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href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%AC%EB%AA%A8%EC%95%84_%EC%9C%84%EA%B8%B0" title="사모아 위기 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="사모아 위기" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krisis_Samoa" title="Krisis Samoa – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Krisis Samoa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crise_de_Samoa" title="Crise de Samoa – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Crise de Samoa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru 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class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">13.8333°S 171.8333°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-13.8333; -171.8333</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Standoff between the United States and the German Empire from 1887 to 1889 over the Samoan Islands</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Samoan crisis</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Samoan_Civil_War" title="Samoan Civil War">Samoan Civil War</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Samoan_crisis_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Samoan_crisis_map.jpg/300px-Samoan_crisis_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Samoan_crisis_map.jpg/450px-Samoan_crisis_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Samoan_crisis_map.jpg/600px-Samoan_crisis_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="486" /></a></span><br />The sketch features the locations of the wrecked German and American ships.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>1887–1889</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Apia_Harbour" class="mw-redirect" title="Apia Harbour">Apia Harbour</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Both squadrons wrecked</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281877%E2%80%931890%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281877%E2%80%931890%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281877%E2%80%931890%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281877%E2%80%931890%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281877%E2%80%931890%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281877%E2%80%931890%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire"><img alt="German Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Naval_jack_of_the_United_States_(1877%E2%80%931890).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Naval_jack_of_the_United_States_%281877%E2%80%931890%29.svg/23px-Naval_jack_of_the_United_States_%281877%E2%80%931890%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Naval_jack_of_the_United_States_%281877%E2%80%931890%29.svg/35px-Naval_jack_of_the_United_States_%281877%E2%80%931890%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Naval_jack_of_the_United_States_%281877%E2%80%931890%29.svg/46px-Naval_jack_of_the_United_States_%281877%E2%80%931890%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="152" data-file-height="108" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Kimberly" title="Lewis Kimberly">Lewis Kimberly</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire"><img alt="German Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/War_Ensign_of_Germany_%281903%E2%80%931919%29.svg/23px-War_Ensign_of_Germany_%281903%E2%80%931919%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/War_Ensign_of_Germany_%281903%E2%80%931919%29.svg/35px-War_Ensign_of_Germany_%281903%E2%80%931919%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/War_Ensign_of_Germany_%281903%E2%80%931919%29.svg/46px-War_Ensign_of_Germany_%281903%E2%80%931919%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> Fritze</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 1 <a href="/wiki/Screw_sloop" title="Screw sloop">sloop-of-war</a><br />1 <a href="/wiki/Steamboat" title="Steamboat">steamer</a><br />1 <a href="/wiki/Gunboat" title="Gunboat">gunboat</a> 200 marines</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 3 gunboats 150 marines</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 62 killed<br />1 sloop-of-war sunk<br />1 steamer sunk<br />1 gunboat grounded</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> ~73 killed<br />1 gunboat sunk<br />2 gunboats grounded</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><i>The British in the <a href="/wiki/Cruiser" title="Cruiser">cruiser</a> HMS Calliope participated as mediators, and the ship sustained fair damage.</i></li> <li><i>Several merchant ships were also wrecked during the cyclone.</i></li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table><p>The <b>Samoan crisis</b> was a standoff between the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> from 1887 to 1889 over control of the <a href="/wiki/Samoan_Islands" title="Samoan Islands">Samoan Islands</a> during the <a href="/wiki/First_Samoan_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Samoan Civil War">First Samoan Civil War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samoan_crisis&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1878, the United States acquired a <a href="/wiki/Fuelling_station" title="Fuelling station">fuelling station</a> at the harbor at <a href="/wiki/Pago_Pago" class="mw-redirect" title="Pago Pago">Pago Pago</a>, on the island of <a href="/wiki/Tutuila" title="Tutuila">Tutuila</a>, in exchange for providing guarantees of protection to Samoa. The German Empire on the other hand desired concessions at the harbor at <a href="/wiki/Apia" title="Apia">Apia</a>, on the island of <a href="/wiki/Upolu" title="Upolu">Upolu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Incident">Incident</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samoan_crisis&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Incident"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The