "Monopoly" }, { "code": "D43", "description": "Oligopoly and Other Forms of Market Imperfection" }, { "code": "D44", "description": "Auctions" }, { "code": "D45", "description": "Rationing • Licensing" }, { "code": "D46", "description": "Value Theory" }, { "code": "D47", "description": "Market Design" }, { "code": "D49", "description": "Other" } ] }, { "code": "D5", "description": "General Equilibrium and Disequilibrium", "classification": [ { "code": "D50", "description": "General" }, { "code": "D51", "description": "Exchange and Production Economies" }, { "code": "D52", "description": "Incomplete Markets" }, { "code": "D53", "description": "Financial Markets" }, { "code": "D57", "description": "Input–Output Tables and Analysis" }, { "code": "D58", "description": "Computable and Other Applied General Equilibrium Models" }, { "code": "D59", "description": "Other" } ] }, { "code": "D6", "description": "Welfare Economics", "classification": [ { "code": "D60", "description": "General" }, { "code": "D61", "description": "Allocative Efficiency • Cost–Benefit Analysis" }, { "code": "D62", "description": "Externalities" }, { "code": "D63", "description": "Equity, Justice, Inequality, and Other Normative Criteria and Measurement" }, { "code": "D64", "description": "Altruism • Philanthropy • Intergenerational Transfers" }, { "code": "D69", "description": "Other" } ] }, { "code": "D7", "description": "Analysis of Collective Decision-Making", "classification": [ { "code": "D70", "description": "General" }, { "code": "D71", "description": "Social Choice • Clubs • Committees • Associations" }, { "code": "D72", "description": "Political Processes: Rent-Seeking, Lobbying, Elections, Legislatures, and Voting Behavior" }, { "code": "D73", "description": "Bureaucracy • Administrative Processes in Public Organizations • Corruption" }, { "code": "D74", "description": "Conflict • Conflict Resolution • Alliances • Revolutions" }, { "code": "D78", "description": "Positive Analysis of Policy Formulation and Implementation" }, { "code": "D79", "description": "Other" } ] }, { "code": "D8", "description": "Information, Knowledge, and Uncertainty", "classification": [ { "code": "D80", "description": "General" }, { "code": "D81", "description": "Criteria for Decision-Making under Risk and Uncertainty" }, { "code": "D82", "description": "Asymmetric and Private Information • Mechanism Design" }, { "code": "D83", "description": "Search • Learning • Information and Knowledge • Communication • Belief • Unawareness" }, { "code": "D84", "description": "Expectations • Speculations" }, { "code": "D85", "description": "Network Formation and Analysis: Theory" }, { "code": "D86", "description": "Economics of Contract: Theory" }, { "code": "D87", "description": "Neuroeconomics" }, { "code": "D89", "description": "Other" } ] }, { "code": "D9", "description": "Micro-Based Behavioral Economics", "classification": [ { "code": "D90", "description": "General" }, { "code": "D91", "description": "Role and Effects of Psychological, Emotional, Social, and Cognitive Factors on Decision Making" } ] } ] }, { "code": "E", "description": "Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics", "classification": [ { "code": "E0", "description": "General", "classification": [ { "code": "E00", "description": "General" }, { "code": "E01", "description": "Measurement and Data on National Income and Product Accounts and Wealth • Environmental Accounts" }, { "code": "E02", "description": "Institutions and the Macroeconomy" } ] }, { "code": "E1", "description": "General Aggregative Models", "classification": [ { "code": "E10", "description": "General" }, { "code": "E11", "description": "Marxian • Sraffian • Kaleckian" }, { "code": "E12", "description": "Keynes • Keynesian • Post-Keynesian • Modern Monetary Theory" }, { "code": "E14", "description": "Austrian • Evolutionary • Institutional " }, { "code": "E13", "description": "Neoclassical" }, { "code": "E16", "description": "Social Accounting Matrix" }, { "code": "E17", "description": "Forecasting and Simulation: Models and Applications" }, { "code": "E19", "description": "Other" } ] }, { "code": "E2", "description": "Consumption, Saving, Production, Investment, Labor Markets, and Informal Economy", "classification": [ { "code": "E20", "description": "General" }, { "code": "E21", "description": "Consumption • Saving • Wealth" }, { "code": "E22", "description": "Investment • Capital • Intangible Capital • Capacity" }, { "code": "E23", "description": "Production" }, { "code": "E24", "description": "Employment • Unemployment • Wages • Intergenerational Income Distribution • Aggregate Human Capital • Aggregate Labor Productivity" }, { "code": "E25", "description": "Aggregate Factor Income Distribution" }, { "code": "E26", "description": "Informal Economy • Underground Economy" }, { "code": "E27", "description": "Forecasting and Simulation: Models and Applications" }, { "code": "E29", "description": "Other" } ] }, { "code": "E3", "description": "Prices, Business Fluctuations, and Cycles", "classification": [ { "code": "E30", "description": "General" }, { "code": "E31", "description": "Price Level • Inflation • Deflation" }, { "code": "E32", "description": "Business Fluctuations • Cycles" }, { "code": "E37", "description": "Forecasting and Simulation: Models and Applications" }, { "code": "E39", "description": "Other" } ] }, { "code": "E4", "description": "Money and Interest Rates", "classification": [ { "code": "E40", "description": "General" }, { "code": "E41", "description": "Demand for Money" }, { "code": "E42", "description": "Monetary Systems • Standards • Regimes • Government and the Monetary System • Payment Systems" }, { "code": "E43", "description": "Interest Rates: Determination, Term Structure, and Effects " }, { "code": "E44", "description": "Financial Markets and the Macroeconomy" }, { "code": "E47", "description": "Forecasting and Simulation: Models and Applications" }, { "code": "E49", "description": "Other" } ] }, { "code": "E5", "description": "Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit", "classification": [ { "code": "E50", "description": "General" }, { "code": "E51", "description": "Money Supply • Credit • Money Multipliers" }, { "code": "E52", "description": "Monetary Policy" }, { "code": "E58", "description": "Central Banks and Their Policies" }, { "code": "E59", "description": "Other" } ] }, { "code": "E6", "description": "Macroeconomic Policy, Macroeconomic Aspects of Public Finance, and General Outlook", "classification": [ { "code": "E60", "description": "General" }, { "code": "E61", "description": "Policy Objectives • Policy Designs and Consistency • Policy Coordination" }, { "code": "E62", "description": "Fiscal Policy • Modern Monetary Theory" }, { "code": "E63", "description": "Comparative or Joint Analysis of Fiscal and Monetary Policy • Stabilization • Treasury Policy" }, { "code": "E64", "description": "Incomes Policy • Price Policy" }, { "code": "E65", "description": "Studies of Particular Policy Episodes" }, { "code": "E66", "description": "General Outlook and Conditions" }, { "code": "E69", "description": "Other" } ] }, { "code": "E7", "description": "Macro-Based Behavioral Economics", "classification": [ { "code": "E70", "description": "General" }, { "code": "E71", "description": "Role and Effects of Psychological, Emotional, Social, and Cognitive Factors on the Macro Economy" } ] } ] }, { "code": "F", "description": "International Economics", "classification": [ { "code": "F0", "description": "General", "classification": [ { "code": "F00", "description": "General" }, { "code": "F01", "description": "Global Outlook" }, { "code": "F02", "description": "International Economic Order and Integration" } ] }, { "code": "F1", "description": "Trade", "classification": [ { "code": "F10", "description": "General" }, { "code": "F11", "description": "Neoclassical Models of Trade" }, { "code": "F12", "description": "Models of Trade with Imperfect Competition and Scale Economies • Fragmentation" }, { "code": "F13", "description": "Trade Policy • International Trade Organizations" }, { "code": "F14", "description": "Empirical Studies of Trade" }, { "code": "F15", "description": "Economic Integration" }, { "code": "F16", "description": "Trade and Labor Market Interactions" }, { "code": "F17", "description": "Trade Forecasting and Simulation" }, { "code": "F18", "description": "Trade and Environment" }, { "code": "F19", "description": "Other" } ] }, { "code": "F2", "description": "International Factor Movements and International Business", "classification": [ { "code": "F20", "description": "General" }, { "code": "F21", "description": "International Investment • Long-Term Capital Movements" }, { "code": "F22", "description": "International Migration" }, { "code": "F23", "description": "Multinational Firms • International Business" }, { "code": "F24", "description": "Remittances" }, { "code": "F29", "description": "Other" } ] }, { "code": "F3", "description": "International Finance", "classification": [ { "code": "F30", "description": "General" }, { "code": "F31", "description": "Foreign Exchange" }, { "code": "F32", "description": "Current Account Adjustment • Short-Term Capital Movements" }, { "code": "F33", "description": "International Monetary Arrangements and Institutions" }, { "code": "F34", "description": "International Lending and Debt Problems" }, { "code": "F35", "description": "Foreign Aid" }, { "code": "F36", "description": "Financial Aspects of Economic Integration" }, { "code": "F37", "description": "International Finance Forecasting and Simulation: Models and Applications" }, { "code": "F38", "description": "International Financial Policy: Financial Transactions Tax; Capital Controls" }, { "code": "F39", "description": "Other" } ] }, { "code": "F4", "description": "Macroeconomic Aspects of International Trade and Finance", "classification": [ { "code": "F40", "description": "General" }, { "code": "F41", "description": "Open Economy Macroeconomics" }, { "code": "F42", "description": "International Policy Coordination and Transmission" }, { "code": "F43", "description": "Economic Growth of Open Economies" }, { "code": "F44", "description": "International Business Cycles" }, { "code": "F45", "description": "Macroeconomic Issues of Monetary Unions" }, { "code": "F47", "description": "Forecasting and Simulation: Models and Applications" }, { "code": "F49", "description": "Other" } ] }, { "code": "F5", "description": "International Relations, National Security, and International Political Economy", "classification": [ { "code": "F50", "description": "General" }, { "code": "F51", "description": "International Conflicts • Negotiations • Sanctions" }, { "code": "F52", "description": "National Security • Economic Nationalism" }, { "code": "F53", "description": "International Agreements and Observance • International Organizations" }, { "code": "F54", "description": "Colonialism • Imperialism • Postcolonialism" }, { "code": "F55", "description": "International Institutional Arrangements" }, { "code": "F59", "description": "Other" } ] }, { "code": "F6", "description": "Economic Impacts of Globalization", "classification": [ { "code": "F60", "description": "General" }, { "code": "F61", "description": "Microeconomic Impacts" }, { "code": "F62", "description": "Macroeconomic Impacts" }, { "code": "F63", "description": "Economic Development" }, { "code": "F64", "description": "Environment" }, { "code": "F65", "description": "Finance" }, { "code": "F66", "description": "Labor" }, { "code": "F68", "description": "Policy" }, { "code": "F69", "description": "Other" } ] } ] }, { "code": "G", "description": "Financial