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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Original meaning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Original_meaning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pejorative_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pejorative_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Pejorative use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pejorative_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colloquial_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colloquial_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Colloquial use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colloquial_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notable examples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span 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Available in 21 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">21 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%AC%D9%85" title="عجم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عجم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%AE" title="আজম – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আজম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BFAdscham" title="ʿAdscham – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="ʿAdscham" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%AC%D9%85" title="عجم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="عجم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajam" title="Ajam – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ajam" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajam" title="Ajam – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ajam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecem" title="Ecem – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Ecem" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%AC%D9%85" title="عجم – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="عجم" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajam" title="Ajam – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ajam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%83%A0" title="アジャム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アジャム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajam" title="Ajam – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ajam" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BC_(%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4)" title="Аджам (народ) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Аджам (народ)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajam" title="Ajam – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ajam" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%DB%95%D8%AC%DB%95%D9%85" title="عەجەم – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="عەجەم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%9F%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Аџем – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Аџем" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_%27Ajam" title="Basa 'Ajam – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Basa 'Ajam" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D2%97%D3%99%D0%BC" title="Гаҗәм – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Гаҗәм" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D2%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Аҷам – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Аҷам" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acem_(topluluk)" title="Acem (topluluk) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Acem (topluluk)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Аджам – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Аджам" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%AC%D9%85" title="عجم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="عجم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q423621#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > 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class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Ajam_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Ajam (disambiguation)">Ajam (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Ajami" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Ajami_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Ajami (disambiguation)">Ajami (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Arabic word referring to people whose first language is not Arabic</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Keshvar_ajam-_letter_from_ottoman_empire_to_persian_empire_mohammad_shah.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Keshvar_ajam-_letter_from_ottoman_empire_to_persian_empire_mohammad_shah.jpg/220px-Keshvar_ajam-_letter_from_ottoman_empire_to_persian_empire_mohammad_shah.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Keshvar_ajam-_letter_from_ottoman_empire_to_persian_empire_mohammad_shah.jpg/330px-Keshvar_ajam-_letter_from_ottoman_empire_to_persian_empire_mohammad_shah.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Keshvar_ajam-_letter_from_ottoman_empire_to_persian_empire_mohammad_shah.jpg/440px-Keshvar_ajam-_letter_from_ottoman_empire_to_persian_empire_mohammad_shah.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>A letter sent into <a href="/wiki/Qajar_Iran" title="Qajar Iran">Iran</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> in 1839, with <i>Keshvâr-e ʿAjam</i> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">Country of the Mutes</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>) referring to Iranian lands.</figcaption></figure> <p><b><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">ʿAjam</i></span></b> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%AC%D9%85" class="extiw" title="wikt:عجم">عجم</a></span>, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">mute</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>) is an Arabic word for a non-<a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arab</a>, especially a <a href="/wiki/Persians" title="Persians">Persian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lewis_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewis-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:92_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:92-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 26-27">: 26-27 </span></sup> It was historically used as a pejorative—figuratively ascribing <a href="/wiki/Muteness" title="Muteness">muteness</a> to those whose native language is not Arabic—during and after the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia" title="Muslim conquest of Persia">Muslim conquest of Iran</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the <a href="/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">early Muslim conquests</a>, it has been adopted in various non-Arabic languages, such as <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chechen_language" title="Chechen language">Chechen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_language" title="Kashmiri language">Kashmiri</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Swahili_language" title="Swahili language">Swahili</a>. Today, the terms <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">ʿAjam</i></span> and <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">ʿAjamī</i></span> continue to be used to refer to anyone or anything <a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian</a>, particularly in the <a href="/wiki/Arab_states_of_the_Persian_Gulf" title="Arab states of the Persian Gulf">Arab countries of the Persian Gulf</a>. Communities speaking the <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian language</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab world</a> exist among the <a href="/wiki/Ajam_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Ajam of Iraq">Iraqis</a>, the <a href="/wiki/%27Ajam_of_Kuwait" title="'Ajam of Kuwait">Kuwaitis</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Ajam_of_Bahrain" title="Ajam of Bahrain">Bahrainis</a>, in addition to others. A number of Arabs with Iranian heritage may have the surname <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Ajami_(surname)" title="Ajami (surname)">ʿAjamī</a></i></span> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">عجمي</span></span>), which has the same meaning as the original word. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ajam&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to traditional etymology, the word <i>Ajam</i> comes from the <a href="/wiki/Semitic_root" title="Semitic root">Semitic root</a> <i>ʿ-j-m</i>. Related forms of the same root include, but are not limited to:<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i>mustaʿjim</i>: mute, incapable of speech</li> <li><i>ʿajama</i> / <i> ʾaʿjama</i> / <i>ʿajjama</i>: to dot – in particular, to add the dots that distinguish between various Arabic letters to a text (and hence make it easier for a non-native Arabic speaker to read). It is now an obsolete term, since all modern Arabic texts are dotted. This may also be linked to <i>ʿajām</i> / <i>ʿajam</i> "pit, seed (e.g. of a date or grape)".</li></ul> <ul><li><i>inʿajama</i>: (of speech) to be incomprehensible</li> <li><i>istaʿjama</i>: to fall silent; to be unable to speak</li> <li><i> 'aʿjam</i>: non-fluent</li></ul> <p>Homophonous words, which may or may not be derived from the same root, include: </p> <ul><li><i>ʿajama</i>: to test (a person); to try (a food).</li></ul> <p>Modern use of "ajam" has the meaning of "non-Arab".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its development from meaning "mute" to meaning "non-Arabic-speaking" is somewhat analogous to that of the word <a href="/wiki/Barbarian" title="Barbarian">barbarian</a> (< <a href="/wiki/Greek_(language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek (language)">Greek</a> <span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">βαρβαρόφωνος</span></span> <span title="Greek-language text"><i lang="el">barbarophonos</i></span>), or <i><a href="/wiki/Names_of_Germany#Names_from_Nemets" title="Names of Germany">Nemtsy</a></i> for Germans in <a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic languages</a>, which descend from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Slavic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Slavic">Proto-Slavic</a> <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/n%C4%9Bm%D1%8Cc%D1%8C" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/němьcь">*němьcь</a></i>, itself from <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/n%C4%9Bm%D1%8A" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/němъ">*němъ</a></i> meaning "mute". (From there also comes <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:النمسا">النمسا</a></span></span> <i>(an-Namsa)</i>, the Arabic name for <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Original_meaning">Original meaning</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ajam&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Original meaning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Cleanup_rewrite plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg/40px-Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg/60px-Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg/80px-Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>may need to be rewritten</b> to comply with Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">quality standards</a>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ajam&action=edit">You can help</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Talk:Ajam" title="Talk:Ajam">talk page</a> may contain suggestions.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2021</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_later_map_by_Salmon_from_%27A_New_Geographical_and_Historical_Grammar...%27_(W._Johnston,_London),_1766_persia_1752_north_west.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/A_later_map_by_Salmon_from_%27A_New_Geographical_and_Historical_Grammar...%27_%28W._Johnston%2C_London%29%2C_1766_persia_1752_north_west.jpg/220px-A_later_map_by_Salmon_from_%27A_New_Geographical_and_Historical_Grammar...%27_%28W._Johnston%2C_London%29%2C_1766_persia_1752_north_west.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/A_later_map_by_Salmon_from_%27A_New_Geographical_and_Historical_Grammar...%27_%28W._Johnston%2C_London%29%2C_1766_persia_1752_north_west.jpg/330px-A_later_map_by_Salmon_from_%27A_New_Geographical_and_Historical_Grammar...%27_%28W._Johnston%2C_London%29%2C_1766_persia_1752_north_west.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/A_later_map_by_Salmon_from_%27A_New_Geographical_and_Historical_Grammar...%27_%28W._Johnston%2C_London%29%2C_1766_persia_1752_north_west.jpg/440px-A_later_map_by_Salmon_from_%27A_New_Geographical_and_Historical_Grammar...%27_%28W._Johnston%2C_London%29%2C_1766_persia_1752_north_west.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>An old map showing the area of Ajam in Arak, Hamadan, Isfahan and Yazd</figcaption></figure> <p>The verb <i>ʿajama</i> originally meant "to mumble, and speak indistinctly", which is the opposite of <i>ʿaraba</i>, "to speak clearly". Accordingly, the noun <i>ʿujma</i>, of the same root, is the opposite of <i>fuṣḥa</i>, which means "chaste, correct, Arabic language".<sup id="cite_ref-EI_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EI-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In general, during the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad period</a> <i>ajam</i> was a pejorative term used by Arabs who believed in their social and political superiority, in early history after Islam. However, the distinction between Arab and Ajam is discernible in pre-Islamic poetry.<sup id="cite_ref-EI_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EI-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the book <i>Documents on the Persian Gulf's name</i><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> the Arabs likewise referred to Iran and the Persian (Sassanian) Empire as <i><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Bilād Fāris</i></span></i> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">بلاد فارس</span>), which means "Lands of Persia", and using <i><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Bilād Ajam</i></span></i> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">بلاد عجم</span>) as an equivalent or synonym to Persia. The Turks also were using bilad (Belaad) e Ajam as an equivalent or synonym to Persian and <a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian</a>, and in the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> the word ajam was used to refer to non-Arabs. <i>Ajam</i> was first used for people of Persia in the poems of pre-Islamic Arab poets; but after the advent of Islam it also referred to Turks, <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrians</a>, and others. Today, in Arabic literature, <i>Ajam</i> is used to refer to all non-Arabs. As the book <a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Documents_on_the_Persian_Gulf%27s_name" class="extiw" title="simple:Documents on the Persian Gulf's name">Documents on the Persian Gulf's name</a> explained, during the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Intermezzo" title="Iranian Intermezzo">Iranian Intermezzo</a> native Persian Muslim dynasties used both the words Ajam and Persian to refer to themselves. According to <i>The Political Language of Islam</i>, during the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">Islamic Golden Age</a>, 'Ajam' was used colloquially as a reference to denote those whom <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a> viewed as "alien" or outsiders.