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id="toc-Capture_of_Malta-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alexandria_to_Syria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alexandria_to_Syria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Alexandria to Syria</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Alexandria_to_Syria-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Alexandria to Syria subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Alexandria_to_Syria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Disembarkment_at_Alexandria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disembarkment_at_Alexandria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Disembarkment at Alexandria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disembarkment_at_Alexandria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Victory_on_land,_defeat_at_sea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Victory_on_land,_defeat_at_sea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Victory on land, defeat at sea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Victory_on_land,_defeat_at_sea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bonaparte's_administration_of_Egypt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bonaparte's_administration_of_Egypt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Bonaparte's administration of Egypt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bonaparte's_administration_of_Egypt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pursuit_of_Mamluks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pursuit_of_Mamluks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Pursuit of Mamluks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pursuit_of_Mamluks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bedouin_Insurgency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bedouin_Insurgency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Bedouin Insurgency</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bedouin_Insurgency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Revolt_of_Cairo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revolt_of_Cairo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Revolt of Cairo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revolt_of_Cairo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Syria</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Syria-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Syria subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Syria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Canal_of_the_Pharaohs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canal_of_the_Pharaohs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Canal of the Pharaohs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canal_of_the_Pharaohs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ottoman_offensives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ottoman_offensives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Ottoman offensives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ottoman_offensives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-French_response" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French_response"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>French response</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French_response-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jaffa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jaffa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Jaffa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jaffa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mount_Tabor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mount_Tabor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Mount Tabor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mount_Tabor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Acre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Acre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Acre</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Acre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Retreat_from_Acre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Retreat_from_Acre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Retreat from Acre</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Retreat_from_Acre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Back_in_Egypt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Back_in_Egypt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Back in Egypt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Back_in_Egypt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Campaigns_in_Upper_Egypt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Campaigns_in_Upper_Egypt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Campaigns in Upper Egypt</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Campaigns_in_Upper_Egypt-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Campaigns in Upper Egypt subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Campaigns_in_Upper_Egypt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Samhud" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Samhud"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Battle of Samhud</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Samhud-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Aswan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Aswan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Battle of Aswan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Aswan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Massacre_of_Qena" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Massacre_of_Qena"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Massacre of Qena</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Massacre_of_Qena-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Abnud" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Abnud"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Battle of Abnud</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Abnud-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Beni_Adi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Beni_Adi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Battle of Beni Adi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Beni_Adi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Capture_of_Kosseir" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Capture_of_Kosseir"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Capture of Kosseir</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Capture_of_Kosseir-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abukir_to_withdrawal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abukir_to_withdrawal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Abukir to withdrawal</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Abukir_to_withdrawal-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Abukir to withdrawal subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Abukir_to_withdrawal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Land_battle_at_Abukir" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Land_battle_at_Abukir"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Land battle at Abukir</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Land_battle_at_Abukir-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-End_of_Bedouin_Insurgency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#End_of_Bedouin_Insurgency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>End of Bedouin Insurgency</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-End_of_Bedouin_Insurgency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bonaparte_leaves_Egypt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bonaparte_leaves_Egypt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Bonaparte leaves Egypt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bonaparte_leaves_Egypt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bonaparte's_voyage_to_France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bonaparte's_voyage_to_France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Bonaparte's voyage to France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bonaparte's_voyage_to_France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Siege_of_Damietta" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Siege_of_Damietta"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Siege of Damietta</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Siege_of_Damietta-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-End_of_the_campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#End_of_the_campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>End of the campaign</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-End_of_the_campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scientific_expedition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scientific_expedition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Scientific expedition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scientific_expedition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Printing_press" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Printing_press"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Printing press</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Printing_press-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Analysis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Analysis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Analysis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Analysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Charges_of_imperialism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Charges_of_imperialism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Charges of imperialism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Charges_of_imperialism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mamelukes_in_French_service" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mamelukes_in_French_service"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Mamelukes in French service</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mamelukes_in_French_service-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-French_order_of_battle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French_order_of_battle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>French order of battle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French_order_of_battle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_order_of_battle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_order_of_battle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>British order of battle</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-British_order_of_battle-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle British order of battle subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-British_order_of_battle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-British_Army" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_Army"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>British Army</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_Army-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Royal_Navy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Royal_Navy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>Royal Navy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Royal_Navy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Timeline_and_battles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Timeline_and_battles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Timeline and battles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Timeline_and_battles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">French invasion of Egypt and Syria</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 44 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-44" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">44 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89_%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="الحملة الفرنسية على مصر وسوريا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الحملة الفرنسية على مصر وسوريا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransan%C4%B1n_Misir%C9%99_v%C9%99_Suriyaya_y%C3%BCr%C3%BC%C5%9F%C3%BC" title="Fransanın Misirə və Suriyaya yürüşü – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Fransanın Misirə və Suriyaya yürüşü" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%87_%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86_%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%87_%D9%88_%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%87_%DB%8C%D9%87_%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%88" title="فرانسه نین میصره و سوریه یه یوروشو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="فرانسه نین میصره و سوریه یه یوروشو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Египетска кампания – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Египетска кампания" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campanya_napole%C3%B2nica_d%27Egipte_i_S%C3%ADria" title="Campanya napoleònica d'Egipte i Síria – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Campanya napoleònica d'Egipte i Síria" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonovo_ta%C5%BEen%C3%AD_do_Egypta_a_S%C3%BDrie" title="Napoleonovo tažení do Egypta a Sýrie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Napoleonovo tažení do Egypta a Sýrie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ymgyrch_Napoleon_yn_yr_Aifft" title="Ymgyrch Napoleon yn yr Aifft – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ymgyrch Napoleon yn yr Aifft" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_franske_invasion_af_Egypten" title="Den franske invasion af Egypten – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Den franske invasion af Egypten" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%84gyptische_Expedition" title="Ägyptische Expedition – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ägyptische Expedition" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prantsusmaa_sissetung_Egiptusesse_ja_S%C3%BC%C3%BCriasse" title="Prantsusmaa sissetung Egiptusesse ja Süüriasse – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Prantsusmaa sissetung Egiptusesse ja Süüriasse" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%BA%CF%83%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%91%CE%B9%CE%B3%CF%8D%CF%80%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85" title="Εκστρατεία της Αιγύπτου – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Εκστρατεία της Αιγύπτου" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campa%C3%B1a_napole%C3%B3nica_en_Egipto_y_Siria" title="Campaña napoleónica en Egipto y Siria – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Campaña napoleónica en Egipto y Siria" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franca_militiro_al_Egiptio" title="Franca militiro al Egiptio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Franca militiro al Egiptio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egiptoko_espedizioa" title="Egiptoko espedizioa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Egiptoko espedizioa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%B4%DA%A9%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%B4%DB%8C_%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%87_%D8%A8%D9%87_%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D9%88_%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%87" title="لشکرکشی فرانسه به مصر و سوریه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لشکرکشی فرانسه به مصر و سوریه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campagne_d%27%C3%89gypte" title="Campagne d'Égypte – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Campagne d'Égypte" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EC%A7%91%ED%8A%B8-%EC%8B%9C%EB%A6%AC%EC%95%84_%EC%9B%90%EC%A0%95" title="이집트-시리아 원정 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="이집트-시리아 원정" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D5%A5%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%BA%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B7%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%84" title="Նապոլեոնի եգիպտական արշավանք – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Նապոլեոնի եգիպտական արշավանք" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasi_Mesir_dan_Suriah_oleh_Prancis" title="Invasi Mesir dan Suriah oleh Prancis – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Invasi Mesir dan Suriah oleh Prancis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campagna_d%27Egitto" title="Campagna d'Egitto – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Campagna d'Egitto" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%A6%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%91%D7%9E%D7%A6%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%95%D7%91%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A5_%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C" title="המערכה הצרפתית במצרים ובארץ ישראל – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המערכה הצרפתית במצרים ובארץ ישראל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%92%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%94%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ეგვიპტის ექსპედიცია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ეგვიპტის ექსპედიცია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8B%D1%80_%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D2%93%D1%8B" title="Мысыр жорығы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Мысыр жорығы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karag%C4%81jiens_uz_%C4%92%C4%A3ipti_(1798%E2%80%941801)" title="Karagājiens uz Ēģipti (1798—1801) – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Karagājiens uz Ēģipti (1798—1801)" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyiptomi_hadj%C3%A1rat" title="Egyiptomi hadjárat – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Egyiptomi hadjárat" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%95%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Француски поход на Египет – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Француски поход на Египет" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%84%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%87" title="الحمله الفرنسيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الحمله الفرنسيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekspedisi_Perancis_di_Mesir_dan_Syria" title="Ekspedisi Perancis di Mesir dan Syria – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ekspedisi Perancis di Mesir dan Syria" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franse_expeditie_naar_Egypte" title="Franse expeditie naar Egypte – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Franse expeditie naar Egypte" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%82%B8%E3%83%97%E3%83%88%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B7%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E6%88%A6%E5%BD%B9" title="エジプト・シリア戦役 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エジプト・シリア戦役" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misr_va_Suriyadagi_fransuz_kampaniyasi" title="Misr va Suriyadagi fransuz kampaniyasi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Misr va Suriyadagi fransuz kampaniyasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%87_%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%88_%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%87_%DA%A9%DB%90_%D8%AF_%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%90_%D9%BE%D9%88%DA%81%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="په مصر او سوریه کې د فرانسې پوځي برید – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="په مصر او سوریه کې د فرانسې پوځي برید" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyprawa_Napoleona_do_Egiptu" title="Wyprawa Napoleona do Egiptu – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wyprawa Napoleona do Egiptu" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campanha_do_Egito" title="Campanha do Egito – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Campanha do Egito" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campania_francez%C4%83_din_Egipt_%C8%99i_Siria" title="Campania franceză din Egipt și Siria – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Campania franceză din Egipt și Siria" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Египетский поход – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Египетский поход" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%95%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83" title="Наполеонова инвазија на Египат и Сирију – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Наполеонова инвазија на Египат и Сирију" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invazija_Francuske_na_Egipat_i_Siriju" title="Invazija Francuske na Egipat i Siriju – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Invazija Francuske na Egipat i Siriju" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=French_campaign_in_Egypt_and_Syria&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="French campaign in Egypt and Syria">French campaign in Egypt and Syria</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1798–1801 campaign during the War of the Second Coalition</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other conflicts, see <a href="/wiki/Franco-Ottoman_War_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Franco-Ottoman War (disambiguation)">Franco-Ottoman War</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"French invasion of Egypt" redirects here. For the 20th-century conflict, see <a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;;width:330px"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">French invasion of Egypt and Syria</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Second_Coalition" title="War of the Second Coalition">War of the Second Coalition</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><div style="display:inline-block;"> <figure class="noresize mw-ext-imagemap-desc-bottom-right" typeof="mw:File"><span title="French invasion of Egypt and Syria"><img alt="French invasion of Egypt and Syria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/French_campaign_in_Egypt_and_Syria.jpg/300px-French_campaign_in_Egypt_and_Syria.