Economics", "classification": [ { "code": "G0", "description": "General", "classification": [ { "code": "G00", "description": "General" }, { "code": "G01", "description": "Financial Crises" } ] }, { "code": "G1", "description": "General Financial Markets", "classification": [ { "code": "G10", "description": "General" }, { "code": "G11", "description": "Portfolio Choice • Investment Decisions" }, { "code": "G12", "description": "Asset Pricing • Trading Volume • Bond Interest Rates" }, { "code": "G13", "description": "Contingent Pricing • Futures Pricing" }, { "code": "G14", "description": "Information and Market Efficiency • Event Studies • Insider Trading" }, { "code": "G15", "description": "International Financial Markets" }, { "code": "G17", "description": "Financial Forecasting and Simulation" }, { "code": "G18", "description": "Government Policy and Regulation" }, { "code": "G19", "description": "Other" } ] }, { "code": "G2", "description": "Financial Institutions and Services", "classification": [ { "code": "G20", "description": "General" }, { "code": "G21", "description": "Banks • Depository Institutions • Micro Finance Institutions • Mortgages" }, { "code": "G22", "description": "Insurance • Insurance Companies • Actuarial Studies" }, { "code": "G23", "description": "Non-bank Financial Institutions • Financial Instruments • Institutional Investors" }, { "code": "G24", "description": "Investment Banking • Venture Capital • Brokerage • Ratings and Ratings Agencies" }, { "code": "G28", "description": "Government Policy and Regulation" }, { "code": "G29", "description": "Other" } ] }, { "code": "G3", "description": "Corporate Finance and Governance", "classification": [ { "code": "G30", "description": "General" }, { "code": "G31", "description": "Capital Budgeting • Fixed Investment and Inventory Studies • Capacity" }, { "code": "G32", "description": "Financing Policy • Financial Risk and Risk Management • Capital and Ownership Structure • Value of Firms • Goodwill" }, { "code": "G33", "description": "Bankruptcy • Liquidation" }, { "code": "G34", "description": "Mergers • Acquisitions • Restructuring • Corporate Governance" }, { "code": "G35", "description": "Payout Policy" }, { "code": "G38", "description": "Government Policy and Regulation" }, { "code": "G39", "description": "Other" } ] }, { "code": "G4", "description": "Behavioral Finance", "classification": [ { "code": "G40", "description": "General" }, { "code": "G41", "description": "Role and Effects of Psychological, Emotional, Social, and Cognitive Factors on Decision Making in Financial Markets" } ] }, { "code": "G5", "description": "Household Finance ", "classification": [ { "code": "G50", "description": "General" }, { "code": "G51", "description": "Household Saving, Borrowing, Debt, and Wealth" }, { "code": "G52", "description": "Insurance" }, { "code": "G53", "description": "Financial Literacy" }, { "code": "G59", "description": "Other" } ] } ] }, { "code": "H", "description": "Public Economics", "classification": [ { "code": "H0", "description": "General", "classification": [ { "code": "H00", "description": "General" } ] }, { "code": "H1", "description": "Structure and Scope of Government", "classification": [ { "code": "H10", "description": "General" }, { "code": "H11", "description": "Structure, Scope, and Performance of Government" }, { "code": "H12", "description": "Crisis Management" }, { "code": "H13", "description": "Economics of Eminent Domain • Expropriation • Nationalization" }, { "code": "H19", "description": "Other" } ] }, { "code": "H2", "description": "Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue", "classification": [ { "code": "H20", "description": "General" }, { "code": "H21", "description": "Efficiency • Optimal Taxation" }, { "code": "H22", "description": "Incidence" }, { "code": "H23", "description": "Externalities • Redistributive Effects • Environmental Taxes and Subsidies" }, { "code": "H24", "description": "Personal Income and Other Nonbusiness Taxes and Subsidies" }, { "code": "H25", "description": "Business Taxes and Subsidies" }, { "code": "H26", "description": "Tax Evasion and Avoidance" }, { "code": "H27", "description": "Other Sources of Revenue" }, { "code": "H29", "description": "Other" } ] }, { "code": "H3", "description": "Fiscal Policies and Behavior of Economic Agents", "classification": [ { "code": "H30", "description": "General" }, { "code": "H31", "description": "Household" }, { "code": "H32", "description": "Firm" }, { "code": "H39", "description": "Other" } ] }, { "code": "H4", "description": "Publicly Provided Goods", "classification": [ { "code": "H40", "description": "General" }, { "code": "H41", "description": "Public Goods" }, { "code": "H42", "description": "Publicly Provided Private Goods" }, { "code": "H43", "description": "Project Evaluation • Social Discount Rate" }, { "code": "H44", "description": "Publicly Provided Goods: Mixed Markets" }, { "code": "H49", "description": "Other" } ] }, { "code": "H5", "description": "National Government Expenditures and Related Policies", "classification": [ { "code": "H50", "description": "General" }, { "code": "H51", "description": "Government Expenditures and Health" }, { "code": "H52", "description": "Government Expenditures and Education" }, { "code": "H53", "description": "Government Expenditures and Welfare Programs" }, { "code": "H54", "description": "Infrastructures • Other Public Investment and Capital Stock" }, { "code": "H55", "description": "Social Security and Public Pensions" }, { "code": "H56", "description": "National Security and War" }, { "code": "H57", "description": "Procurement" }, { "code": "H59", "description": "Other" } ] }, { "code": "H6", "description": "National Budget, Deficit, and Debt", "classification": [ { "code": "H60", "description": "General" }, { "code": "H61", "description": "Budget • Budget Systems" }, { "code": "H62", "description": "Deficit • Surplus" }, { "code": "H63", "description": "Debt • Debt Management • Sovereign Debt" }, { "code": "H68", "description": "Forecasts of Budgets, Deficits, and Debt" }, { "code": "H69", "description": "Other" } ] }, { "code": "H7", "description": "State and Local Government • Intergovernmental Relations", "classification": [ { "code": "H70", "description": "General" }, { "code": "H71", "description": "State and Local Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue" }, { "code": "H72", "description": "State and Local Budget and Expenditures" }, { "code": "H73", "description": "Interjurisdictional Differentials and Their Effects" }, { "code": "H74", "description": "State and Local Borrowing" }, { "code": "H75", "description": "State and Local Government: Health • Education • Welfare • Public Pensions" }, { "code": "H76", "description": "State and Local Government: Other Expenditure Categories" }, { "code": "H77", "description": "Intergovernmental Relations • Federalism • Secession" }, { "code": "H79", "description": "Other" } ] }, { "code": "H8", "description": "Miscellaneous Issues", "classification": [ { "code": "H80", "description": "General" }, { "code": "H81", "description": "Governmental Loans • Loan Guarantees • Credits • Grants • Bailouts" }, { "code": "H82", "description": "Governmental Property" }, { "code": "H83", "description": "Public Administration • Public Sector Accounting and Audits" }, { "code": "H84", "description": "Disaster Aid" }, { "code": "H87", "description": "International Fiscal Issues • International Public Goods" }, { "code": "H89", "description": "Other" } ] } ] }, { "code": "I", "description": "Health, Education, and Welfare", "classification": [ { "code": "I0", "description": "General", "classification": [ { "code": "I00", "description": "General" } ] }, { "code": "I1", "description": "Health", "classification": [ { "code": "I10", "description": "General" }, { "code": "I11", "description": "Analysis of Health Care Markets" }, { "code": "I12", "description": "Health Behavior" }, { "code": "I13", "description": "Health Insurance, Public and Private" }, { "code": "I14", "description": "Health and Inequality" }, { "code": "I15", "description": "Health and Economic Development" }, { "code": "I18", "description": "Government Policy • Regulation • Public Health" }, { "code": "I19", "description": "Other" } ] }, { "code": "I2", "description": "Education and Research Institutions", "classification": [ { "code": "I20", "description": "General" }, { "code": "I21", "description": "Analysis of Education" }, { "code": "I22", "description": "Educational Finance • Financial Aid" }, { "code": "I23", "description": "Higher Education • Research Institutions" }, { "code": "I24", "description": "Education and Inequality" }, { "code": "I25", "description": "Education and Economic Development" }, { "code": "I26", "description": "Returns to Education" }, { "code": "I28", "description": "Government Policy" }, { "code": "I29", "description": "Other" } ] }, { "code": "I3", "description": "Welfare, Well-Being, and Poverty", "classification": [ { "code": "I30", "description": "General" }, { "code": "I31", "description": "General Welfare, Well-Being " }, { "code": "I32", "description": "Measurement and Analysis of Poverty" }, { "code": "I38", "description": "Government Policy • Provision and Effects of Welfare Programs" }, { "code": "I39", "description": "Other" } ] } ] }, { "code": "J", "description": "Labor and Demographic Economics", "classification": [ { "code": "J0", "description": "General", "classification": [ { "code": "J00", "description": "General" }, { "code": "J01", "description": "Labor Economics: General" }, { "code": "J08", "description": "Labor Economics Policies" } ] }, { "code": "J1", "description": "Demographic Economics", "classification": [ { "code": "J10", "description": "General" }, { "code": "J11", "description": "Demographic Trends, Macroeconomic Effects, and Forecasts" }, { "code": "J12", "description": "Marriage • Marital Dissolution • Family Structure • Domestic Abuse" }, { "code": "J13", "description": "Fertility • Family Planning • Child Care • Children • Youth" }, { "code": "J14", "description": "Economics of the Elderly • Economics of Disability • Non-Labor Market Discrimination" }, { "code": "J15", "description": "Economics of Minorities, Races, Indigenous Peoples, and Immigrants • Non-labor Discrimination" }, { "code": "J16", "description": "Economics of Gender • Non-labor Discrimination" }, { "code": "J17", "description": "Value of Life • Forgone Income" }, { "code": "J18", "description": "Public Policy" }, { "code": "J19", "description": "Other" } ] }, { "code": "J2", "description": "Demand and Supply of Labor", "classification": [ { "code": "J20", "description": "General" }, { "code": "J21", "description": "Labor Force and Employment, Size, and Structure" }, { "code": "J22", "description": "Time Allocation and Labor Supply" }, { "code": "J23", "description": "Labor Demand" }, { "code": "J24", "description": "Human Capital • Skills • Occupational Choice • Labor Productivity" }, { "code": "J26", "description": "Retirement • Retirement Policies" }, { "code": "J28", "description": "Safety • Job Satisfaction • Related Public Policy" }, { "code": "J29", "description": "Other" } ] }, { "code": "J3", "description": "Wages, Compensation, and Labor Costs", "classification": [ { "code": "J30", "description": "General" }, { "code": "J31", "description": "Wage Level and Structure • Wage Differentials" }, { "code": "J32", "description": "Nonwage