incident involved three <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">U.S. Navy</a> warships (the <a href="/wiki/Sloop-of-war" title="Sloop-of-war">sloop-of-war</a> <a href="/wiki/USS_Vandalia_(1876)" title="USS Vandalia (1876)">USS <i>Vandalia</i></a>, the <a href="/wiki/Screw_steamer" title="Screw steamer">screw steamer</a> <a href="/wiki/USS_Trenton_(1876)" title="USS Trenton (1876)">USS <i>Trenton</i></a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Gunboat" title="Gunboat">gunboat</a> <a href="/wiki/USS_Nipsic" title="USS Nipsic">USS <i>Nipsic</i></a>) and three German warships (the gunboats <a href="/wiki/SMS_Adler" title="SMS Adler">SMS <i>Adler</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/SMS_Eber_(1887)" title="SMS Eber (1887)">SMS <i>Eber</i></a> and the <a href="/wiki/Corvette" title="Corvette">corvette</a> <a href="/wiki/SMS_Olga" title="SMS Olga">SMS <i>Olga</i></a>), which kept each other at bay over several months in <a href="/wiki/Apia" title="Apia">Apia</a> Harbour, which was monitored by the British corvette <a href="/wiki/HMS_Calliope_(1884)" title="HMS Calliope (1884)">HMS <i>Calliope</i></a>. </p><p>The standoff ended when the <a href="/wiki/1889_Apia_cyclone" title="1889 Apia cyclone">1889 Apia cyclone</a>, on 15 and 16 March, wrecked all six warships in the harbour. <i>Calliope</i> escaped the harbour and thus survived the storm. <a href="/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson" title="Robert Louis Stevenson">Robert Louis Stevenson</a> did not witness the storm and its aftermath at Apia but after his December 1889 arrival to Samoa, he wrote about the event.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Second_Samoan_Civil_War" title="Second Samoan Civil War">Second Samoan Civil War</a>, involving Germany, the United States, and Britain, eventually resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Convention_(1899)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tripartite Convention (1899)">Tripartite Convention of 1899</a>, which partitioned the Samoan Islands into <a href="/wiki/American_Samoa" title="American Samoa">American Samoa</a> and <a href="/wiki/German_Samoa" title="German Samoa">German Samoa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samoan_crisis&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Walter_LaFeber" title="Walter LaFeber">Walter LaFeber</a> said that the incident made some 'reticent Americans' realise the <a href="/wiki/Power_(international_relations)" title="Power (international relations)">power</a> implications of expansion in the South Pacific.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samoan_crisis&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Hurricane_at_Samoa_on_the_morning_of_March_16_LCCN2002699802.tif" class="mw-file-description" title="An eyewitness drawing taken from a sketch by an officer on the Calliope."><img alt="An eyewitness drawing taken from a sketch by an officer on the Calliope." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/The_Hurricane_at_Samoa_on_the_morning_of_March_16_LCCN2002699802.tif/lossy-page1-120px-The_Hurricane_at_Samoa_on_the_morning_of_March_16_LCCN2002699802.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/The_Hurricane_at_Samoa_on_the_morning_of_March_16_LCCN2002699802.tif/lossy-page1-180px-The_Hurricane_at_Samoa_on_the_morning_of_March_16_LCCN2002699802.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/The_Hurricane_at_Samoa_on_the_morning_of_March_16_LCCN2002699802.tif/lossy-page1-240px-The_Hurricane_at_Samoa_on_the_morning_of_March_16_LCCN2002699802.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1183" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">An eyewitness drawing taken from a sketch by an officer on the <i>Calliope</i>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SMS_Adler_1889_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="SMS Adler, knocked over on the beach, 1889."><img alt="SMS Adler, knocked over on the beach, 1889." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/SMS_Adler_1889_1.jpg/120px-SMS_Adler_1889_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/SMS_Adler_1889_1.jpg/180px-SMS_Adler_1889_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/SMS_Adler_1889_1.jpg/240px-SMS_Adler_1889_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="566" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">SMS <i>Adler</i>, knocked over on the beach, 1889.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SMS_Adler_1889_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="SMS Adler, view of her deck, 1889."><img alt="SMS Adler, view of her deck, 1889." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/SMS_Adler_1889_2.jpg/120px-SMS_Adler_1889_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/SMS_Adler_1889_2.jpg/180px-SMS_Adler_1889_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/SMS_Adler_1889_2.jpg/240px-SMS_Adler_1889_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="561" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">SMS <i>Adler</i>, view of her deck, 1889.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SMS_Adler_1889_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The wreck of SMS Adler, circa 1938"><img alt="The wreck of SMS Adler, circa 1938" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/SMS_Adler_1889_3.jpg/120px-SMS_Adler_1889_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/SMS_Adler_1889_3.jpg/180px-SMS_Adler_1889_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/SMS_Adler_1889_3.jpg/240px-SMS_Adler_1889_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="446" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The wreck of SMS <i>Adler</i>, circa 1938</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:USS_Nipsic_wreck_1889.