<sup id="cite_ref-Lewis_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewis-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The early application of the term included all of the <i>non-Arab </i>peoples with whom the Arabs had contact including <a href="/wiki/Persian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian people">Persians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Greeks" title="Byzantine Greeks">Byzantine Greeks</a>, <a href="/wiki/People_of_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="People of Ethiopia">Ethiopians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mandaeans" title="Mandaeans">Mandaeans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgians" title="Georgians">Georgians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sabians" title="Sabians">Sabians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egyptians" title="Egyptians">Egyptians</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Berbers" title="Berbers">Berbers</a>. </p><p>During the early age of the Caliphates, Ajam was often synonymous with "foreigner" or "stranger". <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In Western Asia, it was generally applied to the <a href="/wiki/Persian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian people">Persians</a>, while in <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">al-Andalus</a> it referred to speakers of <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a> – becoming "<a href="/wiki/Aljamiado" title="Aljamiado">Aljamiado</a>" in Spanish in reference to Arabic-script writing of those languages – and in <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a> refers to the <a href="/wiki/Ajami_script" title="Ajami script">Ajami script</a> or the writing of local languages such as <a href="/wiki/Hausa_language" title="Hausa language">Hausa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fula_language" title="Fula language">Fulani</a> in the Arabic alphabet.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In <a href="/wiki/Zanzibar" title="Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a> <i>ajami</i> and <i>ajamo</i> means a Persian person which comes from the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a> and the cities of Shiraz and <a href="/wiki/Siraf" class="mw-redirect" title="Siraf">Siraf</a>. In Turkish, there are many documents and letters that used Ajam to refer to Persian. In the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a> region, people still refer to Persians as Ajami, referring to Persian carpets as <span title="Arabic-language text"><i lang="ar-Latn">sajjad al Ajami</i></span> (Ajami carpet), Persian cats as Ajami cats, and Persian kings as Ajami kings.<sup id="cite_ref-hamshahrionline.ir_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hamshahrionline.ir-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pejorative_use">Pejorative use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ajam&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Pejorative use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the Umayyad period, the term developed a derogatory meaning as the word was used to refer to non-Arab speakers (primarily Persians) as illiterate and uneducated. Arab conquerors in that period tried to impose Arabic as the primary language of the subject peoples throughout their empire. Angry with the prevalence of the Persian language in the <a href="/wiki/Divan" title="Divan">Divan</a> and Persian society, Persian resistance to this mentality was popularised in the final verse of <a href="/wiki/Ferdowsi" title="Ferdowsi">Ferdowsi</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Shahnameh" title="Shahnameh">Shahnameh</a></i>; this verse is widely regarded by Iranians as the primary reason that they speak Persian and not Arabic to this day.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the Umayyad dynasty, official association with the Arab dominion was only given to those with the ethnic identity of the Arab and required formal association with an Arab tribe and the adoption of the client status (<a href="/wiki/Mawla" title="Mawla">mawālī</a>, another derogatory term translated to mean "slave" or "lesser" in this context).<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pejorative use to denote Persians as "Ajam" is so ingrained in the Arab world that it is colloquially used to refer to Persians as "Ajam" neglecting the original definition and etymology of the word. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Colloquial_use">Colloquial use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ajam&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Colloquial use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Clifford_Edmund_Bosworth" title="Clifford Edmund Bosworth">Clifford Edmund Bosworth</a>, "by the 3rd/9th century, the non-Arabs, and above all the Persians, were asserting their social and cultural equality (<span title="Arabic-language text"><i lang="ar-Latn">taswīa</i></span>) with the Arabs, if not their superiority (<span title="Arabic-language text"><i lang="ar-Latn">tafżīl</i></span>) over them (a process seen in the literary movement of the <span title="Arabic-language text"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Shu%27ubiyya" title="Shu'ubiyya">Šoʿūbīya</a></i></span>). In any case, there was always in some minds a current of admiration for the ʿAǰam as heirs of an ancient, cultured tradition of life. After these controversies had died down, and the Persians had achieved a position of power in the Islamic world comparable to their numbers and capabilities, <span style="padding-right:.15em;">"</span>ʿAjam" became a simple ethnic and geographical designation."<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus by the ninth century, the term was being used by Persians themselves as an ethnic term, and examples can be given by Asadi Tusi in his poem comparing the superiority of Persians and Arabs.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Accordingly: "territorial notions of 'Iran' are reflected in such terms as <span title="Persian-language text"><i lang="fa-Latn">irānšahr</i></span>, <span title="Persian-language text"><i lang="fa-Latn">irānzamin</i></span>, or <span title="Arabic-language text"><i lang="ar-Latn">Faris</i></span>, the Arabicized form of <span title="Persian-language text"><i lang="fa-Latn">Pārs</i></span>/<span title="Persian-language text"><i lang="fa-Latn">Fārs</i></span> (Persia). The ethnic notion of 'Iranian' is denoted by the Persian words <span title="Persian-language text"><i lang="fa-Latn">Pārsi</i></span> or <span title="Persian-language text"><i lang="fa-Latn">Irāni</i></span>, and the Arabic term <span title="Arabic-language text"><i lang="ar-Latn">Ahl Faris</i></span> (inhabitants of Persia) or <span title="Arabic-language text"><i lang="ar-Latn">ʿAjam</i></span>, referring to non-Arabs, but primarily to Persians as in <span title="Arabic-language text"><i lang="ar-Latn">molk-e ʿAjam</i></span> (Persian kingdom) or <span title="Arabic-language text"><i lang="ar-Latn">moluk-e ʿAjam</i></span> (Persian kings)."<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <i>The Political Language of Islam</i>, during the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">Islamic Golden Age</a>, 'Ajam' was used colloquially as a reference to denote those whom <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a> viewed as "alien" or outsiders.<sup id="cite_ref-Lewis_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lewis-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The early application of the term included all of the non-Arab peoples with whom the Arabs had contact including <a href="/wiki/Persian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian people">Persians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Greeks" title="Byzantine Greeks">Byzantine Greeks</a>, <a href="/wiki/People_of_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="People of Ethiopia">Ethiopians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mandaeans" title="Mandaeans">Mandaeans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgians" title="Georgians">Georgians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sabians" title="Sabians">Sabians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Copts" title="Copts">Copts</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Berbers" title="Berbers">Berbers</a>. </p><p>During the early age of the Caliphates, <span title="Arabic-language text"><i lang="ar-Latn">Ajam</i></span> was often synonymous with "foreigner" or "stranger".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In Western Asia, it was generally applied to the <a href="/wiki/Persian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian people">Persians</a>, while in <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">al-Andalus</a> it referred to speakers of <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a> – becoming "<a href="/wiki/Aljamiado" title="Aljamiado">Aljamiado</a>" in Spanish in reference to Arabic-script writing of those languages – and in <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a> refers to the <a href="/wiki/Ajami_script" title="Ajami script">Ajami script</a> or the writing of local languages such as <a href="/wiki/Hausa_language" title="Hausa language">Hausa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fula_language" title="Fula language">Fulani</a> in the Arabic alphabet.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In <a href="/wiki/Zanzibar" title="Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a> <span title="Arabic-language text"><i lang="ar-Latn">ajami</i></span> and <span title="Arabic-language text"><i lang="ar-Latn">ajamo</i></span> mean Persian, which came from the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a> and the cities of Shiraz and <a href="/wiki/Siraf" class="mw-redirect" title="Siraf">Siraf</a>. In Turkish, there are many documents and letters that used <span title="Arabic-language text"><i lang="ar-Latn">Ajam</i></span> to refer to the Persians.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Removed Simple English Wikipedia as a source: all editions of Wikipedia are considered unreliable (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a> region today, people still refer to <a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Persians/Iranians</a> as Ajami, referring to Persian carpets as <span title="Arabic-language text"><i lang="ar-Latn">sajjad al Ajami</i></span> (Ajami carpet), Persian cat as Ajami cats, and Persian kings as Ajami kings.<sup id="cite_ref-hamshahrionline.ir_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hamshahrionline.ir-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Khaleej_ajam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Khaleej_ajam.jpg/220px-Khaleej_ajam.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="340" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Khaleej_ajam.jpg/330px-Khaleej_ajam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/Khaleej_ajam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="618" /></a><figcaption>A map published in <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Egypt" title="Ottoman Egypt">Ottoman Egypt</a> in 1908, with <a href="/wiki/Qajar_Iran" title="Qajar Iran">Iran</a> labelled <span title="Arabic-language text"><i lang="ar-Latn">Bilād al-ʿAjam</i></span> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">Land of the Mutes [Persians]</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>) and the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a> labelled <span title="Arabic-language text"><i lang="ar-Latn">Khalīj al-ʿAjam</i></span> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">Gulf of the Mutes [Persia]</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>), from <a href="/wiki/Al-Azhar_University" title="Al-Azhar University">Al-Azhar University</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_examples">Notable examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ajam&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Notable examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The ethnic Persian community in <a href="/wiki/%27Ajam_of_Kuwait" title="'Ajam of Kuwait">Kuwait</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ajam_of_Bahrain" title="Ajam of Bahrain">Bahrain</a> are called <i>Ajami</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 26-27">: 26-27 </span></sup> The term was initially used to refer to speakers of <a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">languages derived</a> from <a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian" title="Middle Persian">Middle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Old_Persian" title="Old Persian">Old</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Persian" title="New Persian">New Persian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Farsi</a>), and especially those of a Shia background,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but considering countries like Bahrain has speakers of various different languages (and especially <a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian languages</a>) it can be seen as a broader term encompassing several ethnic groups,<sup id="cite_ref-:9_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 26-27">: 26-27 </span></sup> it was also considered derogatory by some,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> those of a Sunni background (particularly Achomis of a Sunni background) are often intentionally conflated with <a href="/wiki/Huwala_people" title="Huwala people">Huwala Arabs</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:2_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and sometimes refer to their language as either "<a href="/wiki/Achomi_language" title="Achomi language">Ajami</a>" or "Holi."<sup id="cite_ref-:1_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>'Ajam was used by the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turks" title="Ottoman Turks">Ottoman Turks</a> to refer to the <a href="/wiki/Safavid_dynasty" title="Safavid dynasty">Safavid dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Abbasid <a href="/wiki/Iraq_Al-Ajam" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraq Al-Ajam">Iraq Al-Ajam</a> province (centered around <a href="/wiki/Arax" class="mw-redirect" title="Arax">Arax</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shirvan" title="Shirvan">Shirvan</a>).</li> <li>The Kurdish historian, <a href="/wiki/Sharaf_Khan_Bidlisi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharaf Khan Bidlisi">Sharaf Khan Bidlisi</a>, uses the term <i>Ajam</i> in his book <i><a href="/wiki/Sharafnama" title="Sharafnama">Sharafnama</a></i> (1597 CE) to refer to the Shia Persians.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Anatolia_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Anatolia Region">Eastern Anatolia Region</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis" title="Azerbaijanis">Azerbaijanis</a> are sometimes referred to as <i>acem</i> (which is the Turkish translation of Ajam).<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Mahmood Reza Ghods claimed modern Sunni Kurds of Iran use this term to denote Persians, Azeris and Southern Kurds.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Shahrzad_Mojab" title="Shahrzad Mojab">Sharhzad Mojab</a>, <i>Ecem</i> (derived from the Arabic <i>‘ajam</i>) is used by Kurds to refer to Persians and, sometimes, Turks.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Adjam, Hajjam, Ajaim, Ajami, Akham (as Axam in Spain for ajam), Ayam in Europe.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>, the word <i>acem</i> refers to Iran and Iranian people.