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="338" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/French_campaign_in_Egypt_and_Syria.jpg/450px-French_campaign_in_Egypt_and_Syria.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/French_campaign_in_Egypt_and_Syria.jpg/600px-French_campaign_in_Egypt_and_Syria.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="1620" usemap="#ImageMap_1e68fe02e43af607" resource="/wiki/File:French_campaign_in_Egypt_and_Syria.jpg" /></span><map name="ImageMap_1e68fe02e43af607"><area href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Pyramids" shape="rect" coords="0,0,150,112" alt="Battle of the Pyramids" title="Battle of the Pyramids" /><area href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Nile" shape="rect" coords="150,0,300,112" alt="Battle of the Nile" title="Battle of the Nile" /><area href="/wiki/Revolt_of_Cairo" shape="rect" coords="0,113,150,225" alt="Revolt of Cairo" title="Revolt of Cairo" /><area href="/wiki/Battle_of_Abukir_(1799)" shape="rect" coords="150,113,300,225" alt="Battle of Abukir (1799)" title="Battle of Abukir (1799)" /><area href="/wiki/Battle_of_Abukir_(1801)" shape="rect" coords="0,225,150,338" alt="Battle of Abukir (1801)" title="Battle of Abukir (1801)" /><area href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alexandria_(1801)" shape="rect" coords="150,225,300,338" alt="Battle of Alexandria (1801)" title="Battle of Alexandria (1801)" /></map><figcaption>French invasion of Egypt and Syria</figcaption></figure> </div><br />Click an image to load the appropriate article.<br />Left to right, top to bottom:<br />Battles of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Pyramids" title="Battle of the Pyramids">the Pyramids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Nile" title="Battle of the Nile">the Nile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_Cairo" title="Revolt of Cairo">Cairo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Abukir_(1799)" title="Battle of Abukir (1799)">Abukir (1799)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Abukir_(1801)" title="Battle of Abukir (1801)">Abukir (1801)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alexandria_(1801)" title="Battle of Alexandria (1801)">Alexandria (1801)</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>1 July 1798 – 2 September 1801 <br /> (3 years, 2 months and 1 day)</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Eyalet_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Eyalet of Egypt">Eyalet of Egypt</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Anglo-Ottoman victory</li></ul></div> <ul><li>End of Mamluk rule in Egypt</li> <li>Formal end of the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Ottoman_alliance" title="Franco-Ottoman alliance">Franco-Ottoman alliance</a></li> <li>Failure of French expedition to Syria</li> <li>Capitulation of French administration in Egypt</li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire"><img alt="Ottoman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%28eight_pointed_star%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%28eight_pointed_star%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%28eight_pointed_star%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%28eight_pointed_star%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%28eight_pointed_star%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%28eight_pointed_star%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> </p> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Egypt" title="Ottoman Egypt"><img alt="Ottoman Egypt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_Egypt_%281844-1867%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt_%281844-1867%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_Egypt_%281844-1867%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt_%281844-1867%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_Egypt_%281844-1867%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt_%281844-1867%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Eyalet_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Eyalet of Egypt">Eyalet of Egypt</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Flag_of_the_Mameluks.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Mameluks.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Flag_of_the_Mameluks.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Mameluks.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Flag_of_the_Mameluks.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Mameluks.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Mamluks" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluks">Mamluks</a></li> <li>Nablus tribesmen<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrathern2008351_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrathern2008351-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">Bedouin tribesmen</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1798–1799)</span> :French kingdom (1799)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashi-bazouks" class="mw-redirect" title="Bashi-bazouks">Albanian bashi-bazouks</a></li></ul> <p><span data-sort-value="Great Britain"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Great Britain</a></span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1798–1800)</span><br /><span data-sort-value="United Kingdom"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a></span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1801)</span><br /> </p> <a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">Bedouin tribesmen</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1801)</span><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Regency_of_Algiers" title="Regency of Algiers"><img alt="Regency of Algiers" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Regency_of_Algiers.svg/23px-Flag_of_Regency_of_Algiers.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Regency_of_Algiers.svg/35px-Flag_of_Regency_of_Algiers.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Regency_of_Algiers.svg/45px-Flag_of_Regency_of_Algiers.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="960" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Algeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Algeria">Regency of Algiers</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPanzac2005236_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanzac2005236-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_France_official.svg/23px-Flag_of_France_official.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_France_official.svg/35px-Flag_of_France_official.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_France_official.svg/45px-Flag_of_France_official.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">French Republic</a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_battle_of_the_Arm%C3%A9e_d%27Orient_(1798)" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of battle of the Armée d'Orient (1798)">Armée d'Orient</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire"><img alt="Ottoman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%28eight_pointed_star%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%28eight_pointed_star%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%28eight_pointed_star%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%28eight_pointed_star%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%28eight_pointed_star%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%28eight_pointed_star%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Selim_III" title="Selim III">Selim III</a></b> <br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire"><img alt="Ottoman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%28eight_pointed_star%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%28eight_pointed_star%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%28eight_pointed_star%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%28eight_pointed_star%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%28eight_pointed_star%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%28eight_pointed_star%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6r_Yusuf_Ziya%C3%BCddin_Pasha" title="Kör Yusuf Ziyaüddin Pasha">Yusuf Pasha</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Egypt" title="Ottoman Egypt"><img alt="Ottoman Egypt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_Egypt_%281844-1867%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt_%281844-1867%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_Egypt_%281844-1867%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt_%281844-1867%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_Egypt_%281844-1867%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt_%281844-1867%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Pasha_(Egypt)" title="Mustafa Pasha (Egypt)">Mustafa Pasha</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Egypt" title="Ottoman Egypt"><img alt="Ottoman Egypt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_Egypt_%281844-1867%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt_%281844-1867%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_Egypt_%281844-1867%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt_%281844-1867%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_Egypt_%281844-1867%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt_%281844-1867%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_of_Egypt" title="Muhammad Ali of Egypt">Muhammad Ali Pasha</a> <br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Egypt" title="Ottoman Egypt"><img alt="Ottoman Egypt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_Egypt_%281844-1867%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt_%281844-1867%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_Egypt_%281844-1867%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt_%281844-1867%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_Egypt_%281844-1867%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt_%281844-1867%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Jezzar_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Jezzar Pasha">Jezzar Pasha</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Egypt" title="Ottoman Egypt"><img alt="Ottoman