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<span>Chronology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chronology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Structure</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Structure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Structure subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Poetic_style" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poetic_style"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Poetic style</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poetic_style-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Contents</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Contents-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Contents subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Contents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_primal_cause_is_within_each_individual,_a_power_innate_–_First_Adhyāya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_primal_cause_is_within_each_individual,_a_power_innate_–_First_Adhyāya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>The primal cause is within each individual, a power innate – First Adhyāya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_primal_cause_is_within_each_individual,_a_power_innate_–_First_Adhyāya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-God,_non-God,_the_Eternal_is_within_self_–_First_Adhyāya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#God,_non-God,_the_Eternal_is_within_self_–_First_Adhyāya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>God, non-God, the Eternal is within self – First Adhyāya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-God,_non-God,_the_Eternal_is_within_self_–_First_Adhyāya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Self_knowledge,_self_discipline_and_Atman_as_the_final_goal_of_Upanishad_–_First_Adhyāya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Self_knowledge,_self_discipline_and_Atman_as_the_final_goal_of_Upanishad_–_First_Adhyāya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Self knowledge, self discipline and Atman as the final goal of Upanishad – First Adhyāya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Self_knowledge,_self_discipline_and_Atman_as_the_final_goal_of_Upanishad_–_First_Adhyāya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yoga_as_means_for_self_knowledge,_self_discipline_–_Second_Adhyāya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yoga_as_means_for_self_knowledge,_self_discipline_–_Second_Adhyāya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Yoga as means for self knowledge, self discipline – Second Adhyāya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yoga_as_means_for_self_knowledge,_self_discipline_–_Second_Adhyāya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Atman_as_personal_God_(Isha_or_Rudra)_–_Third_Adhyāya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Atman_as_personal_God_(Isha_or_Rudra)_–_Third_Adhyāya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Atman as personal God (Isha or Rudra) – Third Adhyāya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Atman_as_personal_God_(Isha_or_Rudra)_–_Third_Adhyāya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brahman_as_the_individual_and_the_highest_Self_–_Fourth_Adhyāya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brahman_as_the_individual_and_the_highest_Self_–_Fourth_Adhyāya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Brahman as the individual and the highest Self – Fourth Adhyāya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brahman_as_the_individual_and_the_highest_Self_–_Fourth_Adhyāya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rudra_and_Shiva_–_Fourth_Adhyāya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rudra_and_Shiva_–_Fourth_Adhyāya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Rudra and Shiva – Fourth Adhyāya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rudra_and_Shiva_–_Fourth_Adhyāya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brahman_is_everywhere,_knowledge_liberates_–_Fifth_Adhyāya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brahman_is_everywhere,_knowledge_liberates_–_Fifth_Adhyāya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>Brahman is everywhere, knowledge liberates – Fifth Adhyāya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brahman_is_everywhere,_knowledge_liberates_–_Fifth_Adhyāya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-One_Deva_(God),_the_self_within_all_beings_–_Sixth_Adhyāya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#One_Deva_(God),_the_self_within_all_beings_–_Sixth_Adhyāya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9</span> <span>One Deva (God), the self within all beings – Sixth Adhyāya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-One_Deva_(God),_the_self_within_all_beings_–_Sixth_Adhyāya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-End_of_misery_and_sorrow,_the_joyful_Deva,_seeking_His_refuge_for_freedom_–_Sixth_Adhyāya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#End_of_misery_and_sorrow,_the_joyful_Deva,_seeking_His_refuge_for_freedom_–_Sixth_Adhyāya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.10</span> <span>End of misery and sorrow, the joyful Deva, seeking His refuge for freedom – Sixth Adhyāya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-End_of_misery_and_sorrow,_the_joyful_Deva,_seeking_His_refuge_for_freedom_–_Sixth_Adhyāya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Reception</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reception-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Reception subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Reception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Epilogue's_loving_devotion_to_God_debate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epilogue's_loving_devotion_to_God_debate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Epilogue's loving devotion to God debate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Epilogue's_loving_devotion_to_God_debate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Samkhya_versus_Vedanta_interpretations_debate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Samkhya_versus_Vedanta_interpretations_debate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Samkhya versus Vedanta interpretations debate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Samkhya_versus_Vedanta_interpretations_debate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Monotheistic,_pantheistic_or_monist_text_debate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monotheistic,_pantheistic_or_monist_text_debate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Monotheistic, pantheistic or monist text debate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monotheistic,_pantheistic_or_monist_text_debate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Shvetashvatara Upanishad</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 17 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-17" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">17 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D" title="শ্বেতাশ্বেতরোপনিষদ্ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="শ্বেতাশ্বেতরোপনিষদ্" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shvetashvatara_Upanishad" title="Shvetashvatara Upanishad – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Shvetashvatara Upanishad" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Avet%C4%81%C5%9Bvatara-upani%E1%B9%A3ad" title="Śvetāśvatara-upaniṣad – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Śvetāśvatara-upaniṣad" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%87" title="اوپانیشاد شوتاشوتره – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اوپانیشاد شوتاشوتره" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shvetashvatara_Upanishad" title="Shvetashvatara Upanishad – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Shvetashvatara Upanishad" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6" title="श्वेताश्वतरोपनिषद – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="श्वेताश्वतरोपनिषद" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Avet%C4%81%C5%9Bvatara_Upani%E1%B9%A3ad" title="Śvetāśvatara Upaniṣad – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Śvetāśvatara Upaniṣad" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B7%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D" title="ಶ್ವೇತಾಶ್ವತರೋಪನಿಷತ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಶ್ವೇತಾಶ್ವತರೋಪನಿಷತ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0veta%C5%A1vatara_Upani%C5%A1ada" title="Švetašvatara Upanišada – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Švetašvatara Upanišada" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0_(%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D)" title="श्वेताश्वतर (उपनिषद्) – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="श्वेताश्वतर (उपनिषद्)" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A7%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A1%E3%82%BF%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A6%E3%83%91%E3%83%8B%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A3%E3%83%83%E3%83%89" title="シュヴェーターシュヴァタラ・ウパニシャッド – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="シュヴェーターシュヴァタラ・ウパニシャッド" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shvetasvatara_upanishad" title="Shvetasvatara upanishad – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Shvetasvatara upanishad" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0-%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Шветашватара-упанишада – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Шветашватара-упанишада" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D" title="श्वेताश्वतरोपनिषत् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="श्वेताश्वतरोपनिषत्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a 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Hinduism</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.5em;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_texts" title="Category:Hindu texts">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Hindu scriptures and texts</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/100px-Om_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/150px-Om_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/200px-Om_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above hlist" style="border:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aruti" title="Śruti">Shruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Smṛti">Smriti</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_texts" title="List of Hindu texts">List</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Samaveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a></li></ul> <p><span style="position: relative; top: 0.5em;"><b>Divisions</b></span> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samhita" title="Samhita">Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana">Brahmana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aranyaka" title="Aranyaka">Aranyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"><b>Rig vedic</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aitareya_Upanishad" title="Aitareya Upanishad">Aitareya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaushitaki_Upanishad" title="Kaushitaki Upanishad">Kaushitaki</a></li></ul> <p><span style="position: relative; top: 0.5em;"><b>Sama vedic</b></span> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chandogya_Upanishad" title="Chandogya Upanishad">Chandogya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kena_Upanishad" title="Kena Upanishad">Kena</a></li></ul> <p><span style="position: relative; top: 0.5em;"><b>Yajur vedic</b></span> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad">Brihadaranyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isha_Upanishad" title="Isha Upanishad">Isha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taittiriya_Upanishad" title="Taittiriya Upanishad">Taittiriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katha_Upanishad" title="Katha Upanishad">Katha</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Shvetashvatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitrayaniya_Upanishad" title="Maitrayaniya Upanishad">Maitri</a></li></ul> <p><span style="position: relative; top: 0.5em;"><b>Atharva vedic</b></span> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mundaka_Upanishad" title="Mundaka Upanishad">Mundaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandukya_Upanishad" title="Mandukya Upanishad">Mandukya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prashna_Upanishad" title="Prashna Upanishad">Prashna</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)">Other scriptures</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80gama_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Āgama (Hinduism)">Agamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantras_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tantras (Hinduism)">Tantras</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:transparent;"> Related Hindu texts</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Vedanga" title="Vedanga">Vedangas</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shiksha" title="Shiksha">Shiksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_prosody" title="Sanskrit prosody">Chandas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a" title="Vyākaraṇa">Vyakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirukta" title="Nirukta">Nirukta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(Vedanga)" title="Kalpa (Vedanga)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Jyotisha">Jyotisha</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"><b>Brahma puranas</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Purana" title="Brahma Purana">Brahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmanda_Purana" title="Brahmanda Purana">Brahmānda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Vaivarta_Purana" title="Brahma Vaivarta Purana">Brahmavaivarta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markandeya_Purana" title="Markandeya Purana">Markandeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavishya_Purana" title="Bhavishya Purana">Bhavishya</a></li></ul> <p><span style="position: relative; top: 0.5em;"><b>Vaishnava puranas</b></span> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Purana" title="Vishnu Purana">Vishnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naradiya_Purana" title="Naradiya Purana">Naradiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garuda_Purana" title="Garuda Purana">Garuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padma_Purana" title="Padma Purana">Padma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vamana_Purana" title="Vamana Purana">Vamana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varaha_Purana" title="Varaha Purana">Varaha Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurma_Purana" title="Kurma Purana">Kurma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsya_Purana" title="Matsya Purana">Matsya</a></li></ul> <p><span style="position: relative; top: 0.5em;"><b>Shaiva puranas</b></span> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Purana" title="Shiva Purana">Shiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linga_Purana" title="Linga Purana">Linga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skanda_Purana" title="Skanda Purana">Skanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vayu_Purana" title="Vayu Purana">Vayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agni_Purana" title="Agni Purana">Agni</a></li></ul> <p><span style="position: relative; top: 0.5em;"><b>Shakta puranas</b></span> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Devi_Bhagavata_Purana" title="Devi Bhagavata Purana">Devi Bhagavata</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Itihasa-Purana" title="Itihasa-Purana">Itihasa</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_the_Ramayana" class="mw-redirect" title="Historicity of the Ramayana">Historicity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_the_Mahabharata" class="mw-redirect" title="Historicity of the Mahabharata">Historicity</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sangam_literature" title="Sangam literature">Sangam literature</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Saiva Tirumurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naalayira_Divya_Prabandham" title="Naalayira Divya Prabandham">Divya Prabandham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirumuruk%C4%81%E1%B9%9F%E1%B9%9Fuppa%E1%B9%ADai" title="Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai">Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruppugazh" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiruppugazh">Thiruppugazh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirukku%E1%B9%9Fa%E1%B8%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirukkuṟaḷ">Tirukkuṟaḷ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramavataram" title="Ramavataram">Kamba Ramayanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Great_Epics" title="Five Great Epics">Five Great Epics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Greater_Texts" title="Eighteen Greater Texts">Eighteen Greater Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Lesser_Texts" title="Eighteen Lesser Texts">Eighteen Lesser Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aathichoodi" class="mw-redirect" title="Aathichoodi">Aathichoodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraiyanar_Akapporul" title="Iraiyanar Akapporul">Iraiyanar Akapporul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhirami_Anthadhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Abhirami Anthadhi">Abhirami Anthadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvilaiyadal_Puranam" title="Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam">Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayagar_Agaval" title="Vinayagar Agaval">Vinayagar Agaval</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Shastra" title="Shastra">Shastras</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">sutras</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharma%C5%9B%C4%81stra" title="Dharmaśāstra">Dharma Shastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Artha Shastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamasutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamasutra">Kamasutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sutras" title="Brahma Sutras">Brahma Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samkhyapravachana_Sutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Samkhyapravachana Sutra">Samkhya Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purva_Mimamsa_Sutras" title="Purva Mimamsa Sutras">Mimamsa Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ny%C4%81ya_S%C5%ABtras" title="Nyāya Sūtras">Nyāya Sūtras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vai%C5%9Be%E1%B9%A3ika_S%C5%ABtra" title="Vaiśeṣika Sūtra">Vaiśeṣika Sūtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramana" title="Pramana">Pramana Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charaka_Samhita" title="Charaka Samhita">Charaka Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sushruta_Samhita" title="Sushruta Samhita">Sushruta Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natya Shastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vastu_Shastra" class="mw-redirect" title="Vastu Shastra">Vastu Shastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchatantra" title="Panchatantra">Panchatantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divya_Prabandha" class="mw-redirect" title="Divya Prabandha">Divya Prabandha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramcharitmanas" title="Ramcharitmanas">Ramcharitmanas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Vasistha" title="Yoga Vasistha">Yoga Vasistha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Swarodaya" title="Shiva Swarodaya">Swara yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Samhita" title="Shiva Samhita">Shiva Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gheranda_Samhita" title="Gheranda Samhita">Gheranda Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchadasi" title="Panchadasi">Panchadasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedantasara_(of_Sadananda)" title="Vedantasara (of Sadananda)">Vedantasara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stotra" title="Stotra">Stotra</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div 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div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#FFC569;">Shvetashvatara</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shvetashvatara_Upanishad_verse_1.1,_Sanskrit,_Devanagari_script.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Shvetashvatara_Upanishad_verse_1.1%2C_Sanskrit%2C_Devanagari_script.jpg/250px-Shvetashvatara_Upanishad_verse_1.1%2C_Sanskrit%2C_Devanagari_script.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Shvetashvatara_Upanishad_verse_1.1%2C_Sanskrit%2C_Devanagari_script.jpg/375px-Shvetashvatara_Upanishad_verse_1.1%2C_Sanskrit%2C_Devanagari_script.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Shvetashvatara_Upanishad_verse_1.1%2C_Sanskrit%2C_Devanagari_script.jpg/500px-Shvetashvatara_Upanishad_verse_1.1%2C_Sanskrit%2C_Devanagari_script.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2404" data-file-height="1262" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><i>Shvetashvatara Upanishad</i> verse 1.1 (Sanskrit, Devanagari script)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a></th><td class="infobox-data">श्वेताश्वतर</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/IAST" class="mw-redirect" title="IAST">IAST</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Śvetāśvatara</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mukhya" class="mw-redirect" title="Mukhya">Mukhya Upanishad</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Linked <a href="/wiki/Veda" class="mw-redirect" title="Veda">Veda</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajurveda</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Commented by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Adi Shankara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madhvacharya" title="Madhvacharya">Madhvacharya</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <i><b>Shvetashvatara Upanishad</b></i> (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: <span lang="sa">श्वेताश्वतरोपनिषद्</span>, <a href="/wiki/IAST" class="mw-redirect" title="IAST">IAST</a>: <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Śvetāśvataropaniṣad</i></span></i>) is an ancient Sanskrit text embedded in the <a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajurveda</a>. It is listed as number 14 in the <a href="/wiki/Muktika" class="mw-redirect" title="Muktika">Muktika</a> canon of 108 <a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Upanishad contains 113 mantras or verses in six chapters.