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>It is also used as a <a href="/wiki/Ajami_(surname)" title="Ajami (surname)">surname</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ajam&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbarian" title="Barbarian">Barbarian</a>, an originally Greco-Roman word for "uncivilized" people that was borrowed into Arabic and referred to indigenous North Africans during the early Muslim conquests</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_Germany#Names_from_Nemets" title="Names of Germany">Nemets</a>, a Slavic term for Germans that figuratively ascribes muteness to them in the context of their non-Slavic native language</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocentrism" title="Ethnocentrism">Ethnocentrism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabization" title="Arabization">Arabization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_Arab_world" title="Racism in the Arab world">Racism in the Arab world</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Iranian_sentiment_in_the_Arab_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Iranian sentiment in the Arab world">Anti-Iranian sentiment in the Arab world</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ajam&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.sakhr.com/idrisidic_2.asp?Sub=%da%cc%e3">"Sakhr: Multilingual Dictionary"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sakhr%3A+Multilingual+Dictionary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.sakhr.com%2Fidrisidic_2.asp%3FSub%3D%25da%25cc%25e3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAjam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lewis-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lewis_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lewis_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lewis_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis1991" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, Bernard (11 June 1991). <i>The Political Language of Islam</i>. University Of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0226476936" title="Special:BookSources/0226476936"><bdi>0226476936</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Political+Language+of+Islam&rft.pub=University+Of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1991-06-11&rft.isbn=0226476936&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAjam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:92-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:92_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hamedkenani.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/d8aad8a7d8b1d98ad8ae-d8a7d984d8b9d8b1d982-d8a7d984d981d8a7d8b1d8b3d98a-d981d98a-d8a7d984d8a8d8add8b1d98ad986.pdf">"تاريخ العرق الفارسي في البحرين"</a> [History of the Persian race in Bahrain] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Al-Waqt" title="Al-Waqt">Al-Waqt</a></i> (1346). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240612154921/https://hamedkenani.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/d8aad8a7d8b1d98ad8ae-d8a7d984d8b9d8b1d982-d8a7d984d981d8a7d8b1d8b3d98a-d981d98a-d8a7d984d8a8d8add8b1d98ad986.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2024-06-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al-Waqt&rft.atitle=%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%82+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%8A+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86&rft.issue=1346&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhamedkenani.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2021%2F04%2Fd8aad8a7d8b1d98ad8ae-d8a7d984d8b9d8b1d982-d8a7d984d981d8a7d8b1d8b3d98a-d981d98a-d8a7d984d8a8d8add8b1d98ad986.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAjam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFryeZarrinkoub1975" class="citation journal cs1">Frye, Richard Nelson; Zarrinkoub, Abdolhosein (1975). "Section on The Arab Conquest of Iran". <i>Cambridge History of Iran</i>. <b>4</b>. London: 46.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cambridge+History+of+Iran&rft.atitle=Section+on+The+Arab+Conquest+of+Iran&rft.volume=4&rft.pages=46&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Frye&rft.aufirst=Richard+Nelson&rft.au=Zarrinkoub%2C+Abdolhosein&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAjam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930193216/http://qamoos.sakhr.com/openme.asp?fileurl=%2Fhtml%2F7074630.html">"Sakhr: Lisan al-Arab"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://qamoos.sakhr.com/openme.asp?fileurl=/html/7074630.html">the original</a> on 30 September 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sakhr%3A+Lisan+al-Arab&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fqamoos.sakhr.com%2Fopenme.asp%3Ffileurl%3D%2Fhtml%2F7074630.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAjam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.sakhr.com/idrisidic_2.asp?Sub=%da%cc%e3">"Sakhr: Multilingual Dictionary"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sakhr%3A+Multilingual+Dictionary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.sakhr.com%2Fidrisidic_2.asp%3FSub%3D%25da%25cc%25e3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAjam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EI-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EI_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EI_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranica.com/newsite/search/searchpdf.isc?ReqStrPDFPath=/home/iranica/public_html/newsite/pdfarticles/v1_articles/ajam&OptStrLogFile=/home/iranica/public_html/newsite/logs/pdfdownload.html">"Ajam"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica" title="Encyclopædia Iranica">Encyclopædia Iranica</a></i>, p.700. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071215183238/http://www.iranica.com/newsite/search/searchpdf.isc?ReqStrPDFPath=%2Fhome%2Firanica%2Fpublic_html%2Fnewsite%2Fpdfarticles%2Fv1_articles%2Fajam&OptStrLogFile=%2Fhome%2Firanica%2Fpublic_html%2Fnewsite%2Flogs%2Fpdfdownload.html">Archived</a> 2007-12-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hamshahrionline.ir-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hamshahrionline.ir_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hamshahrionline.ir_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hamshahrionline.ir/news-101174.aspx">The Book.documents on the Persian gulf's name.names of Iran</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110403110948/http://www.hamshahrionline.ir/news-101174.aspx">Archived</a> 2011-04-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> pp.23–60 Molk e Ajam= Persi . Molk-e-Jam and Molouk -e-Ajam(Persian Kings). <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">عجم تهران</span></span> 2010 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-600-90231-4-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-600-90231-4-1">978-600-90231-4-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFirdawsīDavis2006" class="citation book cs1">Firdawsī; Davis, Dick (2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/shahnamehpersian0000fird"><i>Shahnameh: the Persian Book of Kings</i></a></span>. New York: Viking.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shahnameh%3A+the+Persian+Book+of+Kings&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Viking&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Firdaws%C4%AB&rft.au=Davis%2C+Dick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fshahnamehpersian0000fird&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAjam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAstren2004" class="citation book cs1">Astren, Fred (February 1, 2004). <i>Karaite Judaism and Historical Understanding</i>. Univ of South Carolina Press. pp. 33–35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57003-518-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-57003-518-0"><bdi>1-57003-518-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Karaite+Judaism+and+Historical+Understanding&rft.pages=33-35&rft.pub=Univ+of+South+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2004-02-01&rft.isbn=1-57003-518-0&rft.aulast=Astren&rft.aufirst=Fred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAjam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Ajam", <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica" title="Encyclopædia Iranica">Encyclopædia Iranica</a></i>, Bosworth</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">گفتمش چو دیوانه بسی گفتی و اکنون<br /> پاسخ شنو ای بوده چون دیوان بیابان<br /> عیب ار چه کنی اهل گرانمایه عجم را<br /> چه بوید شما خود گلهء غر شتربان</span></span> </p> </div></blockquote> <p>Jalal Khaleqi Motlaq, "Asadi Tusi", <span title="Arabic-language text"><i lang="ar-Latn">Majaleyeh Daneshkadeyeh Adabiyaat o Olum-e Insani</i></span> [<i>Literature and Humanities Magazine</i>], Ferdowsi University, 1357 (1978). page 71. </p> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ashraf, Ahmad, "Iranian Identity iii. Medieval Islamic Period", <i>Encyclopedia Iranica</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:9-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:9_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hamedkenani.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/d8aad8a7d8b1d98ad8ae-d8a7d984d8b9d8b1d982-d8a7d984d981d8a7d8b1d8b3d98a-d981d98a-d8a7d984d8a8d8add8b1d98ad986.pdf">"تاريخ العرق الفارسي في البحرين"</a> [History of the Persian race in Bahrain] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Al-Waqt" title="Al-Waqt">Al-Waqt</a></i> (1346). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240612154921/https://hamedkenani.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/d8aad8a7d8b1d98ad8ae-d8a7d984d8b9d8b1d982-d8a7d984d981d8a7d8b1d8b3d98a-d981d98a-d8a7d984d8a8d8add8b1d98ad986.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2024-06-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al-Waqt&rft.atitle=%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%82+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%8A+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86&rft.issue=1346&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhamedkenani.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2021%2F04%2Fd8aad8a7d8b1d98ad8ae-d8a7d984d8b9d8b1d982-d8a7d984d981d8a7d8b1d8b3d98a-d981d98a-d8a7d984d8a8d8add8b1d98ad986.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAjam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYateem2014" class="citation journal cs1">Yateem, Abdullah (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/36876477/Yateem_Article_Eng-libre.pdf?1425628459=&response-content-disposition=inline%3B+filename%3DReligion_Identity_and_Citizenship_The_Pr.pdf&Expires=1726770198&Signature=J5-vfhfya4jksAz59lWT8WFNTAEAyiOSSJEhBMZqsXSTSCTDOkBgGqfINjNPL-wIqXMkjAdZXawK~YrR-d9rGRQzGH9L2S2KF9Prn3GBlbDlMko4ZJjNzycx-b6btKVtPvg-G06v8kh2uAR-jXz3GVpTvnUzo4jIHNjIYuh9Tuh76S3inqJm3BXt8n6aQ7fQO2gIPodTLhRZZovNsYAvpiy8QNUSwtIGrzMt5ySJVp80fpt7YNT8UYoleFi3G3uluRfHLmEUFq34c0q1DcGGSBWfM5R-rN6xjuBoNWDcqv7QyDtldconv0TcIn4kwjkfuaV7BkDvm~kO1LPpaPUjAQ__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA">"Religion, Identity and Citizenship: The Predicament of Shiʿa Fundamentalism in Bahrain"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Central European Journal of International & Security Studies</i>. <b>8</b> (3): 104.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Central+European+Journal+of+International+%26+Security+Studies&rft.atitle=Religion%2C+Identity+and+Citizenship%3A+The+Predicament+of+Shi%CA%BFa+Fundamentalism+in+Bahrain.&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=104&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Yateem&rft.aufirst=Abdullah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fd1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net%2F36876477%2FYateem_Article_Eng-libre.pdf%3F1425628459%3D%26response-content-disposition%3Dinline%253B%2Bfilename%253DReligion_Identity_and_Citizenship_The_Pr.pdf%26Expires%3D1726770198%26Signature%3DJ5-vfhfya4jksAz59lWT8WFNTAEAyiOSSJEhBMZqsXSTSCTDOkBgGqfINjNPL-wIqXMkjAdZXawK~YrR-d9rGRQzGH9L2S2KF9Prn3GBlbDlMko4ZJjNzycx-b6btKVtPvg-G06v8kh2uAR-jXz3GVpTvnUzo4jIHNjIYuh9Tuh76S3inqJm3BXt8n6aQ7fQO2gIPodTLhRZZovNsYAvpiy8QNUSwtIGrzMt5ySJVp80fpt7YNT8UYoleFi3G3uluRfHLmEUFq34c0q1DcGGSBWfM5R-rN6xjuBoNWDcqv7QyDtldconv0TcIn4kwjkfuaV7BkDvm~kO1LPpaPUjAQ__%26Key-Pair-Id%3DAPKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAjam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStokes2023" class="citation journal cs1">Stokes, Corinne (2023-12-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.openedition.org/arabianhumanities/11297">"Performing Khaleejiness on Instagram: Authenticity, hybridity, and belonging"</a>. <i>Arabian Humanities. Revue internationale d'archéologie et de sciences sociales sur la péninsule Arabique/International Journal of Archaeology and Social Sciences in the Arabian Peninsula</i>. <b>18</b> (18). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fcy.11297">10.4000/cy.11297</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2308-6122">2308-6122</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arabian+Humanities.+Revue+internationale+d%27arch%C3%A9ologie+et+de+sciences+sociales+sur+la+p%C3%A9ninsule+Arabique%2FInternational+Journal+of+Archaeology+and+Social+Sciences+in+the+Arabian+Peninsula&rft.atitle=Performing+Khaleejiness+on+Instagram%3A+Authenticity%2C+hybridity%2C+and+belonging&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=18&rft.date=2023-12-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4000%2Fcy.11297&rft.issn=2308-6122&rft.aulast=Stokes&rft.aufirst=Corinne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.openedition.org%2Farabianhumanities%2F11297&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAjam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:2_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.almesbar.net/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%AC%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%A9-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%AC-%D9%84%D9%85-%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A7-%D8%AA%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%8A%D8%B2/">"العجم السنة في الخليج لم يواجهوا تمييزاً عرقيا"</a> [Sunni Ajams in the Gulf did not face racial discrimination]. <i>مركز المسبار للدراسات والبحوث</i> (in Arabic). 2013-09-15. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230610170503/https://www.almesbar.net/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%AC%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%A9-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%AC-%D9%84%D9%85-%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A7-%D8%AA%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%8A%D8%B2/">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-06-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-09-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%B2+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1+%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AA+%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%AB&rft.atitle=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%AC%D9%85+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%A9+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%AC+%D9%84%D9%85+%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A7+%D8%AA%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%8A%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%8B+%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7&rft.date=2013-09-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.almesbar.net%2F%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25B9%25D8%25AC%25D9%2585-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25B3%25D9%2586%25D8%25A9-%25D9%2581%25D9%258A-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25AE%25D9%2584%25D9%258A%25D8%25AC-%25D9%2584%25D9%2585-%25D9%258A%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AC%25D9%2587%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7-%25D8%25AA%25D9%2585%25D9%258A%25D9%258A%25D8%25B2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAjam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin van Bruinessen. "Nationalisme kurde et ethnicités intra-kurdes", Peuples Méditerranéens no. 68-69 (1994), 11–37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Philip G. Kreyenbroek, Stefan Sperl, <i>The Kurds</i>, 250 pp., Routledge, 1992, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-07265-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-07265-6">978-0-415-07265-6</a> (see p.38)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Turkish)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.durna.eu/qarsli.htm">Qarslı bir azərbaycanlının ürək sözləri</a>. Erol Özaydın</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mahmood Reza Ghods, <i>A comparative historical study of the causes, development and effects of the revolutionary movements in northern Iran in 1920–21 and 1945–46</i>. University of Denver, 1988. v.1, p.75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMojab2015" class="citation journal cs1">Mojab, Shahrzad (Summer 2015). "Deçmewe Sablax [Going Back to Sablagh] by Shilan Hasanpour (review)". <i>The Middle East Journal</i>. <b>69</b>: 488–489.