Egypt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_Egypt_%281844-1867%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt_%281844-1867%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_Egypt_%281844-1867%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt_%281844-1867%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_Egypt_%281844-1867%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt_%281844-1867%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Pasha_al-Azm" title="Abdullah Pasha al-Azm">Abdullah Pasha</a><br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Egypt" title="Ottoman Egypt"><img alt="Ottoman Egypt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_Egypt_%281844-1867%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt_%281844-1867%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_Egypt_%281844-1867%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt_%281844-1867%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_Egypt_%281844-1867%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt_%281844-1867%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Murad_Bey" title="Murad Bey">Murad Bey</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Egypt" title="Ottoman Egypt"><img alt="Ottoman Egypt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_Egypt_%281844-1867%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt_%281844-1867%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_Egypt_%281844-1867%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt_%281844-1867%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_Egypt_%281844-1867%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt_%281844-1867%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Bey_(Mamluk)" title="Ibrahim Bey (Mamluk)">Ibrahim Bey</a><br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Egypt" title="Ottoman Egypt"><img alt="Ottoman Egypt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_Egypt_%281844-1867%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt_%281844-1867%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_Egypt_%281844-1867%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt_%281844-1867%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_Egypt_%281844-1867%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt_%281844-1867%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Abdallah_Bey" title="Abdallah Bey">Abdallah Bey</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Executed"><img alt="Executed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/14px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/21px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/28px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="490" /></a></span><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Egypt" title="Ottoman Egypt"><img alt="Ottoman Egypt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_Egypt_%281844-1867%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt_%281844-1867%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_Egypt_%281844-1867%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt_%281844-1867%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_Egypt_%281844-1867%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt_%281844-1867%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Haim_Farhi" title="Haim Farhi">Haim Farhi</a><br /><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Abercromby" title="Ralph Abercromby">Ralph Abercromby</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a></span> <br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Drummond" title="Gordon Drummond">Gordon Drummond</a><br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Graham_(British_Army_officer)" title="Samuel Graham (British Army officer)">Samuel Graham</a><br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/John_Moore_(British_Army_officer)" title="John Moore (British Army officer)">John Moore</a><br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/George_Ramsay,_9th_Earl_of_Dalhousie" title="George Ramsay, 9th Earl of Dalhousie">George Ramsay</a><br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/John_Hely-Hutchinson,_2nd_Earl_of_Donoughmore" title="John Hely-Hutchinson, 2nd Earl of Donoughmore">John Hely-Hutchinson</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/William_Beresford,_1st_Viscount_Beresford" title="William Beresford, 1st Viscount Beresford">William Beresford</a><br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/White_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/23px-White_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/White_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/35px-White_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/White_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/46px-White_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1008" data-file-height="560" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Smith_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="Sidney Smith (Royal Navy officer)">Sidney Smith</a> <br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/White_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/23px-White_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/White_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/35px-White_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/White_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/46px-White_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1008" data-file-height="560" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Horatio_Nelson,_1st_Viscount_Nelson" title="Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson">Horatio Nelson</a><br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/23px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/35px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/45px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Antoine_de_Ph%C3%A9lippeaux" class="mw-redirect" title="Antoine de Phélippeaux">Antoine de Phélippeaux</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Regency_of_Algiers" title="Regency of Algiers"><img alt="Regency of Algiers" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Regency_of_Algiers.svg/23px-Flag_of_Regency_of_Algiers.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Regency_of_Algiers.svg/35px-Flag_of_Regency_of_Algiers.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Regency_of_Algiers.svg/45px-Flag_of_Regency_of_Algiers.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="960" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%AFs_Hamidou" title="Raïs Hamidou">Raïs Hamidou</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_France_official.svg/23px-Flag_of_France_official.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_France_official.svg/35px-Flag_of_France_official.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_France_official.svg/45px-Flag_of_France_official.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon Bonaparte</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Surrender_(military)" title="Surrendered"><img alt="Surrendered" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/14px-White_flag_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/21px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/28px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="351" /></a></span> </b> <br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_France_official.svg/23px-Flag_of_France_official.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_France_official.svg/35px-Flag_of_France_official.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_France_official.svg/45px-Flag_of_France_official.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Kl%C3%A9ber" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Baptiste Kléber">Jean Kléber</a> <a href="/wiki/Assassinated" class="mw-redirect" title="Assassinated"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a> <br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_France_official.svg/23px-Flag_of_France_official.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_France_official.svg/35px-Flag_of_France_official.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_France_official.svg/45px-Flag_of_France_official.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Thomas-Alexandre_Dumas" title="Thomas-Alexandre Dumas">Thomas Dumas</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wounded_in_action" title="Wounded in action"><abbr title="Wounded in action">WIA</abbr></a>) <br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_France_official.svg/23px-Flag_of_France_official.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_France_official.svg/35px-Flag_of_France_official.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_France_official.svg/45px-Flag_of_France_official.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Jacques-Fran%C3%A7ois_Menou" title="Jacques-François Menou">Jacques Menou</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Surrender_(military)" title="Surrendered"><img alt="Surrendered" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/14px-White_flag_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/21px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/28px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="351" /></a></span> <br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_France_official.svg/23px-Flag_of_France_official.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_France_official.svg/35px-Flag_of_France_official.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_France_official.svg/45px-Flag_of_France_official.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Jean_Lannes" title="Jean Lannes">Jean Lannes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wounded_in_action" title="Wounded in action"><abbr title="Wounded in action">WIA</abbr></a>)<br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_France_official.svg/23px-Flag_of_France_official.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_France_official.svg/35px-Flag_of_France_official.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_France_official.svg/45px-Flag_of_France_official.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Louis_Desaix" title="Louis Desaix">Louis Desaix</a>  (<a href="/wiki/Wounded_in_action" title="Wounded in action"><abbr title="Wounded in action">WIA</abbr></a>)<br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_France_official.svg/23px-Flag_of_France_official.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_France_official.svg/35px-Flag_of_France_official.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_France_official.svg/45px-Flag_of_France_official.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Joachim_Murat" title="Joachim Murat">Joachim Murat</a> <br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_France_official.svg/23px-Flag_of_France_official.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_France_official.svg/35px-Flag_of_France_official.