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The wreck of USS Nipsic′"><img alt="The wreck of USS Nipsic′" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/USS_Nipsic_wreck_1889.jpg/120px-USS_Nipsic_wreck_1889.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/USS_Nipsic_wreck_1889.jpg/180px-USS_Nipsic_wreck_1889.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/USS_Nipsic_wreck_1889.jpg/240px-USS_Nipsic_wreck_1889.jpg 2x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="561" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The wreck of USS <i>Nipsic</i>′</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SMS_Eber_1889_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wrecked ships in Apia Harbour. German gunboat SMS Eber is on the beach, the stern of USS Trenton is at the right, and the sunken USS Vandalia is alongside. SMS Adler is on her side in the center distance."><img alt="Wrecked ships in Apia Harbour. German gunboat SMS Eber is on the beach, the stern of USS Trenton is at the right, and the sunken USS Vandalia is alongside. SMS Adler is on her side in the center distance." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/SMS_Eber_1889_1.jpg/120px-SMS_Eber_1889_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/SMS_Eber_1889_1.jpg/180px-SMS_Eber_1889_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/SMS_Eber_1889_1.jpg/240px-SMS_Eber_1889_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="561" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Wrecked ships in Apia Harbour. German gunboat SMS <i>Eber</i> is on the beach, the stern of USS <i>Trenton</i> is at the right, and the sunken USS <i>Vandalia</i> is alongside. SMS <i>Adler</i> is on her side in the center distance.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Samoan_Crisis_wrecks_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wrecked vessels at Apia Harbour, Upolu, Samoa, during salvage efforts soon after the storm. The view looks about northward, with USS Trenton and the sunken USS Vandalia to the left and the beached German corvette Olga at right. The wreckage just off Trenton's stern may be from the German gunboat Eber, which was destroyed when she struck the harbor reef during the hurricane."><img alt="Wrecked vessels at Apia Harbour, Upolu, Samoa, during salvage efforts soon after the storm. The view looks about northward, with USS Trenton and the sunken USS Vandalia to the left and the beached German corvette Olga at right. The wreckage just off Trenton's stern may be from the German gunboat Eber, which was destroyed when she struck the harbor reef during the hurricane." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Samoan_Crisis_wrecks_2.jpg/120px-Samoan_Crisis_wrecks_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Samoan_Crisis_wrecks_2.jpg/180px-Samoan_Crisis_wrecks_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Samoan_Crisis_wrecks_2.jpg/240px-Samoan_Crisis_wrecks_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="441" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Wrecked vessels at Apia Harbour, Upolu, Samoa, during salvage efforts soon after the storm. The view looks about northward, with USS <i>Trenton</i> and the sunken USS <i>Vandalia</i> to the left and the beached German corvette Olga at right. The wreckage just off Trenton's stern may be from the German gunboat <i>Eber</i>, which was destroyed when she struck the harbor reef during the hurricane.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:USS_Vandalia_and_USS_Trenton.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A view of the sunken USS Vandalia from the deck of USS Trenton."><img alt="A view of the sunken USS Vandalia from the deck of USS Trenton." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/USS_Vandalia_and_USS_Trenton.jpg/120px-USS_Vandalia_and_USS_Trenton.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/USS_Vandalia_and_USS_Trenton.jpg/180px-USS_Vandalia_and_USS_Trenton.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/USS_Vandalia_and_USS_Trenton.jpg/240px-USS_Vandalia_and_USS_Trenton.jpg 2x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="576" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A view of the sunken USS <i>Vandalia</i> from the deck of USS <i>Trenton</i>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Samoan_crisis_7.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Another angle of the wrecked warships."><img alt="Another angle of the wrecked warships." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Samoan_crisis_7.jpg/120px-Samoan_crisis_7.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Samoan_crisis_7.jpg/180px-Samoan_crisis_7.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Samoan_crisis_7.jpg/240px-Samoan_crisis_7.jpg 2x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="541" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Another angle of the wrecked warships.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Samoan_Crisis_wrecks.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wrecked warships off Apia"><img alt="Wrecked warships off Apia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Samoan_Crisis_wrecks.jpg/120px-Samoan_Crisis_wrecks.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Samoan_Crisis_wrecks.jpg/180px-Samoan_Crisis_wrecks.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Samoan_Crisis_wrecks.jpg/240px-Samoan_Crisis_wrecks.jpg 2x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="546" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Wrecked warships off Apia</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Samoan_crisis_Apia_beach.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Apia and the beach covered in driftwood and debris from the wrecked warships."><img alt="Apia and the beach covered in driftwood and debris from the wrecked warships." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Samoan_crisis_Apia_beach.jpg/120px-Samoan_crisis_Apia_beach.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Samoan_crisis_Apia_beach.jpg/180px-Samoan_crisis_Apia_beach.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Samoan_crisis_Apia_beach.jpg/240px-Samoan_crisis_Apia_beach.jpg 2x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="561" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Apia and the beach covered in driftwood and debris from the wrecked warships.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Samoan_crisis_salvaged_guns.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Salvaged guns from the wrecked American ships at Apia"><img alt="Salvaged guns from the wrecked American ships at Apia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Samoan_crisis_salvaged_guns.jpg/120px-Samoan_crisis_salvaged_guns.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Samoan_crisis_salvaged_guns.jpg/180px-Samoan_crisis_salvaged_guns.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Samoan_crisis_salvaged_guns.jpg/240px-Samoan_crisis_salvaged_guns.jpg 2x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="601" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Salvaged guns from the wrecked American ships at Apia</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Samoan_crisis_memorial_tablet_6.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A memorial at Mare Island Naval Yard for the Americans who were killed in the cyclone."><img alt="A memorial at Mare Island Naval Yard for the Americans who were killed in the cyclone." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Samoan_crisis_memorial_tablet_6.jpg/89px-Samoan_crisis_memorial_tablet_6.jpg" decoding="async" width="89" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Samoan_crisis_memorial_tablet_6.jpg/133px-Samoan_crisis_memorial_tablet_6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Samoan_crisis_memorial_tablet_6.jpg/177px-Samoan_crisis_memorial_tablet_6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="544" data-file-height="736" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A memorial at Mare Island Naval Yard for the Americans who were killed in the cyclone.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Illustrated_London_News.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Illustrated London News for 27 April 1889; artist's conception of HMS Calliope being cheered on by the crew of USS Trenton as Calliope escapes from Apia Harbour. Calliope actually passed to the port of Trenton."><img alt="Illustrated London News for 27 April 1889; artist's conception of HMS Calliope being cheered on by the crew of USS Trenton as Calliope escapes from Apia Harbour. Calliope actually passed to the port of Trenton." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Illustrated_London_News.jpg/87px-Illustrated_London_News.jpg" decoding="async" width="87" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Illustrated_London_News.jpg/130px-Illustrated_London_News.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Illustrated_London_News.jpg/173px-Illustrated_London_News.jpg 2x" data-file-width="383" data-file-height="530" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Illustrated_London_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Illustrated London News">Illustrated London News</a></i> for 27 April 1889; artist's conception of HMS <i>Calliope</i> being cheered on by the crew of USS <i>Trenton</i> as <i>Calliope</i> escapes from Apia Harbour. <i>Calliope</i> actually passed to the port of <i>Trenton</i>.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samoan_crisis&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samoan_Civil_War" title="Samoan Civil War">Samoan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Samoan_Civil_War" title="Second Samoan Civil War">Second Samoan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Apia" title="Siege of Apia">Siege of Apia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Samoa" title="German Samoa">German Samoa</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samoan_crisis&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSpencer_Tucker2009" class="citation book cs1">Spencer Tucker (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8V3vZxOmHssC&pg=PA569"><i>The Encyclopedia of the Spanish-American and Philippine-American Wars: A Political, Social, and Military History</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. pp. 569–70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781851099511" title="Special:BookSources/9781851099511"><bdi>9781851099511</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+the+Spanish-American+and+Philippine-American+Wars%3A+A+Political%2C+Social%2C+and+Military+History&rft.pages=569-70&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781851099511&rft.au=Spencer+Tucker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8V3vZxOmHssC%26pg%3DPA569&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamoan+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChambers2004" class="citation book cs1">Chambers, John Whiteclay (2004). "Samoan Incident". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195071986.001.0001/acref-9780195071986-e-0809"><i>The Oxford Companion to American Military History</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199891061" title="Special:BookSources/9780199891061"><bdi>9780199891061</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Samoan+Incident&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+American+Military+History&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780199891061&rft.aulast=Chambers&rft.aufirst=John+Whiteclay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780195071986.001.0001%2Facref-9780195071986-e-0809&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamoan+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStevenson,_Robert_Louis1892" class="citation book cs1">Stevenson, Robert Louis (1892). <i><a href="/wiki/A_Footnote_to_History:_Eight_Years_of_Trouble_in_Samoa" title="A Footnote to History: Eight Years of Trouble in Samoa">A Footnote to History: Eight Years of Trouble in Samoa</a></i>. BiblioBazaar. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4264-0754-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-4264-0754-8"><bdi>1-4264-0754-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Footnote+to+History%3A+Eight+Years+of+Trouble+in+Samoa&rft.pub=BiblioBazaar&rft.date=1892&rft.isbn=1-4264-0754-8&rft.au=Stevenson%2C+Robert+Louis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamoan+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ryden, George Herbert. <i>The Foreign Policy of the United States in Relation to Samoa</i>. New York: Octagon Books, 1975. (Reprint by special arrangement with Yale University Press. Originally published at New Haven: Yale University Press, 1928), p. 574; the Tripartite Convention (United States, Germany, Great Britain) was signed at Washington on 2 December 1899 with ratifications exchanged on 16 February 1900</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaFeber1963" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Walter_LaFeber" title="Walter LaFeber">LaFeber, Walter</a> (1963). "The Strategic Formulation". <i>The New Empire: An Interpretation of American Expansion 1860-1898</i>. Ithaca, New York: <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University_Press" title="Cornell University Press">Cornell University Press</a>. pp. 122–123.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Strategic+Formulation&rft.btitle=The+New+Empire%3A+An+Interpretation+of+American+Expansion+1860-1898&rft.place=Ithaca%2C+New+York&rft.pages=122-123&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=LaFeber&rft.aufirst=Walter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamoan+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samoan_crisis&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Andre Trudeau, Noah. "'An Appalling Calamity'--In the teeth of the Great Samoan Typhoon of 1889, a standoff between the German and US navies suddenly didn't matter." <i>Naval History Magazine</i> 25.2 (2011): 54-59.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConroy2002" class="citation journal cs1">Conroy, Robert (2002). "Only luck kept the United States from being occupied by Kaiser Wilhelm II's army between 1899 and 1904". <i>Military History</i>. <b>18</b> (August).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Military+History&rft.atitle=Only+luck+kept+the+United+States+from+being+occupied+by+Kaiser+Wilhelm+II%27s+army+between+1899+and+1904&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=August&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Conroy&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamoan+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGray1960" class="citation book cs1">Gray, J. A. C. (1960). <i>Amerika Samoa: A History of American Samoa and Its United States Naval Administration</i>. Annapolis: U. S. Naval Institute. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-405-13038-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-405-13038-4"><bdi>0-405-13038-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Amerika+Samoa%3A+A+History+of+American+Samoa+and+Its+United+States+Naval+Administration&rft.place=Annapolis&rft.pub=U.+S.+Naval+Institute&rft.date=1960&rft.isbn=0-405-13038-4&rft.aulast=Gray&rft.aufirst=J.+A.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamoan+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/events/ev-1880s/ev-1889/sam-hur.htm">"Hurricane at Apia, Samoa, 15–16 March 1889"</a>. <i>Events of the 1880s</i>. Naval Historical Center. 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Events+of+the+1880s&rft.atitle=Hurricane+at+Apia%2C+Samoa%2C+15%E2%80%9316+March+1889&rft.date=2002&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.navy.mil%2Fphotos%2Fevents%2Fev-1880s%2Fev-1889%2Fsam-hur.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamoan+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKimberly" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Kimberly" title="Lewis Kimberly">Kimberly, L. A.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.navy.mil/library/online/samoan.htm">"Samoan Hurricane"</a>. <i>Events of the 1880s</i>. Naval Historical Center<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Events+of+the+1880s&rft.atitle=Samoan+Hurricane&rft.aulast=Kimberly&rft.aufirst=L.+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.navy.mil%2Flibrary%2Fonline%2Fsamoan.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamoan+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLind1974" class="citation web cs1">Lind, L. J. (30 December 1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.navyhistory.org.au/the-epic-of-hms-calliope/">"The Epic of HMS Calliope"</a>. Naval Historical Society of Australia<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Epic+of+HMS+Calliope&rft.pub=Naval+Historical+Society+of+Australia&rft.date=1974-12-30&rft.aulast=Lind&rft.aufirst=L.+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.navyhistory.org.au%2Fthe-epic-of-hms-calliope%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamoan+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRousmaniere2002" class="citation book cs1">Rousmaniere, John (2002). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/afterstormtruest00rous_0/page/87"><i>After the Storm: True Stories of Disaster and Recovery at Sea</i></a></span>. Camden, MN: International Marine/McGraw-Hill. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/afterstormtruest00rous_0/page/87">87–106</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-07-137795-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-07-137795-6"><bdi>0-07-137795-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=After+the+Storm%3A+True+Stories+of+Disaster+and+Recovery+at+Sea&rft.place=Camden%2C+MN&rft.pages=87-106&rft.pub=International+Marine%2FMcGraw-Hill&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-07-137795-6&rft.aulast=Rousmaniere&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fafterstormtruest00rous_0%2Fpage%2F87&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamoan+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSisung2002" class="citation journal cs1">Sisung, Kelle S. (2002). "The Benjamin Harrison Administration". <i>Presidential Administration Profiles for Students</i>. Detroit: Gale Group.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Presidential+Administration+Profiles+for+Students&rft.atitle=The+Benjamin+Harrison+Administration&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Sisung&rft.aufirst=Kelle+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamoan+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson1996" class="citation journal cs1">Wilson, Graham (May–July 1996). "Glory for the Squadron: HMS Calliope in the Great Hurricane at Samoa 1889". <i>Journal of the Australian Naval Institute</i>. <b>22</b> (2): 51–54.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Australian+Naval+Institute&rft.atitle=Glory+for+the+Squadron%3A+HMS+Calliope+in+the+Great+Hurricane+at+Samoa+1889&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=51-54&rft.date=1996-05%2F1996-07&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Graham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamoan+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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href="/wiki/African_theatre_of_World_War_I#West_Africa" title="African theatre of World War I">West Africa Campaign (1914–16)</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_I)" title="East African campaign (World War I)">East African Campaign (1914–18)</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Asian_and_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="Asian and Pacific theatre of World War I">Pacific Campaign (1914–19)</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Samoa_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Samoa_topics" title="Template:Samoa topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Samoa_topics" title="Template talk:Samoa topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Samoa_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Samoa topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Samoa_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Samoa" title="History of Samoa">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_Samoa" title="Archaeology of Samoa">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoan_Civil_War" title="Samoan Civil War">First Civil War</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1889_Apia_cyclone" title="1889 Apia cyclone">1889 Apia cyclone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Samoan_Civil_War" title="Second Samoan Civil War">Second Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Samoa" title="List of colonial governors of Samoa">Colonial governors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Convention" title="Tripartite Convention">Tripartite Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Samoa" title="German Samoa">German Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_German_Samoa" title="Occupation of German Samoa">New Zealand occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Base_Upolu" title="Naval Base Upolu">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Western_Samoa" title="Territory of Western Samoa">Trust Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mau_movement" title="Mau movement">Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Samoa_earthquake_and_tsunami" title="2009 Samoa earthquake and tsunami">2009 earthquake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Samoan_constitutional_crisis" title="2021 Samoan constitutional crisis">2021 constitutional crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Samoa" title="Flag of Samoa"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Samoa.svg/100px-Flag_of_Samoa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Samoa.svg/150px-Flag_of_Samoa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Samoa.svg/200px-Flag_of_Samoa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Samoa" title="Geography of Samoa">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bays_in_Samoa" title="List of bays in Samoa">Bays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities,_towns_and_villages_in_Samoa" title="List of cities, towns and villages in Samoa">Cities, towns and villages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Samoa" title="Districts of Samoa">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Samoa" title="List of earthquakes in Samoa">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fauna_of_Samoa" title="Category:Fauna of Samoa">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Samoan_plant_common_names" title="List of Samoan plant common names">Samoan plant names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoa_hotspot" title="Samoa hotspot">Hotspot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_Samoa" title="List of protected areas of Samoa">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Samoa" title="List of rivers of Samoa">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoan_Islands" title="Samoan Islands">Samoan Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silisili" title="Silisili">Silisili (mountain)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Samoa" title="Politics