Labor Costs and Benefits • Retirement Plans • Private Pensions" }, { "code": "J33", "description": "Compensation Packages • Payment Methods" }, { "code": "J38", "description": "Public Policy" }, { "code": "J39", "description": "Other" } ] }, { "code": "J4", "description": "Particular Labor Markets", "classification": [ { "code": "J40", "description": "General" }, { "code": "J41", "description": "Labor Contracts" }, { "code": "J42", "description": "Monopsony • Segmented Labor Markets" }, { "code": "J43", "description": "Agricultural Labor Markets" }, { "code": "J44", "description": "Professional Labor Markets • Occupational Licensing" }, { "code": "J45", "description": "Public Sector Labor Markets" }, { "code": "J46", "description": "Informal Labor Markets" }, { "code": "J47", "description": "Coercive Labor Markets" }, { "code": "J48", "description": "Public Policy" }, { "code": "J49", "description": "Other" } ] }, { "code": "J5", "description": "Labor–Management Relations, Trade Unions, and Collective Bargaining", "classification": [ { "code": "J50", "description": "General" }, { "code": "J51", "description": "Trade Unions: Objectives, Structure, and Effects" }, { "code": "J52", "description": "Dispute Resolution: Strikes, Arbitration, and Mediation • Collective Bargaining" }, { "code": "J53", "description": "Labor–Management Relations • Industrial Jurisprudence" }, { "code": "J54", "description": "Producer Cooperatives • Labor Managed Firms • Employee Ownership" }, { "code": "J58", "description": "Public Policy" }, { "code": "J59", "description": "Other" } ] }, { "code": "J6", "description": "Mobility, Unemployment, Vacancies, and Immigrant Workers", "classification": [ { "code": "J60", "description": "General" }, { "code": "J61", "description": "Geographic Labor Mobility • Immigrant Workers" }, { "code": "J62", "description": "Job, Occupational, and Intergenerational Mobility" }, { "code": "J63", "description": "Turnover • Vacancies • Layoffs" }, { "code": "J64", "description": "Unemployment: Models, Duration, Incidence, and Job Search" }, { "code": "J65", "description": "Unemployment Insurance • Severance Pay • Plant Closings" }, { "code": "J68", "description": "Public Policy" }, { "code": "J69", "description": "Other" } ] }, { "code": "J7", "description": "Labor Discrimination", "classification": [ { "code": "J70", "description": "General" }, { "code": "J71", "description": "Discrimination" }, { "code": "J78", "description": "Public Policy" }, { "code": "J79", "description": "Other" } ] }, { "code": "J8", "description": "Labor Standards: National and International", "classification": [ { "code": "J80", "description": "General" }, { "code": "J81", "description": "Working Conditions" }, { "code": "J82", "description": "Labor Force Composition" }, { "code": "J83", "description": "Workers' Rights" }, { "code": "J88", "description": "Public Policy" }, { "code": "J89", "description": "Other" } ] } ] }, { "code": "K", "description": "Law and Economics", "classification": [ { "code": "K0", "description": "General", "classification": [ { "code": "K00", "description": "General" } ] }, { "code": "K1", "description": "Basic Areas of Law", "classification": [ { "code": "K10", "description": "General" }, { "code": "K11", "description": "Property Law" }, { "code": "K12", "description": "Contract Law" }, { "code": "K13", "description": "Tort Law and Product Liability • Forensic Economics" }, { "code": "K14", "description": "Criminal Law" }, { "code": "K15", "description": "Civil Law • Common Law" }, { "code": "K16", "description": "Election Law" }, { "code": "K19", "description": "Other" } ] }, { "code": "K2", "description": "Regulation and Business Law", "classification": [ { "code": "K20", "description": "General" }, { "code": "K21", "description": "Antitrust Law" }, { "code": "K22", "description": "Business and Securities Law" }, { "code": "K23", "description": "Regulated Industries and Administrative Law" }, { "code": "K24", "description": "Cyber Law" }, { "code": "K25", "description": "Real Estate Law" }, { "code": "K29", "description": "Other" } ] }, { "code": "K3", "description": "Other Substantive Areas of Law", "classification": [ { "code": "K30", "description": "General" }, { "code": "K31", "description": "Labor Law" }, { "code": "K32", "description": "Energy, Environmental, Health, and Safety Law" }, { "code": "K33", "description": "International Law" }, { "code": "K34", "description": "Tax Law" }, { "code": "K35", "description": "Personal Bankruptcy Law" }, { "code": "K36", "description": "Family and Personal Law" }, { "code": "K37", "description": "Immigration Law" }, { "code": "K38", "description": "Human Rights Law • Gender Law • Animal Rights Law" }, { "code": "K39", "description": "Other" } ] }, { "code": "K4", "description": "Legal Procedure, the Legal System, and Illegal Behavior", "classification": [ { "code": "K40", "description": "General" }, { "code": "K41", "description": "Litigation Process" }, { "code": "K42", "description": "Illegal Behavior and the Enforcement of Law" }, { "code": "K49", "description": "Other" } ] } ] }, { "code": "L", "description": "Industrial Organization", "classification": [ { "code": "L0", "description": "General", "classification": [ { "code": "L00", "description": "General" } ] }, { "code": "L1", "description": "Market Structure, Firm Strategy, and Market Performance", "classification": [ { "code": "L10", "description": "General" }, { "code": "L11", "description": "Production, Pricing, and Market Structure • Size Distribution of Firms" }, { "code": "L12", "description": "Monopoly • Monopolization Strategies" }, { "code": "L13", "description": "Oligopoly and Other Imperfect Markets" }, { "code": "L14", "description": "Transactional Relationships • Contracts and Reputation • Networks" }, { "code": "L15", "description": "Information and Product Quality • Standardization and Compatibility" }, { "code": "L16", "description": "Industrial Organization and Macroeconomics: Industrial Structure and Structural Change • Industrial Price Indices" }, { "code": "L17", "description": "Open Source Products and Markets" }, { "code": "L19", "description": "Other" } ] }, { "code": "L2", "description": "Firm Objectives, Organization, and Behavior", "classification": [ { "code": "L20", "description": "General" }, { "code": "L21", "description": "Business Objectives of the Firm" }, { "code": "L22", "description": "Firm Organization and Market Structure" }, { "code": "L23", "description": "Organization of Production" }, { "code": "L24", "description": "Contracting Out • Joint Ventures • Technology Licensing" }, { "code": "L25", "description": "Firm Performance: Size, Diversification, and Scope" }, { "code": "L26", "description": "Entrepreneurship" }, { "code": "L29", "description": "Other" } ] }, { "code": "L3", "description": "Nonprofit Organizations and Public Enterprise", "classification": [ { "code": "L30", "description": "General" }, { "code": "L31", "description": "Nonprofit Institutions • NGOs • Social Entrepreneurship" }, { "code": "L32", "description": "Public Enterprises • Public-Private Enterprises" }, { "code": "L33", "description": "Comparison of Public and Private Enterprises and Nonprofit Institutions • Privatization • Contracting Out" }, { "code": "L38", "description": "Public Policy" }, { "code": "L39", "description": "Other" } ] }, { "code": "L4", "description": "Antitrust Issues and Policies", "classification": [ { "code": "L40", "description": "General" }, { "code": "L41", "description": "Monopolization • Horizontal Anticompetitive Practices" }, { "code": "L42", "description": "Vertical Restraints • Resale Price Maintenance • Quantity Discounts" }, { "code": "L43", "description": "Legal Monopolies and Regulation or Deregulation" }, { "code": "L44", "description": "Antitrust Policy and Public Enterprises, Nonprofit Institutions, and Professional Organizations" }, { "code": "L49", "description": "Other" } ] }, { "code": "L5", "description": "Regulation and Industrial Policy", "classification": [ { "code": "L50", "description": "General" }, { "code": "L51", "description": "Economics of Regulation" }, { "code": "L52", "description": "Industrial Policy • Sectoral Planning Methods" }, { "code": "L53", "description": "Enterprise Policy " }, { "code": "L59", "description": "Other" } ] }, { "code": "L6", "description": "Industry Studies: Manufacturing", "classification": [ { "code": "L60", "description": "General" }, { "code": "L61", "description": "Metals and Metal Products • Cement • Glass • Ceramics" }, { "code": "L62", "description": "Automobiles • Other Transportation Equipment • Related Parts and Equipment" }, { "code": "L63", "description": "Microelectronics • Computers • Communications Equipment" }, { "code": "L64", "description": "Other Machinery • Business Equipment • Armaments" }, { "code": "L65", "description": "Chemicals • Rubber • Drugs • Biotechnology • Plastics" }, { "code": "L66", "description": "Food • Beverages • Cosmetics • Tobacco • Wine and Spirits" }, { "code": "L67", "description": "Other Consumer Nondurables: Clothing, Textiles, Shoes, and Leather Goods; Household Goods; Sports Equipment" }, { "code": "L68", "description": "Appliances • Furniture • Other Consumer Durables" }, { "code": "L69", "description": "Other" } ] }, { "code": "L7", "description": "Industry Studies: Primary Products and Construction", "classification": [ { "code": "L70", "description": "General" }, { "code": "L71", "description": "Mining, Extraction, and Refining: Hydrocarbon Fuels" }, { "code": "L72", "description": "Mining, Extraction, and Refining: Other Nonrenewable Resources" }, { "code": "L73", "description": "Forest Products" }, { "code": "L74", "description": "Construction" }, { "code": "L78", "description": "Government Policy" }, { "code": "L79", "description": "Other" } ] }, { "code": "L8", "description": "Industry Studies: Services", "classification": [ { "code": "L80", "description": "General" }, { "code": "L81", "description": "Retail and Wholesale Trade • e-Commerce" }, { "code": "L82", "description": "Entertainment • Media" }, { "code": "L83", "description": "Sports • Gambling • Restaurants • Recreation • Tourism" }, { "code": "L84", "description": "Personal, Professional, and Business Services" }, { "code": "L85", "description": "Real Estate Services" }, { "code": "L86", "description": "Information and Internet Services • Computer Software" }, { "code": "L87", "description": "Postal and Delivery Services" }, { "code": "L88", "description": "Government Policy" }, { "code": "L89", "description": "Other" } ] }, { "code": "L9", "description": "Industry Studies: Transportation and Utilities", "classification": [ { "code": "L90", "description": "General" }, { "code": "L91", "description": "Transportation: General" }, { "code": "L92", "description": "Railroads and Other Surface Transportation" }, { "code": "L93", "description": "Air Transportation" }, { "code": "L94", "description": "Electric Utilities" }, { "code": "L95", "description": "Gas Utilities • Pipelines • Water Utilities" }, { "code": "L96", "description": "Telecommunications" }, { "code": "L97", "description": "Utilities: General" }, { "code": "L98", "description": "Government Policy" }, { "code": "L99", "description": "Other" } ] } ] }, { "code": "M", "description": "Business Administration and Business Economics • Marketing • Accounting • Personnel Economics", "classification": [ { "code": "M0", "description": "General", "classification": [ { "code": "M00", "description": "General" } ] }, { "code": "M1", "description": "Business