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_France_official.svg/45px-Flag_of_France_official.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Louis-Nicolas_Davout" title="Louis-Nicolas Davout">Louis-Nicolas Davout</a> <br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_France_official.svg/23px-Flag_of_France_official.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_France_official.svg/35px-Flag_of_France_official.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_France_official.svg/45px-Flag_of_France_official.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Jean_Rapp" title="Jean Rapp">Jean Rapp</a>  (<a href="/wiki/Wounded_in_action" title="Wounded in action"><abbr title="Wounded in action">WIA</abbr></a>)<br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_France_official.svg/23px-Flag_of_France_official.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_France_official.svg/35px-Flag_of_France_official.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_France_official.svg/45px-Flag_of_France_official.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Anne_Jean_Marie_Ren%C3%A9_Savary" title="Anne Jean Marie René Savary">René Savary</a> <br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_France_official.svg/23px-Flag_of_France_official.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_France_official.svg/35px-Flag_of_France_official.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_France_official.svg/45px-Flag_of_France_official.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Jean-Antoine_Verdier" title="Jean-Antoine Verdier">Jean-Antoine Verdier</a> <br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_France_official.svg/23px-Flag_of_France_official.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_France_official.svg/35px-Flag_of_France_official.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_France_official.svg/45px-Flag_of_France_official.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Jean_Reynier" title="Jean Reynier">Jean Reynier</a> <br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_France_official.svg/23px-Flag_of_France_official.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_France_official.svg/35px-Flag_of_France_official.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_France_official.svg/45px-Flag_of_France_official.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Louis_Andr%C3%A9_Bon" title="Louis André Bon">Louis André Bon</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a> <br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_France_official.svg/23px-Flag_of_France_official.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_France_official.svg/35px-Flag_of_France_official.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_France_official.svg/45px-Flag_of_France_official.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Bessi%C3%A8res" title="Jean-Baptiste Bessières">Jean-Baptiste Bessières</a> <br /> <span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_France_official.svg/23px-Flag_of_France_official.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_France_official.svg/35px-Flag_of_France_official.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_France_official.svg/45px-Flag_of_France_official.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Elz%C3%A9ar_Auguste_Cousin_de_Dommartin" title="Elzéar Auguste Cousin de Dommartin">Cousin de Dommartin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><abbr title="Died of wounds">DOW</abbr></a>)</span> <br /> <span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_France_official.svg/23px-Flag_of_France_official.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_France_official.svg/35px-Flag_of_France_official.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_France_official.svg/45px-Flag_of_France_official.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Louis-Marie-Joseph_Maximilian_Caffarelli_du_Falga" title="Louis-Marie-Joseph Maximilian Caffarelli du Falga">Maximilian Caffarelli</a> (<a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><abbr title="Died of wounds">DOW</abbr></a>)</span> <br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_France_official.svg/23px-Flag_of_France_official.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_France_official.svg/35px-Flag_of_France_official.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_France_official.svg/45px-Flag_of_France_official.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Perr%C3%A9e" title="Jean-Baptiste Perrée">Jean-Baptiste Perrée</a> <br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_France_official.svg/23px-Flag_of_France_official.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_France_official.svg/35px-Flag_of_France_official.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_France_official.svg/45px-Flag_of_France_official.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Dugua" title="Charles Dugua">Charles Dugua</a> <br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_France_official.svg/23px-Flag_of_France_official.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_France_official.svg/35px-Flag_of_France_official.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_France_official.svg/45px-Flag_of_France_official.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Dominique_Martin_Dupuy" title="Dominique Martin Dupuy">Martin Dupuy</a> <a href="/wiki/Assassinated" class="mw-redirect" title="Assassinated"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a><br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire"><img alt="First French Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Paul_Brueys_d%27Aigalliers" title="François-Paul Brueys d'Aigalliers">Brueys d'Aigalliers</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire"><img alt="First French Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Charles_Villeneuve" title="Pierre-Charles Villeneuve">Pierre-Charles Villeneuve</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic"><img alt="French First Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_France_official.svg/23px-Flag_of_France_official.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_France_official.svg/35px-Flag_of_France_official.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_France_official.svg/45px-Flag_of_France_official.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Horace_Fran%C3%A7ois_Bastien_S%C3%A9bastiani_de_La_Porta" title="Horace François Bastien Sébastiani de La Porta">Horace Sébastiani</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic"><img alt="French First Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_France_official.svg/23px-Flag_of_France_official.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_France_official.svg/35px-Flag_of_France_official.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_France_official.svg/45px-Flag_of_France_official.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Charles_Louis_de_Lasalle" title="Antoine Charles Louis de Lasalle">Charles-Louis Lasalle</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic"><img alt="French First Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_France_official.svg/23px-Flag_of_France_official.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_France_official.svg/35px-Flag_of_France_official.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_France_official.svg/45px-Flag_of_France_official.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Rose_de_Beauharnais" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugène Rose de Beauharnais">Rose de Beauharnais</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic"><img alt="French First Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_France_official.svg/23px-Flag_of_France_official.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_France_official.svg/35px-Flag_of_France_official.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_France_official.svg/45px-Flag_of_France_official.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Louis_Bonaparte" title="Louis Bonaparte">Louis Bonaparte</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic"><img alt="French First Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_France_official.svg/23px-Flag_of_France_official.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_France_official.svg/35px-Flag_of_France_official.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_France_official.svg/45px-Flag_of_France_official.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9raud_Duroc" title="Géraud Duroc">Géraud Duroc</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic"><img alt="French First Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_France_official.svg/23px-Flag_of_France_official.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_France_official.svg/35px-Flag_of_France_official.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_France_official.svg/45px-Flag_of_France_official.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Sulkowski" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Sulkowski">Joseph Sulkowski</a> (<a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><abbr title="Died of wounds">DOW</abbr></a>)<br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic"><img alt="French First Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_France_official.svg/23px-Flag_of_France_official.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_France_official.svg/35px-Flag_of_France_official.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_France_official.svg/45px-Flag_of_France_official.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Louis_Friant" title="Louis Friant">Louis Friant</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic"><img alt="French First Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_France_official.svg/23px-Flag_of_France_official.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_France_official.svg/35px-Flag_of_France_official.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_France_official.svg/45px-Flag_of_France_official.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Jean-Andoche_Junot" title="Jean-Andoche Junot">Jean-Andoche Junot</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire"><img alt="Ottoman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%28eight_pointed_star%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%28eight_pointed_star%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%28eight_pointed_star%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%28eight_pointed_star%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%28eight_pointed_star%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%28eight_pointed_star%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> 220,000 soldiers<br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain"><img alt="Kingdom of Great Britain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> 30,000 soldiers</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_France_official.svg/23px-Flag_of_France_official.