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Middle+East+Journal&rft.atitle=De%C3%A7mewe+Sablax+%5BGoing+Back+to+Sablagh%5D+by+Shilan+Hasanpour+%28review%29&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=69&rft.pages=488-489&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Mojab&rft.aufirst=Shahrzad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAjam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sozluk.gov.tr/?kelime=Acem">"Turkish Language Association: Acem"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Turkish+Language+Association%3A+Acem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsozluk.gov.tr%2F%3Fkelime%3DAcem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAjam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927025653/http://static.namesdatabase.com/names2/A/J/Ajam.html">"Names Database: Ajam Surname"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://static.namesdatabase.com/names2/A/J/Ajam.html">the original</a> on 27 September 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Names+Database%3A+Ajam+Surname&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstatic.namesdatabase.com%2Fnames2%2FA%2FJ%2FAjam.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAjam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ajam&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bu.edu/articles/2022/fallou-ngom-discovers-ajami-african-writing-system/">Unearthing a Long Ignored African Writing System, One Researcher Finds African History, by Africans</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ethnic_slurs" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethnic_slurs" title="Template:Ethnic slurs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethnic_slurs" title="Template talk:Ethnic slurs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic_slurs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic slurs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethnic_slurs" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_slurs" title="List of ethnic slurs">Ethnic slurs</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_slurs_by_ethnicity" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ethnic slurs by ethnicity">by ethnicity</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africans</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Abeed" title="Abeed">Abeed</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Black_Diamond_(racial_term)" title="Black Diamond (racial term)">Black Diamond</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Boerehaat" title="Boerehaat">Boerehaat</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Choc_ice" title="Choc ice">Choc ice</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cushi" title="Cushi">Cushi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Golliwog" title="Golliwog">Golliwog</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kaffir_(racial_term)" title="Kaffir (racial term)">Kaffir</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wog" title="Wog">Wog</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Europe" title="Ethnic groups in Europe">Europeans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ang_mo" title="Ang mo">Ang mo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bule_(term)" title="Bule (term)">Bule</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cracker_(term)" title="Cracker (term)">Cracker</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Farang" title="Farang">Farang</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Guiri" title="Guiri">Guiri</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Guizi" title="Guizi">Guizi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gweilo" title="Gweilo">Gweilo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Honky" title="Honky">Honky</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mat_Salleh" title="Mat Salleh">Mat Salleh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Redleg" title="Redleg">Redleg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wasi%27chu" title="Wasi'chu">Wasi'chu</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wigger" title="Wigger">Wigger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wog" title="Wog">Wog</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anti-Albanian_sentiment#Derogatory_terms" title="Anti-Albanian sentiment">Albanians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Shqiptar#Use_in_South_Slavic_languages" title="Shqiptar">Šiptar</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Turco-Albanian" title="Turco-Albanian">Turco-Albanian</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anti-British_sentiment#Derogatory_terms" title="Anti-British sentiment">British</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Limey" class="mw-redirect" title="Limey">Limey</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_names_for_the_British#Pommy_or_Pom" title="Glossary of names for the British">Pom</a></span></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scots</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Teuchter" title="Teuchter">Teuchter</a><span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Highlands" title="Scottish Highlands">Scottish Highlanders</a></i>)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Welsh</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Crachach" title="Crachach">Crachach</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<i>Welsh-speaking elite</i>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dic_Si%C3%B4n_Dafydd" title="Dic Siôn Dafydd">Dic Siôn Dafydd</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<i>Anglophile Welsh</i>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sheep_shagger" title="Sheep shagger">Sheep shagger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Taffy_was_a_Welshman" title="Taffy was a Welshman">Taffy</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dutch</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cheesehead" title="Cheesehead">Cheesehead</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Finns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chukhna" title="Chukhna">Chukhna</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/China_Swede" class="mw-redirect" title="China Swede">China Swede</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Finnj%C3%A4vel" class="mw-redirect" title="Finnjävel">Finnjävel</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">French</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cheese-eating_surrender_monkeys" title="Cheese-eating surrender monkeys">Cheese-eating surrender monkeys</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Frog_(pejorative)" class="mw-redirect" title="Frog (pejorative)">Frog</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gabacho" title="Gabacho">Gabacho</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_terms_used_for_Germans" title="List of terms used for Germans">Germans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_terms_used_for_Germans#Hun_(pejorative)" title="List of terms used for Germans">Hun</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kraut" title="Kraut">Kraut</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Greeks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Grecomans" title="Grecomans">Grecomans</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Irish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fenian" title="Fenian">Fenian</a><span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i><a href="/wiki/Irish_republicanism" title="Irish republicanism">Republicans</a></i>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Hun<span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i><a href="/wiki/Irish_Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Protestant">Irish Protestant</a></i>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Knacker" title="Knacker">Knacker</a><span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i><a href="/wiki/Irish_Travellers" title="Irish Travellers">Irish Travellers</a></i>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pikey" title="Pikey">Pikey</a><span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i>Irish Travellers</i>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Shoneenism" title="Shoneenism">Shoneen</a><span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i>Anglophile Irish</i>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Taig" title="Taig">Taig</a><span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i><a href="/wiki/Irish_Catholics" title="Irish Catholics">Irish Catholics</a></i>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/West_Brit" title="West Brit">West Brit</a><span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i>Anglophile Irish</i>)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Italians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">Dago</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Goombah" title="Goombah">Goombah</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Greaseball</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Guido_(slang)" title="Guido (slang)">Guido</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Guinea</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Polentone" title="Polentone">Polentone</a><span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i><a href="/wiki/Northern_Italy" title="Northern Italy">Northern Italians</a></i>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_slurs_by_ethnicity#Sardinians" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ethnic slurs by ethnicity">Sardegnolo</a><span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_people" title="Sardinian people">Sardinians</a></i>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_slurs_by_ethnicity#Sardinians" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ethnic slurs by ethnicity">Sheep shagger</a><span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i>Sardinians</i>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Terrone" title="Terrone">Terrone</a><span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i><a href="/wiki/Southern_Italy" title="Southern Italy">South Italians</a></i>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wop" title="Wop">Wop</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wog" title="Wog">Wog</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Poles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Polack" title="Polack">Polack</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pshek" class="mw-redirect" title="Pshek">Pshek</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Moskal" title="Moskal">Moskal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Orc_(slang)" title="Orc (slang)">Orc</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tibla" title="Tibla">Tibla</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anti-Serb_sentiment#Hate_speech_and_derogatory_terms" title="Anti-Serb sentiment">Serbs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Shkije" title="Shkije">Shkije</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Serbomans" title="Serbomans">Serbomans</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spaniards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">Dago</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gachup%C3%ADn" title="Gachupín">Gachupín</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Polaco_(slur)" title="Polaco (slur)">Polaco</a> <span style="font-size:85%;"><i>(<a href="/wiki/Catalan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalan people">Catalans</a>)</i></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Quinqui_jargon" title="Quinqui jargon">Quinqui</a> <span style="font-size:85%;"><i>(Mercheros)</i></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Xarnego" title="Xarnego">Xarnego</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ukrainians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Oseledets" title="Oseledets">Khokhol</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ukrop" title="Ukrop">Ukrop</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bulgarophiles" title="Bulgarophiles">Bulgarophiles</a><span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i><a href="/wiki/Macedonians_(ethnic_group)" title="Macedonians (ethnic group)">Macedonians</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Serbs" title="Serbs">Serbs</a></i>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hunky_(ethnic_slur)" title="Hunky (ethnic slur)">Hunky</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<i>eastern and central europeans</i>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yestonians" title="Yestonians">Yestonians</a><span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i><a href="/wiki/Russification" title="Russification">Russified</a> <a href="/wiki/Estonians" title="Estonians">Estonians</a></i>)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_people" title="East Asian people">East Asians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Banana,_Coconut,_and_Twinkie" class="mw-redirect" title="Banana, Coconut, and Twinkie">Banana</a><span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i>westernized East Asians</i>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gook" title="Gook">Gook</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sangokujin" title="Sangokujin">Sangokujin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tokutei_Asia" title="Tokutei Asia">Toku-A</a><span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i>Chinese and Korean</i>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Banana,_Coconut,_and_Twinkie" class="mw-redirect" title="Banana, Coconut, and Twinkie">Twinkie</a><span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i>westernized East Asians</i>)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment#Derogatory_terms" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment">Chinese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ah_Beng" title="Ah Beng">Ah Beng</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chinaman" title="Chinaman">Chinaman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ching_chong" title="Ching chong">Ching chong</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chink" title="Chink">Chink</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chinky" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinky">Chinky</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Coolie" title="Coolie">Coolie</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jook-sing" title="Jook-sing">Jook-sing</a><span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i><a href="/wiki/Overseas_Chinese" title="Overseas Chinese">overseas</a></i> / <i>westernized Chinese</i>)</span> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Locust_(ethnic_slur)" title="Locust (ethnic slur)">Locust</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Shina_(word)" title="Shina (word)">Shina</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anti-Japanese_sentiment#Derogatory_terms" title="Anti-Japanese sentiment">Japanese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jap" title="Jap">Jap</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jjokbari" title="Jjokbari">Jjokbari</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nip" title="Nip">Nip</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Xiao_Riben" title="Xiao Riben">Xiao Riben</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anti-Korean_sentiment#Derogatory_terms" title="Anti-Korean sentiment">Koreans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ban-jjokbari" class="mw-redirect" title="Ban-jjokbari">Ban-jjokbari</a><span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i>Japan-affiliated