Administration", "classification": [ { "code": "M10", "description": "General" }, { "code": "M11", "description": "Production Management" }, { "code": "M12", "description": "Personnel Management • Executives; Executive Compensation" }, { "code": "M13", "description": "New Firms • Startups" }, { "code": "M14", "description": "Corporate Culture • Diversity • Social Responsibility" }, { "code": "M15", "description": "IT Management" }, { "code": "M16", "description": "International Business Administration" }, { "code": "M19", "description": "Other" } ] }, { "code": "M2", "description": "Business Economics", "classification": [ { "code": "M20", "description": "General" }, { "code": "M21", "description": "Business Economics" }, { "code": "M29", "description": "Other" } ] }, { "code": "M3", "description": "Marketing and Advertising", "classification": [ { "code": "M30", "description": "General" }, { "code": "M31", "description": "Marketing" }, { "code": "M37", "description": "Advertising" }, { "code": "M38", "description": "Government Policy and Regulation" }, { "code": "M39", "description": "Other" } ] }, { "code": "M4", "description": "Accounting and Auditing", "classification": [ { "code": "M40", "description": "General" }, { "code": "M41", "description": "Accounting" }, { "code": "M42", "description": "Auditing" }, { "code": "M48", "description": "Government Policy and Regulation" }, { "code": "M49", "description": "Other" } ] }, { "code": "M5", "description": "Personnel Economics", "classification": [ { "code": "M50", "description": "General" }, { "code": "M51", "description": "Firm Employment Decisions • Promotions" }, { "code": "M52", "description": "Compensation and Compensation Methods and Their Effects" }, { "code": "M53", "description": "Training" }, { "code": "M54", "description": "Labor Management" }, { "code": "M55", "description": "Labor Contracting Devices" }, { "code": "M59", "description": "Other" } ] } ] }, { "code": "N", "description": "Economic History", "classification": [ { "code": "N0", "description": "General", "classification": [ { "code": "N00", "description": "General" }, { "code": "N01", "description": "Development of the Discipline: Historiographical; Sources and Methods" } ] }, { "code": "N1", "description": "Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics • Industrial Structure • Growth • Fluctuations", "classification": [ { "code": "N10", "description": "General, International, or Comparative" }, { "code": "N11", "description": "U.S. • Canada: Pre-1913" }, { "code": "N12", "description": "U.S. • Canada: 1913–" }, { "code": "N13", "description": "Europe: Pre-1913" }, { "code": "N14", "description": "Europe: 1913–" }, { "code": "N15", "description": "Asia including Middle East" }, { "code": "N16", "description": "Latin America • Caribbean" }, { "code": "N17", "description": "Africa • Oceania" } ] }, { "code": "N2", "description": "Financial Markets and Institutions", "classification": [ { "code": "N20", "description": "General, International, or Comparative" }, { "code": "N21", "description": "U.S. • Canada: Pre-1913" }, { "code": "N22", "description": "U.S. • Canada: 1913–" }, { "code": "N23", "description": "Europe: Pre-1913" }, { "code": "N24", "description": "Europe: 1913–" }, { "code": "N25", "description": "Asia including Middle East" }, { "code": "N26", "description": "Latin America • Caribbean" }, { "code": "N27", "description": "Africa • Oceania" } ] }, { "code": "N3", "description": "Labor and Consumers, Demography, Education, Health, Welfare, Income, Wealth, Religion, and Philanthropy", "classification": [ { "code": "N30", "description": "General, International, or Comparative" }, { "code": "N31", "description": "U.S. • Canada: Pre-1913" }, { "code": "N32", "description": "U.S. • Canada: 1913-" }, { "code": "N33", "description": "Europe: Pre-1913" }, { "code": "N34", "description": "Europe: 1913-" }, { "code": "N35", "description": "Asia including Middle East" }, { "code": "N36", "description": "Latin America • Caribbean" }, { "code": "N37", "description": "Africa • Oceania" } ] }, { "code": "N4", "description": "Government, War, Law, International Relations, and Regulation", "classification": [ { "code": "N40", "description": "General, International, or Comparative" }, { "code": "N41", "description": "U.S. • Canada: Pre-1913" }, { "code": "N42", "description": "U.S. • Canada: 1913–" }, { "code": "N43", "description": "Europe: Pre-1913" }, { "code": "N44", "description": "Europe: 1913–" }, { "code": "N45", "description": "Asia including Middle East" }, { "code": "N46", "description": "Latin America • Caribbean" }, { "code": "N47", "description": "Africa • Oceania" } ] }, { "code": "N5", "description": "Agriculture, Natural Resources, Environment, and Extractive Industries", "classification": [ { "code": "N50", "description": "General, International, or Comparative" }, { "code": "N51", "description": "U.S. • Canada: Pre-1913" }, { "code": "N52", "description": "U.S. • Canada: 1913–" }, { "code": "N53", "description": "Europe: Pre-1913" }, { "code": "N54", "description": "Europe: 1913–" }, { "code": "N55", "description": "Asia including Middle East" }, { "code": "N56", "description": "Latin America • Caribbean" }, { "code": "N57", "description": "Africa • Oceania" } ] }, { "code": "N6", "description": "Manufacturing and Construction", "classification": [ { "code": "N60", "description": "General, International, or Comparative" }, { "code": "N61", "description": "U.S. • Canada: Pre-1913" }, { "code": "N62", "description": "U.S. • Canada: 1913–" }, { "code": "N63", "description": "Europe: Pre-1913" }, { "code": "N64", "description": "Europe: 1913–" }, { "code": "N65", "description": "Asia including Middle East" }, { "code": "N66", "description": "Latin America • Caribbean" }, { "code": "N67", "description": "Africa • Oceania" } ] }, { "code": "N7", "description": "Transport, Trade, Energy, Technology, and Other Services", "classification": [ { "code": "N70", "description": "General, International, or Comparative" }, { "code": "N71", "description": "U.S. • Canada: Pre-1913" }, { "code": "N72", "description": "U.S. • Canada: 1913–" }, { "code": "N73", "description": "Europe: Pre-1913" }, { "code": "N74", "description": "Europe: 1913–" }, { "code": "N75", "description": "Asia including Middle East" }, { "code": "N76", "description": "Latin America • Caribbean" }, { "code": "N77", "description": "Africa • Oceania" } ] }, { "code": "N8", "description": "Micro-Business History", "classification": [ { "code": "N80", "description": "General, International, or Comparative" }, { "code": "N81", "description": "U.S. • Canada: Pre-1913" }, { "code": "N82", "description": "U.S. • Canada: 1913–" }, { "code": "N83", "description": "Europe: Pre-1913" }, { "code": "N84", "description": "Europe: 1913–" }, { "code": "N85", "description": "Asia including Middle East" }, { "code": "N86", "description": "Latin America • Caribbean" }, { "code": "N87", "description": "Africa • Oceania" } ] }, { "code": "N9", "description": "Regional and Urban History", "classification": [ { "code": "N90", "description": "General, International, or Comparative" }, { "code": "N91", "description": "U.S. • Canada: Pre-1913" }, { "code": "N92", "description": "U.S. • Canada: 1913–" }, { "code": "N93", "description": "Europe: Pre-1913" }, { "code": "N94", "description": "Europe: 1913–" }, { "code": "N95", "description": "Asia including Middle East" }, { "code": "N96", "description": "Latin America • Caribbean" }, { "code": "N97", "description": "Africa • Oceania" } ] } ] }, { "code": "O", "description": "Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth", "classification": [ { "code": "O1", "description": "Economic Development", "classification": [ { "code": "O10", "description": "General" }, { "code": "O11", "description": "Macroeconomic Analyses of Economic Development" }, { "code": "O12", "description": "Microeconomic Analyses of Economic Development" }, { "code": "O13", "description": "Agriculture • Natural Resources • Energy • Environment • Other Primary Products" }, { "code": "O14", "description": "Industrialization • Manufacturing and Service Industries • Choice of Technology" }, { "code": "O15", "description": "Human Resources • Human Development • Income Distribution • Migration" }, { "code": "O16", "description": "Financial Markets • Saving and Capital Investment • Corporate Finance and Governance" }, { "code": "O17", "description": "Formal and Informal Sectors • Shadow Economy • Institutional Arrangements" }, { "code": "O18", "description": "Urban, Rural, Regional, and Transportation Analysis • Housing • Infrastructure" }, { "code": "O19", "description": "International Linkages to Development • Role of International Organizations" } ] }, { "code": "O2", "description": "Development Planning and Policy", "classification": [ { "code": "O20", "description": "General" }, { "code": "O21", "description": "Planning Models • Planning Policy" }, { "code": "O22", "description": "Project Analysis" }, { "code": "O23", "description": "Fiscal and Monetary Policy in Development" }, { "code": "O24", "description": "Trade Policy • Factor Movement Policy • Foreign Exchange Policy" }, { "code": "O25", "description": "Industrial Policy" }, { "code": "O29", "description": "Other" } ] }, { "code": "O3", "description": "Innovation • Research and Development • Technological Change • Intellectual Property Rights", "classification": [ { "code": "O30", "description": "General" }, { "code": "O31", "description": "Innovation and Invention: Processes and Incentives" }, { "code": "O32", "description": "Management of Technological Innovation and R&D" }, { "code": "O33", "description": "Technological Change: Choices and Consequences • Diffusion Processes" }, { "code": "O34", "description": "Intellectual Property and Intellectual Capital" }, { "code": "O35", "description": "Social Innovation" }, { "code": "O36", "description": "Open Innovation" }, { "code": "O38", "description": "Government Policy" }, { "code": "O39", "description": "Other" } ] }, { "code": "O4", "description": "Economic Growth and Aggregate Productivity", "classification": [ { "code": "O40", "description": "General" }, { "code": "O41", "description": "One, Two, and Multisector Growth Models" }, { "code": "O42", "description": "Monetary Growth Models" }, { "code": "O43", "description": "Institutions and Growth" }, { "code": "O44", "description": "Environment and Growth" }, { "code": "O47", "description": "Empirical Studies of Economic Growth • Aggregate Productivity • Cross-Country Output Convergence" }, { "code": "O49", "description": "Other" } ] }, { "code": "O5", "description": "Economywide Country Studies", "classification": [ { "code": "O50", "description": "General" }, { "code": "O51", "description": "U.S. • Canada" }, { "code": "O52", "description": "Europe" }, { "code": "O53", "description": "Asia including Middle East" }, { "code": "O54", "description": "Latin America • Caribbean" }, { "code": "O55", "description": "Africa" }, { "code": "O56", "description": "Oceania" }, { "code": "O57", "description": "Comparative Studies of Countries" } ] } ] }, { "code": "P", "description": "Political Economy and Comparative Economic Systems", "classification": [ { "code": "P0", "description": "General", "classification": [ { "code": "P00", "description": "General" } ] }, { "code": "P1", "description": "Capitalist Economies", "classification": [ { "code": "P10", "description": "General" }, { "code": "P11", "description": "Planning, Coordination, and