CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '913515fb3dbcff91',cH: 'Ed2vfGpyuOsyFj24tu975Iy.pdC6IlXIp_hnnalxdFw-1739788056-1.2.1.1-y.jgKL410wLAkG7M2FMBZWTUGElxWlsGP8kSEeCP2t5Aorn4eq17l4F2Q2JilHtB',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=Riaz%20Ahmed&__cf_chl_tk=okGzU9OwdLhduUJWCctQVjVQxEhFoFRxNuhV1rJkAP0-1739788056-1.0.1.1-C7SiC_lzuFuBtrwVDIHGSsNTcxOoq1bkugPQ9.KT5CA",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739788056',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=Riaz%20Ahmed&__cf_chl_f_tk=okGzU9OwdLhduUJWCctQVjVQxEhFoFRxNuhV1rJkAP0-1739788056-1.0.1.1-C7SiC_lzuFuBtrwVDIHGSsNTcxOoq1bkugPQ9.KT5CA",md: "sh4NfeXUvyipxLaacQQEK5gVId7PEeBvnpj7r7jecSM-1739788056-1.2.1.1-uN6QDfes38JKVWgFUMiiKf3UYa7aJymX.e0XyIgGDShNAuhGxq_crjcBDNi.4B1FiKGtURCN2amg6r2hpz2.riXIJr7gir0aeJ4YtRM4sIv53JczydqdjECFE5QkuM0Fw6BMKpJALBqj7GzaLM.yYTCkiDTIlqeqyboShg732svOr7.1EpbDfzL4V2uaCL_ldghcJAQN5p_VhVt2jrOQUjQSAMbnns4FgR57wOuc.KFI54BW6b_xqVTz8ym5eNBe69s5DwjiXwjQycPXgBU1w1ntEDuylBuSrIWR0jbmZn7fGAeDM5.UMDcdIwTWYoxWNoGOwaNzANyCQ7X89tUeqnawM3HpkQDcqC_va_4kBC5WQCF91L9mbsAvU0e01WIrW3t7tlvPrpuEGPwR1FiGggVQtouWf8MVHpVlHWpRjqhplyDFKL_vCNwrjQ7.Cjwz7kp0oUS.7SeqLr2rL54QRo4Pm1EhtJnTZ7WGhonpX2pMzSaKxO3cAAp.vNaP0UyK5DrNiBpxLYyVD9uARIwbeueBPYt4rQFStA9NMgCq.vP6hjbinlMqqs4b6LC3CAQBqMmhiCZiHjPLiBsLf.BKCwDaxruP12h4ELaI7SIiPuodhrex5YUvKlHmoVxhJEZ80IwUC4WeNkVyLtMBpnjhnTMgnfhA9DrceCl3Lw7xaj42div8ABxI.4_nv2utL_fN.TSjziPop7OydysgQ2Ejy5mzK2f4WSlivQOXJIC8VXDjVCqVvZkhqNV2UOClSZZj0hyxmiNFO86piFUmWo5ndIV.tjO1HKuYMpWT6hHP6OuPF9bYRRcgLWUQJIQrtENmXlBcTr7jpZhd2rr9ucBqiI33rKc7qaOUgyuFpql3DVvCMycIbb9QF0s0Y3VlefAhYlM2BaR9db9GxLGBwUJ1oPL7beMHMHCVAwL5E64ryJJJsGlrkZTLy2GNpMPoZ8ngqM9oZoSj1OQ5xRLxce7ugrIRqy2ahfR2fGKlmk3b62dDVEpGlhL9uul6rs9Ht9e0WRIrv2U3U25W36KgFmAnrHOiV6hBdmkqzLBQCodlWoNVIp5MaFkiCtnZMQDfKaonODMUsNr8fI9iJ6DJahNMbp4h1Plst92EL0AcAU_L2KlSfNdBVYhUzQurs1clho9SRlzJReZpdbSrcOlJa9KYPc8LXBaOm8HDYF1SOgU3gdtU8hS.o9MxpZkscSLVXYjDaR5RAz9c7ez40J6S_ZRqt72hdAdcPY8AILArJXs76czpzFZyXTEJO5ddxpWh6SwOID1r_pBhrHpqQHKDlhqhHpPZR_iEJQmCv.qNQFkCfn0oOczbEHFCV0v9uAcChwk1F.rTaVsaT4C674BzK03OHD56Z5KiDyB7g8yL3l4EJDRrSDeZGb80j4LrE_GyfX5mtw0O2INF2MehRpB_BX.kf2VZs792JJlVqMfKLynvxvNUTrU8n9F2RQNCZBmaj2UW7WvL54DHj1ORvzwWkegxBFadYHUOmVeKEp6yWC1idE1SCAbGtvMAKmJJAxh0YBPigBDymiXGfbStuhfIWdFCqjFKmu9OdaFcIebsG3uf4GvlHXThHSu1Z0uPzvShhbGBOBGHvm9otu5Tc9TZBlDENtrhigrRxz8_fX4jveZsZBESydgunYqj_nc5W2KYIPCPg2V1hPSSYOhIO5Gu_wpXaUsBEBOsvXyXST4eggkzOAcedowhRRSktQpdMGwwXlk4wTfiMdJcWpwGNU9_6d3DLUN9sxPh3qNrUkPl05dnNymZfYBaVy396djPtY08KwIqtA2.zZRQsXi_9wRCfxCSo3TZz32B0V.1QkTMvGJ.WrR8EOtUv9MZ6br8a5gGOiRSVTg91TnQuuW37A1odKUNKYFUZvGtt.tgs1mdfgMQ6onbsvEqEyap4b7NdxjsOueXiSQvU5h_pbVruV4sSX1swQ",mdrd: "9Bm4xR7VkaXrGJnTQ84.6n7RPUEEPfYfngPObAYij.E-1739788056-1.2.1.1-8gzSM3doCW3_esFlcsMx4e7uaf4Q4rykFabcoRolXanaEdKeF66zt6Rw_QZxaubEId0qTOHJgX6uKqY5xxguJMdqD.MWJPewhoqp05Yc5Mu.G5Zi4l6eLO_iPL4QmWzIcnGsaEcKlqZ2Uj6GjfOtjmGwDSESP47CDpMTMUZgW3Hj.k0D.33YaOtn10ZLITxuHIpfG75hNyVZFDqpsK1u97xwph0p.ZQ_TLmMDPaqj04lV.7RAzrLNsxR8bO8P76AP0z64XHvsuOoFJTxizySCLRhFKi77knRh2mgRs.Mp_wYH0NX05Y2dgB.cdQMewR4YzF8ARJIYiuu6g0RPf.jL5g8ID_OCTydK6zrNUUZtREAqgTH7Gk156jYXBXuJGBc9QoU4Uq3vPIB9qUZ_lBJphi0t3yGCRkmtE8ualyuGMS2FGehFz_UIQIwhtTFGeg4hFpMTr47boKzFUSDK1p.hMzKOLfI79rMQ8M.hnrVpuaRCTsIEpI0CtiFPaWw.zUUBqstsd3uPBDkl89773ozumQZlH3780GCPXrCPjvToQO6up2tj83X6gI902ajQOogfX21Si90YG8ZPlyP_yhSd5lSEByurUSI_MAYsxBFXi4MgpQDx0EVfSBz8lGrslNv3bnBobfmr86vK4yTbXkA7l1dJnqrrKhwGlxpXPJ.rhG4pPVW1nRlFABuFg7KmMVIctbTTxxDcQ3j6G0caTYm3bki9bcuvC7D3VrB9FE4ZceDdZ9TKqS5eyobGyp_pB7AqmYu2egdPQVgKqlCkBeSSk2gODHPJ7bY5OZUfXmNImhxkM6YMUVb6Vfmjf2donzVJDwYKd2UGIGISFmsRzq1JUgdQ9NTydIIX3j_Hd0duq1rJPn1zSky1OGsNkEPU7Fsi21lGLsHN51eMuIZDzaobJCkKPVTVR1DdHWfoWZzYKfm1xU5liIHiZ62zPZszqsypg9B2XpfJ_i7bp7tsBX02Vr2FHuHFwJD6aO2qQhzd1.xLKes0SSwop6k49qsBoJUJ9MLejVKYpp_pkaheThd_pI6ZHJuXUIWxvkjHe3dUWzb6Szmufr.LI2CSf7HNyK0PvWJlLFZUjdTEK.ZA2pk8PviF.b_mnIcu519JSAjI12afRUEJwcVOVubDklM35Vf4hXHvgArAaVRbM0EzwQgGJ3VC0CsBN52E.HTMDHC.0PFAZ6cBb709Ys.pZh1hhM.0VsxmshYdhDPfOOzK9W.b5VV8B3NBuijpZGYMX6NpHqKpWXXgOiPant0iguDJAW8p39fls_d7qcNmPmXeXa_WVM9GUKrXuY1ouN2z3P8XFfoYnOAN4VogIT9w723KkEqQlXgLLclmUCBnAtdeBxC3K1RewLR2TqlG0r5CbIhaMcPSqQlXcFYidTilfYN2FtHVRUqzY1F0lQEfjhAnMj2uq71qNGXun0M_nOkJO2lPSGWVEkl.b4367RYfkRlZgEUZ3ZenQdUpcaDmRNxwSVTufbpvDziymuYzhEWkJbAEInZF6sY2vpS1bLGD1W5HoRI5cQb3sczvTMJgumsEMpPp1iLsUa_p5zDrwOpXhE0on.Jwsj4cpZUDgMqQ7B2qon_GSNfD8ufLpvfxlCT7oaLuBnbW5pcpm4iw4eofvB_566qvoJiQcSq4H_uf1K583GFmMO5Gdj6V839lz94DxTRLxccJelXntGG6wmanteWTjRC5cE2He2vSmS5ESgy3XAh9roXEyZk.52g6ICwwyzH_pnMdcIs.5CEnGYYcM1Se1NOoi65YOxYJnp4dmudEzb6nhnj05YBlzZ4tbQgH_JTgOkKbBTkg2evehobaeWRAbcgtw7GiBz3soVXM87_JrPKr.pIQftnxNgfKNk2AjTXY6HTCO2BSGC9CSTN5l2n3JrGqQDeGjJas2kkuYgTWYalbqhYCVYr6b6dPa8HMvaJknLkaOtWiEn3lHXs_VZ2LFrdmUfW2MKn.JVOolWeFe7A"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=913515fb3dbcff91';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=Riaz%20Ahmed&__cf_chl_rt_tk=okGzU9OwdLhduUJWCctQVjVQxEhFoFRxNuhV1rJkAP0-1739788056-1.0.1.1-C7SiC_lzuFuBtrwVDIHGSsNTcxOoq1bkugPQ9.KT5CA" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>