Korean people</i>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gaoli_bangzi" title="Gaoli bangzi">Gaoli bangzi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sangokujin" title="Sangokujin">Sangokujin</a><span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i>also Chinese</i>)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Taiwanese</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tai_Ke" title="Tai Ke">Tai Ke</a> <span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i><a href="/wiki/Benshengren" title="Benshengren">Benshengren</a></i>)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_ethnic_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian ethnic groups">South Asians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/American-Born_Confused_Desi" class="mw-redirect" title="American-Born Confused Desi">American-Born Confused Desi (ABCD)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Coconut_(slur)" class="mw-redirect" title="Coconut (slur)">Coconut</a><span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i>westernized South Asians</i>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Coolie" title="Coolie">Coolie</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bengali Hindus</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bong_(term)" title="Bong (term)">Bong</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bongal" title="Bongal">Bongal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Danchi_babu" title="Danchi babu">Danchi babu</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dkhar" title="Dkhar">Dkhar</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Malaun" title="Malaun">Malaun</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mayang_(term)" title="Mayang (term)">Mayang</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chink#India" title="Chink">Chinki</a><span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i><a href="/wiki/Northeast_India" title="Northeast India">Northeast Indians</a></i>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Coolie" title="Coolie">Coolie</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Keling" title="Keling">Keling</a><span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i><a href="/wiki/Indian_diaspora#Asia" title="Indian diaspora">Maritime Southeast Asian-origin Indians</a></i>)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pakistanis</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paki_(slur)" title="Paki (slur)">Paki</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southeast Asians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anti-Filipino_sentiment#Derogatory_terms" title="Anti-Filipino sentiment">Filipinos</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anti-Vietnamese_sentiment#Derogatory_terms" title="Anti-Vietnamese sentiment">Vietnamese</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eurasians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rafida" title="Rafida">Rafida</a><span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shi'ites</a></i>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Raghead" class="mw-redirect" title="Raghead">Raghead</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wog" title="Wog">Wog</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_deicide" title="Jewish deicide">Christ killer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jewish-American_princess_stereotype" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish-American princess stereotype">Jewish-American princess (JAP)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kafir" title="Kafir">Kafir</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Khazar_hypothesis_of_Ashkenazi_ancestry" title="Khazar hypothesis of Ashkenazi ancestry">Khazar</a><span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazi Jews</a></i>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kike" title="Kike">Kike</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marrano" title="Marrano">Marrano</a><span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i><a href="/wiki/Converso" title="Converso">Conversos</a></i> / <i><a href="/wiki/Crypto-Judaism" title="Crypto-Judaism">Crypto-Jews</a></i>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rootless_cosmopolitan" title="Rootless cosmopolitan">Rootless cosmopolitan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wog" title="Wog">Wog</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yekke" title="Yekke">Yekke</a><span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Germany" title="History of the Jews in Germany">German Jews</a></i>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yid" title="Yid">Yid</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Zhyd" title="Zhyd">Zhyd / Zhydovka</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%C5%BBydokomuna" title="Żydokomuna">Żydokomuna</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kebab" title="Kebab">Kebab</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongol</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kanake" title="Kanake">Kanake</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dom_people" title="Dom people">Dom</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lom_people" title="Lom people">Lom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Didicoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Didicoy">Didicoy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gypsies" class="mw-redirect" title="Gypsies">Gypsies</a> <span style="font-size:85%;"><i>(sometimes used against other semi-nomadic groups)</i></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nawar_people" title="Nawar people">Nawar</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Zott" title="Zott">Zott</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceanians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Blackfella" title="Blackfella">Blackfella</a><span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australians" title="Indigenous Australians">Indigenous Australians</a></i>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hori_(slur)" title="Hori (slur)">Hori</a><span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people" title="Māori people">Māori</a></i>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kanaka_(Pacific_Island_worker)" title="Kanaka (Pacific Island worker)">Kanaka</a><span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islander" title="Pacific Islander">Pacific Islander</a></i>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Coconut_(slur)" class="mw-redirect" title="Coconut (slur)">Coconut</a><span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islander" title="Pacific Islander">Pacific Islander</a></i>)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North and South<br />Americans</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Eskimo" title="Eskimo">Eskimo</a><span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i><a href="/wiki/Inuit" title="Inuit">Inuit</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yupik_peoples" title="Yupik peoples">Yupik</a> / <a href="/wiki/Unangan" class="mw-redirect" title="Unangan">Unangan</a></i>)</span>,</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Native_American_name_controversy#Controversial_terminology" title="Native American name controversy">Indian/Injun</a><span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a> / <a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada" title="First Nations in Canada">First Nations</a> / <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">American Indian</a></i>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Redskin" title="Redskin">Redskin/Red Indian</a><span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a> / <a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada" title="First Nations in Canada">First Nations</a></i>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Squaw" title="Squaw">Squaw</a><span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a> women</i>)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/African_diaspora" title="African diaspora">Blacks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alligator_bait" title="Alligator bait">Alligator bait</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Black_American_princess" title="Black American princess">Black American princess</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Black_Buck" title="Black Buck">Black Buck</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cocolo" title="Cocolo">Cocolo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Colored" title="Colored">Colored</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/House_Negro" class="mw-redirect" title="House Negro">House Negro</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_(character)" title="Jim Crow (character)">Jim Crow</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Macaca_(term)" title="Macaca (term)">Macaca</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mammy_stereotype" title="Mammy stereotype">Mammy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Negro" title="Negro">Negro</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nigger" title="Nigger">Nigger</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nigga" title="Nigga">Nigga</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pickaninny" title="Pickaninny">Pickaninny</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rastus" title="Rastus">Rastus</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Welfare_queen" title="Welfare queen">Queen / Queenie</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sambo_(racial_term)" title="Sambo (racial term)">Sambo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Schvartze" title="Schvartze">Schvartze</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tar-Baby" title="Tar-Baby">Tar-Baby</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Uncle_Tom" title="Uncle Tom">Uncle Tom</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_diaspora" class="mw-redirect" title="European diaspora">Whites</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Becky_(slang)" title="Becky (slang)">Becky</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Buckra" title="Buckra">Buckra</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Conch_(people)" title="Conch (people)">Conch</a> <span style="font-size:85%;"><i>(<a href="/wiki/Bahamians" title="Bahamians">Bahamians</a> of European descent)</i></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Coonass" title="Coonass">Coonass</a><span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i><a href="/wiki/Cajuns" title="Cajuns">Cajuns</a></i>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cracker_(term)" title="Cracker (term)">Cracker</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gringo" title="Gringo">Gringo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Haole" title="Haole">Haole</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hillbilly" title="Hillbilly">Hillbilly / Hilljack</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Honky" title="Honky">Honky</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Karen_(slang)" title="Karen (slang)">Karen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Peckerwood" title="Peckerwood">Peckerwood</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Redneck" title="Redneck">Redneck</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Swamp_Yankee" title="Swamp Yankee">Swamp Yankee</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Trailer_trash" title="Trailer trash">Trailer trash</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/White_trash" title="White trash">White trash</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Whitey_(slang)" title="Whitey (slang)">Whitey</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Beaner" title="Beaner">Beaner</a><span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i>Mexicans</i>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Canuck" title="Canuck">Canuck</a><span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i>Canadians</i>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cholo" title="Cholo">Cholo</a><span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i><a href="/wiki/Mestizo" title="Mestizo">Mestizos</a></i>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Coonass" title="Coonass">Coonass</a><span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i><a href="/wiki/Cajuns" title="Cajuns">Cajuns</a></i>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Greaser_(derogatory)" title="Greaser (derogatory)">Greaser</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gusano_(slur)" title="Gusano (slur)">Gusano</a><span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i>Cubans</i>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Half-breed" title="Half-breed">Half-breed</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Naco_(slang)" title="Naco (slang)">Naco</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Newfie" title="Newfie">Newfie</a><span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundlander</a></i>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Okie" title="Okie">Okie</a><span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i>Oklahomans</i>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anti-American_sentiment_in_Russia#Pindos" title="Anti-American sentiment in Russia">Pindos</a> <span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i>Americans</i>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pocho" title="Pocho">Pocho</a><span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i>Mexican Americans</i>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Roto" title="Roto">Roto</a><span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i>Chileans</i>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Spic" title="Spic">Spic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sudaca" class="mw-redirect" title="Sudaca">Sudaca</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<i>Central and South Americans</i>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wetback_(slur)" title="Wetback (slur)">Wetback</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yankee" title="Yankee">Yank / Yankee</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<i>Americans</i>)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">Outsiders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ajam</a><span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i>non-<a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a></i>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Barbarian" title="Barbarian">Barbarian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fresh_off_the_boat" title="Fresh off the boat">Fresh off the boat / F.O.B.