<sup id="cite_ref-humefull_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-humefull-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Upanishad is one of the 33 Upanishads from Taittiriyas, and associated with the <i>Shvetashvatara</i> tradition within <i>Karakas sakha</i> of the Yajurveda.<sup id="cite_ref-pauldeussenintro_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pauldeussenintro-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-maxmullerinto_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maxmullerinto-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a part of the "black" "krishna" Yajurveda, with the term "black" implying "the un-arranged, motley collection" of content in Yajurveda, in contrast to the "white" (well arranged) Yajurveda where <a href="/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad">Brihadaranyaka Upanishad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Isha_Upanishad" title="Isha Upanishad">Isha Upanishad</a> are embedded.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The chronology of Shvetashvatara Upanishad is contested, but it is generally accepted to be a late-period Upanishadic composition.<sup id="cite_ref-maxmullerinto_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maxmullerinto-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-stephenphillips_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stephenphillips-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The text includes a closing credit to sage <i>Shvetashvatara</i>, who is considered the author of the Upanishad. However, scholars believe that while sections of the text shows an individual stamp by its style, verses and other sections were interpolated and expanded over time; the Upanishad as it exists now is the work of more than one author.<sup id="cite_ref-pauldeussenintro_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pauldeussenintro-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Shvetashvatara Upanishad opens with metaphysical questions about the primal cause of all existence, its origin, its end, and what role, if any, time, nature, necessity, chance, and the spirit had as the primal cause.<sup id="cite_ref-pauldeussen11_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pauldeussen11-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It then develops its answer, concluding that "the Universal Selfs exists in every individual, it expresses itself in every creature, everything in the world is a projection of it, and that there is Oneness, a unity of Selfs in one and only Self".<sup id="cite_ref-maxmullerinto_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maxmullerinto-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The text is notable for its discussion of the concept of personal god – <a href="/wiki/Ishvara" title="Ishvara">Ishvara</a>, and suggesting it to be a path to one's own Highest Self.<sup id="cite_ref-pauldeussenintro_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pauldeussenintro-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-maxmullerinto_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maxmullerinto-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The text is also notable for its multiple mentions of both <a href="/wiki/Rudra" title="Rudra">Rudra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a>, along with other Vedic deities, and of crystallization of Shiva as a central theme.<sup id="cite_ref-pauldeussenintro_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pauldeussenintro-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Shvetashvatara Upanishad is commented by many of its ancient and medieval scholars.<sup id="cite_ref-maxmullerinto_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maxmullerinto-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a foundational text of the philosophy of <a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as the <a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> schools of Hinduism.<sup id="cite_ref-pauldeussenintro_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pauldeussenintro-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some 19th century scholars initially suggested that Shvetashvatara Upanishad is sectarian or possibly influenced by Christianity, hypotheses that were disputed, later discarded by scholars.<sup id="cite_ref-maxmullerinto_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maxmullerinto-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shvetashvatara_Upanishad&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cremello5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Cremello5.jpg/109px-Cremello5.jpg" decoding="async" width="109" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Cremello5.jpg/163px-Cremello5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Cremello5.jpg/217px-Cremello5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="355" data-file-height="405" /></a><figcaption>Shvetashvatara means "carried on a white horse"</figcaption></figure> <p>The name "Shvetashvatara" has the compound Sanskrit root <i>Shvetashva</i> (श्वेताश्व, Shvet + ashva), which literally means "white horse" and "drawn by white steeds".<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Shvetashvatara</i> is a <a href="/wiki/Bahuvrihi" title="Bahuvrihi">bahuvrihi</a> compound of (<i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Śvetaśva + tara</i></span></i>), where <i>tara</i> means "crossing", "carrying beyond".<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word <i>Shvetashvatara</i> translates to "the one carrying beyond on white horse" or simply "white mule that carries".<sup id="cite_ref-pauldeussenintro_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pauldeussenintro-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-maxmullerinto_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maxmullerinto-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The text is sometimes spelled as Svetasvatara Upanishad. It is also known as Shvetashvataropanishad or Svetasvataropanishad, and as Shvetashvataranam Mantropanishad.<sup id="cite_ref-maxmullerinto_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maxmullerinto-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In ancient and medieval literature, the text is frequently referred to in the plural, that is as <i>Svetasvataropanishadah</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-maxmullerinto_4-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maxmullerinto-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some metric poetic verses, such as <i>Vakaspatyam</i> simply refer to the text as <i>Shvetashva</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chronology">Chronology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shvetashvatara_Upanishad&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Chronology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The chronology of Shvetashvatara Upanishad, like other Upanishads, is uncertain and contested.<sup id="cite_ref-stephenphillips_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stephenphillips-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The chronology is difficult to resolve because all opinions rest on scanty evidence, an analysis of archaism, style and repetitions across texts, driven by assumptions about likely evolution of ideas, and on presumptions about which philosophy might have influenced which other Indian philosophies.<sup id="cite_ref-stephenphillips_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stephenphillips-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-olivelleintro_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-olivelleintro-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ranade<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> places Shvetashvatara Upanishad's chronological composition in the fourth group of ancient Upanishads, after Katha and Mundaka Upanishads. Deussen states that Shvetashvatara Upanishad refers to and incorporates phrases from the Katha Upanishad, and chronologically followed it.<sup id="cite_ref-pauldeussenintro_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pauldeussenintro-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Olivelle" title="Patrick Olivelle">Patrick Olivelle</a>, it was composed after the Brihadaranyaka, Chandogya, Kena and Katha, probably in the last few centuries BCE,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivelle1996xxxvii_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivelle1996xxxvii-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> showing <a href="/wiki/Hindu_synthesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu synthesis">non-Vedic influences</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivelle1996xxxvii_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivelle1996xxxvii-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-chakravarti_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chakravarti-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Flood as well as Gorski state that the Svetasvatara Upanishad was probably composed in the 5th to 4th century BCE,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> contemporary with the Buddha. Paul Muller-Ortega dates the text between 6th to 5th century BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Phillips chronologically lists Shvetashvatara Upanishad after Mandukya Upanishad, but before and about the time the Maitri Upanishad, the first Buddhist Pali and Jaina canonical texts were composed.<sup id="cite_ref-stephenphillips_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stephenphillips-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Winternitz,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> suggests that Svetasvatara Upanishad was probably a pre-Buddhistic composition along with Katha, Isha, Mundaka and Prasna Upanishad, but after the first phase of ancient Upanishads that were composed in prose such as Brihadaranyaka, Chandogya, Taittiriya, Aitareya, Kaushitaki and Kena. Winternitz states that Isha was likely composed before post-Buddhist Upanishads such as Maitri and Mandukya. </p><p>Some sections of the Shvetashvatara Upanishad are found, almost in its entirety, in chronologically more ancient Sanskrit texts,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as attempts to support it's doctrines "with Vedic-proof texts."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivelle1996252_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivelle1996252-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, verses 2.1 through 2.3 are also found in chapter 4.1.1 of Taittiriya <a href="/wiki/Samhita" title="Samhita">Samhita</a> as well as in chapter 6.3.1 of <a href="/wiki/Shatapatha_Brahmana" title="Shatapatha Brahmana">Shatapatha Brahmana</a>, while verses 2.4 and 2.5 are also found as hymns in chapters 5.81 and 10.13 of <a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rig Veda</a> respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, many verses in chapters 3 through 6 are also found, in nearly identical form in the Samhitas of Rig Veda, Atharva Veda and Yajur Veda.<sup id="cite_ref-humefull_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-humefull-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shvetashvatara_Upanishad&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The text has six <i>Adhyaya</i> (chapters), each with varying number of verses.<sup id="cite_ref-humefull_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-humefull-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first chapter includes 16 verses, the second has 17, the third chapter contains 21 verses, the fourth is composed of 22, the fifth has 14, while the sixth chapter has 23 verses. The last three verses of the sixth chapter are considered as epilogue. Thus, the Upanishad has 110 main verses and 3 epilogue verses.<sup id="cite_ref-pauldeussenfull_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pauldeussenfull-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The epilogue verse 6.21 is a homage to sage Shvetashvatara for proclaiming Brahman-knowledge to <a href="/wiki/Sannyasa" title="Sannyasa">ascetics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-humefull_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-humefull-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This closing credit is structurally notable because of its rarity in ancient Indian texts, as well as for its implication that the four-stage <a href="/wiki/Ashrama_(stage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashrama (stage)">Ashrama</a> system of Hinduism, with ascetic <i>Sannyasa</i>, was an established tradition by the time verse 6.21 of Shvetashvatara Upanishad was composed.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poetic_style">Poetic style</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shvetashvatara_Upanishad&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Poetic style"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Shvetashvatara Upanishad has a poetic style and structure.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, unlike other ancient poetic Upanishads, the meter structure of the Shvetashvatara Upanishad varies significantly, is arbitrary and inconsistent within many verses in later chapters, some such as verse 2.17 lack a definite poetic meter entirely,<sup id="cite_ref-Paul_Deussen_page_311_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paul_Deussen_page_311-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> suggesting that the text congealed from the work of several authors over a period of time, or was interpolated and expanded over time.<sup id="cite_ref-pauldeussenintro_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pauldeussenintro-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first chapter is the consistent one, with characteristics that makes it likely to be the work of one author, probably sage Shvetashvatara.<sup id="cite_ref-pauldeussenintro_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pauldeussenintro-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contents">Contents</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shvetashvatara_Upanishad&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Contents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Shvetashvatara Upanishad opens with the metaphysical questions about <a href="/wiki/Unmoved_mover#First_cause" title="Unmoved mover">first causes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-humefull_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-humefull-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scholars have differed somewhat in their translations, with Max Muller translating the questions thus, </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"> <div class="poem"> <p>The Brahma-students say: Is Brahman the cause? Whence are we born?<br /> Whereby do we live, and whither do we go?<br /> O ye who know Brahman, tell us at whose command we abide, whether in pain or in pleasure.<br /> <br /> Should time, or nature, or necessity, or chance,<br /> or the elements be considered as the cause, or he who is called the <a href="/wiki/Purusha" title="Purusha">Purusha</a>?<br /> It cannot be their union either, because that is not self-dependent,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the self also is powerless,<br /> because there is, independent of him, a cause of good and evil. </p> </div> <div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Shvetashvatara Upanishad 1.1-1.2, Translated by <a href="/wiki/Max_Muller" class="mw-redirect" title="Max Muller">Max Muller</a><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Paul Deussen translates the opening metaphysical questions of the Upanishad thus, </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> <div class="poem"> <p>The teachers of Brahman say: What is the primal cause? What is Brahman?<br /> Wherefrom have we been born? By what do we subsist? and on what are we founded?<br /> By whom regulated, do we have our being, ye wise men? in the changing conditions of joy and sorrow?<br /> <br /> Are Time, Nature, Necessity, Chance, Basic matter, the Spirit, the primal cause?<br /> Can the union of these be thought of as the primal cause?<br /> It is not that, however, because the Self exists.<br /> Still the Self also is not powerful enough to create joy and sorrow! </p> </div> <div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Shvetashvatara Upanishad 1.1-1.2, Translated by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Deussen" title="Paul Deussen">Paul Deussen</a><sup id="cite_ref-pauldeussen11_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pauldeussen11-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_primal_cause_is_within_each_individual,_a_power_innate_–_First_Adhyāya"><span id="The_primal_cause_is_within_each_individual.2C_a_power_innate_.E2.80.93_First_Adhy.C4.81ya"></span>The primal cause is within each individual, a power innate – First Adhyāya</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shvetashvatara_Upanishad&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: The primal cause is within each individual, a power innate – First Adhyāya"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Upanishad asserts, in verse 1.3, there are individuals who by meditation and yoga have realized their innate power of Self, powers that were veiled by their own <a href="/wiki/Gu%E1%B9%87a" title="Guṇa">gunas</a> (innate personality, psychological attributes).<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, it is this "power of the Divine Self" (<i>Deva Atman Shakti</i>, देवात्मशक्तिं) within each individual that presides over all the primal causes, including time and self.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="God,_non-God,_the_Eternal_is_within_self_–_First_Adhyāya"><span id="God.2C_non-God.2C_the_Eternal_is_within_self_.E2.80.93_First_Adhy.C4.81ya"></span>God, non-God, the Eternal is within self – First Adhyāya</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shvetashvatara_Upanishad&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: God, non-God, the Eternal is within self – First Adhyāya"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Verses 1.4 through 1.12 of the Upanishad use Samkhya-style enumeration to state the subject of meditation, for those who seek the knowledge of Self. These verses use a poetic simile for a human being, with the unawakened individual Self described as a resting swan.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The verse 1.5, for example, states, "we meditate on the river whose water consists of five streams, which is wild and winding with its five springs, whose waves are the five vital breaths, whose fountainhead is the mind, of course of the five kinds of perceptions.<sup id="cite_ref-hume17_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hume17-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has five whirlpools, its rapids are the five pains, it has fifty<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> kinds of sufferings, and five branches." <a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Adi Shankara</a> and other scholars have explained, using more ancient Indian texts, what each of these numbers correspond to. For example, the five streams are five receptive organs of a human body,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the five waves are the five active organs of a human body,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and five rapids are the major health-related life stages.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The subject of meditation, states Shvetashvatara Upanishad, is the knower and the non-knower, the God and non-God, both of which are eternal.<sup id="cite_ref-pauldeussen18_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pauldeussen18-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The text distinguishes the highest Self from the individual Self,<sup id="cite_ref-hume17_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hume17-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> calling the former Isha and Ishvara, and asserting it is this Highest Brahman which is Eternal and where there is the triad - the <i>bhoktri</i> (subject), the <i>bhogya</i> (object), and the <i>preritri</i> (mover).<sup id="cite_ref-maxmuller17_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maxmuller17-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With meditation, when a being fully realizes and possesses this triad within self, he knows Brahman.<sup id="cite_ref-pauldeussen18_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pauldeussen18-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-maxmuller17_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maxmuller17-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In verse 1.10, the text states the world is composed of the <i>Pradhana</i> which is perishable, and <i>Hara</i><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the God that is the imperishable.<sup id="cite_ref-hume17_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hume17-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By meditating on <i>Hara</i> and thus becoming one with God <i>Hara</i>, is the path to <a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">moksha</a> (liberation). From meditating on it, states verse 1.11, man journeys unto the third state of existence, first that of blissful universal lordship, then further on to "perfect freedom, the divine alone-ness, the <i>kevalatvam</i> where the individual self is one with the divine self."<sup id="cite_ref-hume17_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hume17-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-maxmuller17_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maxmuller17-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Self_knowledge,_self_discipline_and_Atman_as_the_final_goal_of_Upanishad_–_First_Adhyāya"><span id="Self_knowledge.2C_self_discipline_and_Atman_as_the_final_goal_of_Upanishad_.E2.80.93_First_Adhy.C4.81ya"></span>Self knowledge, self discipline and Atman as the final goal of Upanishad – First Adhyāya</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shvetashvatara_Upanishad&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Self knowledge, self discipline and Atman as the final goal of Upanishad – First Adhyāya"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Shvetashvatara Upanishad, in verses 1.13 to 1.16, states that to know God, look within, know your Atman (Self).