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_France_official.svg/35px-Flag_of_France_official.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_France_official.svg/45px-Flag_of_France_official.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> 40,000 soldiers<br />10,000 sailors</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire"><img alt="Ottoman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%28eight_pointed_star%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%28eight_pointed_star%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%28eight_pointed_star%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%28eight_pointed_star%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%28eight_pointed_star%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%28eight_pointed_star%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <b>Ottoman Empire</b>: <br /> 50,000 killed and wounded<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017106_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017106-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />15,000 captured<br /><b>Total: 65,000</b></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_France_official.svg/23px-Flag_of_France_official.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_France_official.svg/35px-Flag_of_France_official.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_France_official.svg/45px-Flag_of_France_official.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <b>France</b>: <br /> 15,000 killed and wounded<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017106_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017106-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />23,500 captured<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarthorp19926_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarthorp19926-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> <b>Total: 38,500</b></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Egypt-Syria" title="Template:Campaignbox Egypt-Syria"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Egypt-Syria" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Egypt-Syria"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Egypt-Syria" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Egypt-Syria"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Egypt–Syria_campaignof_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/French_campaign_in_Egypt_and_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="French campaign in Egypt and Syria"><span class="wrap">Egypt–Syria campaign</span></a><br />of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="French Revolutionary Wars"><span class="wrap">French Revolutionary Wars</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prise_d%27Alexandrie" title="Prise d'Alexandrie">Prise d'Alexandrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shubra_Khit" title="Battle of Shubra Khit">Shubra Khit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Pyramids" title="Battle of the Pyramids">Pyramids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Nile" title="Battle of the Nile">Nile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_Cairo" title="Revolt of Cairo">1st Cairo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_El_Arish" title="Siege of El Arish">1st El Arish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jaffa" title="Siege of Jaffa">Jaffa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Acre_(1799)" title="Siege of Acre (1799)">Acre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mount_Tabor_(1799)" title="Battle of Mount Tabor (1799)">Mount Tabor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Abukir_(1799)" title="Battle of Abukir (1799)">1st Aboukir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Siege_of_El_Arish" title="Second Siege of El Arish">2nd El Arish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Heliopolis_(1800)" title="Battle of Heliopolis (1800)">Heliopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Abukir_(1801)" title="Battle of Abukir (1801)">2nd Aboukir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mandora" title="Battle of Mandora">Mandora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alexandria_(1801)" title="Battle of Alexandria (1801)">Canope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Julien" title="Siege of Fort Julien">Fort Julien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_El_Rahmaniya" title="Siege of El Rahmaniya">El Rahmaniya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Al_Khankah" title="Battle of Al Khankah">Al Khankah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Cairo" title="Siege of Cairo">2nd Cairo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Alexandria_(1801)" title="Siege of Alexandria (1801)">Alexandria</a> (<a href="/wiki/Capitulation_of_Alexandria_(1801)" title="Capitulation of Alexandria (1801)">capitulation</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="position: relative; top: 0px; right: 0px; width: 304px;"><div class="center" style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Second_Coalition" title="War of the Second Coalition">War of the Second Coalition</a>:<br />Egypt and Syria</div><div class="thumbinner noresize" style="position: relative; top: 0px; right: 0px; outline:0px; border:0px; padding:0px; height: 160px; width: 304px;"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container floatright" style="width: 304px; height: 160px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm" data-width="304" data-height="160" data-zoom="4" data-lat="33" data-lon="25" href="/wiki/Special:Map/4/33/25/en"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm,4,33,25,304x160.png?lang=en" width="304" height="160" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm,4,33,25,304x160@2x.png?lang=en 2x" alt="Map" /></a><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: blue; top: -72px; left: 0px; width: 304px; height: 304px; transform: rotate(0deg); border-radius: 0px; background-color: #FFFFFF00; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 73px; left: -2px; transform: translateX(-100%) rotate(0deg); text-align: right; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12px; font-weight:normal;"> </span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 142px; left: 291px; width: 12px; height: 12px; background-color: transparent;color:inherit;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright" title="About OpenStreetMaps" rel="nofollow"><img alt="About OpenStreetMaps" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/12px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/18px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/24px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 142px; left: 194px; width: 12px; height: 12px; background-color: transparent;color:inherit;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Policy:Maps_Terms_of_Use" title="Maps: terms of use"><img alt="Maps: terms of use" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/12px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/18px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/24px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: blue; top: 116px; left: 242.5px; background-color:transparent; color:inherit; transform: rotate(0deg);"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Mapscaleline.svg/52px-Mapscaleline.svg.png" decoding="async" width="52" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Mapscaleline.svg/78px-Mapscaleline.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Mapscaleline.svg/104px-Mapscaleline.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="138" data-file-height="18" /></span></span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 115.875px; left: 288px; transform: translateX(-100%) rotate(0deg); text-align: right; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span style="color: grey; font-size: 9px; font-weight:normal;"> 800km<br />500miles</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 1px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #FFFFFFFF; top: 78.260995392967px; left: 262.6250542772px; width: 14px; height: 14px; border-radius: 50%; background-color: #800000; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 78.260995392967px; left: 259.1250542772px; transform: translateX(-100%) rotate(0deg); text-align: right; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span style="color: #800000; font-size: 12px; font-weight:normal;"> </span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; top: 78.260995392967px; left: 269.1250542772px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%); background-color:transparent; color:inherit; line-height: 1.2;"><span style="color: white; font-size: 10px; font-weight:bold;">6</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 78.260995392967px; left: 262.6250542772px; width: 14px; height: 14px; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mount_Tabor_(1799)" title="Battle of Mount Tabor (1799)"><img alt="Battle of Mount Tabor (1799) on 16 April 1799" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/16px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/24px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/32px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 1px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #FFFFFFFF; top: 74.081063953662px; left: 259.67708582491px; width: 14px; height: 14px; border-radius: 50%; background-color: #800000; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 74.081063953662px; left: 256.17708582491px; transform: translateX(-100%) rotate(0deg); text-align: right; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span style="color: #800000; font-size: 12px; font-weight:normal;"> </span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; top: 74.081063953662px; left: 266.17708582491px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%); background-color:transparent; color:inherit; line-height: 1.2;"><span style="color: white; font-size: 10px; font-weight:bold;">5</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 74.081063953662px; left: 259.67708582491px; width: 14px; height: 14px; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Acre_(1799)" title="Siege of Acre (1799)"><img alt="Siege of Acre (1799) from 20 March to 21 May 1799" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/16px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/24px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/32px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 1px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #FFFFFFFF; top: 85.775376233039px; left: 256.27558376459px; width: 14px; height: 14px; border-radius: 50%; background-color: #800000; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 85.775376233039px; left: 252.77558376459px; transform: translateX(-100%) rotate(0deg); text-align: right; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span style="color: #800000; font-size: 12px; font-weight:normal;"> Jaffa</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; top: 85.775376233039px; left: 262.77558376459px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%); background-color:transparent; color:inherit; line-height: 1.2;"><span style="color: white; font-size: 10px; font-weight:bold;">4</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 85.775376233039px; left: 256.27558376459px; width: 14px; height: 14px; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jaffa" title="Siege of Jaffa"><img alt="Siege of Jaffa from 3 to 7 March 1799" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/16px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/24px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/32px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 1px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #FFFFFFFF; top: 112.37793985507px; left: 216.36462625677px; width: 14px; height: 14px; border-radius: 50%; background-color: #800000; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 112.37793985507px; left: 212.86462625677px; transform: translateX(-100%) rotate(0deg); text-align: right; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span style="color: #800000; font-size: 12px; font-weight:normal;"> Cairo</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; top: 112.37793985507px; left: 222.86462625677px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%); background-color:transparent; color:inherit; line-height: 1.2;"><span style="color: white; font-size: 10px; font-weight:bold;">3</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 112.37793985507px; left: 216.36462625677px; width: 14px; height: 14px; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Pyramids" title="Battle of the Pyramids"><img alt="Battle of the Pyramids on 21 July 1798 Revolt of Cairo from 21 to 22 October 1798 Napoleon's return to France Siege of Cairo from May to June 1801" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/16px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/24px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/32px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div> <div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 1px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #FFFFFFFF; top: 97.09394900945px; left: 201.17125038732px; width: 14px; height: 14px; border-radius: 50%; background-color: #800000; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 97.09394900945px; left: 197.67125038732px; transform: translateX(-100%) rotate(0deg); text-align: right; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span style="color: #800000; font-size: 12px; font-weight:normal;"> Alexandria</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; top: 97.09394900945px; left: 207.67125038732px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%); background-color:transparent; color:inherit; line-height: 1.2;"><span style="color: white; font-size: 10px; font-weight:bold;">2</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 97.09394900945px; left: 201.17125038732px; width: 14px; height: 14px; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Nile" title="Battle of the Nile"><img alt="Battle of the Nile from 1 to 3 August 1798 Napoleon's return to France from 23 August to 9 October 1799 Siege of Alexandria (1801) from 17 August to 2 September 1801" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/16px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/24px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/32px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div> <div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 1px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #FFFFFFFF; top: 33.397301300477px; left: 25.880510878566px; width: 14px; height: 14px; border-radius: 50%; background-color: #800000; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 33.397301300477px; left: 42.380510878566px; text-align: left; transform: rotate(0deg) background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span style="color: #800000; font-size: 12px; font-weight:normal;"> Malta</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; top: 33.397301300477px; left: 32.380510878566px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%); background-color:transparent; color:inherit; line-height: 1.2;"><span style="color: white; font-size: 10px; font-weight:bold;">1</span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 33.397301300477px; left: 25.880510878566px; width: 14px; height: 14px; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Malta" title="French invasion of Malta"><img alt="French invasion of Malta from 10 to 12 June 1798" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/16px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/24px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/32px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute;top: 9px;left: 268px"><div style="color: white; opacity:100; font-size: 19px; font-weight:normal; text-align: left;"><a class="mw-kartographer-maplink no-icon" data-mw-kartographer="maplink" data-style="osm-intl" href="/wiki/Special:Map/5/33/25/en" data-zoom="5" data-lat="33" data-lon="25" data-overlays="["_a2844c5f1479a10ea733924b7ccf62f013e46058"]"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Click for interactive fullscreen map with links to nearby articles"> </span></a></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output 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background:#fff2e2"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Egypt" title="Category:History of Egypt">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:transparent; padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Egypt" title="History of Egypt">History of <span class="fn org label">Egypt</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:All_Gizah_Pyramids.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/All_Gizah_Pyramids.jpg/140px-All_Gizah_Pyramids.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/All_Gizah_Pyramids.jpg/210px-All_Gizah_Pyramids.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/All_Gizah_Pyramids.jpg/280px-All_Gizah_Pyramids.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4372" data-file-height="2906" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Egypt" title="Prehistoric Egypt">Prehistoric Egypt</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none;background:#F2E4C3"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Egypt#Neolithic_to_Proto-Dynastic" title="Prehistoric Egypt">Predynastic Period</a></td><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap; color:#666;padding-right:0.2em;">6000–3000 BC</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Egypt" title="History of ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none;background: #E6FFF2"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Early_Dynastic_Period_(Egypt)" title="Early Dynastic Period (Egypt)">Early Dynastic Period</a></td><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap; color:#666;padding-right:0.2em;">3150–2686 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Old Kingdom of Egypt">Old Kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap; color:#666;padding-right:0.2em;">2686–2181 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/First_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="First Intermediate Period of Egypt">1st Intermediate Period</a></td><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap; color:#666;padding-right:0.2em;">2181–2055 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt">Middle Kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap; color:#666;padding-right:0.2em;">2055–1650 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Second_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="Second Intermediate Period of Egypt">2nd Intermediate Period</a></td><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap; color:#666;padding-right:0.2em;">1650–1550 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap; color:#666;padding-right:0.2em;">1550–1069 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Third_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="Third Intermediate Period of Egypt">3rd Intermediate Period</a></td><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap; color:#666;padding-right:0.2em;">1069–664 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Late_Period_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Late Period of ancient Egypt">Late Period</a></td><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap; color:#666;padding-right:0.2em;">664–332 BC</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Greco-Roman Egypt</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none;background: #F2FFE6"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Argead_dynasty" title="Argead dynasty">Argead dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap; color:#666;padding-right:0.2em;">332–310 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemaic dynasties</a></td><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap; color:#666;padding-right:0.2em;">310–30 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Roman_Egypt" title="Roman Egypt">Roman and Byzantine Egypt</a></td><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap; color:#666;padding-right:0.2em;">30 BC–641 AD</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Egypt" title="Sasanian Egypt">Sasanian Egypt</a></td><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap; color:#666;padding-right:0.2em;">619–629</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Egypt_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Egypt in the Middle Ages">Medieval Egypt</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none;background: #F2E6FF"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun caliphate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap; color:#666;padding-right:0.2em;">641–661</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad caliphate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap; color:#666;padding-right:0.2em;">661–750</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap; color:#666;padding-right:0.2em;">750–935</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Tulunids" title="Tulunids">Tulunid dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap; color:#666;padding-right:0.2em;">868–905</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Ikhshidid_dynasty" title="Ikhshidid dynasty">Ikhshidid dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap; color:#666;padding-right:0.2em;">935–969</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap; color:#666;padding-right:0.2em;">969–1171</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap; color:#666;padding-right:0.2em;">1171–1250</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate" title="Mamluk