Reform" }, { "code": "P12", "description": "Capitalist Enterprises" }, { "code": "P13", "description": "Cooperative Enterprises" }, { "code": "P14", "description": "Property Rights" }, { "code": "P16", "description": "Capitalist Institutions • Welfare State" }, { "code": "P17", "description": "Performance and Prospects" }, { "code": "P18", "description": "Energy • Environment" }, { "code": "P19", "description": "Other" } ] }, { "code": "P2", "description": "Socialist and Transition Economies", "classification": [ { "code": "P20", "description": "General" }, { "code": "P21", "description": "Planning, Coordination, and Reform" }, { "code": "P22", "description": "Prices" }, { "code": "P23", "description": "Factor and Product Markets • Industry Studies • Population" }, { "code": "P24", "description": "National Income, Product, and Expenditure • Money • Inflation" }, { "code": "P25", "description": "Urban, Rural, and Regional Economics" }, { "code": "P26", "description": "Property Rights" }, { "code": "P27", "description": "Performance and Prospects" }, { "code": "P28", "description": "Natural Resources • Energy • Environment" }, { "code": "P29", "description": "Other" } ] }, { "code": "P3", "description": "Socialist Institutions and Their Transitions", "classification": [ { "code": "P30", "description": "General" }, { "code": "P31", "description": "Socialist Enterprises and Their Transitions" }, { "code": "P32", "description": "Collectives • Communes • Agriculture" }, { "code": "P33", "description": "International Trade, Finance, Investment, Relations, and Aid" }, { "code": "P34", "description": "Financial Economics" }, { "code": "P35", "description": "Public Economics" }, { "code": "P36", "description": "Consumer Economics • Health • Education and Training • Welfare, Income, Wealth, and Poverty" }, { "code": "P37", "description": "Legal Institutions • Illegal Behavior" }, { "code": "P39", "description": "Other" } ] }, { "code": "P4", "description": "Other Economic Systems", "classification": [ { "code": "P40", "description": "General" }, { "code": "P41", "description": "Planning, Coordination, and Reform" }, { "code": "P42", "description": "Productive Enterprises • Factor and Product Markets • Prices • Population" }, { "code": "P43", "description": "Public Economics • Financial Economics" }, { "code": "P44", "description": "National Income, Product, and Expenditure • Money • Inflation" }, { "code": "P45", "description": "International Trade, Finance, Investment, and Aid" }, { "code": "P46", "description": "Consumer Economics • Health • Education and Training • Welfare, Income, Wealth, and Poverty" }, { "code": "P47", "description": "Performance and Prospects" }, { "code": "P48", "description": "Legal Institutions • Property Rights • Natural Resources • Energy • Environment • Regional Studies" }, { "code": "P49", "description": "Other" } ] }, { "code": "P5", "description": "Comparative Economic Systems", "classification": [ { "code": "P50", "description": "General" }, { "code": "P51", "description": "Comparative Analysis of Economic Systems" }, { "code": "P52", "description": "Comparative Studies of Particular Economies" }, { "code": "P59", "description": "Other" } ] } ] }, { "code": "Q", "description": "Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics • Environmental and Ecological Economics", "classification": [ { "code": "Q0", "description": "General", "classification": [ { "code": "Q00", "description": "General" }, { "code": "Q01", "description": "Sustainable Development" }, { "code": "Q02", "description": "Commodity Markets" } ] }, { "code": "Q1", "description": "Agriculture", "classification": [ { "code": "Q10", "description": "General" }, { "code": "Q11", "description": "Aggregate Supply and Demand Analysis • Prices" }, { "code": "Q12", "description": "Micro Analysis of Farm Firms, Farm Households, and Farm Input Markets" }, { "code": "Q13", "description": "Agricultural Markets and Marketing • Cooperatives • Agribusiness" }, { "code": "Q14", "description": "Agricultural Finance" }, { "code": "Q15", "description": "Land Ownership and Tenure • Land Reform • Land Use • Irrigation • Agriculture and Environment" }, { "code": "Q16", "description": "R&D • Agricultural Technology • Biofuels • Agricultural Extension Services" }, { "code": "Q17", "description": "Agriculture in International Trade" }, { "code": "Q18", "description": "Agricultural Policy • Food Policy • Animal Welfare Policy" }, { "code": "Q19", "description": "Other" } ] }, { "code": "Q2", "description": "Renewable Resources and Conservation", "classification": [ { "code": "Q20", "description": "General" }, { "code": "Q21", "description": "Demand and Supply • Prices" }, { "code": "Q22", "description": "Fishery • Aquaculture" }, { "code": "Q23", "description": "Forestry" }, { "code": "Q24", "description": "Land" }, { "code": "Q25", "description": "Water" }, { "code": "Q26", "description": "Recreational Aspects of Natural Resources" }, { "code": "Q27", "description": "Issues in International Trade" }, { "code": "Q28", "description": "Government Policy" }, { "code": "Q29", "description": "Other" } ] }, { "code": "Q3", "description": "Nonrenewable Resources and Conservation", "classification": [ { "code": "Q30", "description": "General" }, { "code": "Q31", "description": "Demand and Supply • Prices" }, { "code": "Q32", "description": "Exhaustible Resources and Economic Development" }, { "code": "Q33", "description": "Resource Booms" }, { "code": "Q34", "description": "Natural Resources and Domestic and International Conflicts" }, { "code": "Q35", "description": "Hydrocarbon Resources" }, { "code": "Q37", "description": "Issues in International Trade" }, { "code": "Q38", "description": "Government Policy" }, { "code": "Q39", "description": "Other" } ] }, { "code": "Q4", "description": "Energy", "classification": [ { "code": "Q40", "description": "General" }, { "code": "Q41", "description": "Demand and Supply • Prices" }, { "code": "Q42", "description": "Alternative Energy Sources" }, { "code": "Q43", "description": "Energy and the Macroeconomy" }, { "code": "Q47", "description": "Energy Forecasting" }, { "code": "Q48", "description": "Government Policy" }, { "code": "Q49", "description": "Other" } ] }, { "code": "Q5", "description": "Environmental Economics", "classification": [ { "code": "Q50", "description": "General" }, { "code": "Q51", "description": "Valuation of Environmental Effects" }, { "code": "Q52", "description": "Pollution Control Adoption and Costs • Distributional Effects • Employment Effects" }, { "code": "Q53", "description": "Air Pollution • Water Pollution • Noise • Hazardous Waste • Solid Waste • Recycling" }, { "code": "Q54", "description": "Climate • Natural Disasters and Their Management • Global Warming" }, { "code": "Q55", "description": "Technological Innovation" }, { "code": "Q56", "description": "Environment and Development • Environment and Trade • Sustainability • Environmental Accounts and Accounting • Environmental Equity • Population Growth" }, { "code": "Q57", "description": "Ecological Economics: Ecosystem Services • Biodiversity Conservation • Bioeconomics • Industrial Ecology" }, { "code": "Q58", "description": "Government Policy" }, { "code": "Q59", "description": "Other" } ] } ] }, { "code": "R", "description": "Urban, Rural, Regional, Real Estate, and Transportation Economics", "classification": [ { "code": "R0", "description": "General", "classification": [ { "code": "R00", "description": "General" } ] }, { "code": "R1", "description": "General Regional Economics", "classification": [ { "code": "R10", "description": "General" }, { "code": "R11", "description": "Regional Economic Activity: Growth, Development, Environmental Issues, and Changes" }, { "code": "R12", "description": "Size and Spatial Distributions of Regional Economic Activity" }, { "code": "R13", "description": "General Equilibrium and Welfare Economic Analysis of Regional Economies" }, { "code": "R14", "description": "Land Use Patterns" }, { "code": "R15", "description": "Econometric and Input–Output Models • Other Models" }, { "code": "R19", "description": "Other" } ] }, { "code": "R2", "description": "Household Analysis", "classification": [ { "code": "R20", "description": "General" }, { "code": "R21", "description": "Housing Demand" }, { "code": "R22", "description": "Other Demand" }, { "code": "R23", "description": "Regional Migration • Regional Labor Markets • Population • Neighborhood Characteristics" }, { "code": "R28", "description": "Government Policy" }, { "code": "R29", "description": "Other" } ] }, { "code": "R3", "description": "Real Estate Markets, Spatial Production Analysis, and Firm Location", "classification": [ { "code": "R30", "description": "General" }, { "code": "R31", "description": "Housing Supply and Markets" }, { "code": "R32", "description": "Other Spatial Production and Pricing Analysis" }, { "code": "R33", "description": "Nonagricultural and Nonresidential Real Estate Markets" }, { "code": "R38", "description": "Government Policy" }, { "code": "R39", "description": "Other" } ] }, { "code": "R4", "description": "Transportation Economics", "classification": [ { "code": "R40", "description": "General" }, { "code": "R41", "description": "Transportation: Demand, Supply, and Congestion • Travel Time • Safety and Accidents • Transportation Noise" }, { "code": "R42", "description": "Government and Private Investment Analysis • Road Maintenance • Transportation Planning" }, { "code": "R48", "description": "Government Pricing and Policy" }, { "code": "R49", "description": "Other" } ] }, { "code": "R5", "description": "Regional Government Analysis", "classification": [ { "code": "R50", "description": "General" }, { "code": "R51", "description": "Finance in Urban and Rural Economies" }, { "code": "R52", "description": "Land Use and Other Regulations" }, { "code": "R53", "description": "Public Facility Location Analysis • Public Investment and Capital Stock" }, { "code": "R58", "description": "Regional Development Planning and Policy" }, { "code": "R59", "description": "Other" } ] } ] }, { "code": "Y", "description": "Miscellaneous Categories", "classification": [ { "code": "Y1", "description": "Data: Tables and Charts", "classification": [ { "code": "Y10", "description": "Data: Tables and Charts " } ] }, { "code": "Y2", "description": "Introductory Material", "classification": [ { "code": "Y20", "description": "Introductory Material" } ] }, { "code": "Y3", "description": "Book Reviews (unclassified)", "classification": [ { "code": "Y30", "description": "Book Reviews (unclassified) " } ] }, { "code": "Y4", "description": "Dissertations (unclassified)", "classification": [ { "code": "Y40", "description": "Dissertations (unclassified)" } ] }, { "code": "Y5", "description": "Further Reading (unclassified)", "classification": [ { "code": "Y50", "description": "Further Reading (unclassified)" } ] }, { "code": "Y6", "description": "Excerpts", "classification": [ { "code": "Y60", "description": "Excerpts" } ] }, { "code": "Y7", "description": "No Author General Discussions", "classification": [ { "code": "Y70", "description": "No Author General Discussions" } ] }, { "code": "Y8", "description": "Related Disciplines", "classification": [ { "code": "Y80", "description": "Related Disciplines" } ] }, { "code": "Y9", "description": "Other", "classification": [ { "code": "Y90", "description": "Other" }, { "code": "Y91", "description": "Pictures and Maps" }, { "code": "Y92", "description": "Novels, Self-Help Books, etc." } ] } ] }, { "code": "Z", "description": "Other