<sup id="cite_ref-hume17_30-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hume17-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It suggests meditating with the help of syllable Om, where one's perishable body is like one fuel-stick and the syllable Om is the second fuel-stick, which with discipline and diligent churning of the sticks unleashes the concealed fire of thought and awareness within. Such knowledge and ethics is, asserts the Upanishad, the goal of Upanishad.<sup id="cite_ref-pauldeussen116_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pauldeussen116-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> <div class="poem"> <p>तिलेषु तैलं दधिनीव सर्पिरापः स्तस्वरणीषु चाग्निः ।<br /> एवमात्माऽत्मनि गृह्यतेऽसौ सत्येनैनं तपसा योऽनुपश्यति ॥ १५ ॥<br /> सर्वव्यापिनमात्मानं क्षीरे सर्पिरिवार्पितम् ।<br /> आत्मविद्यातपोमूलं तद्ब्रह्मोपनिषत्परं तद्ब्रह्मॊपनिषत्परमिति ॥ १६ ॥<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> <br /> As oil in sesame seeds, as butter in milk, as water in <i>Srota</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as fire in fuel-sticks,<br /> he finds in his own self that One (Atman), he, who sees him through <a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a> (truthfulness) and <a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Sanskrit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tapas (Sanskrit)">Tapas</a> (austerity). (15)<br /> He sees the all prevading Atman, as butter lying dormant in milk,<br /> rooted in self-knowledge and self-discipline – which is the final goal of the Upanishad, the final goal of Upanishad. (16) </p> </div> <div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Shvetashvatara Upanishad 1.15-1.16<sup id="cite_ref-pauldeussen116_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pauldeussen116-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yoga_as_means_for_self_knowledge,_self_discipline_–_Second_Adhyāya"><span id="Yoga_as_means_for_self_knowledge.2C_self_discipline_.E2.80.93_Second_Adhy.C4.81ya"></span>Yoga as means for self knowledge, self discipline – Second Adhyāya</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shvetashvatara_Upanishad&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Yoga as means for self knowledge, self discipline – Second Adhyāya"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Meditate_Tapasya_Dhyana.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Meditate_Tapasya_Dhyana.jpg/240px-Meditate_Tapasya_Dhyana.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Meditate_Tapasya_Dhyana.jpg/360px-Meditate_Tapasya_Dhyana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Meditate_Tapasya_Dhyana.jpg/480px-Meditate_Tapasya_Dhyana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="3744" /></a><figcaption>Yoga meditation under shady trees and silent surroundings is recommended in Shvetashvatara Upanishad.</figcaption></figure> <p>The second <i>Adhyaya</i> of Shvetashvatara Upanishad is a motley collection of themes. It begins with prayer hymns to God Savitr, as the rising sun, the spiritual illuminator and the deity of inspiration and self-discipline.<sup id="cite_ref-hume21_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hume21-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-maxmuller21_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maxmuller21-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thereafter, the Upanishad discusses <a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a> as a means for self-knowledge. </p><p>The verses 2.8 and 2.9 describes yoga as state of body and mind, wherein the body is in threefold<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> erect posture, and mind along with all senses are withdrawn into an introspective point within (the heart).<sup id="cite_ref-hume21_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hume21-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-maxmuller21_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maxmuller21-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this state of yoga, the individual then breathes gently slowly through the nose, states the Upanishad, with any physical motions subdued or the body is still, the mind calm and undistracted.<sup id="cite_ref-maxmuller21_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maxmuller21-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such is the state where the self-reflective meditation starts. The text recommends a place to perform such yoga exercise as follows, </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> <div class="poem"> <p>In a clean level spot, free from pebbles, fire and gravel,<br /> Delightful by its sounds, its water and bowers,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> Favorable to thought, not offensive to the eye,<br /> In a hidden retreat protected from the wind,<br /> One should practise Yoga. </p> </div> <div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Shvetashvatara Upanishad 2.10<sup id="cite_ref-hume21_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hume21-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-maxmuller21_43-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maxmuller21-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>The Upanishad, in verse 2.13, describes the first benefits of Yoga to be agility, better health, clear face, sweetness of voice, sweet odor, regular body functions, steadiness,<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and feeling of lightness in one's personality.<sup id="cite_ref-hume21_42-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hume21-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yoga then leads to the knowledge of the essence of the Self, the nature of the Self.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Atman_as_personal_God_(Isha_or_Rudra)_–_Third_Adhyāya"><span id="Atman_as_personal_God_.28Isha_or_Rudra.29_.E2.80.93_Third_Adhy.C4.81ya"></span>Atman as personal God (Isha or Rudra) – Third Adhyāya</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shvetashvatara_Upanishad&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Atman as personal God (Isha or Rudra) – Third Adhyāya"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Verses 3.1 through 3.6 of the Shvetashvatara Upanishad describe the "Atman, Self" as the personal God, as the one and only Lord, that resides within, the origin of all gods, calling it the <i>Isha</i> or <i>Rudra</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Paul_Deussen_page_311_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paul_Deussen_page_311-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-maxmuller31_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maxmuller31-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This innermost Self, is stated as under the sway of <a href="/wiki/Maya_(illusion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maya (illusion)">Māyā</a> or empirical <i>Prakrti</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-maxmuller31_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maxmuller31-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This theme of <i>Eka Deva</i> (one God) – eternal, all prevading and forging the world with his heat – in Svetasvatara Upanishad, is common in more ancient Sanskrit texts such as Rig Veda's hymns 10.72.2 and 10.81.3,<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Taittiriya Samhita 4.6.2.4, Taittiriya Aranyaka 10.1.3, White Yajur Veda's Vajasaneyi Samhita 17.19,<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Atharva Veda 13.2.26 and others.<sup id="cite_ref-maxmuller31_50-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maxmuller31-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hume31_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hume31-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Similarly, the verses 3.5 and 3.6 are also found in the more ancient Vajasaneyi Samhita as verses 16.2 and 16.3, in Taittiriya Samhita 4.5.1.1, as well as in chapter 8.5 of the chronologically much later Nilarudra Upanishad.<sup id="cite_ref-hume31_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hume31-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These verses symbolically ask <i>Rudra</i> to be graceful and "not hurt any man or any beast".<sup id="cite_ref-maxmuller31_50-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maxmuller31-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hume31_53-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hume31-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The verses 3.7 through 3.21 of the Upanishad describes Brahman as the highest, the subtlest and the greatest, concealed in all beings, one that encompasses all of the universe, formless, without sorrow, changeless, all prevading, kind (<i>Shiva</i>), one who applies the power of knowledge, the Purusha, one with the whole world as it is, one with the whole world as it has been, one with the whole world as it will be.<sup id="cite_ref-hume31_53-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hume31-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pauldeussen37_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pauldeussen37-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the Atman, the Self of all.<sup id="cite_ref-pauldeussen37_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pauldeussen37-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brahman_as_the_individual_and_the_highest_Self_–_Fourth_Adhyāya"><span id="Brahman_as_the_individual_and_the_highest_Self_.E2.80.93_Fourth_Adhy.C4.81ya"></span>Brahman as the individual and the highest Self – Fourth Adhyāya</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shvetashvatara_Upanishad&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Brahman as the individual and the highest Self – Fourth Adhyāya"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Shvetashvatara Upanishad, in verses 4.1 through 4.8 states that everything is Brahman, in everything is <i>Deva</i> (God), it is the individual Self and the highest Self.<sup id="cite_ref-pauldeussen41_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pauldeussen41-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As in other chapters of the Upanishad, several of these verses are also found in more ancient texts; for example, verse 4.3 of the Shvetashvatara Upanishad is identical to hymn 10.8.27 of Atharva Veda. The verses are notable for their grammar, where through numerous poetic phrases, the gender of the highest Self (God), is meticulously and metrically stated as neuter gender, as against the occasional masculine gender that is found in some ancient texts.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Upanishad states that Brahman is in all Vedic deities, in all women, in all men, in all boys, in all girls, in every old man tottering on a stick, in every bee and bird, in all seasons and all seas.<sup id="cite_ref-hume41_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hume41-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Out of the highest Self, comes the hymns, the Vedic teachings, the past and the future, asserts the Shvetashvatara Upanishad.<sup id="cite_ref-pauldeussen41_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pauldeussen41-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The fourth chapter of the Shvetashvatara Upanishad contains the famous metaphorical verse 4.5, that was oft-cited and debated by the scholars of dualistic <a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a>, monist <a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> and theistic <a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> schools of Hinduism in ancient and medieval era, for example in Vedanta Sutra's section 1.4.8.<sup id="cite_ref-george_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-george-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-maxmuller45_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maxmuller45-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The metaphor-filled verse is as follows, </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> <div class="poem"> <p>There is one unborn being (feminine), red, white and black,<br /> but producing many creatures like herself,<br /> There is one unborn being (masculine) who loves her and stays with her,<br /> there is another unborn being (masculine) who leaves her after loving her. </p> </div> <div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Shvetashvatara Upanishad 4.5<sup id="cite_ref-hume41_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hume41-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-maxmuller45_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maxmuller45-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>The metaphor of three colors has been interpreted as the three <a href="/wiki/Gu%E1%B9%87a" title="Guṇa">Gunas</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with red symbolizing harmonious purity (Sattva), white as confused passion (Rajas), and black as destructive darkness (Tamas).<sup id="cite_ref-maxmuller45_61-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maxmuller45-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An alternative interpretation of the three colors is based on an equivalent phrase in chapter 6.2 of Chandogya Upanishad, where the three colors are interpreted to be "fire, water and food".<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The unborn being with feminine gender is symbolically the <i>Prakrti</i> (nature, matter), while the two masculine beings are Cosmic Self and the Individual Self, the former experiencing delight and staying with <i>Prakrti</i> always, the latter leaves after experiencing the delight of <i>Prakrti</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-hume41_59-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hume41-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All three are stated in the verse to be "unborn", implying that all three are eternal. The Samkhya school of Hinduism cites this verse for Vedic support of their dualistic doctrine.<sup id="cite_ref-maxmuller45_61-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maxmuller45-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Vedanta school, in contrast, cites the same verse but points to the context of the chapter which has already declared that everything, including the feminine (Prakrti) and masculine (Purusha), the individual Self and the cosmic Self, is nothing but Oneness and of a single Brahman.<sup id="cite_ref-george_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-george-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The verses 4.9 and 4.10 of Shvetashvatara Upanishad state the <a href="/wiki/Maya_(illusion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maya (illusion)">Māyā doctrine</a> found in many schools of Hinduism. The text asserts that the <i>Prakrti</i> (empirical nature) is <i>Māyā</i>, that the individual Self is caught up by this <i>Māyā</i> (magic, art, creative power),<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that the cosmic Self is the <i>Māyin</i> (magician).<sup id="cite_ref-hume41_59-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hume41-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These verses are notable because these verses are one of the oldest known explicit statement of the Māyā doctrine.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The verse 4.10 is also significant because it uses the term <i>Maheswaram</i> (Sanskrit: महेश्वरम्), literally the highest Lord (later epithet for Shiva), for the one who is "Māyā-maker".<sup id="cite_ref-hume41_59-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hume41-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is scholarly disagreement on what the term <i>Māyā</i> means in Upanishads, particularly verse 4.10 of the Shvetashvatara Upanishad; Dominic Goodall, for example, states that the term generally meant "supernatural power", not "illusion, magic", in the Upanishads, and <i>Māyā</i> contextually means "primal matter" in verse 4.10 of Shvetashvatara.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rudra_and_Shiva_–_Fourth_Adhyāya"><span id="Rudra_and_Shiva_.E2.80.93_Fourth_Adhy.C4.81ya"></span>Rudra and Shiva – Fourth Adhyāya</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shvetashvatara_Upanishad&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Rudra and Shiva – Fourth Adhyāya"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Shaivism" title="Category:Shaivism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background-color: #FFC569; padding:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SaivismFlag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/SaivismFlag.svg/150px-SaivismFlag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/SaivismFlag.svg/225px-SaivismFlag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/SaivismFlag.svg/300px-SaivismFlag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="495" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:#FFC569 1px solid; border-bottom:#FFC569 1px solid;;color: var(--color-base)">Deities</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Parameshvara_(epithet)" title="Parameshvara (epithet)">Parameshvara</a></b><br /><i>(Supreme being)</i> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sadasiva" title="Sadasiva">Sadasiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhairava" title="Bhairava">Bhairava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudra" title="Rudra">Rudra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virabhadra" title="Virabhadra">Virabhadra</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Hindu_goddess)" title="Sati (Hindu goddess)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali">Kali</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Kartikeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchavimshatimurti" title="Panchavimshatimurti">Forms of Shiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_deities" title="List of Hindu deities">Others</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:#FFC569 1px solid; border-bottom:#FFC569 1px solid;;color: var(--color-base)">Scriptures and texts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agama_(Hinduism)" title="Agama (Hinduism)">Agama</a>-<a href="/wiki/Tantras_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tantras (Hinduism)">Tantras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Sutras_of_Vasugupta" title="Shiva Sutras of Vasugupta">Shivasutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vachana_sahitya" title="Vachana sahitya">Vachanas</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Svetasvatara</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:#FFC569 1px solid; border-bottom:#FFC569 1px solid;;color: var(--color-base)">Philosophy</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <dl><dd>Three Components</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pashupati" title="Pashupati">Pati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">Pashu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81%C5%9Ba" title="Pāśa">Pasam</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Three bondages</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anava" title="Anava">Anava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(religion)" title="Maya (religion)">Maya</a> <br /></li></ul> <dl><dd>other aspects</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tattva_(Shaivism)" title="Tattva (Shaivism)">36 Tattvas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satkaryavada" title="Satkaryavada">Satkaryavada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhasavada" title="Abhasavada">Abhasavada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svatantrya" title="Svatantrya">Svatantrya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aham_(Kashmir_Shaivism)" title="Aham (Kashmir Shaivism)">Aham</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:#FFC569 1px solid; border-bottom:#FFC569 1px solid;;color: var(--color-base)">Practices</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vibhuti" title="Vibhuti">Vibhuti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudraksha" title="Rudraksha">Rudraksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om_Namah_Shivaya" title="Om Namah Shivaya">Panchakshara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegle_marmelos#Religious_significance" title="Aegle marmelos">Bilva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Shivaratri" title="Maha Shivaratri">Maha Shivaratri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamas" title="Yamas">Yamas</a>-<a href="/wiki/Niyama" title="Niyama">Niyamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru" title="Guru">Guru</a>-<a href="/wiki/Lingam" title="Lingam">Linga</a>-<a href="/wiki/Jangam" title="Jangam">Jangam</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:#FFC569 1px solid; border-bottom:#FFC569 1px solid;;color: var(--color-base)">Schools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"><hr /> <dl><dd><b>Ati marga</b></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pashupata_Shaivism" title="Pashupata Shaivism">Pashupata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalamukha" title="Kalamukha">Kalamukha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapalika" title="Kapalika">Kapalika</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dd><b><a href="/wiki/Mantra_marga" title="Mantra marga">Mantra marga</a></b></dd></dl> <p><i>Saiddhantika</i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shaiva_Siddhanta" title="Shaiva Siddhanta">Siddhantism</a></li></ul> <p><i>Non - Saiddhantika</i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Shaivism" title="Kashmir Shaivism">Kashmir Shaivism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pratyabhijna" title="Pratyabhijna">Pratyabhijna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vamachara" title="Vamachara">Vama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dak%E1%B9%A3i%E1%B9%87%C4%81" title="Dakṣiṇā">Dakshina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaula_(Hinduism)" title="Kaula (Hinduism)">Kaula</a>: <a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Shaivism" title="Kashmir Shaivism">Trika</a>-<a href="/wiki/Rudrayamala" title="Rudrayamala">Yamala</a>-<a href="/wiki/Kubjika" title="Kubjika">Kubjika</a>-<a href="/wiki/Netra_Tantra" title="Netra