of Samoa">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Samoa" title="Cabinet of Samoa">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Samoa" title="Constitution of Samoa">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Samoa" title="Elections in Samoa">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fa%CA%BBamatai" title="Faʻamatai"><i>Faʻamatai</i> (chiefly system)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Samoa" title="Foreign relations of Samoa">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoa_Police_Service" title="Samoa Police Service">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Samoa" title="Military of Samoa">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_ministries_of_Samoa" title="Government ministries of Samoa">Ministries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O_le_Ao_o_le_Malo" title="O le Ao o le Malo"><i>O le Ao o le Malo</i> (head of state)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Samoa" title="Legislative Assembly of Samoa">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Samoa" title="List of political parties in Samoa">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Samoa" title="Prime Minister of Samoa">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Samoa" title="Deputy Prime Minister of Samoa">Deputy Prime Minister</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Samoa" title="Economy of Samoa">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samoan_t%C4%81l%C4%81" title="Samoan tālā">Tālā (currency)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Samoan_pound" title="Western Samoan pound">Western Samoan pound</a> (historic)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Samoa" title="Telecommunications in Samoa">Telecommunications</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/.ws" title=".ws">.ws</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Samoa" title="Transport in Samoa">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Samoa" title="Category:Society of Samoa">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Banner_of_Freedom" title="The Banner of Freedom">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Samoa" title="Architecture of Samoa">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Samoa" title="Cinema of Samoa">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Samoa" title="Coat of arms of Samoa">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoan_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Samoan culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Samoan_dances" title="Category:Samoan dances">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Samoa" title="Demographics of Samoa">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoans" title="Samoans">Ethnicity</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fa%CA%BBa_S%C4%81moa" title="Faʻa Sāmoa">Faʻa Sāmoa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Samoa" title="Flag of Samoa">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoan_language" title="Samoan language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoan_literature" title="Samoan literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Samoa" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Samoa">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Samoa" title="Music of Samoa">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoan_proverbs" title="Samoan proverbs">Proverbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Samoa" title="Public holidays in Samoa">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Samoa" title="Religion in Samoa">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Samoa" title="Sport in Samoa">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BBAva_ceremony" title="ʻAva ceremony">ʻAva ceremony</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Samoa" title="Outline of Samoa">Outline</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Samoa" title="Category:Samoa">Category</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Samoan_crisis&params=13.8333_S_171.8333_W_source:wikidata"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">13°50′00″S</span> <span class="longitude">171°50′00″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">13.8333°S 171.8333°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-13.8333; -171.8333</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Samoan_crisis&oldid=1244634086">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Samoan_crisis&oldid=1244634086</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a 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the 19th century</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th-century_military_history_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:19th-century military history of the United Kingdom">19th-century military history of the United Kingdom</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Shipwrecks_of_Samoa" title="Category:Shipwrecks of Samoa">Shipwrecks of Samoa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1880s_in_Samoa" title="Category:1880s in Samoa">1880s in Samoa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1880s_in_Oceania" title="Category:1880s in Oceania">1880s in Oceania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Germany%E2%80%93Samoa_relations" title="Category:Germany–Samoa relations">Germany–Samoa relations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Samoa%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Category:Samoa–United Kingdom relations">Samoa–United Kingdom relations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Samoa%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Category:Samoa–United States relations">Samoa–United States relations</a></li><li><a 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