Special Topics", "classification": [ { "code": "Z0", "description": "General", "classification": [ { "code": "Z00", "description": "General" } ] }, { "code": "Z1", "description": "Cultural Economics • Economic Sociology • Economic Anthropology", "classification": [ { "code": "Z10", "description": "General" }, { "code": "Z11", "description": "Economics of the Arts and Literature" }, { "code": "Z12", "description": "Religion" }, { "code": "Z13", "description": "Economic Sociology • Economic Anthropology • Language • Social and Economic Stratification " }, { "code": "Z18", "description": "Public Policy" }, { "code": "Z19", "description": "Other" } ] }, { "code": "Z2", "description": "Sports Economics", "classification": [ { "code": "Z20", "description": "General" }, { "code": "Z21", "description": "Industry Studies" }, { "code": "Z22", "description": "Labor Issues" }, { "code": "Z23", "description": "Finance" }, { "code": "Z28", "description": "Policy" }, { "code": "Z29", "description": "Other" } ] }, { "code": "Z3", "description": "Tourism Economics", "classification": [ { "code": "Z30", "description": "General" }, { "code": "Z31", "description": "Industry Studies" }, { "code": "Z32", "description": "Tourism and Development " }, { "code": "Z33", "description": "Marketing and Finance " }, { "code": "Z38", "description": "Policy " }, { "code": "Z39", "description": "Other" } ] } ] } ]; function updateChildCheckboxes(checkbox, checked) { const childOptions = checkbox.closest('.option').querySelector('.child-options'); if (childOptions) { childOptions.querySelectorAll('input[type="checkbox"]').forEach(childCheckbox => { childCheckbox.checked = checked; updateChildCheckboxes(childCheckbox, checked); }); } } function updateParentCheckboxes(checkbox) { // let parent = checkbox.closest('.child-options'); // while (parent) { // const parentCheckbox = parent.closest('.option').querySelector('label > input[type="checkbox"]'); // const siblingCheckboxes = parent.querySelectorAll(':scope > .option > label > input[type="checkbox"]'); // const allChecked = Array.from(siblingCheckboxes).every(cb => cb.checked); // const someChecked = Array.from(siblingCheckboxes).some(cb => cb.checked); // parentCheckbox.checked = allChecked; // parentCheckbox.indeterminate = someChecked && !allChecked; // parent = parent.parentElement.closest('.child-options'); // } } function fuzzySearchJELs(options, query) { const regex = new RegExp(query.split('').join('.*'), 'i'); return options.map(option => { if (regex.test(option.description) || query.toLowerCase() == option.code.toLowerCase()) { return option; } else if (option.classification) { const matchingChildren = fuzzySearchJELs(option.classification, query); if (matchingChildren.length > 0) { return { ...option, children: matchingChildren }; } } return null; }).filter(Boolean); } function fuzzySearch(filter, options, filtered_result, query) { const regex = new RegExp(query.split('').join('.*'), 'i'); return options.map(option => { let value = option; if (filter_properties[filter].includes("label_value")) { value = filtered_result(option).pretty_value; } if (regex.test(value)) { return option; } return null; }).filter(Boolean); } // Try current language if(ECB.currentLanguage!="en"){ try{ publications = await foedb.init(connectionParams); }catch{ publications = await foedb.init({...connectionParams,"database_name":"publications.en"}); } }else{ publications = await foedb.init(connectionParams); } let general_translations = {}; if(ECB.currentLanguage!="en"){ general_translations = await fetch("general_language/"+ECB.currentLanguage+".json"); if(general_translations){ general_translations = await general_translations.json(); } } // console.log(general_translations); let getActiveFilters = ()=> { let multiselectFilters = []; let multiselectFiltersArray = []; let checkedMultiFilters = Array.from(document.querySelectorAll(".foedb-filter.multiselect-filter")) .filter(el => { let parentHolder = el.closest(".multiselect-filter-holder"); if (parentHolder && parentHolder.id == "JEL_Code") { let jelCodes = Object.keys(publications.db.indexes["JEL_Code"]); if (!jelCodes.includes(el.value)) { return false; } } return el.checked && el.value != "all" && el.value != "" }) for (let fl of checkedMultiFilters) { if (!multiselectFilters[fl.name]) { multiselectFilters[fl.name] = []; } multiselectFilters[fl.name].push([fl.value]); } for (const [key, vals] of Object.entries(multiselectFilters)) { multiselectFiltersArray.push({[key]: vals}); } let otherFilters = Array.from(document.querySelectorAll(".foedb-filter:not(.multiselect-filter)")) .filter(el => el.value != "all" && el.value != "") .map((el) => { let val = el.value if (el.type == "text") { val = val.replace(/[,]/g, " ").replace(/\s+/g, " ").trim(); } return { [el.id]: val }; }); return [...otherFilters, ...multiselectFiltersArray]; } let getActiveFilterValue = (filter)=>{ let filters = getActiveFilters(); for(let i=0;i<filters.length;i++){ let filter_key = Object.keys(filters[i])[0]; if(filter_key==filter){ return filters[i][filter_key]; } } } let buildFilterTag = (filterTagsContainer, filterEl, typeName, typeValue) => { let el = document.createElement("span"); let elType = filterEl.type; let tagVal = ''; //TODO: handle multiselect filter removal if (elType == "select-one") { tagVal = filterEl.querySelector("option[value='" + typeValue + "']").innerHTML } else { tagVal = filterEl.value; } let isMultiselect = filterEl.classList.contains("multiselect-filter"); let escapedTagVal = tagVal.replace(/&/g, "&") .replace(/</g, "<") .replace(/>/g, ">") .replace(/"/g, """) .replace(/'/g, "'"); if ( (!isMultiselect && filterTagsContainer.querySelectorAll(`.filter-tag:not(.multiselect-filter-tag)[data-id="${typeName}"]`).length <= 0 ) || ( isMultiselect && filterTagsContainer.querySelectorAll(`.multiselect-filter-tag[data-id="${typeName}"][data-value-id="${filterEl.value}"]`).length <= 0) ) { el.classList.add("filter-tag"); if (isMultiselect) { el.classList.add("multiselect-filter-tag"); el.dataset.valueId = filterEl.value; } if (filter_properties[typeName] && filter_properties[typeName].includes("label_value")) { el.innerHTML = "<span class='icon'></span><span class='val'>" + filterEl.dataset.label + "</span>"; } else { el.innerHTML = "<span class='icon'></span><span class='val'>" + escapedTagVal + "</span>"; } el.dataset.id = typeName; el.addEventListener("click", (ev)=>{ let tag = ev.currentTarget; let filterId = tag.dataset.id || false; let flEl = document.querySelector(`#${CSS.escape(tag.dataset.id)}:not(.multiselect-filter-holder)`); if (!flEl) { flEl = document.querySelector(`#${CSS.escape(tag.dataset.id)} input[value="${tag.dataset.valueId}"]`); } let elType = flEl.type; if (filterId) { if (elType == "text") { flEl.value = ""; } else if (elType == "select-one") { flEl.value = "all"; } else if (elType == "checkbox") { flEl.checked = false; } } tag.remove(); flEl.dispatchEvent(new Event("input",{bubbles: true, cancelable: true})); let filters = getActiveFilters(); if (filters.length <= 0) { document.getElementById("clear-filters").parentElement.classList.add("hidden"); } }); filterTagsContainer.append(el); } else { if (!isMultiselect) { filterTagsContainer.querySelector(".filter-tag[data-id='" + CSS.escape(typeName) + "'] .val").innerHTML = escapedTagVal; } } ;} let renderActiveFilterTags = function(filters) { let filterTagsContainer = document.getElementById("filter-tags"); for (let i=0;i < filters.length; i++) { let typeName = Object.keys(filters[i])[0] || ''; let typeValue = filters[i][typeName]; let filterEl = document.querySelector(`#${CSS.escape(typeName)}:not(.multiselect-filter-holder)`); if (!filterEl) { let filterEls = document.querySelectorAll(".multiselect_" + CSS.escape(typeName) + ":is(:checked)"); filterEls.forEach((filterEl) => { console.log(typeName, typeName == "JEL Code") if (typeName == "JEL Code") { let allowed = Object.keys(publications.db.indexes[typeName]); if (allowed.includes(filterEl.value)) { buildFilterTag(filterTagsContainer, filterEl, typeName, filterEl.value); } } else { buildFilterTag(filterTagsContainer, filterEl, typeName, filterEl.value); } }) } else { buildFilterTag(filterTagsContainer, filterEl, typeName, typeValue) } } if (filters.length > 0) { document.getElementById("clear-filters").parentElement.classList.remove("hidden"); } else { document.getElementById("clear-filters").parentElement.classList.add("hidden"); } } let performSearch = function(startIndex){ let filters = getActiveFilters(); renderActiveFilterTags(filters); setULRParameterValues(filters); document.getElementById("status").innerHTML = "Loading..."; //let filters = getActiveFilters(); last_query_time = performance.now(); startIndex = startIndex || 0; publications.select({ filters, last_query_time, sortRev, startIndex }).then(items => { if (last_query_time != items.last_query_time) { return; } lastIndex=startIndex+items.length; console.log(lastIndex, items); updateList(items,startIndex>0); markSearchTerm(); }); } let markSearchTerm = () => { if(document.getElementById("$foedb:freetext:text_search_"+ECB.currentLanguage).value.length>1){ mark_instance.mark(document.getElementById("$foedb:freetext:text_search_"+ECB.currentLanguage).value, { 'done': function () { ECB.slow.forEach(document.querySelectorAll(".sort-wrapper .accordion > .header:not(.-opened)"), function (header) { if (header.parentElement?.querySelector(".content-box:has(mark[data-markjs='true']")) { header.classList.toggle("-opened"); } }); } }); } }; let debouncedPerformSearch = ECB.slow.debounce(performSearch,550); let lazyLoadHook = ()=>{ let lazy_load_hit_element = document.querySelector(".lazy-load-hit"); observer = new IntersectionObserver((ev)=>{ if(ev[0].isIntersecting){ // load new thing console.log("lazy load on intersection call"); performSearch(lastIndex); }else{ } },{ rootMargin:'500px' }) observer.observe(lazy_load_hit_element); }; let article = document.querySelector(".definition-list .dl-wrapper dl"); let value_is_not_empty = (item, el)=> !!(item.publicationProperties[el] && Object.values(item.publicationProperties[el]).length && Object.values(item.publicationProperties[el])[0].length) ; let values_are_not_empty = (item) => item.publicationProperties && Object.keys(item.publicationProperties).filter(a=>a!="Title"&&a!="Issue No.").reduce((prev,curr)=>prev||value_is_not_empty(item,curr),false); let render_recursive_items = (list, title) => { let output = ''; if (list && list.length > 0) { output += "<div class=\"accordion\"><div class=\"header\"><div class=\"title\">"+translate(title)+"</div></div><div class=\"content-box\"><dl>"; for (let i=0; i<list.length;i++) { output += itemToHtml(list[i]); }; output += "</dl></div></div>"; } return output; } let get_language_or_english = (item)=> item; let translate = (text)=>general_translations[text]||text; let itemToHtml = (item) => ` <dt>${item.pub_timestamp ? (new Date(item.pub_timestamp * 1000)).toLocaleDateString('en-GB', date_options) : "-"}</dt> <dd> <div> <div class="category">${translate(item?.type?.publication_name ? item.type.publication_name.replace(/^ECB /,""):' ')}${item.issue_number && item.issue_number != 0?" - Issue No. "+get_language_or_english(item.issue_number):""}</div> <div class="title"><a href="${item.documentTypes && item.documentTypes[0] && item.documentTypes[0].replace(/\.en\.(html|pdf)$/,'.'+ECB.currentLanguage+'.