</a><span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i>immigrant</i>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gadjo" title="Gadjo">Gadjo</a> <span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i>non-<a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani</a></i>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gaijin" title="Gaijin">Gaijin</a><span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i>non-<a href="/wiki/Japanese_people" title="Japanese people">Japanese</a></i>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Goy" title="Goy">Goy</a><span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i><a href="/wiki/Gentile" title="Gentile">non-Jew</a></i>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kafir" title="Kafir">Kafir</a><span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i>non-believer</i>) </span>(pl. <a href="/wiki/Kafir" title="Kafir">Kuffar</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Laowai" title="Laowai">Laowai</a><span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i>non-<a href="/wiki/Chinese_people" title="Chinese people">Chinese</a></i>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/New_Australians" title="New Australians">Reffo / Balt</a><span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i>Non-Anglo immigrant to Australia</i>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Savage_(pejorative_term)" title="Savage (pejorative term)">Savage</a><span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i>usually Indigenous, regarded as primitive/uncivilized</i>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Shegetz" class="mw-redirect" title="Shegetz">Shegetz</a><span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i><a href="/wiki/Gentile" title="Gentile">non-Jewish boy or man</a></i>) </span>(pl. <a href="/wiki/Shkutzim" class="mw-redirect" title="Shkutzim">Shkutzim</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Shiksa" title="Shiksa">Shiksa</a><span style="font-size:85%;"> (<i><a href="/wiki/Gentile" title="Gentile">non-Jewish woman</a></i>)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="People_and_things_in_the_Quran" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Characters_and_names_in_the_Quran" title="Template:Characters and names in the Quran"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Characters_and_names_in_the_Quran" title="Template talk:Characters and names in the Quran"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Characters_and_names_in_the_Quran" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Characters and names in the Quran"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="People_and_things_in_the_Quran" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">People and things in the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Characters" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_characters_and_names_mentioned_in_the_Quran" title="List of characters and names mentioned in the Quran">Characters</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Non-humans" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Non-humans</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">Allāh</a> ('The <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a>') <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Islam" title="Names of God in Islam">Names</a> of <a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a> found in the Quran, such as <i>Karīm</i> (Generous)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Animals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Al-Baqara" title="Al-Baqara">baqara</a></i> (cow) of Israelites</li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Joseph_in_Islam#The_plot_against_Joseph" title="Joseph in Islam">dhiʾb</a></i> (wolf) that Jacob feared could attack Joseph</li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Al-Fil" title="Al-Fil">fīl</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/War_elephant" title="War elephant">elephant</a>) of the Abyssinians</li> <li><i>Ḥimār</i> (<a href="/wiki/Donkey" title="Donkey">Domesticated donkey</a>)</li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Solomon_in_Islam#Reign" title="Solomon in Islam">hud-hud</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Hoopoe" title="Hoopoe">hoopoe</a>) of Solomon</li> <li>The <i>kalb</i> (dog) of the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Sleepers#Islam" title="Seven Sleepers">sleepers of the cave</a></li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Solomon_in_Islam#Reign" title="Solomon in Islam">namlah</a></i> (female ant) of Solomon</li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Jonah#The_fish" title="Jonah">nūn</a></i> (fish or whale) of Jonah</li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/She-Camel_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="She-Camel of God">nāqat</a></i> (she-camel) of Ṣāliḥ</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>ʿAnkabūt</i> (Female <a href="/wiki/Spider" title="Spider">spider</a>)</li> <li><i>Dābbat al-Arḍ</i> (<a href="/wiki/Beast_of_the_Earth" title="Beast of the Earth">Beast of the Earth</a>)</li> <li><i>Ḥimār</i> (<a href="/wiki/Onager" title="Onager">Wild ass</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Honey#Ancient_times" title="Honey">Naḥl</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Honey_bee" title="Honey bee">Honey bee</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qaswarah" class="mw-redirect" title="Qaswarah">Qaswarah</a></i> ('<a href="/wiki/Asiatic_lion" title="Asiatic lion">Lion</a>', 'beast of prey' or 'hunter')</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Islam" title="Angels in Islam">Malāʾikah</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Angel" title="Angel">Angels</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Angels of Hell <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maalik" title="Maalik">Mālik</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zabaniyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Zabaniyya">Zabāniyah</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bearers_of_the_Throne" title="Bearers of the Throne">Bearers of the Throne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harut_and_Marut" title="Harut and Marut">Harut and Marut</a></li> <li><i>Kirāman Kātibīn</i> (Honourable Scribes) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raqib" class="mw-redirect" title="Raqib">Raqib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atid" title="Atid">Atid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munkar_and_Nakir" title="Munkar and Nakir">Munkar and Nakir</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Muqarrabun" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Archangel#Islam" title="Archangel"><i>Muqarrabun</i></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel#Islam" title="Gabriel">Jibrīl</a> (Gabriel, chief) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/R%C5%AB%E1%B8%A5" title="Rūḥ">Ar-Rūḥ</a></i> ('The Spirit') <ul><li><i>Ar-Rūḥ al-Amīn</i> ('The Trustworthy Spirit')</li> <li><i>Ar-Rūḥ al-Qudus</i> ('The <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit" title="Holy Spirit">Holy Spirit</a>')</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Angel of the Trumpet (<a href="/wiki/Israfil" title="Israfil">Isrāfīl</a> or <a href="/wiki/Raphael_(archangel)" title="Raphael (archangel)">Raphael</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Azrael#In_Islam" title="Azrael">Malakul-Mawt</a></i> (Angel of Death, Azrael)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_(archangel)#Islam" title="Michael (archangel)">Mīkāil</a> (Michael)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Jinn" title="Jinn">Jinn</a></i> (Genies)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Jann_(legendary_creature)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jann (legendary creature)">Jann</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ifrit#Islamic_scripture" title="Ifrit">ʿIfrīt</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Asmodeus" title="Asmodeus">Sakhr</a></i> (Asmodeus)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qareen" title="Qareen">Qarīn</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Shaitan" title="Shaitan">Shayāṭīn</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Demon" title="Demon">Demons</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iblis" title="Iblis">Iblīs</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Satan#Islam" title="Satan">ash-Shayṭān</a></i> (the (chief) <a href="/wiki/Devil" title="Devil">Devil</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marid" title="Marid">Mārid</a></i> ('Rebellious one')</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ghilman" title="Ghilman">Ghilmān</a></i> or <i>Wildān</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Houri" title="Houri">Ḥūr</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Prophets" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Prophets</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mentioned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam_in_Islam" title="Adam in Islam">Ādam</a> (<a href="/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Yasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Yasa">Al-Yasa</a>ʿ (<a href="/wiki/Elisha" title="Elisha">Elisha</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_in_Islam" title="Job in Islam">Ayyūb</a> (<a href="/wiki/Job_(biblical_figure)" title="Job (biblical figure)">Job</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_in_Islam" title="David in Islam">Dāwūd</a> (<a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhul-Kifl" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhul-Kifl">Dhūl-Kifl</a> (Ezekiel?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_in_Islam" title="Aaron in Islam">Hārūn</a> (Aaron)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hud_(prophet)" title="Hud (prophet)">Hūd</a> (Eber?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idris_(prophet)" title="Idris (prophet)">Idrīs</a> (<a href="/wiki/Enoch" title="Enoch">Enoch</a>?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah#Elijah_in_Islam" title="Elijah">Ilyās</a> (Elijah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim#In_Islam" title="Joachim">ʿImrān</a> (Joachim the father of Maryam)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_in_Islam" title="Isaac in Islam">Isḥāq</a> (<a href="/wiki/Isaac" title="Isaac">Isaac</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishmael_in_Islam" title="Ishmael in Islam">Ismāʿīl</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ishmael" title="Ishmael">Ishmael</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Binding_of_Isaac#Muslim_views" title="Binding of Isaac">Dhabih Ullah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lot_in_Islam" title="Lot in Islam">Lūṭ</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lot_(biblical_person)" title="Lot (biblical person)">Lot</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salih" title="Salih">Ṣāliḥ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuaib" title="Shuaib">Shuʿayb</a> (Jethro, Reuel or <a href="/wiki/Hobab_(biblical_figure)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hobab (biblical figure)">Hobab</a>?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_in_Islam" title="Solomon in Islam">Sulaymān</a> ibn Dāwūd (<a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a> son of David)</li> <li>ʿ<a href="/wiki/Uzair" title="Uzair">Uzair</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ezra" title="Ezra">Ezra</a>?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist#Islam" title="John the Baptist">Yaḥyā</a> ibn Zakariyyā (<a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a> the son of Zechariah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_in_Islam" title="Jacob in Islam">Yaʿqūb</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jacob" title="Jacob">Jacob</a>) <ul><li>Isrāʾīl (Israel)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonah#Jonah_in_Islam" title="Jonah">Yūnus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jonah" title="Jonah">Jonah</a>) <ul><li><i>Dhūn-Nūn</i> ('He of the <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">Fish</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Whale" title="Whale">Whale</a>)' or 'Owner of the Fish (or Whale)')</li> <li><i>Ṣāḥib al-Ḥūt</i> ('Companion of the Whale')</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_in_Islam" title="Joseph in Islam">Yūsuf</a> ibn Ya‘qūb (<a href="/wiki/Joseph" title="Joseph">Joseph</a> son of Jacob)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zechariah_(New_Testament_figure)#In_Islam" title="Zechariah (New Testament figure)">Zakariyyā</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zechariah_(New_Testament_figure)" title="Zechariah (New Testament figure)">Zechariah</a>)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Ulu-l-%E2%80%98Azm" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulu-l-‘Azm">Ulul-ʿAzm</a></i><br />('Those of the<br /> Perseverance<br /> and Strong Will')</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muḥammad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_the_Quran" title="Muhammad in the Quran">Aḥmad</a></li> <li>Other <a href="/wiki/Names_and_titles_of_Muhammad" title="Names and titles of Muhammad">names and titles of Muhammad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Islam" title="Jesus in Islam">ʿĪsā</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>) <ul><li><i>Al-Masīḥ</i> (The <a href="/wiki/Messiah" title="Messiah">Messiah</a>)</li> <li><i>Ibn Maryam</i> (Son of Mary)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_in_Islam" title="Moses in Islam">Mūsā Kalīmullāh</a> (<a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a> He who spoke to God)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_in_Islam" title="Abraham in Islam">Ibrāhīm Khalīlullāh</a> (<a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a> Friend of God)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah_in_Islam" title="Noah in Islam">Nūḥ</a> (<a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Debatable ones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhu_al-Qarnayn" title="Dhu al-Qarnayn">Dhūl-Qarnain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luqman" title="Luqman">Luqmān</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_in_Islam" title="Mary in Islam">Maryam</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talut" title="Talut">Ṭālūt</a> (<a href="/wiki/Saul" title="Saul">Saul</a> or <a href="/wiki/Gideon" title="Gideon">Gideon</a>?)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Implied</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah#Islamic_views" title="Jeremiah">Irmiyā</a> (Jeremiah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel#Islam" title="Samuel">Ṣamūʾīl</a> (<a href="/wiki/Samuel" title="Samuel">Samuel</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua#In_Islam" title="Joshua">Yūshaʿ ibn Nūn</a> (Joshua, companion and successor of Moses)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="People_of_Prophets" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">People of Prophets</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Good ones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Adam's immediate relatives <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cain_and_Abel_in_Islam" title="Cain and Abel in Islam">Martyred son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eve#Islamic_view" title="Eve">Wife</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habib_the_Carpenter" title="Habib the Carpenter">Believer of Ya-Sin</a></li> <li>Family of Noah <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lamech_(father_of_Noah)" title="Lamech (father of Noah)">Father Lamech</a></li> <li>Mother Shamkhah bint Anush or Betenos</li></ul></li> <li>Luqman's son</li> <li>People of Abraham <ul><li>Mother Abiona or Amtelai the daughter of Karnebo</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagar_in_Islam" title="Hagar in Islam">Ishmael's mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah#In_Islam" title="Sarah">Isaac's mother</a></li></ul></li> <li>People of Jesus <ul><li>Disciples (including <a href="/wiki/Peter_in_Islam" title="Peter in Islam">Peter</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Anne#In_Islam" title="Saint Anne">Mary's mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_(biblical_figure)#In_Islam" title="Elizabeth (biblical figure)">Zechariah's wife</a></li></ul></li> <li>People of Solomon <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bathsheba#Islam" title="Bathsheba">Mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Sheba#Islamic" title="Queen of Sheba">Queen of Sheba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asif_ibn_Barkhiya" title="Asif ibn Barkhiya">Vizier</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zayd_ibn_Harithah" class="mw-redirect" title="Zayd ibn Harithah">Zayd</a> (Muhammad's adopted son)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People of<br /> Joseph</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Brothers (including <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin in Islam">Binyāmin</a> (Benjamin) and <a href="/wiki/Simeon_(son_of_Jacob)" title="Simeon (son of Jacob)">Simeon</a>)</li> <li>Egyptians <ul><li><i>ʿAzīz</i> (<a href="/wiki/Potiphar" title="Potiphar">Potiphar</a>, Qatafir