Tantra">Netra</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dd><b>Others</b></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nath" class="mw-redirect" title="Nath">Nath</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inchegeri_Sampradaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Inchegeri Sampradaya">Inchegeri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veerashaiva" class="mw-redirect" title="Veerashaiva">Veerashaiva</a>/<a href="/wiki/Lingayatism" title="Lingayatism">Lingayatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddhar" title="Siddhar">Siddharism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arauta" title="Śrauta">Sroutaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aghori" title="Aghori">Aghori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Indonesia" title="Hinduism in Indonesia">Indonesian</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:#FFC569 1px solid; border-bottom:#FFC569 1px solid;;color: var(--color-base)">Scholars</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lakulisha" title="Lakulisha">Lakulisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhinavagupta" title="Abhinavagupta">Abhinavagupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasugupta" title="Vasugupta">Vasugupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utpaladeva" title="Utpaladeva">Utpaladeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nayanars" title="Nayanars">Nayanars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manikkavacakar" title="Manikkavacakar">Manikkavacakar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meykandar" title="Meykandar">Meykandar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dang_Hyang_Nirartha" title="Dang Hyang Nirartha">Nirartha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basava" title="Basava">Basava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharana_(Hinduism)" title="Sharana (Hinduism)">Sharana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Advaita" title="Shiva Advaita">Srikantha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appayya_Dikshita" title="Appayya Dikshita">Appayya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navnath" class="mw-redirect" title="Navnath">Navnath</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:#FFC569 1px solid; border-bottom:#FFC569 1px solid;;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nandi_(Hinduism)" title="Nandi (Hinduism)">Nandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotirlinga" title="Jyotirlinga">Jyotirlinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Shiva_temples" title="Template:Shiva temples">Shiva Temples</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background-color:#FFC569"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/16px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/23px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/31px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Hinduism portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Saivism" title="Template:Saivism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Saivism" title="Template talk:Saivism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Saivism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Saivism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Upanishad includes a motley addition of verses 4.11 through 4.22, wherein it repeats – with slight modifications – a flood of ancient Vedic Samhita <a href="/wiki/Benediction" title="Benediction">benedictions</a> and older Upanishadic hymns.<sup id="cite_ref-pauldeussen302_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pauldeussen302-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In these verses, the Brahman, discussed so far in earlier chapters of the Shvetashvatara Upanishad, is celebrated as <i>Isha</i>, <i>Ishana</i> (personal god) and <i>Rudra</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-pauldeussen302_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pauldeussen302-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The verses of the fourth chapter use an adjective repeatedly, namely <i>Shiva</i> (literally, kind, benign, blessed) as a designation for <i>Rudra</i> (a fierce, destructive, slaying Vedic deity).<sup id="cite_ref-chakravarti_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chakravarti-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This adjective developed into a noun, and the Shvetashvatara Upanishad witnesses the assimilation of the non-Aryan deity <i>Shiva</i>, a central God in later scriptures of Hinduism, into the Vrdic fold.<sup id="cite_ref-chakravarti_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chakravarti-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The abridged verses are, </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> <div class="poem"> <p>(...) । विश्वस्यैकं परिवेष्टितारं ज्ञात्वा <b>शिवं</b> शान्तिमत्यन्तमेति ॥ १४ ॥<br /> घृतात्परं मण्डमिवातिसूक्ष्मं ज्ञात्वा <b>शिवं</b> सर्वभूतेषु गूढम् । (...) ॥ १६ ॥<br /> <br /> (...), the one embracer of the universe, by knowing Him as "kind, benign" (<b>śivam</b>), one attains peace forever. (14)<br /> By knowing as "kind, benign" (<b>śivam</b>) Him, who is hidden in all things, like subtle cream inside fine butter, (...) </p> </div> <div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Shvetashvatara Upanishad 4.14, 4.16<sup id="cite_ref-hume41_59-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hume41-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>The benedictions in the fourth chapter of the Shvetashvatara Upanishad praise Rudra, as He who is the origin of gods and one from which gods arise, the one who is lord of all, the one on whom the world is founded, the one who envelops all of universe within Him, the one who creates everything, the one who is inside every living creature, the one with primal knowledge, the one who is eternal and immortal.<sup id="cite_ref-pauldeussen411_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pauldeussen411-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These benedictions are found, in essentially similar form but different context in more ancient Vedic texts, for example in Rig Veda 1.114.8, 3.62.10 and 10.121.3, Vajasaneyi Samhita 16.16 and 32.2, Brihadaranyaka Upanishad 4.3.32, and elsewhere.<sup id="cite_ref-hume41_59-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hume41-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pauldeussen411_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pauldeussen411-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The verses of the fourth <i>Adhyaya</i> of the Shvetashvatara Upanishad, with explicit references to Rudra and Shiva, and the text in general, became important to <a href="/wiki/Shaiva_Siddhanta" title="Shaiva Siddhanta">Shaiva Siddhanta</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and to <a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bhandarkar_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bhandarkar-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scholars<sup id="cite_ref-pauldeussen302_68-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pauldeussen302-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-chakravarti_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chakravarti-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> state that while <i>Rudra</i> is an oft mentioned Vedic deity, the adjective <i>Shiva</i> for him in the Shvetashvatara Upanishad was new, and simply meant "kind, graceful, blessed, blissful". The word "Shiva" is mentioned as an adjective seven times in the Upanishad, in verses 3.5, 4.14, 4.16, 4.18, 5.14, 6.11, 6.18.<sup id="cite_ref-pauldeussen302_68-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pauldeussen302-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is among the earliest mentions of <i>Shiva</i> in ancient Sanskrit literature, and possibly evidence that the name was crystallizing as the proper name of the highest God in Vedic times.<sup id="cite_ref-pauldeussen302_68-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pauldeussen302-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bhandarkar_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bhandarkar-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Shvetashvatara Upanishad has served the same historic role for Shaivism, as the Bhagavad Gita has served for <a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brahman_is_everywhere,_knowledge_liberates_–_Fifth_Adhyāya"><span id="Brahman_is_everywhere.2C_knowledge_liberates_.E2.80.93_Fifth_Adhy.C4.81ya"></span>Brahman is everywhere, knowledge liberates – Fifth Adhyāya</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shvetashvatara_Upanishad&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Brahman is everywhere, knowledge liberates – Fifth Adhyāya"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The fifth chapter of the Upanishad shifts back to using the word Brahman, instead of Rudra, and presents a threefold Brahman-Atman, all part of infinite highest Brahman, and contained in Oneness.<sup id="cite_ref-maxmuller51_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maxmuller51-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first theme is of "default state of ignorance" in human beings, the second is "realized state of knowledge", and third is of elevated eternal omnipresent Brahman that embraces both.<sup id="cite_ref-pauldeussen51_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pauldeussen51-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The text states that ignorance is perishable and temporary, while knowledge is immortal and permanent.<sup id="cite_ref-pauldeussen51_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pauldeussen51-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-goodall51_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-goodall51-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Knowledge is deliverance, knowledge liberates, asserts the Upanishad.<sup id="cite_ref-pauldeussen51_76-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pauldeussen51-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-goodall51_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-goodall51-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hume51_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hume51-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The fifth chapter is notable for the mention of word <i>Kapila</i> in verse 5.2. The interpretation of this verse has long been disputed as either referring to sage Kapila – the founder of atheistic/non-theistic <a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a> school of Hinduism, or simply referring to the color "red".<sup id="cite_ref-maxmullerinto_4-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maxmullerinto-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pauldeussen51_76-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pauldeussen51-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The fifth chapter is also notable for verse 5.10, regarding the genderlessness of the Brahman-Atman (Self), that is present in every being.<sup id="cite_ref-maxmuller51_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maxmuller51-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This view expressed in Shvetashvatara Upanishad is also found in Aitareya and Taittiriya Āraṇyakas.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> <div class="poem"> <p>नैव स्त्री न पुमानेष न चैवायं नपुंसकः ।<br /> यद्यच्छरीरमादत्ते तेने तेने स युज्यते ॥ १० ॥<br /> <br /> It is not woman, it is not man, nor is it neuter;<br /> whatever body it takes, with that it is joined. </p> </div> <div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Shvetashvatara Upanishad 5.10<sup id="cite_ref-maxmuller51_75-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maxmuller51-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hume51_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hume51-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="One_Deva_(God),_the_self_within_all_beings_–_Sixth_Adhyāya"><span id="One_Deva_.28God.29.2C_the_self_within_all_beings_.E2.80.93_Sixth_Adhy.C4.81ya"></span>One Deva (God), the self within all beings – Sixth Adhyāya</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shvetashvatara_Upanishad&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: One Deva (God), the self within all beings – Sixth Adhyāya"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The sixth chapter of the Shvetashvatara Upanishad opens by acknowledging the existence of two competing theories: of Nature as the primal cause, and Time as the primal cause. Verse 6.1 declares these two theories as "completely wrong".<sup id="cite_ref-pauldeussen61_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pauldeussen61-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is <i>Deva</i> (God, Brahman) that is the primal cause, asserts the text, and then proceeds to describe what God is and what is God's nature.<sup id="cite_ref-pauldeussen61_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pauldeussen61-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-maxmuller61_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maxmuller61-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hume61_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hume61-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is the knower, the creator of time, the quality of everything, the <i>Sarva-vidyah</i> (सर्वविद्यः, all knowledge), states Shvetashvatara Upanishad. This God, asserts the text, is one, and is in each human being and in all living creatures.<sup id="cite_ref-pauldeussen61_81-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pauldeussen61-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This God is the Self (Atman) veiled inside man, the inmost self inside all living beings, and that the primal cause is within oneself.<sup id="cite_ref-maxmuller61_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maxmuller61-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-goodall201_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-goodall201-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Upanishad, states it as follows (abridged), </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sunset_Beauty_(7270106236).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Sunset_Beauty_%287270106236%29.jpg/220px-Sunset_Beauty_%287270106236%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Sunset_Beauty_%287270106236%29.jpg/330px-Sunset_Beauty_%287270106236%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Sunset_Beauty_%287270106236%29.jpg/440px-Sunset_Beauty_%287270106236%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3367" data-file-height="2315" /></a><figcaption>Swan (Haṁsa, हंस) is the frequently used symbolic term for the Highest Self in Vedic literature, and is used in verses 6.15-6.16 of Shvetashvatara Upanishad to discuss <i>Moksha</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-maxmuller61_82-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maxmuller61-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> <div class="poem"> <p>Let us know that highest great lord of lords, the highest deity of deities, the master of masters,<br /> his high power is revealed as manifold, as inherent, acting as force and knowledge.<br /> There is no master of his in the world, no ruler of his, not even a sign of him,<br /> He is the cause, the lord of the lords of the organs, and there is of him neither parent nor lord.<br /> He is the one God, hidden in all beings, all-pervading, the self within all beings,<br /> watching over all works, dwelling in all beings, the witness, the perceiver, the only one, free from qualities.<br /> The wise who perceive Him dwelling within their self, to them belongs eternal happiness and serenity, not to others,<br /> He who knows this God as primal cause, through Sāṁkhya (reason, reflection)<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Yoga (self-discipline), achieves Mukti (freedom, <a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">moksha</a>). </p> </div> <div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Shvetashvatara Upanishad 6.7-6.13<sup id="cite_ref-pauldeussen61_81-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pauldeussen61-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-maxmuller61_82-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maxmuller61-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="End_of_misery_and_sorrow,_the_joyful_Deva,_seeking_His_refuge_for_freedom_–_Sixth_Adhyāya"><span id="End_of_misery_and_sorrow.2C_the_joyful_Deva.2C_seeking_His_refuge_for_freedom_.E2.80.93_Sixth_Adhy.C4.81ya"></span>End of misery and sorrow, the joyful Deva, seeking His refuge for freedom – Sixth Adhyāya</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shvetashvatara_Upanishad&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: End of misery and sorrow, the joyful Deva, seeking His refuge for freedom – Sixth Adhyāya"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Upanishad, in verses 6.14 through 6.20 discusses <i>Deva</i> (God), interchangeably with Brahman-Atman, and its importance in achieving <a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">moksha</a> (liberation, freedom). The text asserts that <i>Deva</i> is the light of everything, and He is the "one swan" of the universe.<sup id="cite_ref-hume61_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hume61-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is He who is self-made, the supreme spirit, the quality in everything, the consciousness of conscious, the master of primeval matter and of the spirit (individual Self), the cause of transmigration of the Self, and it is his knowledge that leads to deliverance and release from all sorrow, misery, bondage and fear.<sup id="cite_ref-maxmuller61_82-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maxmuller61-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-goodall201_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-goodall201-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is impossible to end sorrow, confusion and consequences of evil, without knowing this joyful, blissful <i>Deva</i>, asserts the sixth chapter of the Shvetashvatara Upanishad.<sup id="cite_ref-pauldeussen61_81-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pauldeussen61-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hume61_83-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hume61-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is to this <i>Deva</i> (divine Self)<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that, states the text, "I go, being desirous of liberation, for refuge and shelter".<sup id="cite_ref-hume61_83-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hume61-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shvetashvatara Upanishad does not extensively discuss the concept of bhakti (devotion), however, in verse 6.23, it does touch upon the importance of bhakti:<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Only in a man who has the deepest love for God, and who shows the same love towards his teacher as towards God, do these points declared by the Noble One [mahatma] shine forth</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Shvetashvatara Upanishad 6.23</cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception">Reception</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shvetashvatara_Upanishad&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Reception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ancient and medieval Indian scholars left many <i>Bhasya</i> (review, commentary) on Shvetashvatara Upanishad. These include those attributed to <a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Adi Shankara</a>, Vijnanatma, Shankarananda, and Narayana Tirtha.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, given the nature of open scholarship in Indian traditions, it is unclear if some of these commentaries are exclusive works of a single author, or are they partially or completely the work of another later scholar.<sup id="cite_ref-paulhacker_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paulhacker-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, the style, the inconsistencies, the citation method, the <a href="/wiki/Colophon_(publishing)" title="Colophon (publishing)">colophons</a> in the commentary on Shvetashvatara Upanishad as it survives in modern form, and attributed to Shankara, makes it doubtful that it was written in the surviving form by Shankara. Rather, most scholars<sup id="cite_ref-paulhacker_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paulhacker-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> consider it likely that the Shvetashvatara commentary attributed to Shankara was remodeled and interpolated by one or more later authors. </p><p>Chakravarti calls the Shvetashvatara Upanishad as the earliest textual exposition of a systematic philosophy of <a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Flood states that it elevated <a href="/wiki/Rudra" title="Rudra">Rudra</a> to the status of <i><a href="/wiki/%C4%AA%C5%9Ba" class="mw-redirect" title="Īśa">Īśa</a></i> ("Lord"), a god with cosmological functions such as those later attributed to <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Epilogue's_loving_devotion_to_God_debate"><span id="Epilogue.27s_loving_devotion_to_God_debate"></span>Epilogue's loving devotion to God debate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shvetashvatara_Upanishad&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Epilogue's loving devotion to God debate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The last of three epilogue verses of the Shvetashvatara Upanishad, 6.23, uses the word <a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a> as follows, </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> <div class="poem"> <p>यस्य देवे परा <b>भक्तिः</b> यथा देवे तथा गुरौ ।<br /> तस्यैते कथिता ह्यर्थाः प्रकाशन्ते महात्मनः ॥ २३ ॥<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> <br /> He who has highest <i><b>Bhakti</b></i> (love, devotion)<sup id="cite_ref-paulcarus_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paulcarus-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of <i>Deva</i> (God),<br /> just like his <i>Deva</i>, so for his <i>Guru</i> (teacher),<br /> To him who is high-minded,<br /> these teachings will be illuminating. </p> </div> <div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Shvetashvatara Upanishad 6.23<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>This verse is notable for the use of the word <i>Bhakti</i>, and has been widely cited as among the earliest mentions of "the love of God".