$1')}">${get_language_or_english(item.publicationProperties.Title)}</a></div> ${item.boardmember || item.Authors ? `<div class="authors"><ul> ${item.boardmember?.split("|")?.map(author=>`<li>${author}</li>`).join("") || ""} ${item.Authors?.split("|")?.map(author=>`<li>${author}</li>`).join("") || ""}</ul></div>` : ''} ${item.publicationProperties.Main_publication ? `<div class="main-publication">${item.publicationProperties.Main_publication}</div>` : ''} ${values_are_not_empty(item) ? "<div class=\"accordion\"><div class=\"header\"><div class=\"title\">"+translate("Details")+"</div></div><div class=\"content-box\"><dl>":""} ${Object.keys(item.publicationProperties).sort().filter(el=>el!="Issue No."&&el!="Title"&&el!="Main_publication"&&el!="Network_URL"&&el!="Network").map(el => value_is_not_empty(item,el)? "<dt>" + translate(el) + ":</dt><dd> " + get_language_or_english(item.publicationProperties[el]) + "</dd>":"").join("")} ${item.publicationProperties.Network ? "<dt>" + translate("Network") + ":</dt><dd> " + (item.publicationProperties.Network_URL? "<a href='"+item.publicationProperties.Network_URL+"'>"+get_language_or_english(item.publicationProperties.Network)+"</a>": get_language_or_english(item.publicationProperties.Network)) + "</dd>":""} ${values_are_not_empty(item) ? "</dl></div></div>":""} ${item.childrenPublication && Array.isArray(item.childrenPublication) ? render_recursive_items(item.childrenPublication, 'Annexes') : '' } ${item.relatedPublications && Array.isArray(item.relatedPublications) ? render_recursive_items(item.relatedPublications, 'Related') : '' } </div> </dd > `; let updateList = (items,append) => { let str = ""; for (const item of items) { str += itemToHtml(item); } if(append){ article.innerHTML += str; }else{ article.innerHTML = str; } ECB.slow.accordion(article); } let setFiltersFromURLParams = () => { let searchParam = ''; const inputRegex = new RegExp(/^[\p{L},.0-9\s-]+$/, "u"); if (paramsObj.has("skey")) { if(paramsObj.get("skey").length > 0 && inputRegex.test(paramsObj.get("skey"))) { searchParam = paramsObj.get("skey").substring(0, 150); } } if (paramsObj.has("search_term")) { if(paramsObj.get("search_term").length > 0 && inputRegex.test(paramsObj.get("search_term"))) { searchParam = paramsObj.get("search_term").substring(0, 150); } } if (searchParam !== '') { let search = document.getElementById("$foedb:freetext:text_search_"+ECB.currentLanguage); search.value = searchParam; } paramsObj.forEach((value, key) => { if (key !== 'search_term' && key !== 'skey'){ let mapped = Object.keys(filters_map).filter(val=>filters_map[val]==key); if (mapped.length > 0) { key = mapped[0]; } let filter = document.getElementById(key); if (filter) { let values = value.split("|"); if (filter.classList.contains("multiselect-filter-holder")) { for (let i in values) { if (filter_properties[key] && filter_properties[key].includes("label_value")) { if (filter.querySelector("input[data-label='" + CSS.escape(values[i]) + "']")) { filter.querySelector("input[data-label='" + CSS.escape(values[i]) + "']").checked = true; } } else { if (filter.querySelector("input#" + CSS.escape(key + "_" + values[i]))) { filter.querySelector("input#" + CSS.escape(key + "_" + values[i])).checked = true; } } } } else { filter.querySelectorAll("option").forEach((opt) => { opt.selected = false; if (values.includes(opt.text)) { opt.selected = true; } }) } } } }); } let buildFilters = () => { let searchWrapper = document.createElement("div"); searchWrapper.classList.add("search-wrapper"); searchWrapper.innerHTML = `<div class="filter"><div class="wrapper"><div class="search-input"><input class="foedb-filter" maxlength="150" type="text" id="$foedb:freetext:text_search_${ECB.currentLanguage}" name="$foedb:freetext:text_search_${ECB.currentLanguage}" placeholder="${translate('Type to filter the list below')}"></div></div></div>`; document.querySelector("main .definition-list").insertBefore(searchWrapper, document.querySelector("main .definition-list .header")); form.innerHTML += `<p>Filter by</p>`; for (let filter of publications.db.metadata.indexes) { let sorted_values = Object.keys(publications.db.indexes[filter]); sorted_values.sort(); if(filter == "boardmember"){ let currentBoardmembers = ["Christine Lagarde","Luis de Guindos","Piero Cipollone","Frank Elderson","Philip R. Lane","Isabel Schnabel"]; sorted_values.sort((a,b)=>{ const indexA = currentBoardmembers.indexOf(a); const indexB = currentBoardmembers.indexOf(b); // If both names are in the top array, sort them according to their order in the top array if (indexA > -1 && indexB > -1) { return indexA - indexB; } // If only 'a' is in the top array, it should come first else if (indexA > -1) { return -1; } // If only 'b' is in the top array, it should come first else if (indexB > -1) { return 1; } // If neither are in the top array, sort alphabetically else { return a.localeCompare(b); } }); } let filter_result = v => ({ "pretty_value": v.replaceAll("_", " ").replace("##!!EMPTY!!##", "None"), "value": v }); if(filter == "year"){ sorted_values = sorted_values.slice().reverse(); } if (filter == "type") { let item = publications.db.loaded_maps[filter].index; Object.keys(item).forEach(a=>item[a].publication_name = translate(item[a].publication_name.replace(/^ECB /,""))); filter_result = v => ({ "pretty_value": item[v].publication_name, "value": item[v].id_publication_type }); sorted_values = sorted_values.filter((i)=>{if(!item[i]){console.log("The type with id "+i+" is missing from the type DB!"); return false;} return true;}); sorted_values.sort((x, y) => { return item[x]?item[x].publication_name.localeCompare(item[y].publication_name):-1}); } let multiple = ''; let typeStr = ` <div><label for="dropdown1"></label> `; let mainFormDiv = document.createElement("div"); let filterLabel = document.createElement("label"); filterLabel.for = "dropdown1"; filterLabel.innerHTML = `${translate(dim_names[filter] || filter)}${(filter=="JEL_Code")?" <a class=\"info\" href=\"https://www.aeaweb.org/econlit/jelCodes.php?view=jel\" target=\"_blank\">(?)</a>":""}`; mainFormDiv.appendChild(filterLabel); if (filter_properties[filter] && filter_properties[filter].includes("multiple")) { let msDiv = document.createElement("div"); msDiv.className = "multiselect"; msDiv.classList.add("multiselect-filter-holder"); msDiv.id = filter; let msHeader = document.createElement("div"); msHeader.className = "multiselect-header"; msHeader.innerHTML = `<span class="label">Select</span>`; msHeader.innerHTML += `<span class="separator"></span>`; msHeader.innerHTML += `<span class="icon -buttons-arrow"></span>`; let msBody = document.createElement("div"); msBody.className = "multiselect-body"; msBody.style.display = "none"; let msSearch = document.createElement("input"); msSearch.className = "multiselect-search"; msSearch.type = "text"; msSearch.placeholder = "Filter " + translate(dim_names[filter] || filter); let msOptions = document.createElement("div"); msOptions.className = "multiselect-options"; function renderOptionsJELs(options) { return options.map(option => { let notFound = true; for (let jel_code of sorted_values) { if (jel_code.startsWith(option.code)) { notFound = false; break; } } if (notFound) return ''; return ` <div class="option" data-id="${option.code}"> <label> <input type="checkbox" name="${filter}" class="multiselect_${filter} multiselect-filter foedb-filter" value="${option.code}" id="${filter}_${option.code}"> ${option.code}. ${option.description} </label> ${option.classification ? ` <div class="child-options"> ${renderOptionsJELs(option.classification)} </div> ` : ''} </div> `; }).join(''); } function renderOptions(options) { return options.map(option => { if(option == "##!!EMPTY!!##"){ return ''; } let tag = document.querySelector(`.multiselect-filter-tag[data-id='${filter}'][data-value-id='${filter_result(option).value}']`); let checked = ''; if (tag) { checked = 'checked'; } // <option value="${filter_result(value).value}">${filter_result(value).pretty_value}</option> return ` <div class="option" data-id="${filter}_${option}"> <label> <input type="checkbox" ${checked} name="${filter}" data-label="${filter_result(option).pretty_value}" class="multiselect_${filter} multiselect-filter foedb-filter" value="${filter_result(option).value}" id="${filter}_${option}"> ${filter_result(option).pretty_value} </label> </div> `; }).join(''); } if ( filter == "JEL_Code") { msOptions.innerHTML = renderOptionsJELs(jels); msOptions.addEventListener('change', (e) => { if (e.target.type === 'checkbox') { updateChildCheckboxes(e.target, e.target.checked); handleUncheck(e); performSearch(); // updateParentCheckboxes(e.target); } }); } else { msOptions.innerHTML = renderOptions(sorted_values); } msSearch.addEventListener('input', (e) => { let filter = e.target.closest(".multiselect.multiselect-filter-holder").id; const query = e.target.value; let optionsContainer = document.querySelector(`#${CSS.escape(filter)} .multiselect-options`); if ( filter == "JEL_Code") { const filteredOptions = fuzzySearchJELs(jels, query); optionsContainer.innerHTML = renderOptionsJELs(filteredOptions); } else { const filteredOptions = fuzzySearch(filter, sorted_values, filter_result, query); optionsContainer.innerHTML = renderOptions(filteredOptions); } document.querySelectorAll(`#${filter} input[type="checkbox"]`).forEach(ie => { ie.addEventListener("change", (inputEvent) => { if ( filter == "JEL_Code") { updateChildCheckboxes(inputEvent.target, inputEvent.target.checked); } handleUncheck(inputEvent); performSearch(); }); }); }); msDiv.appendChild(msHeader); msBody.appendChild(msSearch); msBody.appendChild(msOptions); msDiv.appendChild(msBody); mainFormDiv.appendChild(msDiv); form.appendChild(mainFormDiv); } else { typeStr += ` <div id="dropdown1" class="dropdown"> <span class="icon"></span> <select name="${filter}" id="${filter}" class="filter foedb-filter" title="Select ${filter}" ${multiple}> <option value="all">${translate("All")}</option> `; for (let value of sorted_values) { if(value!="##!!EMPTY!!##"){ typeStr += ` <option value="${filter_result(value).value}">${filter_result(value).pretty_value}</option> `; } } typeStr += `</select></div></div>`; form.innerHTML += typeStr; } } /** form.addEventListener("input", (inputEvent) => { let typeSelection = getActiveFilterValue("type"); if(typeSelection&&JEL_Code_types.indexOf(parseInt(typeSelection))==-1){ document.getElementById("JEL_Code").setAttribute("disabled","true"); document.getElementById("JEL_Code").value = "all"; }else{ document.getElementById("JEL_Code").removeAttribute("disabled"); } if(inputEvent.target.tagName=="INPUT"){ // free text search, debounce debouncedPerformSearch(); }else{ // perform instant search performSearch(); } }); */ document.getElementById("clear-filters").addEventListener("click", (clickEvent) => { clickEvent.currentTarget.parentElement.classList.add("hidden"); document.querySelectorAll(".filter-tag").forEach(item=>item.click()); }); document.getElementById("foedb-sort").addEventListener("click", (clickEvent) => { let labels = ["Newest first", "Oldest first"]; sortRev = ! sortRev; clickEvent.currentTarget.closest(".sort").classList.toggle("reversed"); //console.log(clickEvent.currentTarget.closest(".label")); //clickEvent.currentTarget.closest("span.label").innerHTML = labels[ + sortRev]; document.querySelector("span.label").innerHTML= labels[ + sortRev]; console.log("foedb sort call"); performSearch(); }); document.querySelectorAll(".foedb-filter").forEach(input => { input.addEventListener("input", (inputEvent) => { let filters = getActiveFilters(); let typeSelection = getActiveFilterValue("type"); if(inputEvent.target.tagName=="INPUT" && inputEvent.target.type=="text"){ console.log("debaunced"); // free text search, debounce debouncedPerformSearch(); }else{ handleUncheck(inputEvent); // perform instant search if (inputEvent.target.value == "all") { document.querySelectorAll(".filter-tag[data-id='" + CSS.escape(inputEvent.target.name) + "']").forEach(el => { el.remove(); }) } performSearch(); } }); }) let hideFilters = (event) => { if (!event.target.closest('.multiselect-filter-holder[aria-expanded="true"]')) { document.querySelectorAll(".multiselect-filter-holder").forEach(item => { let closestMultiselectHeader = item.querySelector(".multiselect-header"); if (closestMultiselectHeader) { let body = closestMultiselectHeader.parentElement.querySelector(`.multiselect-body`); let holder = closestMultiselectHeader.closest(".multiselect-filter-holder"); closestMultiselectHeader.classList.remove("-opened"); body.style.display = 'none'; holder.ariaExpanded = 'false'; } }); } } document.addEventListener('click', function (event) { if (!event.target.closest('#foedb-filter')) { hideFilters(event); } }); form.addEventListener('click', (e) => { hideFilters(e); let closestMultiselectHeader = e.target.closest(".multiselect-header"); if (closestMultiselectHeader) { let holder = closestMultiselectHeader.closest(".multiselect-filter-holder"); let body = closestMultiselectHeader.parentElement.querySelector(`.multiselect-body`); closestMultiselectHeader.classList.contains('-opened') ? closestMultiselectHeader.classList.remove("-opened") : closestMultiselectHeader.classList.add('-opened'); body.style.display = body.style.display === 'none' ? 