or Qittin)</li> <li><i>Malik</i> (King Ar-Rayyān ibn Al-Walīd))</li> <li>Wife of <i>ʿAzīz</i> (<a href="/wiki/Zuleikha_(tradition)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zuleikha (tradition)">Zulaykhah</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel#In_Islam" title="Rachel">Mother</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People of <br />Aaron and Moses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Egyptians <ul><li>Believer (Hizbil or Hizqil ibn Sabura)</li> <li><i>Imraʾat Firʿawn</i> (<a href="/wiki/Asiya" title="Asiya">Āsiyá bint Muzāḥim</a> the <a href="/wiki/Pharaoh%27s_daughter_(Exodus)#In_Muslim_tradition" title="Pharaoh's daughter (Exodus)">Wife of Pharaoh</a>, who adopted Moses)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_in_Islam#Confrontation_with_sorcerers" title="Moses in Islam">Magicians of the Pharaoh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khidr" title="Khidr">Wise, pious man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zipporah" title="Zipporah">Moses' wife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leah" title="Leah">Moses' sister-in-law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jochebed#The_Islamic_view_of_Jochebed" title="Jochebed">Mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miriam#Quranic_account" title="Miriam">Sister</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Evil ones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_in_Islam#Family" title="Abraham in Islam">Āzar</a> (possibly <a href="/wiki/Terah#Islamic_tradition" title="Terah">Terah</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharaohs_in_the_Bible" title="Pharaohs in the Bible">Firʿawn</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">Pharaoh</a> of Moses' time)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haman_(Islam)" title="Haman (Islam)">Hāmān</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goliath#Islam" title="Goliath">Jālūt</a> (Goliath)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korah#Quranic_reference" title="Korah">Qārūn</a> (Korah, cousin of Moses)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samiri_(Islamic_figure)" class="mw-redirect" title="Samiri (Islamic figure)">As-Sāmirī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ab%C5%AB_Lahab" class="mw-redirect" title="Abū Lahab">Abū Lahab</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slayers_of_%E1%B9%A2%C4%81li%E1%B8%A5%27s_she-camel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slayers of Ṣāliḥ's she-camel (page does not exist)">Slayers of Ṣāliḥ's she-camel</a> (Qaddar ibn Salif and Musda' ibn Dahr)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Implied or<br />not specified</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abraha" title="Abraha">Abraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr" title="Abu Bakr">Abu Bakr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balaam#Balaam_in_the_Quran" title="Balaam">Bal'am/Balaam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar%E1%B9%A3%C4%AB%E1%B9%A3%C4%81" title="Barṣīṣā">Barṣīṣā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caleb#Quranic_account" title="Caleb">Caleb or Kaleb</a> the companion of Joshua</li> <li>Luqman's son</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_II" title="Nebuchadnezzar II">Nebuchadnezzar II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimrod" title="Nimrod">Nimrod</a></li> <li>Rahmah the wife of Ayyub</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaddad" title="Shaddad">Shaddad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Groups" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Groups</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mentioned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Aṣḥāb al-Jannah</i> <ul><li>People of Paradise</li> <li>People of the Burnt Garden</li></ul></li> <li><i>Aṣḥāb as-Sabt</i> (Companions of the <a href="/wiki/Sabbath" title="Sabbath">Sabbath</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disciples_of_Jesus_in_Islam" title="Disciples of Jesus in Islam">Jesus' apostles</a> <ul><li><i>Ḥawāriyyūn</i> (<a href="/wiki/Disciples_of_Jesus_in_Islam" title="Disciples of Jesus in Islam">Disciples of Jesus</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_Ark" title="Noah's Ark">Companions of Noah's Ark</a></li> <li><i>Aṣḥāb al-Kahf war-Raqīm</i> (<a href="/wiki/Seven_Sleepers#Islam" title="Seven Sleepers">Companions of the Cave</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sahab,_Jordan#Famous_places_in_Sahab" title="Sahab, Jordan">Al-Raqaim?</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Fil" title="Al-Fil">Companions of the Elephant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_towns_in_Saudi_Arabia#Al-Ukhd.C5.ABd_Archeological_Area" title="Ancient towns in Saudi Arabia">People of al-Ukhdūd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_of_Ya-Sin" title="People of Ya-Sin">People of a township in Surah Ya-Sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medina#Pre-Islamic_times" title="Medina">People of Yathrib</a> or <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a></li> <li><i>Qawm Lūṭ</i> (People of Sodom and Gomorrah)</li> <li>Nation of Noah</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Tribes,_ethnicitiesor_families" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tribes,<br /> ethnicities<br />or families</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>‘<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ajam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rum_(endonym)" title="Rum (endonym)"><i>Ar-Rūm</i></a> (literally 'The Romans')</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Banī Isrāʾīl</a></i> (Children of Israel)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sodom_and_Gomorrah#Islamic" title="Sodom and Gomorrah">Muʾtafikāt</a></i> (Sodom and Gomorrah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_in_Islam" title="Abraham in Islam">People of Ibrahim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah#Elijah_in_Islam" title="Elijah">People of Ilyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah_in_Islam" title="Noah in Islam">People of Nuh</a></li> <li>People of Shuaib <ul><li><i>Ahl Madyan</i> <a href="/wiki/Midian#In_the_Qur'an" title="Midian">People of Madyan</a>)</li> <li><i>Aṣḥāb al-Aykah</i> ('Companions of the Wood')</li></ul></li> <li><i>Qawm <a href="/wiki/Jonah#Jonah_in_Islam" title="Jonah">Yūnus</a></i> (People of Jonah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gog_and_Magog#Qur'an" title="Gog and Magog">Ya'juj and Ma'juj/Gog and Magog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copts" title="Copts">People of Fir'aun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Current Ummah of Islam (Ummah of Muhammad)</a> <ul><li><i>Aṣḥāb Muḥammad</i> (<a href="/wiki/Companions_of_the_Prophet" title="Companions of the Prophet">Companions of Muhammad</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ansar_(Islam)" title="Ansar (Islam)">Anṣār</a> (literally 'Helpers')</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhajirun" title="Muhajirun">Muhajirun</a> (Emigrants from Mecca to Medina)</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>People of <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Umm_Jamil" title="Umm Jamil">Wife of Abu Lahab</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_in_Islam" title="Job in Islam">Children of Ayyub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cain_and_Abel_in_Islam" title="Cain and Abel in Islam">Sons of Adam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wives_aboard_Noah%27s_Ark" title="Wives aboard Noah's Ark">Wife of Nuh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lot%27s_wife" title="Lot's wife">Wife of Lut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gog_and_Magog#Qur'an" title="Gog and Magog"><i>Yaʾjūj wa Maʾjūj</i></a> (Gog and Magog)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Noah#Extrabiblical_sons_of_Noah" class="mw-redirect" title="Sons of Noah">Son of Nuh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Aʿrāb</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Tribes_of_Arabia" title="Tribes of Arabia">Arabs</a><br /> or <a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">Bedouins</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BF%C4%80d" title="ʿĀd">ʿĀd</a> (people of Hud)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companions_of_the_Rass" title="Companions of the Rass">Companions of the Rass</a></li> <li><i>Qawm Tubbaʿ</i> (People of <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Saba_and_Himyar" title="List of rulers of Saba and Himyar">Tubba</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sabaeans" title="Sabaeans">People of Sabaʾ or Sheba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quraysh" title="Quraysh">Quraysh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thamud" title="Thamud">Thamūd</a> (people of Ṣāliḥ) <ul><li><i>Aṣḥāb al-Ḥijr</i> ('Companions of the <a href="/wiki/Mada%27in_Saleh" class="mw-redirect" title="Mada'in Saleh">Stoneland</a>')</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>Ahl al-Bayt</i><br /> ('People of the<br /> Household')</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Household of Abraham <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacob#Children_of_Jacob" title="Jacob">Brothers of Yūsuf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lot%27s_daughters" title="Lot's daughters">Lot's daughters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim#In_Islam" title="Joachim">Progeny of Imran</a></li></ul></li> <li>Household of Moses</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Bayt" title="Ahl al-Bayt">Household of Muhammad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Hashim" title="Banu Hashim">ibn Abdullah ibn Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genealogy_of_Khadijah%27s_daughters" class="mw-redirect" title="Genealogy of Khadijah's daughters">Daughters of Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad%27s_wives" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad's wives">Muhammad's wives</a></li></ul></li> <li>Household of Salih</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Implicitly<br />mentioned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amalek" title="Amalek">Amalek</a></li> <li><i>Ahl as-Suffa</i> (People of the Verandah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Nadir" title="Banu Nadir">Banu Nadir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Qaynuqa" title="Banu Qaynuqa">Banu Qaynuqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Qurayza" title="Banu Qurayza">Banu Qurayza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Aws" title="Banu Aws">Aus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Banu_Khazraj" title="Banu Khazraj">Khazraj</a></li> <li>People of <a href="/wiki/Quba_Mosque" title="Quba Mosque">Quba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious<br /> groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhimmi" title="Dhimmi">Ahl al-Dhimmah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kafir" title="Kafir">Kāfirūn</a></i> <ul><li>disbelievers</li></ul></li> <li><i>Majūs</i> <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrians</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Munafiq" title="Munafiq">Munāfiqūn</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Hypocrisy" title="Hypocrisy">Hypocrites</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> <ul><li>Believers</li></ul></li> <li><i>Ahl al-Kitāb</i> (<a href="/wiki/People_of_the_Book" title="People of the Book">People of the Book</a>) <ul><li><i>Naṣārā</i> (<a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christian</a>(s) or People of the Injil) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">Ruhban (Christian monks)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priest#Christianity" title="Priest">Qissis (Christian priest)</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>Yahūd</i> (<a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hakham" title="Hakham">Ahbār (Jewish scholars)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">Rabbani/Rabbi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabians#Islamic_reference" title="Sabians">Sabians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_pre-Islamic_Arabia#Mecca" title="Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia">Meccan polytheists</a> at the time of Muhammad</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_religion" title="Ancient Mesopotamian religion">Mesopotamian polytheists</a> at the time of Abraham and Lot</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Locations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Locations</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mentioned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Holy_Land" title="Holy Land">Al-Arḍ Al-Muqaddasah</a></i> ('The Holy Land') <ul><li>'Blessed' Land'</li></ul></li> <li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Jannah" title="Jannah">Jannah</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Paradise" title="Paradise">Paradise</a>, literally 'The Garden')</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jahannam" title="Jahannam">Jahannam</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Hell" title="Hell">Hell</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab_Huta" class="mw-redirect" title="Bab Huta">Door of Hittah</a></li> <li><i>Madyan</i> (<a href="/wiki/Midian" title="Midian">Midian</a>)</li> <li><i>Majmaʿ al-Baḥrayn</i></li> <li><i>Miṣr</i> (Mainland <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>)</li> <li>Salsabīl (A river in Paradise)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In the<br /> <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a> <br />(excluding Madyan)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hud_(prophet)#Historical_context" title="Hud (prophet)">Al-Aḥqāf</a></i> ('The Sandy Plains,' or 'the Wind-curved Sand-hills') <ul><li><i>Iram dhāt al-ʿImād</i> (<a href="/wiki/Iram_of_the_Pillars" title="Iram of the Pillars">Iram of the Pillars</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Madīnah</a></i> (formerly <a href="/wiki/Medina#Pre-Islamic_times" title="Medina">Yathrib</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Arafat" title="Mount Arafat">ʿArafāt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muzdalifah#The_Sacred_Monument" title="Muzdalifah">Al-Mashʿar Al-Ḥarām</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hegra_(Mada%27in_Salih)" title="Hegra (Mada'in Salih)">Al-Ḥijr</a></i> (Hegra)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badr,_Saudi_Arabia" title="Badr, Saudi Arabia">Badr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunayn,_Saudi_Arabia" title="Hunayn, Saudi Arabia">Ḥunayn</a></li> <li><i>Makkah</i> (<a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bakkah" title="Bakkah">Bakkah</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Haram_(site)" title="Haram (site)">Ḥaraman</a> Āminan</i> ('Sanctuary (which is) Secure')</li> <li><i>Kaʿbah</i> (<a href="/wiki/Kaaba" title="Kaaba">Kaaba</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maqam_Ibrahim" title="Maqam Ibrahim">Maqām Ibrāhīm</a></i> (Station of Abraham)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safa_and_Marwa" title="Safa and Marwa">Safa and Marwa</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sabaeans" title="Sabaeans">Sabaʾ</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Sheba" title="Sheba">Sheba</a>) <ul><li><i>ʿArim Sabaʾ</i> (<a href="/wiki/Marib_Dam" title="Marib Dam">Dam of Sheba</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ar_Rass" title="Ar Rass">Rass</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinai Peninsula in Islam">Sinai Region</a><br /> or Tīh Desert</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Wadi" title="Wadi">Wād</a> Al-Muqaddas Ṭuwan</i> (The Holy <a href="/wiki/Valley_of_Tuwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Valley of Tuwa">Valley of Tuwa</a>) <ul><li><i>Al-Wādil-Ayman</i> (The valley on the 'righthand' side of the Valley