<sup id="cite_ref-paulcarus_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paulcarus-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scholars<sup id="cite_ref-pauldeussenintro_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pauldeussenintro-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-maxmullerinto_4-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maxmullerinto-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have debated whether this phrase is authentic or later insertion into the Upanishad, and whether the terms "Bhakti" and "God" meant the same in this ancient text as they do in the modern era Bhakti traditions found in India. Max Muller states that the word <i>Bhakti</i> appears only in one last verse of the epilogue, could have been a later addition and may not be theistic as the word was later used in much later <i>Sandilya Sutras</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-maxmullerbhakti_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maxmullerbhakti-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Grierson as well as Carus note that the first epilogue verse 6.21 is also notable for its use of the word <i>Deva Prasada</i> (देवप्रसाद, grace or gift of God), but add that <i>Deva</i> in the epilogue of the Shvetashvatara Upanishad refers to "pantheistic Brahman" and the closing credit to sage Shvetashvatara in verse 6.21 can mean "gift or grace of his Self".<sup id="cite_ref-paulcarus_95-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paulcarus-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Samkhya_versus_Vedanta_interpretations_debate">Samkhya versus Vedanta interpretations debate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shvetashvatara_Upanishad&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Samkhya versus Vedanta interpretations debate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Scholars have long debated whether the Shvetashvatara Upanishad follows or opposed the theories of the <a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a> school of Hinduism.<sup id="cite_ref-maxmullersamkhya_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maxmullersamkhya-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Upanishad, as it develops its arguments, deploys many techniques of counting and enumeration found in Samkhya school, but such enumeration is not exclusive to Samkhya school and is also found in the Samhitas of the Vedas.<sup id="cite_ref-maxmullersamkhya_100-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maxmullersamkhya-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> <p>No doubt there are expressions in this [Shvetashvatara] Upanishad which remind us of technical terms used at a later time in the Samkhya system of philosophy, but of Samkhya doctrines, which I had myself formerly suspected in this Upanishad, I can on closer study find very little. </p> <div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Max Muller<sup id="cite_ref-maxmullersamkhya_100-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maxmullersamkhya-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Paul Deussen makes a similar conclusion as Max Muller, and states in his review of verse 1.3 of the Shvetashvatara Upanishad, </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> <p>The individual Self does not comprise Purusha and Prakrti (<i>shakti</i>) which is independent of him together with its <a href="/wiki/Gu%E1%B9%87a" title="Guṇa">gunas</a> (<i>sattvam, rajas, tamas</i>) but it is the God's own power (<i>deva-atman-shakti</i>) which, veiled under its own qualities (<i>svagunah</i>), appears as the Self. – The opposition to the Samkhya doctrines cannot be expressed in more pungent words. </p> <div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Paul Deussen<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>EH Johnston presents another perspective on Samkhya theories and dualistic themes in the Shvetashvatara Upanishad.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Monotheistic,_pantheistic_or_monist_text_debate"><span id="Monotheistic.2C_pantheistic_or_monist_text_debate"></span>Monotheistic, pantheistic or monist text debate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shvetashvatara_Upanishad&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Monotheistic, pantheistic or monist text debate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Scholars have also expressed varying views whether Shvetashvatara Upanishad is a monotheistic, pantheistic or monistic text.<sup id="cite_ref-pauldeussenintro_3-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pauldeussenintro-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-maxmullerinto_4-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maxmullerinto-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Doris Srinivasan<sup id="cite_ref-srinivasan_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-srinivasan-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> states that the Upanishad is a treatise on theism, but it creatively embeds a variety of divine images, an inclusive language that allows "three Vedic definitions for personal deity". The Upanishad includes verses wherein God can be identified with the Supreme (Brahman-Atman, Self) in Vedanta monistic theosophy, verses that support dualistic view of Samkhya doctrines, as well as the synthetic novelty of triple Brahman where a triune exists as the divine Self (Deva, theistic God), individual Self and nature (Prakrti, matter).<sup id="cite_ref-srinivasan_105-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-srinivasan-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hiriyanna interprets the text to be introducing "personal theism" in the form of Shiva, with a shift to monotheism but in henotheistic context where the individual is encouraged to discover his own definition and sense of God.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Robert Hume interprets the Shvetashvatara Upanishad to be discussing a pantheistic God.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shvetashvatara_Upanishad&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishvara" title="Ishvara">Ishvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavan" title="Bhagavan">Bhagavan</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shvetashvatara_Upanishad&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 2, Motilal Banarsidass, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120814691" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120814691">978-8120814691</a>, pages 556-557</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-humefull-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-humefull_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-humefull_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-humefull_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-humefull_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-humefull_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Hume (1921), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/thirteenprincipa028442mbp#page/n415/mode/2up">Shvetashvatara Upanishad</a>, The Thirteen Principal Upanishads, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, pages 394–411 with footnotes</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pauldeussenintro-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussenintro_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussenintro_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussenintro_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussenintro_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussenintro_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussenintro_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussenintro_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussenintro_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussenintro_3-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussenintro_3-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussenintro_3-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120814684" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120814684">978-8120814684</a>, pages 301-304</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-maxmullerinto-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-maxmullerinto_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-maxmullerinto_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-maxmullerinto_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-maxmullerinto_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-maxmullerinto_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-maxmullerinto_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-maxmullerinto_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-maxmullerinto_4-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-maxmullerinto_4-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-maxmullerinto_4-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-maxmullerinto_4-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-maxmullerinto_4-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Max Muller, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/upanishads02ml#page/n33/mode/2up">The Shvetashvatara Upanishad</a>, Oxford University Press, pages xxxii - xlii</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Deussen" title="Paul Deussen">Paul Deussen</a>, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120814684" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120814684">978-8120814684</a>, pages 217-219</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stephenphillips-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-stephenphillips_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stephenphillips_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stephenphillips_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stephenphillips_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Stephen Phillips (2009), Yoga, Karma, and Rebirth: A Brief History and Philosophy, Columbia University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0231144858" title="Special:BookSources/978-0231144858">978-0231144858</a>, Chapter 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pauldeussen11-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussen11_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussen11_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120814684" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120814684">978-8120814684</a>, pages 305 with footnote 2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chakravarti, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spokensanskrit.de/index.php?tinput=zvetAzva&direction=SE&script=HK&link=yes&beginning=0">zvetAzva</a> Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Cologne Sanskrit Digital Lexicon, Germany</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spokensanskrit.de/index.php?tinput=tara&direction=SE&script=HK&link=yes&beginning=0">tara</a> Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Cologne Sanskrit Digital Lexicon, Germany</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-olivelleintro-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-olivelleintro_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Olivelle" title="Patrick Olivelle">Patrick Olivelle</a> (1996), The Early Upanishads: Annotated Text & Translation, Oxford University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195124354" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195124354">978-0195124354</a>, Introduction Chapter</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">RD Ranade, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/A.Constructive.Survey.of.Upanishadic.Philosophy.by.R.D.Ranade.1926.djvu/A.Constructive.Survey.of.Upanishadic.Philosophy.by.R.D.Ranade.1926#page/n47/mode/2up">A Constructive Survey of Upanishadic Philosophy</a>, Chapter 1, pages 13-18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivelle1996xxxvii-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivelle1996xxxvii_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivelle1996xxxvii_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOlivelle1996">Olivelle (1996)</a>, p. xxxvii.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnp error: no target: CITEREFOlivelle1996 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chakravarti-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chakravarti_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chakravarti_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chakravarti_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chakravarti_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">M Chakravarti (1995), The Concept of Rudra-Śiva Through the Ages, Motilal Banarsidas, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120800533" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120800533">978-8120800533</a>, pages 20-23 and Chapter 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Flood (1996), page 153 places it in the 5th or 4th century BCE; E. F. Gorski, <i>Theology of Religions</i> (2008), p. 97 places it "probably in the late 4th century BCE".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul E. Muller-Ortega (1988), The Triadic Heart of Siva, State University of New York Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0887067877" title="Special:BookSources/978-0887067877">978-0887067877</a>, page 27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M Winternitz (2010), History of Indian Literature, Vol 1, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120802643" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120802643">978-8120802643</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120814684" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120814684">978-8120814684</a>, page 309</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivelle1996252-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivelle1996252_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOlivelle1996">Olivelle (1996)</a>, p. 252.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnp error: no target: CITEREFOlivelle1996 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Max Muller, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/upanishads02ml#page/238/mode/2up">Shvetashvatara Upanishad</a>, The Upanishads, Part II, Oxford University Press, pages 238-240</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pauldeussenfull-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussenfull_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120814684" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120814684">978-8120814684</a>, pages 305-326</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Max Muller, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/upanishads02ml#page/266/mode/2up">The Shvetashvatara Upanishad</a>, The Upanishads, Part II, Oxford University Press, pages 266-267</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.san.beck.org/Upan7-Shveta.html#4">"Shvetashvatara Upanishad"</a>. San.beck.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-10-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Shvetashvatara+Upanishad&rft.pub=San.beck.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.san.beck.org%2FUpan7-Shveta.html%234&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShvetashvatara+Upanishad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Paul_Deussen_page_311-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Paul_Deussen_page_311_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paul_Deussen_page_311_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120814684" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120814684">978-8120814684</a>, page 311</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Max Muller clarifies the meaning to be, "union presupposes uniter", see footnote 2, page 232</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Max Muller, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/upanishads02ml#page/230/mode/2up">Shvetashvatara Upanishad</a>, The Upanishads, Part II, Oxford University Press, pages 231-232</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Hume (1921), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/thirteenprincipa028442mbp#page/n415/mode/2up">Shvetashvatara Upanishad</a>, The Thirteen Principal Upanishads, Oxford University Press, pages 394</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Max Muller, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/upanishads02ml#page/232/mode/2up">The Shvetashvatara Upanishad</a>, Oxford University Press, page 232 verse 3 with footnotes</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120814684" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120814684">978-8120814684</a>, pages 307 verse 1.6 with footnote 2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hume17-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hume17_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hume17_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hume17_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hume17_30-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hume17_30-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Hume (1921), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/thirteenprincipa028442mbp#page/n415/mode/2up">Shvetashvatara Upanishad</a>, The Thirteen Principal Upanishads, Oxford University Press, pages 395-396 with footnotes</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hume translates this as five instead of fifty, see Robert Hume (1921), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/thirteenprincipa028442mbp#page/n415/mode/2up">Shvetashvatara Upanishad</a>, The Thirteen Principal Upanishads, Oxford University Press, pages 395 with footnotes</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">eyes, ears, nose, mouth and skin; see Max Muller, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/upanishads02ml#page/234/mode/2up">Shvetashvatara Upanishad</a>, The Upanishads, Part II, Oxford University Press, page 234 footnote 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">hands, legs, excretory organs, sexual organs and speech organs; see Max Muller, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/upanishads02ml#page/234/mode/2up">Shvetashvatara Upanishad</a>, The Upanishads, Part II, Oxford University Press, page 234 footnote 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">developing in the womb, being born, growing old, growing seriously ill, and dying; see Max Muller, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/upanishads02ml#page/234/mode/2up">Shvetashvatara Upanishad</a>, The Upanishads, Part II, Oxford University Press, page 234 footnote 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pauldeussen18-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussen18_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussen18_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120814684" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120814684">978-8120814684</a>, pages 307 verse 1.8-1.9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-maxmuller17-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-maxmuller17_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-maxmuller17_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-maxmuller17_36-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Max Muller, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/upanishads02ml#page/234/mode/2up">Shvetashvatara Upanishad</a>, The Upanishads, Part II, Oxford University Press, pages 235-236 with footnotes</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">synonym for Rudra, Shiva, and means "one who removes ignorance", the verse explains Hara as manifestation of the Brahman, Highest Self; see Max Muller, page 235 footnote 10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pauldeussen116-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussen116_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussen116_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120814684" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120814684">978-8120814684</a>, pages 308</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/श्वेताश्वतरोपनिषद्">Shvetashvatara Upanishad 1.15-1.16</a> Wikisource</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">dry riverbeds which if dug reveal water</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Max Muller, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/upanishads02ml#page/236/mode/2up">Shvetashvatara Upanishad</a>, The Upanishads, Part II, Oxford University Press, page 237</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hume21-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hume21_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hume21_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hume21_42-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hume21_42-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Hume (1921), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/thirteenprincipa028442mbp#page/n417/mode/2up">Shvetashvatara Upanishad</a>, The Thirteen Principal Upanishads, Oxford University Press, pages 397-398 with footnotes</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-maxmuller21-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-maxmuller21_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-maxmuller21_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-maxmuller21_43-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-maxmuller21_43-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Max Muller, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/upanishads02ml#page/238/mode/2up">Shvetashvatara Upanishad</a>, The Upanishads, Part II, Oxford University Press, pages 238-241</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">head, neck and chest/spinal cord</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120814684" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120814684">978-8120814684</a>, pages 310-311</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">shady, leafy place in a garden, retreat or woods</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">some manuscripts have a slightly different spelling, and the alternative meaning therein is "absence of greediness"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120814684" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120814684">978-8120814684</a>, page 310</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Max Muller, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/upanishads02ml#page/242/mode/2up">Shvetashvatara Upanishad</a>, The Upanishads, Part II, Oxford University Press, pages 242-243</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-maxmuller31-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-maxmuller31_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-maxmuller31_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-maxmuller31_50-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-maxmuller31_50-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Max Muller, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/upanishads02ml#page/244/mode/2up">Shvetashvatara Upanishad</a>, The Upanishads, Part II, Oxford University Press, pages 244-245 with footnotes</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For example, compare:<br /><b>Rig Veda</b>: विश्वतश्चक्षुरुत विश्वतोमुखो विश्वतोबाहुरुत विश्वतस्पात् । सं बाहुभ्यां धमति सं पतत्रैर्द्यावाभूमी <b>जनयन्देव एकः</b> ॥