'block' : 'none'; holder.ariaExpanded = holder.ariaExpanded === 'true' ? 'false' : 'true'; } }); }; let handleUncheck = (inputEvent) => { let isJELCode = inputEvent.target.closest(".multiselect-filter-holder") && (inputEvent.target.closest(".multiselect-filter-holder").id == "JEL_Code"); console.log(isJELCode) if (isJELCode) { console.log("is jel"); let parentOption = inputEvent.target.closest(".option"); parentOption.querySelectorAll(".child-options input[type='checkbox']").forEach(oel=>{ document.querySelectorAll(".filter-tag[data-id='" + CSS.escape(oel.name) + "'][data-value-id='"+oel.value+"']").forEach(el => { el.remove(); }) }) } else { if (inputEvent.target.type=="checkbox" && !inputEvent.target.checked){ document.querySelectorAll(".filter-tag[data-id='" + CSS.escape(inputEvent.target.name) + "'][data-value-id='"+inputEvent.target.value+"']").forEach(el => { el.remove(); }) } } } let setULRParameterValues = function(filters) { let params = []; for (let i=0;i < filters.length; i++) { let typeName = Object.keys(filters[i])[0] || ''; let paramName = typeName == "$foedb:freetext:text_search_"+ECB.currentLanguage? "search_term": typeName; paramName = filters_map.hasOwnProperty(paramName) ? filters_map[paramName] : paramName; let filterEl = document.querySelector(`#${CSS.escape(typeName)}:not(.multiselect-filter-holder)`); let typeValue = filters[i][typeName]; if (!filterEl) { console.log("here"); typeValue = []; let filterEls = document.querySelectorAll(".multiselect_" + CSS.escape(typeName) + ":is(:checked)"); filterEls.forEach((filterEl) => { if (filter_properties[typeName] && filter_properties[typeName].includes("label_value")) { typeValue.push(filterEl.dataset.label); } else { typeValue.push(filterEl.value) } }) typeValue = typeValue.join("|"); } else { typeValue = filterEl.type == "select-one" ? filterEl.querySelector("option[value='" + typeValue + "']").innerHTML: filterEl.value; } typeValue = encodeURIComponent(typeValue); params.push(paramName + "=" + typeValue); } let paramString = "?" + params.join("&"); window.history.replaceState(null, null, paramString); } buildFilters(); const delay = ms => new Promise(res => setTimeout(res, ms)); await delay(1000); setFiltersFromURLParams(); let filters = getActiveFilters(); renderActiveFilterTags(filters); publications.select({filters, sortRev }).then(items => { lastIndex=items.length; updateList(items); markSearchTerm(); lazyLoadHook(); }); </script> <div class="in-this-section" id="pages-in-section-holder"> <h3>All pages in this section</h3> <div class="content-box"> </div> </div> </main> </div> <div id="feedback" class="hidden"> <div class="content-box"> <div class="initial"> <div class="title">Are you happy with this page?</div> <a class="button -inverted-color" id="feedback-yes">Yes</a> <a class="button -inverted-color" id="feedback-no">No</a> </div> <div class="second hidden"> <div class="title">What made you unhappy?</div> <a class="button -inverted-color" id="feedback-broken">Page not working</a> <a class="button -inverted-color" id="feedback-content">Information not useful</a> <a class="button -inverted-color" id="feedback-design">Design not attractive</a> <a class="button -inverted-color" id="feedback-other">Something else</a> </div> <div class="final hidden"> <div class="title">Thank you for letting us know!</div> </div> </div> </div> <footer id="ecb-doc-footer"> <div class="ecb-footerTop"> <div class="sitemap"> <a href="/home/sitedir/html/index.en.html" title="Site Directory">Site directory</a> </div> <div class="socialLinks"> <a class="inline-link" href="/home/socialmedia/html/index.en.html" title="Official social media channels">FOLLOW US</a> <a href="http://twitter.com/ecb" class="twitter" title="X"></a> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/european-central-bank" class="linkedin" title="LinkedIn"></a> <a href="https://www.instagram.com/europeancentralbank/" class="instagram" title="Instagram"></a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/user/ecbeuro" class="youtube" title="YouTube"></a> <a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/europeancentralbank/sets/" class="flickr" title="Flickr"></a> <a href="https://soundcloud.com/europeancentralbank" class="soundcloud" title="Soundcloud"></a> <a href="/rss" class="rss" title="RSS news feeds"></a> </div> </div><div class="ecb-footerBottom"> <p><span>Copyright 2024, </span>European Central Bank</p> <div class="ecb-serviceNavigation"> <div class="ecb-serviceNavigationBox"> <div class="ecb-serviceNavigationBoxTitle">Useful links</div> <div class="ecb-serviceNavigationBoxLinks"> <ul> <li><a href="/careers/vacancies/html/index.en.html">Work with us</a></li> <li><a href="/services/glossary/html/index.en.html">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/services/links/html/index.en.html">Other institutions</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="ecb-serviceNavigationBox"> <div class="ecb-serviceNavigationBoxTitle">Using our site</div> <div class="ecb-serviceNavigationBoxLinks"> <ul> <li><a href="/services/disclaimer/html/index.en.html">Disclaimer & Copyright</a></li> <li><a href="/services/data-protection/privacy-statements/website/html/index.en.html">Privacy statement</a></li> <li><a href="/services/languagepolicy/html/index.en.html">Language policy</a></li> <li><a href="/services/using-our-site/technical-updates/html/index.en.html">Technical updates to this site</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="ecb-serviceNavigationBox"> <div class="ecb-serviceNavigationBoxTitle">Corporate Policies</div> <div class="ecb-serviceNavigationBoxLinks"> <ul> <li><a href="/services/data-protection/html/index.en.html">Data Protection</a></li> <li><a href="/ecb/access_to_documents/html/index.en.html">Access to documents</a></li> <li><a href="/services/responsible-disclosure/html/index.en.html">Responsible disclosure</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="ecb-serviceNavigationBox"> <div class="ecb-serviceNavigationBoxTitle">Contact</div> <div class="ecb-serviceNavigationBoxLinks"> <ul> <li><a href="/ecb/contacts/html/index.en.html">Contacts</a></li> <li><a href="/services/contacts/address/html/index.en.html">Address</a></li> <li><a href="/services/contacts/working-hours/html/index.en.html">Public holidays</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div>  </footer> <style> [data-count]{ position: relative; } [data-count]::after{ position: absolute; right: -20px; bottom: 0px; display: block; content: attr(data-count); color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.8); text-shadow: 0 0 8px black; font-size: 11px; } body.hideCount [data-count]::after{ display: none; } </style> <script> (function(){ let addedCount = false; let addCount = function(){ let list = document.querySelectorAll("h2,h3,h4,p,a"); for(var i = 0; i < list.length; i++){ let item = list[i]; item.setAttribute("data-count",item.textContent.length); } } document.onkeypress = function(e){ if(e.ctrlKey && e.code == "KeyM"){ if(addedCount){ document.body.classList.add('hideCount'); addedCount = false; }else{ document.body.classList.remove('hideCount'); addCount(); addedCount = true; } } } })(); </script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/shared/dist/css/print.min.css?2713524" media="print"> <div class="ecb-cookieConsent hidden" id="cookieConsent"> <div class="initial"> <h2>Our website uses cookies</h2> <p>We are always working to improve this website for our users. To do this, we use the anonymous data provided by cookies.<br> <a href="/home/data-protection/privacy-statements/website/html/index.en.html" class="arrow">Learn more about how we use cookies</a></p> <div class="consentButtons initial cf"> <a class="check linkButton linkButtonLarge floatLeft highlight-medium">I understand and I accept the use of cookies</a> <a class="cross linkButton linkButtonLarge floatRight highlight-extra-light">I do not accept the use of cookies</a> </div> </div> <div class="accepted hidden"> <div style="background-image:url(/shared/nav/svg/cookies_accepted.svg);width:100px;height:100px;margin:auto" class="img"></div> <h2>Thank you!</h2> </div> <div class="refused hidden"> <div style="background-image:url(/shared/nav/svg/cookies_refused.svg);width:100px;height:100px;margin:auto" class="img"></div> <h2>Thank you!</h2> </div> <div class="updated hidden"> <h2>We have updated our privacy policy</h2> <p>We are always working to improve this website for our users. To do this, we use the anonymous data provided by cookies.<br> <a href="/home/data-protection/privacy-statements/website/html/index.en.html" class="arrow">See what has changed in our privacy policy</a></p> <div class="consentButtons updated cf"> <a class="check linkButton linkButtonLarge floatLeft highlight-medium">I understand and I accept the use of cookies</a> <a class="cross linkButton linkButtonLarge floatRight highlight-extra-light">I do not accept the use of cookies</a> </div> </div> <div class="expired hidden"> <h2>Your cookie preference has expired</h2> <p>We are always working to improve this website for our users. To do this, we use the anonymous data provided by cookies.<br> <a href="/home/data-protection/privacy-statements/website/html/index.en.html" class="arrow">Learn more about how we use cookies</a></p> <div class="consentButtons expired cf"> <a class="check linkButton linkButtonLarge floatLeft highlight-medium">I understand and I accept the use of cookies</a> <a class="cross linkButton linkButtonLarge floatRight highlight-extra-light">I do not accept the use of cookies</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="cookieBlockedMessage template hidden"> <div class="cookieBlockedContentHolder"> <div class="mainCookieBlockedMessage">This feature requires cookies.</div> <a href="/home/data-protection/privacy-statements/website/html/index.en.html" class="button">Privacy statement</a> </div> </div> <script src="/shared/js/analytics/pa_events.js?v=2734826" data-siteID="638441" data-collectDomain="https://qfknbhm.pa-cd.com"></script> <script src="/shared/dist/js/ieBlock.min.js" defer></script> </body> </html>

CINXE.COM

Publications by date