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See more from this Chronicle Katherine Funk, May 13, 2009 The Rule 23 analysis is currently undergoing what can only be described as… </p> </div> </div> </div> </div>   <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg bg-black navbar-dark d-block px-2" style="z-index: 2000;"> <div class="container-fluid">  <ul class="navbar-nav d-flex flex-row ms-auto">  <li class="nav-item me-3 me-lg-0"> <a class="nav-link" href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=https://www.pymnts.com/cpi-posts/toward-judicial-realism-the-evolution-of-rule-23/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"> <i class="bi bi-facebook text-white"></i> </a> </li> <li class="nav-item me-3 me-lg-0"> <a class="nav-link" href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?text=Toward+Judicial+Realism%3A+The+Evolution+of+Rule+23&url=https://www.pymnts.com/cpi-posts/toward-judicial-realism-the-evolution-of-rule-23/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"> <i class="bi bi-twitter-x text-white"></i> </a> </li> <li class="nav-item me-3 me-lg-0"> <a class="nav-link" href="https://www.linkedin.com/sharing/share-offsite/?url=https://www.pymnts.com/cpi-posts/toward-judicial-realism-the-evolution-of-rule-23/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"> <i class="bi bi-linkedin text-white"></i> </a> </li> <li class="nav-item me-3 me-lg-0"> <a class="nav-link" href="mailto:?subject=Toward+Judicial+Realism%3A+The+Evolution+of+Rule+23&body=I+found+this+article+interesting+and+want+to+share+it+with+you.+Check+it+out:+https://www.pymnts.com/cpi-posts/toward-judicial-realism-the-evolution-of-rule-23/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"> <i class="bi bi-envelope text-white"></i> </a> </li> <li class="nav-item me-3 me-lg-0"> <a class="nav-link" href="javascript:window.print()" rel="nofollow" target="_blank"> <i class="bi bi-printer-fill text-white"></i> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav>  </header>   <main class="my-5"> <div class="container"> <div class="row " id="articlePost"> <div class="col-12 mx-auto mb-4" id="insertArticle"> <div id="pymnts-content1482934" class="single lh-article mt-1 lnk-article"> <style> /* HTML: <div class="loader"></div> */ .cpi-spinner-loader { width: 60px; aspect-ratio: 2; --_g: no-repeat radial-gradient(circle closest-side,#000 90%,#0000); background: var(--_g) 0% 50%, var(--_g) 50% 50%, var(--_g) 100% 50%; background-size: calc(100%/3) 50%; animation: l3 1s infinite linear; } @keyframes l3 { 20%{background-position:0% 0%, 50% 50%,100% 50%} 40%{background-position:0% 100%, 50% 0%,100% 50%} 60%{background-position:0% 50%, 50% 100%,100% 0%} 80%{background-position:0% 50%, 50% 50%,100% 100%} } </style> <script> const isPaywall = false; const cpiPostId = 1582275; console.log("cpiPostId", cpiPostId); function handlePaywall () { // If token is in url then store in local storage const searchParams = new URLSearchParams(window.location.search); if (searchParams.has('token')) { console.log("STORING TOKEN") const token = searchParams.get('token') localStorage.removeItem('cpi_auth_token'); localStorage.setItem('cpi_auth_token', token.toString()) } const cpiAuthToken = localStorage.getItem('cpi_auth_token'); if (cpiAuthToken) { const validationEl = document.querySelector('.validation-notice-container'); let origHtml = validationEl.innerHTML; validationEl.innerHTML = "<div class='cpi-spinner-loader'></div>"; const request = { url: window.location.href, method: 'post', data: { cpiAuthToken } } console.log('request', request); axios(request) .then(response => { if (response.data) { const insertPoint = document.getElementById('cpi_chronicle_content'); if (insertPoint) insertPoint.innerHTML = response.data; else { validationEl.innerHTML = origHtml; } } }) .catch(err => { console.error(err) validationEl.innerHTML = origHtml; }) } // If token in local storage, post it to the current url // If any text is returned in the post, replace the article with it. //alert('handlePaywall'); } window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', handlePaywall); </script> <div id="cpi_chronicle_content"> <script>cpiAuthSteps.push('checking if login required');</script><p>This article is part of a Chronicle. <a href="https://www.competitionpolicyinternational.com/may-091">See more from this Chronicle</a></p> <h3>Katherine Funk, May 13, 2009</h3> <p>The Rule 23 analysis is currently undergoing what can only be described as a seismic jurisprudential shift. A series of recent cases and recent amendments to Rule 23 auger a much more difficult road to certification for class representatives. Although it was always clear that class plaintiffs had to convince the trial court that the requirements of Rule 23 were met, there was little guidance on the pro</p>... <div class="validation-notice-container"> <div class="fade-out"></div> <div class="validation-notice my-auto text-center d-flex align-items-center justify-content-center" style="background-color: #94efff; padding: 1.5rem; border-radius: 4px;" > <div> <h6 class='fs-4'>THIS ARTICLE IS NOT AVAILABLE FOR IP ADDRESS 8.222.208.146</h6>  <p class='mb-0'> Please <a href="https://www.pymnts.com/cpi/account-management?origin=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pymnts.com%2Fcpi-posts%2Ftoward-judicial-realism-the-evolution-of-rule-23%2F" id="signInButton"><i class="td-icon-font td-icon-logout"></i>verify email</a> or <a href="https://www.pymnts.com/cpi/subscriptions">join us</a> to access premium content! </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <script> const companyInfo = JSON.parse('[]'); console.log('companyInfo', companyInfo); </script>  </div> <div class="row row-cols-1 row-cols-lg-1 my-5" style="clear:both;"> <div class="col mb-1"> <h6 class="border-bottom border-4 border-light text-uppercase fw-bold mb-0"> Recent News </span> </h6> <div class="row item noBorderLast remove-col-3 lh-sm"> <div class="col-12 col-md-3 border-bottom border-light py-2 fw-bolder recommended-1"> <a href="https://www.pymnts.com/cpi-posts/spanish-minister-defends-record-as-flood-crisis-casts-shadow-on-eu-role/" class="fw-bold link-dark lh-base" rel="bookmark" title="Spanish Minister Defends Record as Flood Crisis Casts Shadow on EU Role"> Spanish Minister Defends Record as Flood Crisis Casts Shadow on EU Role </a> </div> <div class="col-12 col-md-3 border-bottom border-light py-2 fw-bolder recommended-1"> <a href="https://www.pymnts.com/cpi-posts/uk-antitrust-regulator-signals-flexibility-in-merger-reviews-to-boost-economic-growth/" class="fw-bold link-dark lh-base" rel="bookmark" title="UK Antitrust Regulator Signals Flexibility in Merger Reviews to Boost Economic Growth"> UK Antitrust Regulator Signals Flexibility in Merger Reviews to Boost Economic Growth </a> </div> <div class="col-12 col-md-3 border-bottom border-light py-2 fw-bolder recommended-1"> <a href="https://www.pymnts.com/cpi-posts/us-supreme-court-declines-to-hear-appeal-in-google-antitrust-records-dispute/" class="fw-bold link-dark lh-base" rel="bookmark" title="US Supreme Court Declines to Hear Appeal in Google Antitrust Records Dispute"> US Supreme Court Declines to Hear Appeal in Google Antitrust Records Dispute </a> </div> <div class="col-12 col-md-3 border-bottom border-light py-2 fw-bolder recommended-1"> <a href="https://www.pymnts.com/cpi-posts/matt-gaetz-withdraws-from-consideration-for-us-attorney-general-amid-controversy/" class="fw-bold link-dark lh-base" rel="bookmark" title="Matt Gaetz Withdraws from Consideration for US Attorney General Amid Controversy"> Matt Gaetz Withdraws from Consideration for US Attorney General Amid Controversy </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </main> <script> /* * Handle Pymnts Charts */ function getChartType(option) { const series = option.series; 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