१०.८१.३॥ <a class="external text" href="https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/ऋग्वेद:_सूक्तं_१०.८१">Rig Veda 10.81</a> Wikisource<br /><b>Shvetashvatara Upanishad</b>:विश्वतश्चक्षुरुत विश्वतोमुखो विश्वतोबाहुरुत विश्वतस्पात् । सम्बाहुभ्यां धमति सम्पतत्रैर्द्यावाभूमी <b>जनयन्देव एकः</b> ॥तृतीयोऽध्यायः, ३॥ <a class="external text" href="https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/श्वेताश्वतरोपनिषद्">Shvetashvatara Upanishad</a> Wikisource</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ralph Griffith, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/WhiteYajurVeda/WhiteYajurVedaEnglishTranslationGriffith1899#page/n167/mode/2up">verse 19</a>, The texts of the White Yajur Veda, page 151</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hume31-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hume31_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hume31_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hume31_53-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hume31_53-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Hume (1921), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/thirteenprincipa028442mbp#page/n421/mode/2up">Shvetashvatara Upanishad</a>, The Thirteen Principal Upanishads, Oxford University Press, pages 400-402 with footnotes</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120814684" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120814684">978-8120814684</a>, page 312 with footnotes 2 and 3; for Vajasaneyi Samhita, see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/WhiteYajurVeda/WhiteYajurVedaEnglishTranslationGriffith1899#page/n155/mode/2up">Ralph Griffith translation of Yaj. Sam. Book Sixteenth</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pauldeussen37-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussen37_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussen37_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120814684" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120814684">978-8120814684</a>, page 312-314</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Max Muller, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/upanishads02ml#page/244/mode/2up">Shvetashvatara Upanishad</a>, The Upanishads, Part II, Oxford University Press, pages 245-248 with footnotes</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pauldeussen41-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussen41_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussen41_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120814684" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120814684">978-8120814684</a>, page 315-318</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Max Muller, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/upanishads02ml#page/250/mode/2up">Shvetashvatara Upanishad</a>, The Upanishads, Part II, Oxford University Press, pages 250 with footnote 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hume41-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hume41_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hume41_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hume41_59-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hume41_59-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hume41_59-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hume41_59-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hume41_59-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Hume (1921), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/thirteenprincipa028442mbp#page/n423/mode/2up">Shvetashvatara Upanishad</a>, The Thirteen Principal Upanishads, Oxford University Press, pages 402-406 with footnotes</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-george-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-george_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-george_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sacred-texts.com/hin/sbe34/sbe34003.htm">The Vedanta Sutras, commentary by Sankaracharya</a> George Thibaut (Translator), see Pada IV, Adhik. II</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-maxmuller45-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-maxmuller45_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-maxmuller45_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-maxmuller45_61-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-maxmuller45_61-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Max Muller, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/upanishads02ml#page/250/mode/2up">Shvetashvatara Upanishad</a>, The Upanishads, Part II, Oxford University Press, pages 250 with footnote 2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">qualities, psychological, personality attributes</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120814684" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120814684">978-8120814684</a>, page 315 with footnote 4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Older translations such as by Deussen translate <i>Maya</i> as "magic", as "art" by Max Muller; a more recent translation by Dominic Goodall translates <i>Maya</i> as "creative power", as does N.V. Isaeva; see Dominic Goodall (1996), Hindu Scriptures, University of California Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520207783" title="Special:BookSources/978-0520207783">978-0520207783</a>, page 195; Natalia Isaeva (1995), From Early Vedanta to Kashmir Shaivism: Gaudapada, Bhartrhari, and Abhinavagupta, SUNY Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0791424490" title="Special:BookSources/978-0791424490">978-0791424490</a>, page 26</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120814684" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120814684">978-8120814684</a>, page 316 preface to verses 9-10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120814684" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120814684">978-8120814684</a>, page 317</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dominic Goodall (1996), Hindu Scriptures, University of California Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520207783" title="Special:BookSources/978-0520207783">978-0520207783</a>, page xliv with note 12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pauldeussen302-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussen302_68-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussen302_68-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussen302_68-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussen302_68-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussen302_68-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120814684" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120814684">978-8120814684</a>, page 302</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dominic Goodall (1996), Hindu Scriptures, University of California Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520207783" title="Special:BookSources/978-0520207783">978-0520207783</a>, pages 195-197</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pauldeussen411-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussen411_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussen411_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120814684" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120814684">978-8120814684</a>, page 317-319</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dominic Goodall (1996), Hindu Scriptures, University of California Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520207783" title="Special:BookSources/978-0520207783">978-0520207783</a>, page xix</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hilko W Schomerus (2000), Śaiva Siddhānta: An Indian School of Mystical Thought, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120815698" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120815698">978-8120815698</a>, pages 150-153</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bhandarkar-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bhandarkar_73-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bhandarkar_73-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">R G Bhandarkar (2001), Vaisnavism, Saivism and Minor Religious Systems, Routledge, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8121509992" title="Special:BookSources/978-8121509992">978-8121509992</a>, pages 106-111</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Klostermaier" title="Klaus Klostermaier">Klaus Klostermaier</a> (2007), Hinduism: A Beginner's Guide, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1851685387" title="Special:BookSources/978-1851685387">978-1851685387</a>, Chapter 7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-maxmuller51-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-maxmuller51_75-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-maxmuller51_75-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-maxmuller51_75-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Max Muller, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/upanishads02ml#page/254/mode/2up">Shvetashvatara Upanishad</a>, The Upanishads, Part II, Oxford University Press, pages 255-259 with footnotes</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pauldeussen51-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussen51_76-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussen51_76-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussen51_76-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussen51_76-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120814684" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120814684">978-8120814684</a>, page 319-322 with footnotes</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-goodall51-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-goodall51_77-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-goodall51_77-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dominic Goodall (1996), Hindu Scriptures, University of California Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520207783" title="Special:BookSources/978-0520207783">978-0520207783</a>, pages 197-198</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hume51-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hume51_78-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hume51_78-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Hume, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/thirteenprincipa028442mbp#page/n427/mode/2up">Shvetashvatara Upanishad</a>, The Thirteen Principal Upanishads, Oxford University Press, pages 406-408 with footnotes</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hilko W Schomerus (2000), Śaiva Siddhānta: An Indian School of Mystical Thought, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120815698" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120815698">978-8120815698</a>, pages 151</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">BD Dhawan (1988), Mysticism and Symbolism in Aitareya and Taittiriya Āraṇyakas, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8121200943" title="Special:BookSources/978-8121200943">978-8121200943</a>, pages 73-74</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pauldeussen61-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussen61_81-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussen61_81-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussen61_81-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussen61_81-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussen61_81-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120814684" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120814684">978-8120814684</a>, page 322-326 with footnotes</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-maxmuller61-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-maxmuller61_82-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-maxmuller61_82-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-maxmuller61_82-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-maxmuller61_82-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-maxmuller61_82-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Max Muller, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/upanishads02ml#page/260/mode/2up">Shvetashvatara Upanishad</a>, The Upanishads, Part II, Oxford University Press, pages 260-267 with footnotes</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hume61-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hume61_83-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hume61_83-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hume61_83-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hume61_83-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Hume, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/thirteenprincipa028442mbp#page/n429/mode/2up">Shvetashvatara Upanishad</a>, The Thirteen Principal Upanishads, Oxford University Press, pages 408-411 with footnotes</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A Gough, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/philosophyofupan00gouguoft#page/230/mode/2up">The philosophy of the Upanishads and ancient Indian metaphysics</a>, Shvetashvatara Upanishad, Trubner Oriental Series, page 231</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-goodall201-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-goodall201_85-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-goodall201_85-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dominic Goodall (1996), Hindu Scriptures, University of California Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520207783" title="Special:BookSources/978-0520207783">978-0520207783</a>, pages 201-202</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/MWScan/tamil/index.html">saMkhyA</a> Monier-Williams' Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Cologne Digital Sanskrit Lexicon</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A Gough, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/philosophyofupan00gouguoft#page/232/mode/2up">The philosophy of the Upanishads and ancient Indian metaphysics</a>, Shvetashvatara Upanishad, Trubner Oriental Series, page 232</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlucklich2008" class="citation book cs1">Glucklich, Ariel (2008). <i>The strides of Vishnu: Hindu culture in historical perspective</i>. Oxford: Oxford University press. p. 100. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-531405-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-531405-2"><bdi>978-0-19-531405-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+strides+of+Vishnu%3A+Hindu+culture+in+historical+perspective&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=100&rft.pub=Oxford+University+press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-531405-2&rft.aulast=Glucklich&rft.aufirst=Ariel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShvetashvatara+Upanishad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Anandashram_Samskrita_Granthavali_Anandashram_Sanskrit_Series">Svetasvatara Upanishad with Shankara and Three Bhasyas (Sanskrit)</a> VG Apte (1927), Granth 17, Archived by Ananda Ashrama India, pages 1-65</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-paulhacker-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-paulhacker_90-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-paulhacker_90-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Hacker (1995), Philology and Confrontation: Paul Hacker on Traditional and Modern Vedanta, Editor: Wilhelm Halbfass, State University of New York Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0791425817" title="Special:BookSources/978-0791425817">978-0791425817</a>, pages 50-51 and chapter 3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">GC Pande (2011), Life and Thought of Śaṅkarācārya, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120811041" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120811041">978-8120811041</a>, page 107</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Śvetāśvatara</i></span> Upanishad as a systematic philosophy of Shaivism see: Chakravarti, p. 9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"... a theology which elevates Rudra to the status of supreme being, the Lord (Sanskrit: <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Īśa</i></span>) who is transcendent yet also has cosmological functions, as does Śiva in later traditions." Flood (1996), p. 153.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/श्वेताश्वतरोपनिषद्">Shvetashvatara Upanishad 6.23</a> Wikisource</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-paulcarus-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-paulcarus_95-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-paulcarus_95-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-paulcarus_95-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Carus, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=96sLAAAAIAAJ">The Monist</a></i> at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>, pages 514-515</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120814684" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120814684">978-8120814684</a>, page 326</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Max Muller, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/upanishads02ml#page/266/mode/2up">Shvetashvatara Upanishad</a>, The Upanishads, Part II, Oxford University Press, page 267</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">WN Brown (1970), Man in the Universe: Some Continuities in Indian Thought, University of California Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520017498" title="Special:BookSources/978-0520017498">978-0520017498</a>, pages 38-39</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-maxmullerbhakti-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-maxmullerbhakti_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Max Muller, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/upanishads02ml#page/n33/mode/2up">The Shvetashvatara Upanishad</a>, Oxford University Press, pages xxxiv and xxxvii</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-maxmullersamkhya-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-maxmullersamkhya_100-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-maxmullersamkhya_100-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-maxmullersamkhya_100-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Max Muller, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/upanishads02ml#page/n33/mode/2up">The Shvetashvatara Upanishad</a>, Oxford University Press, pages xxxiv - xxxv</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A Gough, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/philosophyofupan00gouguoft#page/212/mode/2up">The philosophy of the Upanishads and ancient Indian metaphysics</a>, Shvetashvatara Upanishad, Trubner Oriental Series, page 212</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120814684" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120814684">978-8120814684</a>, page 305 footnote 3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">EH Johnston (1930), Some Samkhya and Yoga conceptions in the SVetasvatara-Upanisad, JRAS, Vol. 30, pages 855-878</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A Kunst, Some notes on the interpretation of the Ṥvetāṥvatara Upaniṣad, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, Vol. 31, Issue 02, June 1968, pages 309-314; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0041977X00146531">10.1017/S0041977X00146531</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-srinivasan-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-srinivasan_105-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-srinivasan_105-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">D Srinivasan (1997), Many Heads, Arms, and Eyes, Brill, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004107588" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004107588">978-9004107588</a>, pages 96-97 and Chapter 9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lee Siegel, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1398646">Commentary: Theism in Indian Thought</a>, Philosophy East and West, Vol. 28, No. 4 (Oct., 1978), pages 419-423</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R Tsuchida (1985), Some Remarks on the Text of the Svetasvatara-Upanisad, Journal of Indian and Buddhist Studies (印度學佛教學研究), Vol. 34, No. 1, pages 460-468, <b>Quote:</b> "The Svetasvatara-Upanisad occupies a highly unique position among Vedic Upanisads as a testimony of the meditative and monistic Rudra-cult combined with Samkhya-Yoga doctrines."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M. Hiriyanna (2000), The Essentials of Indian Philosophy, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120813304" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120813304">978-8120813304</a>, pages 32-36</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Hume, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/thirteenprincipa028442mbp#page/n419/mode/2up">Shvetashvatara Upanishad</a>, The Thirteen Principal Upanishads, Oxford University Press, pages 399, 403</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shvetashvatara_Upanishad&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChakravati1994" class="citation book cs1">Chakravati, Mahadev (1994). <i>The Concept of Rudra-Śiva Through The Ages</i>. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-208-0053-2" title="Special:BookSources/81-208-0053-2"><bdi>81-208-0053-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Concept+of+Rudra-%C5%9Aiva+Through+The+Ages&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=81-208-0053-2&rft.aulast=Chakravati&rft.aufirst=Mahadev&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShvetashvatara+Upanishad" class="Z3988"></span> (Second Revised Edition; Reprint, Delhi, 2002).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlood1996" class="citation book cs1">Flood, Gavin (1996). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi0000floo"><i>An Introduction to Hinduism</i></a></span>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521438780" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521438780"><bdi>978-0521438780</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Hinduism&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0521438780&rft.aulast=Flood&rft.aufirst=Gavin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fintroductiontohi0000floo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShvetashvatara+Upanishad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlivelle1998" class="citation cs2">Olivelle, Patrick (1998), <i>The Early Upanishads</i>, Oxford University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Early+Upanishads&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Olivelle&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShvetashvatara+Upanishad" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shvetashvatara_Upanishad&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Shaivism_topics" title="Template:Shaivism topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Shaivism_topics" title="Template talk:Shaivism topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Shaivism_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Shaivism topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Shaivism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;"><div><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_Shaivism" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Shaivism">History</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Forms_of_Shiva" title="Category:Forms of Shiva">Deities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhairava" title="Bhairava">Bhairava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakshinamurti" title="Dakshinamurti">Dakshinamurti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harihara" title="Harihara">Harihara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishana" title="Ishana">Ishana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nataraja" title="Nataraja">Nataraja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadyojata" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadyojata">Sadyojata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatpurusha" class="mw-redirect" title="Tatpurusha">Tatpurusha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vamadeva" title="Vamadeva">Vamadeva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ardhanarishvara" title="Ardhanarishvara">Ardhanarishvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Hindu_goddess)" title="Sati (Hindu goddess)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Kartikeya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Devasena" title="Devasena">Devasena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valli" title="Valli">Valli</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandi_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nandi (mythology)">Nandi</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:India_statue_of_nataraja.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/India_statue_of_nataraja.jpg/100px-India_statue_of_nataraja.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/India_statue_of_nataraja.jpg/150px-India_statue_of_nataraja.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/India_statue_of_nataraja.jpg/200px-India_statue_of_nataraja.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1704" data-file-height="2272" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_text" title="Religious text">Texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Shvetashvatara Upanishad</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shivarahasya_Purana" title="Shivarahasya Purana">Shivarahasya Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Purana" title="Shiva Purana">Shiva Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Sutras_of_Vasugupta" title="Shiva Sutras of Vasugupta">Shiva Sutras of Vasugupta</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">Mantra</a>/<a href="/wiki/Stotra" title="Stotra">Stotra</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Om_Namah_Shivaya" title="Om Namah Shivaya">Om Namah Shivaya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rudrashtakam" title="Rudrashtakam">Rudrashtakam</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81mrityunjaya_Mantra" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahāmrityunjaya Mantra">Mahāmrityunjaya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Tandava_Stotra" title="Shiva Tandava Stotra">Shiva Tandava</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Sahasranama" title="Shiva Sahasranama">Sahasranama</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shiv_Chalisa" class="mw-redirect" title="Shiv Chalisa">Chalisa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shri_Rudram" title="Shri Rudram">Shri Rudram</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Mahimna_Stotra" title="Shiva Mahimna Stotra">Shiva Mahimna</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hara_Hara_Mahadeva" title="Hara Hara Mahadeva">Hara Hara Mahadeva</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Traditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shaiva_Siddhanta" title="Shaiva Siddhanta">Shaiva Siddhanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashupata_Shaivism" title="Pashupata Shaivism">Pashupata Shaivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapalika" title="Kapalika">Kapalika</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aghori" title="Aghori">Aghori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaula_(Hinduism)" title="Kaula (Hinduism)">Kaula</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Shaivism" title="Kashmir Shaivism">Trika Shaivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingayatism" title="Lingayatism">Veera Shaivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddha_Siddhanta" title="Siddha Siddhanta">Siddha Siddhanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Advaita" title="Shiva Advaita">Shiva Advaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smarta_tradition" title="Smarta tradition">Shaiva Smartas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Festivals and observances</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kanwar_Yatra" title="Kanwar Yatra">Kanwar Yatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Shivaratri" title="Maha Shivaratri">Maha Shivaratri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pradosha" title="Pradosha">Pradosha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Puja" title="Shiva Puja">Shiva Puja</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shiva_temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Shiva temple">Shiva temples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Panch_Kedar" title="Panch Kedar">Panch Kedar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kedarnath_Temple" title="Kedarnath Temple">Kedarnath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungnath" title="Tungnath">Tungnath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudranath" title="Rudranath">Rudranath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhyamaheshwar" title="Madhyamaheshwar">Madhyamaheshwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpeshwar" title="Kalpeshwar">Kalpeshwar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pancha_Sabhai" title="Pancha Sabhai">Pancha Sabhai</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Vadaranyeswarar_Temple" title="Sri Vadaranyeswarar Temple">Rathinam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nataraja_Temple,_Chidambaram" title="Nataraja Temple, Chidambaram">Pon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meenakshi_Temple" title="Meenakshi Temple">Velli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nellaiappar_Temple" title="Nellaiappar Temple">Thamiram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirukutralam" title="Thirukutralam">Chitiram</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pancha_Bhuta_Sthalam" title="Pancha Bhuta Sthalam">Pancha Bhuta Sthalam</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nataraja_Temple,_Chidambaram" title="Nataraja Temple, Chidambaram">Chidambaram (Ether)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srikalahasteeswara_temple" title="Srikalahasteeswara temple">Tirukalahasti (Air)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arunachalesvara_Temple" title="Arunachalesvara Temple">Tiruvannamalai (Fire)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jambukeswarar_Temple,_Thiruvanaikaval" title="Jambukeswarar Temple, Thiruvanaikaval">Tiruvanaikaval (Water)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekambareswarar_Temple_(Kanchipuram)" title="Ekambareswarar Temple (Kanchipuram)">Kanchipuram (Earth)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jyotirlinga" title="Jyotirlinga">Jyotirlingas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhimashankar_Temple" title="Bhimashankar Temple">Bhimashankar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grishneshwar_Temple" title="Grishneshwar Temple">Grishneshwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kedarnath_Temple" title="Kedarnath Temple">Kedarnath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mallikarjuna_Jyotirlinga" class="mw-redirect" title="Mallikarjuna Jyotirlinga">Mallikarjun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahakaleshwar_Jyotirlinga" title="Mahakaleshwar Jyotirlinga">Mahakaleshwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nageshvara_Jyotirlinga" title="Nageshvara Jyotirlinga">Nageshvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omkareshwar_Temple" title="Omkareshwar Temple">Omkareshwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanathaswamy_Temple" title="Ramanathaswamy Temple">Ramanathaswamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somnath_temple" title="Somnath temple">Somnath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimbakeshwar_Shiva_Temple" title="Trimbakeshwar Shiva Temple">Trimbakeshwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaidyanath_Jyotirlinga" title="Vaidyanath Jyotirlinga">Vaidyanath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashi_Vishwanath_Temple" title="Kashi Vishwanath Temple">Vishwanath</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amarnath_Temple" title="Amarnath Temple">Amarnath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brihadisvara_Temple,_Thanjavur" class="mw-redirect" title="Brihadisvara Temple, Thanjavur">Brihadeeswarar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Manasarovar" title="Lake Manasarovar">Kailash Mansarovar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katas_Raj_Temples" title="Katas Raj Temples">Katas Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingaraja_Temple" title="Lingaraja Temple">Lingaraja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meenakshi_Temple" title="Meenakshi Temple">Meenakshi Sundareshwarar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ardhanareeswarar_temple,_Tiruchengode" class="mw-redirect" title="Ardhanareeswarar temple, Tiruchengode">Tiruchengode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadakkunnathan_Temple" title="Vadakkunnathan Temple">Vadakkum Nathan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lingam" title="Lingam">Lingam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rasalingam" title="Rasalingam">Rasalingam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddha" title="Siddha">Siddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vibhuti" title="Vibhuti">Vibhuti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Sahasranama" title="Shiva Sahasranama">Other names</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" 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template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hindudharma" title="Template talk:Hindudharma"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hindudharma" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hindudharma"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="15px&#124;link=Aum_Hinduism_14px_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Aum" title="Aum"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/15px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/23px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/30px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HinduSwastika.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/HinduSwastika.svg/14px-HinduSwastika.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/HinduSwastika.svg/21px-HinduSwastika.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/HinduSwastika.svg/28px-HinduSwastika.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="142" data-file-height="145" /></a></span> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;;font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Hinduism_terms" title="Glossary of Hinduism terms">Glossary</a></li> <li>Index</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Hinduism">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Hinduism_terms" title="Glossary of Hinduism terms">Concepts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Om</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishvara" title="Ishvara">Ishvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">Atman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(religion)" title="Maya (religion)">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">Saṃsāra</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puru%E1%B9%A3%C4%81rtha" title="Puruṣārtha">Puruṣārthas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">Artha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Moksha</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_religion#Hindu_ethics" title="Ethics in religion">Niti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achourya" title="Achourya">Asteya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aparigraha" class="mw-redirect" title="Aparigraha">Aparigraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacarya" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmacarya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)#Hinduism" title="Temperance (virtue)">Damah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassion#Hinduism" title="Compassion">Dayā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrodha" title="Akrodha">Akrodha</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Schools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Āstika</a>: <a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā">Mīmāṃsā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Nāstika</a>: <a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Charvaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Hindu "Om" symbol"><img alt="Hindu "Om" symbol" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg/100px-Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg/150px-Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg/200px-Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="507" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aruti" title="Śruti">Śruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Smṛti">Smṛti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Samaveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Divisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_chant" title="Vedic chant">Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana">Brahmana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aranyaka" title="Aranyaka">Aranyaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aitareya_Upanishad" title="Aitareya Upanishad">Aitareya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaushitaki_Upanishad" title="Kaushitaki Upanishad">Kaushitaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad">Brihadaranyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isha_Upanishad" title="Isha Upanishad">Isha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taittiriya_Upanishad" title="Taittiriya Upanishad">Taittiriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katha_Upanishad" title="Katha Upanishad">Katha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitrayaniya_Upanishad" title="Maitrayaniya Upanishad">Maitrayaniya</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Shvetashvatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandogya_Upanishad" title="Chandogya Upanishad">Chandogya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kena_Upanishad" title="Kena Upanishad">Kena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundaka_Upanishad" title="Mundaka Upanishad">Mundaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandukya_Upanishad" title="Mandukya Upanishad">Mandukya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prashna_Upanishad" title="Prashna Upanishad">Prashna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Upaveda" class="mw-redirect" title="Upaveda">Upavedas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Ayurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_martial_arts" title="Indian martial arts">Dhanurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natyaveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture" title="Hindu temple architecture">Sthapatyaveda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vedanga" title="Vedanga">Vedanga</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shiksha" title="Shiksha">Shiksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_prosody" title="Sanskrit prosody">Chandas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a" title="Vyākaraṇa">Vyākaraṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirukta" title="Nirukta">Nirukta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(Vedanga)" title="Kalpa (Vedanga)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Jyotisha">Jyotisha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_texts" title="List of Hindu texts">Other</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agama_(Hinduism)" title="Agama (Hinduism)">Agamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itihasa-Purana" title="Itihasa-Purana">Itihasas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads#Classification" title="Upanishads">Minor Upanishads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Arthashastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitisara" title="Nitisara">Nitisara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma%C5%9B%C4%81stra" title="Dharmaśāstra">Dharmaśāstra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manusmriti" title="Manusmriti">Manusmriti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81radasm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Nāradasmṛti">Nāradasmṛti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C4%81j%C3%B1avalkya_Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Yājñavalkya Smṛti">Yājñavalkya Smṛti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stotra" title="Stotra">Stotras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subhashita" title="Subhashita">Subhashita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantras_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tantras (Hinduism)">Tantras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Vasistha" title="Yoga Vasistha">Yoga Vasistha</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras of Patanjali</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sangam_literature" title="Sangam literature">Sangam literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divya_Prabandham" class="mw-redirect" title="Divya Prabandham">Divya Prabandham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirumuruk%C4%81%E1%B9%9F%E1%B9%9Fuppa%E1%B9%ADai" title="Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai">Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruppugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiruppugal">Thiruppugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirukkural" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirukkural">Thirukkural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamba_Ramayanam" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamba Ramayanam">Kamba Ramayanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Great_Epics" title="Five Great Epics">Five Great Epics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Greater_Texts" title="Eighteen Greater Texts">Eighteen Greater Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Lesser_Texts" title="Eighteen Lesser Texts">Eighteen Lesser Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athichudi" title="Athichudi">Athichudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraiyanar_Akapporul" title="Iraiyanar Akapporul">Iraiyanar Akapporul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhirami_Antati" class="mw-redirect" title="Abhirami Antati">Abhirami Antati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvilaiyadal_Puranam" title="Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam">Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayagar_Agaval" title="Vinayagar Agaval">Vinayagar Agaval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedarthasamgraha" title="Vedarthasamgraha">Vedarthasamgraha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_deities" title="Hindu deities">Deities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Gods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trimurti" title="Trimurti">Trimurti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agni" title="Agni">Agni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dattatreya" title="Dattatreya">Dattatreya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Kartikeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surya" title="Surya">Surya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varuna" title="Varuna">Varuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vayu" title="Vayu">Vayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_gods" title="Category:Hindu gods"><i>more</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Goddesses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tridevi" title="Tridevi">Tridevi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhumi_(goddess)" title="Bhumi (goddess)">Bhumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali">Kali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavidya" title="Mahavidya">Mahavidya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrika" class="mw-redirect" title="Matrika">Matrika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rukmini" title="Rukmini">Rukmini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Hindu_goddess)" title="Sati (Hindu