of Tuwa and <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Mount_Sinai" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical Mount Sinai">Mount Sinai</a>) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Buq%E2%80%98ah_Al-Mub%C4%81rakah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Buq‘ah Al-Mubārakah">Al-Buqʿah Al-Mubārakah</a></i> ('The Blessed Place')</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Sinai" title="Mount Sinai">Mount Sinai</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mount_Tabor" title="Mount Tabor">Mount Tabor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Judi" title="Mount Judi">Al-Jūdiyy</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Munzal_Al-Mub%C4%81rak" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Munzal Al-Mubārak">Munzalanm-Mubārakan</a></i> ('Place-of-Landing Blessed')</li></ul></li> <li><i>Bābil</i> (<a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a>)</li> <li><i>Qaryat Yūnus</i> ('Township of <a href="/wiki/Jonah_in_Islam" title="Jonah in Islam">Jonah</a>,' that is <a href="/wiki/Nineveh" title="Nineveh">Nineveh</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious<br /> locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Christian_Church" title="Christian Church">Bayʿa</a></i> (Church)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mihrab" title="Mihrab">Miḥrāb</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastery" title="Monastery">Monastery</a></li> <li><i>Masjid</i> (<a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">Mosque</a>, literally 'Place of <a href="/wiki/Sujud" title="Sujud">Prostration</a>') <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Mash%27ar_Al-Haram" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Mash'ar Al-Haram">Al-Mashʿar Al-Ḥarām</a></i> ('The Sacred Grove')</li> <li><i>Al-Masjid Al-Aqṣā</i> (<a href="/wiki/Al-Aqsa" title="Al-Aqsa">Al-Aqsa</a>, literally 'The Farthest Place-of-Prostration')</li> <li><i>Al-Masjid Al-Ḥarām</i> (The <a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Mecca" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Mosque of Mecca">Sacred Mosque</a> of Mecca)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demolition_of_Masjid_al-Dirar" title="Demolition of Masjid al-Dirar">Masjid al-Dirar</a></li> <li>A Mosque in the area of Medina, possibly: <ul><li><i>Masjid Qubāʾ</i> (<a href="/wiki/Quba_Mosque" title="Quba Mosque">Quba Mosque</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Masjid_an-Nabawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Masjid an-Nabawi">The Prophet's Mosque</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">Salat (Synagogue)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Implied</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antakya" title="Antakya">Antakya</a></li></ul></li> <li>Arabia <ul><li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Hejaz" title="Hejaz">Ḥijāz</a></i> (literally 'The Barrier') <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Stone" title="Black Stone"><i>Al-Ḥajar al-Aswad</i></a> (Black Stone) & <i><a href="/wiki/Al-Hijr_of_Ishmael" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Hijr of Ishmael">Al-Hijr of Isma'il</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave_of_Hira" class="mw-redirect" title="Cave of Hira">Cave of Hira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabal_Thawr#Cave" title="Jabal Thawr"><i>Ghār ath-Thawr</i></a> (Cave of the Bull)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Hudaybiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Hudaybiyyah">Hudaybiyyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%27if" class="mw-redirect" title="Ta'if">Ta'if</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayla_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayla (city)">Ayla</a></li> <li>Barrier of Dhul-Qarnayn</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayt_al-Muqaddas" class="mw-redirect" title="Bayt al-Muqaddas">Bayt al-Muqaddas</a> & <a href="/wiki/Jericho" title="Jericho">'Ariha</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia_in_the_Quran" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesopotamia in the Quran">Bilād ar-Rāfidayn</a></i> (Mesopotamia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Sleepers#Location_of_the_cave_and_duration_of_stay" title="Seven Sleepers">Cave of Seven Sleepers</a></li> <li><i>Dār an-Nadwa</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_River" title="Jordan River">Jordan River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a> River</li> <li>Palestine River</li> <li>Paradise of <a href="/wiki/Shaddad" title="Shaddad">Shaddad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Events,_incidents,_occasions_or_times" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Events, incidents, occasions or times</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Incident of Ifk</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Night_of_Power" title="Night of Power">Laylat al-Qadr</a></i> (Night of Decree)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Event_of_Mubahala" class="mw-redirect" title="Event of Mubahala">Event of Mubahala</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sayl_al-%27Arim" class="mw-redirect" title="Sayl al-'Arim">Sayl al-ʿArim</a></i> (Flood of the Great Dam of <a href="/wiki/Ma%27rib" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma'rib">Ma'rib</a> in Sheba)</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Farewell_Pilgrimage" title="Farewell Pilgrimage">Farewell Pilgrimage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Hudaybiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Hudaybiyyah">Treaty of Hudaybiyyah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Battles or<br />military expeditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Trench" title="Battle of the Trench">Battle of <i>al-Aḥzāb</i></a> ('the Confederates')</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Badr" title="Battle of Badr">Battle of Badr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hunayn" title="Battle of Hunayn">Battle of Hunayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khaybar" title="Battle of Khaybar">Battle of Khaybar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Uhud" title="Battle of Uhud">Battle of Uhud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_of_Tabuk" title="Expedition of Tabuk">Expedition of Tabuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Mecca" title="Conquest of Mecca">Conquest of Mecca</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Days</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Jumu%27ah" class="mw-redirect" title="Jumu'ah">Jumuʿah</a></i> (The Friday)</li> <li><i>As-<a href="/wiki/Sabbath#Islam" title="Sabbath">Sabt</a></i> (The Sabbath or Saturday)</li> <li>Days of battles</li> <li>Days of Hajj</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Judgment" title="Last Judgment">Doomsday</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Months of the<br /><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Islamic calendar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>12 months: Four holy months <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhu_al-Hijjah" title="Dhu al-Hijjah">Ash-Shahr Al-Ḥarām</a> (The Sacred or Forbidden Month)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan">Ramaḍān</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pilgrimages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Ḥajj</a></i> (literally 'The Pilgrimage', the Greater Pilgrimage)</li> <li><i>Al-ʿ<a href="/wiki/Umrah" title="Umrah">Umrah</a></i> (The Lesser Pilgrimage)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Times for prayer<br />or remembrance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Times for <i><a href="/wiki/Dua" title="Dua">Duʿāʾ</a></i> ('<a href="/wiki/Invocation" title="Invocation">Invocation</a>'), <i><a href="/wiki/Salah" title="Salah">Ṣalāh</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Dhikr" title="Dhikr">Dhikr</a></i> ('Remembrance', including <i><a href="/wiki/Alhamdulillah" title="Alhamdulillah">Taḥmīd</a></i> ('Praising'), <i><a href="/wiki/Takbir" title="Takbir">Takbīr</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Tasbih" title="Tasbih">Tasbīḥ</a></i>): <ul><li><i>Al-ʿAshiyy</i> (The Afternoon or the Night)</li> <li><i>Al-Ghuduww</i> ('The Mornings') <ul><li><i>Al-Bukrah</i> ('The Morning')</li> <li><i>Aṣ-Ṣabāḥ</i> ('The Morning')</li></ul></li> <li><i>Al-Layl</i> ('The Night') <ul><li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Isha_prayer" title="Isha prayer">ʿIshāʾ</a></i> ('The Late-Night')</li></ul></li> <li><i>Aẓ-<a href="/wiki/Zuhr_prayer" title="Zuhr prayer">Ẓuhr</a></i> ('The Noon')</li> <li><i>Dulūk ash-Shams</i> ('Decline of the Sun') <ul><li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Maghrib_prayer" title="Maghrib prayer">Masāʾ</a></i> ('The Evening')</li> <li><i>Qabl al-<a href="/wiki/Maghrib_prayer" title="Maghrib prayer">Ghurūb</a></i> ('Before the Setting (of the Sun)') <ul><li><i>Al-Aṣīl</i> ('The Afternoon')</li> <li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Asr_prayer" title="Asr prayer">ʿAṣr</a></i> ('The Afternoon')</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><i>Qabl ṭulūʿ ash-Shams</i> ('Before the rising of the Sun') <ul><li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Fajr_prayer" title="Fajr prayer">Fajr</a></i> ('The Dawn')</li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Implied</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghadir_Khumm" title="Ghadir Khumm">Ghadir Khumm</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laylat_al-Mabit" class="mw-redirect" title="Laylat al-Mabit">Laylat al-Mabit</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Pilgrimage" title="First Pilgrimage">First Pilgrimage</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">Holy books</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Gospel_in_Islam" title="Gospel in Islam">Injīl</a></i> (The <a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospel</a> of Jesus)</li> <li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Qurʾān</a></i> (The Book of Muhammad)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Scrolls_of_Abraham" title="Scrolls of Abraham">Ṣuḥuf-i Ibrāhīm</a></i> (Scroll(s) of Abraham)</li> <li><i>At-<a href="/wiki/Torah_in_Islam" title="Torah in Islam">Tawrāt</a></i> (The <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a>) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Scrolls_of_Moses" title="Scrolls of Moses">Ṣuḥuf-i-Mūsā</a></i> (Scroll(s) of Moses)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tablets_of_Stone" title="Tablets of Stone">Tablets of Stone</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>Az-<a href="/wiki/Zabur" title="Zabur">Zabūr</a></i> (The <a href="/wiki/Psalms" title="Psalms">Psalms</a> of David)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Heavenly_Quran" title="Heavenly Quran">Umm al-Kitāb</a></i> ('Mother of the Book(s)')</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Objects <br />of people<br />or beings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disciples_of_Jesus_in_Islam" title="Disciples of Jesus in Islam">Heavenly food of Jesus' apostles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_Ark" title="Noah's Ark">Noah's Ark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staff_of_Moses" title="Staff of Moses">Staff of Musa</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ark_of_the_Covenant#Quran" title="Ark of the Covenant">Tābūt as-Sakīnah</a></i> (Casket of Shekhinah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Sheba#Qur'anic_account" title="Queen of Sheba">Throne of Bilqis</a></li> <li>Trumpet of Israfil</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Mentioned_idols(cult_images)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mentioned idols<br />(cult images)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>'Ansāb</li> <li><i>Jibt</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Taghut" title="Taghut">Ṭāghūt</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/False_god" title="False god">False god</a>)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Of Israelites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baal#In_Islam" title="Baal">Baʿal</a></li> <li>The <i>ʿijl</i> (<a href="/wiki/Golden_calf" title="Golden calf">golden calf</a> statue) of Israelites</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Of Noah's people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasr_(deity)" title="Nasr (deity)">Nasr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suwa%27" title="Suwa'">Suwāʿ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadd" title="Wadd">Wadd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yagh%C5%ABth" title="Yaghūth">Yaghūth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%27uq" title="Ya'uq">Yaʿūq</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Of Quraysh</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Lat" title="Al-Lat">Al-Lāt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Uzza" title="Al-Uzza">Al-ʿUzzā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manat_(goddess)" title="Manat (goddess)">Manāt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Celestial<br /> bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i>Maṣābīḥ</i> (literally 'lamps'): <ul><li><i>Al-Qamar</i> (The Moon)</li> <li><i>Kawākib</i> (Planets) <ul><li><i>Al-Arḍ</i> (The Earth)</li></ul></li> <li><i>Nujūm</i> (Stars) <ul><li><i>Ash-Shams</i> (The Sun)</li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plant matter</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><i>Baṣal</i> (Onion)</li> <li><i>Fūm</i> (Garlic or wheat)</li> <li><i>Shaṭʾ</i> (Shoot)</li> <li><i>Sūq</i> (Plant stem)</li> <li><i>Zarʿ</i> (Seed)</li> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fruits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>ʿAdas</i> (<a href="/wiki/Lentil" title="Lentil">Lentil</a>)</li> <li><i>Baql</i> (Herb)</li> <li><i>Qith-thāʾ</i> (<a href="/wiki/Cucumber" title="Cucumber">Cucumber</a>)</li> <li><i>Rummān</i> (<a href="/wiki/Pomegranate" title="Pomegranate">Pomegranate</a>)</li> <li><i>Tīn</i> (<a href="/wiki/Fig" title="Fig">Fig</a>)</li> <li><i>Zaytūn</i> (<a href="/wiki/Olive" title="Olive">Olive</a>)</li> <li>In Paradise <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forbidden_fruit#Islamic_tradition" title="Forbidden fruit">Forbidden fruit of Adam</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bushes, trees<br />or plants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Plants of Sheba <ul><li><i>Athl</i> (<a href="/wiki/Tamarix" title="Tamarix">Tamarisk</a>)</li> <li><i>Sidr</i> (<a href="/wiki/Celtis_australis" title="Celtis australis">Lote-tree</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><i>Līnah</i> (Tender <a href="/wiki/Arecaceae" title="Arecaceae">Palm tree</a>)</li> <li><i>Nakhl</i> (<a href="/wiki/Date_palm" title="Date palm">Date palm</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidrat_al-Muntaha" title="Sidrat al-Muntaha">Sidrat al-Muntahā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaqqum" title="Zaqqum">Zaqqūm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Liquids</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Māʾ</i> (Water or fluid) <ul><li><i>Nahr</i> (River)</li> <li><i>Yamm</i> (River or sea)</li></ul></li> <li><i>Sharāb</i> (Drink)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b>Note:</b> Names are sorted alphabetically. Standard form: Islamic name / Biblical name (title or relationship)</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ajam&oldid=1256694175">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ajam&oldid=1256694175</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Arabic_words_and_phrases" title="Category:Arabic words and phrases">Arabic words and phrases</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pejorative_terms_for_in-group_non-members" title="Category:Pejorative terms for in-group non-members">Pejorative terms for in-group 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