goddess)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shashthi" title="Shashthi">Shashthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_goddesses" title="Category:Hindu goddesses"><i>more</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Worship_in_Hinduism" title="Worship in Hinduism">Worship</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murti" title="Murti">Murti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)" title="Puja (Hinduism)">Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japa" title="Japa">Japa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhajan" title="Bhajan">Bhajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naivedhya" class="mw-redirect" title="Naivedhya">Naivedhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">Yajna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homa_(ritual)" title="Homa (ritual)">Homa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhy%C4%81na_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhyāna in Hinduism">Dhyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites_in_India" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites in India">Tirthatana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sanskara_(rite_of_passage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskara (rite of passage)">Sanskaras</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garbhadhana" title="Garbhadhana">Garbhadhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana" title="Pumsavana">Pumsavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana_Simantonayana" title="Pumsavana Simantonayana">Simantonayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatakarma" title="Jatakarma">Jatakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81makara%E1%B9%87a" title="Nāmakaraṇa">Namakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nishkramana" title="Nishkramana">Nishkramana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annaprashana" title="Annaprashana">Annaprashana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chudakarana" title="Chudakarana">Chudakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnavedha" title="Karnavedha">Karnavedha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidy%C4%81ra%E1%B9%83bha%E1%B9%83" title="Vidyāraṃbhaṃ">Vidyarambha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanayana" title="Upanayana">Upanayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keshanta" title="Keshanta">Keshanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritu_Kala_Samskaram" title="Ritu Kala Samskaram">Ritushuddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samavartanam" title="Samavartanam">Samavartanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivaah" class="mw-redirect" title="Vivaah">Vivaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antyesti" title="Antyesti">Antyeshti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Varnashrama</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Varna_(Hinduism)" title="Varna (Hinduism)">Varna</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishya" title="Vaishya">Vaishya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shudra" title="Shudra">Shudra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashrama_(stage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashrama (stage)">Ashrama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacarya" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmacarya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grihastha" class="mw-redirect" title="Grihastha">Grihastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanaprastha" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanaprastha">Vanaprastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sannyasa" title="Sannyasa">Sannyasa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_festivals" title="List of Hindu festivals">Festivals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Shivaratri" title="Maha Shivaratri">Shivaratri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raksha_Bandhan" title="Raksha Bandhan">Raksha Bandhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navaratri" title="Navaratri">Navaratri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramlila" title="Ramlila">Ramlila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayadashami" title="Vijayadashami">Vijayadashami</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesh_Chaturthi" title="Ganesh Chaturthi">Ganesh Chaturthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama_Navami" title="Rama Navami">Rama Navami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Janmashtami" title="Krishna Janmashtami">Janmashtami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onam" title="Onam">Onam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pongal_(festival)" title="Pongal (festival)">Pongal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makar_Sankranti" title="Makar Sankranti">Makar Sankranti</a></li> <li>New Year <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bihu" title="Bihu">Bihu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gudi_Padwa" title="Gudi Padwa">Gudi Padwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahela_Baishakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Pahela Baishakh">Pahela Baishakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthandu" title="Puthandu">Puthandu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisakhi" title="Vaisakhi">Vaisakhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishu" title="Vishu">Vishu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugadi" title="Ugadi">Ugadi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbh_Mela" title="Kumbh Mela">Kumbh Mela</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haridwar_Kumbh_Mela" title="Haridwar Kumbh Mela">Haridwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashik-Trimbakeshwar_Simhastha" title="Nashik-Trimbakeshwar Simhastha">Nashik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayag_Kumbh_Mela" title="Prayag Kumbh Mela">Prayag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ujjain_Simhastha" title="Ujjain Simhastha">Ujjain</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ratha_Yatra_(Puri)" title="Ratha Yatra (Puri)">Ratha Yatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teej" title="Teej">Teej</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasant_Panchami" title="Vasant Panchami">Vasant Panchami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_festivals" title="Template:Hindu festivals">Others</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sv%C4%81dhy%C4%81ya" title="Svādhyāya">Svādhyāya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namaste" title="Namaste">Namaste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bindi_(decoration)" title="Bindi (decoration)">Bindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilaka" title="Tilaka">Tilaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Related</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindus#Etymology" title="Hindus">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Hindus" title="Lists of Hindus">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_denominations" title="Hindu denominations">Denominations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_law" title="Hindu law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Anti-Hindu sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Hinduism" title="Criticism of Hinduism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_gurus_and_sants" title="List of Hindu gurus and sants">Hindu gurus and sants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_studies" title="Hindu studies">Hindu studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_iconography" title="Hindu iconography">Iconography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites">Pilgrimage sites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites_in_India" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites in India">India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_other_religions" title="Hinduism and other religions">Relations with other religions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_and_Hinduism" title="Baháʼí Faith and Hinduism">Baháʼí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Hinduism" title="Buddhism and Hinduism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Islamic_relations" title="Hindu–Islamic relations">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_and_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jainism and Hinduism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Judaism" title="Hinduism and Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Sikhism" title="Hinduism and Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Theosophy" title="Hinduism and Theosophy">Theosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Hinduism_terms" title="Glossary of Hinduism terms">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_by_country" title="Hinduism by country">Hinduism by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temples" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu temples">Hindu temples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_temples" title="List of Hindu temples">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture" title="Hindu temple architecture">Architecture</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;;font-weight:bold;"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Hinduism" title="Outline of Hinduism">Outline</a><br /> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Hinduism" title="Category:Hinduism">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Hinduism" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Hinduism">WikiProject</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="16px_The_108_Upanishads" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#FFC66C;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mukhya_Upanishads" title="Template:Mukhya Upanishads"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mukhya_Upanishads" title="Template talk:Mukhya Upanishads"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mukhya_Upanishads" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mukhya Upanishads"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="16px_The_108_Upanishads" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aum_Om_red_dark.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Aum_Om_red_dark.svg/16px-Aum_Om_red_dark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Aum_Om_red_dark.svg/24px-Aum_Om_red_dark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Aum_Om_red_dark.svg/32px-Aum_Om_red_dark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></a></span> The 108 <a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isha_Upanishad" title="Isha Upanishad">Isha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kena_Upanishad" title="Kena Upanishad">Kena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katha_Upanishad" title="Katha Upanishad">Katha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prashna_Upanishad" title="Prashna Upanishad">Prashna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundaka_Upanishad" title="Mundaka Upanishad">Mundaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandukya_Upanishad" title="Mandukya Upanishad">Mandukya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taittiriya_Upanishad" title="Taittiriya Upanishad">Taittiriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aitareya_Upanishad" title="Aitareya Upanishad">Aitareya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandogya_Upanishad" title="Chandogya Upanishad">Chandogya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad">Brihadaranyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Upanishad" title="Brahma Upanishad">Brahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaivalya_Upanishad" title="Kaivalya Upanishad">Kaivalya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabala_Upanishad" title="Jabala Upanishad">Jabala</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Shvetashvatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamsopanishad" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamsopanishad">Hamsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aruneya_Upanishad" title="Aruneya Upanishad">Aruneya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garbha_Upanishad" title="Garbha Upanishad">Garbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narayana_Upanishad" title="Narayana Upanishad">Narayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramahamsa_Upanishad" title="Paramahamsa Upanishad">Paramahamsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amritabindu_Upanishad" title="Amritabindu Upanishad">Amritabindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amritanada_Upanishad" class="mw-redirect" title="Amritanada Upanishad">Amritanada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharvashiras_Upanishad" title="Atharvashiras Upanishad">Atharvashiras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharvashikha_Upanishad" title="Atharvashikha Upanishad">Atharvashikha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitrayaniya_Upanishad" title="Maitrayaniya Upanishad">Maitrayaniya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaushitaki_Upanishad" title="Kaushitaki Upanishad">Kaushitaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brihajjabala_Upanishad" title="Brihajjabala Upanishad">Brihajjabala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nrisimha_Tapaniya_Upanishad" title="Nrisimha Tapaniya Upanishad">Nrisimha Tapaniya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalagni_Rudra_Upanishad" title="Kalagni Rudra Upanishad">Kalagni Rudra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitreya_Upanishad" title="Maitreya Upanishad">Maitreya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subala_Upanishad" title="Subala Upanishad">Subala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshurika_Upanishad" title="Kshurika Upanishad">Kshurika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantrika_Upanishad" title="Mantrika Upanishad">Mantrika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarvasara_Upanishad" title="Sarvasara Upanishad">Sarvasara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niralamba_Upanishad" title="Niralamba Upanishad">Niralamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shukarahasya_Upanishad" title="Shukarahasya Upanishad">Shukarahasya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrasuchi_Upanishad" title="Vajrasuchi Upanishad">Vajrasuchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tejobindu_Upanishad" title="Tejobindu Upanishad">Tejobindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nada_Bindu_Upanishad" class="mw-redirect" title="Nada Bindu Upanishad">Nadabindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhyanabindu_Upanishad" title="Dhyanabindu Upanishad">Dhyanabindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmavidya_Upanishad" title="Brahmavidya Upanishad">Brahmavidya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogatattva_Upanishad" title="Yogatattva Upanishad">Yogatattva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmabodha_Upanishad" title="Atmabodha Upanishad">Atmabodha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naradaparivrajaka_Upanishad" title="Naradaparivrajaka Upanishad">Naradaparivrajaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trishikhibrahmana_Upanishad" title="Trishikhibrahmana Upanishad">Trishikhi-brahmana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita_Upanishad" title="Sita Upanishad">Sita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogachudamani_Upanishad" title="Yogachudamani Upanishad">Yogachudamani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirvana_Upanishad" title="Nirvana Upanishad">Nirvana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandala-brahmana_Upanishad" title="Mandala-brahmana Upanishad">Mandala-brahmana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakshinamurti_Upanishad" title="Dakshinamurti Upanishad">Dakshinamurti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharabha_Upanishad" title="Sharabha Upanishad">Sharabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skanda_Upanishad" title="Skanda Upanishad">Skanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahanarayana_Upanishad" title="Mahanarayana Upanishad">Mahanarayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advayataraka_Upanishad" title="Advayataraka Upanishad">Advayataraka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama_Rahasya_Upanishad" title="Rama Rahasya Upanishad">Rama Rahasya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama_tapaniya_Upanishad" title="Rama tapaniya Upanishad">Ramatapaniya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasudeva_Upanishad" title="Vasudeva Upanishad">Vasudeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudgala_Upanishad" title="Mudgala Upanishad">Mudgala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shandilya_Upanishad" title="Shandilya Upanishad">Shandilya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paingala_Upanishad" title="Paingala Upanishad">Paingala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhikshuka_Upanishad" title="Bhikshuka Upanishad">Bhikshuka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Upanishad" title="Maha Upanishad">Maha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sariraka_Upanishad" title="Sariraka Upanishad">Sariraka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogashikha_Upanishad" title="Yogashikha Upanishad">Yogashikha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turiyatitavadhuta_Upanishad" title="Turiyatitavadhuta Upanishad">Turiyatita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brihat-Sannyasa_Upanishad" title="Brihat-Sannyasa Upanishad">Sannyasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramahamsa_Parivrajaka_Upanishad" title="Paramahamsa Parivrajaka Upanishad">Paramahamsaparivrajaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akshamalika_Upanishad" title="Akshamalika Upanishad">Akshamalika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avyakta_Upanishad" title="Avyakta Upanishad">Avyakta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekakshara_Upanishad" title="Ekakshara Upanishad">Ekakshara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annapurna_Upanishad" title="Annapurna Upanishad">Annapurna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surya_Upanishad" title="Surya Upanishad">Surya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akshi_Upanishad" title="Akshi Upanishad">Akshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adhyatma_Upanishad" title="Adhyatma Upanishad">Adhyatma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kundika_Upanishad" title="Kundika Upanishad">Kundika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savitri_Upanishad" title="Savitri Upanishad">Savitri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atma_Upanishad" title="Atma Upanishad">Atma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashupatabrahma_Upanishad" title="Pashupatabrahma Upanishad">Pashupatabrahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parabrahma_Upanishad" title="Parabrahma Upanishad">Parabrahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avadhutaka_Upanishad" title="Avadhutaka Upanishad">Avadhuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripuratapini_Upanishad" title="Tripuratapini Upanishad">Tripuratapini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devi_Upanishad" title="Devi Upanishad">Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripura_Upanishad" title="Tripura Upanishad">Tripura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathashruti_Upanishad" title="Kathashruti Upanishad">Kathashruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavana_Upanishad" title="Bhavana Upanishad">Bhavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudrahridaya_Upanishad" title="Rudrahridaya Upanishad">Rudrahridaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga-Kundalini_Upanishad" class="mw-redirect" title="Yoga-Kundalini Upanishad">Yoga-Kundalini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhasmajabala_Upanishad" title="Bhasmajabala Upanishad">Bhasma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudrakshajabala_Upanishad" title="Rudrakshajabala Upanishad">Rudraksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganapati_Atharvashirsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganapati Atharvashirsa">Ganapati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darshana_Upanishad" title="Darshana Upanishad">Darshana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarasara_Upanishad" title="Tarasara Upanishad">Tarasara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavakya_Upanishad" title="Mahavakya Upanishad">Mahavakya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancabrahma_Upanishad" title="Pancabrahma Upanishad">Pancabrahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pranagnihotra_Upanishad" title="Pranagnihotra Upanishad">Pranagnihotra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopala_Tapani_Upanishad" title="Gopala Tapani Upanishad">Gopala-Tapani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Upanishad" title="Krishna Upanishad">Krishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajnavalkya_Upanishad" title="Yajnavalkya Upanishad">Yajnavalkya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varaha_Upanishad" title="Varaha Upanishad">Varaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shatyayaniya_Upanishad" title="Shatyayaniya Upanishad">Shatyayaniya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayagriva_Upanishad" title="Hayagriva Upanishad">Hayagriva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dattatreya_Upanishad" title="Dattatreya Upanishad">Dattatreya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garuda_Upanishad" title="Garuda Upanishad">Garuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kali-Sa%E1%B9%87%E1%B9%AD%C4%81ra%E1%B9%87a_Upani%E1%B9%A3ad" title="Kali-Saṇṭāraṇa Upaniṣad">Kali-Santarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabali_Upanishad" title="Jabali Upanishad">Jabali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saubhagyalakshmi_Upanishad" title="Saubhagyalakshmi Upanishad">Saubhagyalakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarasvati-rahasya_Upanishad" title="Sarasvati-rahasya Upanishad">Sarasvati-rahasya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahvricha_Upanishad" title="Bahvricha Upanishad">Bahvricha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muktik%C4%81" title="Muktikā">Muktikā</a></li></ul> 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