Sultanate">Mamluk dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap; color:#666;padding-right:0.2em;">1250–1517</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">Early modern</a> Egypt</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none;background: #FFFACD"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Egypt" title="Ottoman Egypt">Ottoman Egypt</a></td><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap; color:#666;padding-right:0.2em;">1517–1867</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/French_campaign_in_Egypt_and_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="French campaign in Egypt and Syria">French occupation</a></td><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap; color:#666;padding-right:0.2em;">1798–1801</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Egypt_under_the_Muhammad_Ali_dynasty" title="History of Egypt under the Muhammad Ali dynasty">Muhammad Ali dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap; color:#666;padding-right:0.2em;">1805–1953</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Khedivate_of_Egypt" title="Khedivate of Egypt">Khedivate of Egypt</a></td><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap; color:#666;padding-right:0.2em;">1867–1914</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_modern_Egypt" title="History of modern Egypt">Late Modern Egypt</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none;background: #E2EBEB"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Egypt_under_the_British" title="History of Egypt under the British">British occupation</a></td><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap; color:#666;padding-right:0.2em;">1882–1922</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Egypt" title="Sultanate of Egypt">Sultanate of Egypt</a></td><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap; color:#666;padding-right:0.2em;">1914–1922</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Kingdom of Egypt">Kingdom of Egypt</a></td><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap; color:#666;padding-right:0.2em;">1922–1953</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_republican_Egypt" title="History of republican Egypt">Republic</a></td><td style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap; color:#666;padding-right:0.2em;">1953–present</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/16px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/24px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/32px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Egypt" title="Portal:Egypt">Egypt portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="padding-top:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Egypt" title="Template:History of Egypt"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Egypt" title="Template talk:History of Egypt"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Egypt" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Egypt"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>French invasion of Egypt and Syria</b> was a military campaign in and occupation of <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> territories in <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Egypt" title="Ottoman Egypt">Egypt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Syria" title="Ottoman Syria">Syria</a> by <a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">French</a> forces under the command of <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> took place during the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="French Revolutionary Wars">French Revolutionary Wars</a>. It was the primary purpose of the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_campaign_of_1798" title="Mediterranean campaign of 1798">Mediterranean campaign of 1798</a>, in which the French <a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Malta" title="French invasion of Malta">captured Malta</a> while being followed by the British <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a>, whose pursuit was hampered by a lack of scouting frigates and reliable information. </p><p>The expedition was the result of a confluence of interests. The <a href="/wiki/French_Directory" title="French Directory">French Directory</a> hoped to disrupt the trade routes of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Great Britain</a> and create a "double port" connecting the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a>. Napoleon proclaimed the invasion as being intended to "defend French trade interests" and to establish "scientific enterprise" in the region, and envisioned the campaign as the first step of a march to <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">India</a>, where he would join forces with <a href="/wiki/Tipu_Sultan" title="Tipu Sultan">Tipu Sultan</a>, the ruler of French-allied <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mysore" title="Kingdom of Mysore">Mysore</a> who was <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Fourth Anglo-Mysore War">at war with Britain</a>, to attack <a href="/wiki/Company_rule_in_India" title="Company rule in India">British possessions in India</a>. </p><p>Despite <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Pyramids" title="Battle of the Pyramids">early victories in Egypt</a> and an <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mount_Tabor_(1799)" title="Battle of Mount Tabor (1799)">initially successful expedition into Syria</a>, the destruction of a <a href="/wiki/French_Navy" title="French Navy">French Navy</a> fleet by the British navy at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Nile" title="Battle of the Nile">Battle of the Nile</a> stranded French troops in Egypt, and the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Acre_(1799)" title="Siege of Acre (1799)">defeat</a> of Napoleon and his <a href="/wiki/Arm%C3%A9e_d%27Orient_(1798)" class="mw-redirect" title="Armée d'Orient (1798)">Army of the Orient</a> by Anglo-Ottoman forces at <a href="/wiki/Acre,_Israel" title="Acre, Israel">Acre</a> forced the French to withdraw from Syria. Following his defeat in Syria, Napoleon <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Abukir_(1799)" title="Battle of Abukir (1799)">repelled the Ottoman landing</a> at <a href="/wiki/Aboukir" class="mw-redirect" title="Aboukir">Aboukir</a>, but recognizing that the campaign was lost, and with the news of a <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Second_Coalition" title="War of the Second Coalition">Second Coalition</a> <a href="/wiki/Italian_and_Swiss_expedition_of_1799" title="Italian and Swiss expedition of 1799">reversing French conquests</a> in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, Napoleon opportunistically <a href="/wiki/Desertion" title="Desertion">abandoned his army</a>, sailed to France, and <a href="/wiki/Coup_of_18_Brumaire" title="Coup of 18 Brumaire">overthrew the government</a>. The French forces left in Egypt ultimately <a href="/wiki/Capitulation_of_Alexandria_(1801)" title="Capitulation of Alexandria (1801)">surrendered</a> at <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a>, concluding the defeat of Napoleon's expedition. These last French forces were <a href="/wiki/Repatriated" class="mw-redirect" title="Repatriated">repatriated</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1802)" title="Treaty of Paris (1802)">Treaty of Paris</a> officially ended the hostilities between <a href="/wiki/Franco-Ottoman_alliance#Epilogue:_Napoleon_I" title="Franco-Ottoman alliance">France and the Ottoman Empire</a>. </p><p>On the <a href="/wiki/Commission_des_Sciences_et_des_Arts" title="Commission des Sciences et des Arts">scientific front</a>, the expedition was a success that led to the publication of the <a href="/wiki/Description_de_l%27%C3%89gypte" title="Description de l'Égypte">Description de l'Égypte</a>, and the discovery of the <a href="/wiki/Rosetta_Stone" title="Rosetta Stone">Rosetta Stone</a>, creating the field of <a href="/wiki/Egyptology" title="Egyptology">Egyptology</a>. On the social and technological front, the expedition's legacy includes the re-introduction of the <a href="/wiki/Printing_press" title="Printing press">printing press</a> to Egypt, the founding of the <a href="/wiki/Institut_d%27%C3%89gypte" title="Institut d'Égypte">Institut d'Égypte</a>, the rise of <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberalism</a> in the Middle East, the emergence of modern <a href="/wiki/European_imperialism" class="mw-redirect" title="European imperialism">European imperialism</a>, and the popularization of <a href="/wiki/Orientalism" title="Orientalism">Orientalist narratives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Muslim world</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Preparations_and_voyage">Preparations and voyage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_invasion_of_Egypt_and_Syria&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Preparations and voyage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proposal">Proposal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_invasion_of_Egypt_and_Syria&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Proposal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the time of the invasion, the <a href="/wiki/French_Directory" title="French Directory">Directory</a> had assumed executive power in France. It would resort to the army to maintain order in the face of the <a href="/wiki/Jacobin_Club" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacobin Club">Jacobin</a> and royalist threats, and count in particular on General <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon Bonaparte">Bonaparte</a>, already a successful commander, having led the <a href="/wiki/Italian_campaigns_of_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Italian campaigns of the French Revolutionary Wars">Italian campaign</a>. </p><p>The notion of annexing Egypt as a French colony had been under discussion since <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Baron_de_Tott" title="François Baron de Tott">François Baron de Tott</a> undertook a secret mission to the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> in 1777 to determine its feasibility.. Baron de Tott's report was favourable, but no immediate action was taken. Nevertheless, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> became a topic of debate between <a href="/wiki/Talleyrand" class="mw-redirect" title="Talleyrand">Talleyrand</a> and Napoleon, which continued in their correspondence during Napoleon's <a href="/wiki/Italian_campaigns_of_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Italian campaigns of the French Revolutionary Wars">Italian campaign</a>. In early 1798, Bonaparte proposed an expedition to Egypt and convinced the Directory to establish the <a href="/wiki/Commission_des_Sciences_et_des_Arts" title="Commission des Sciences et des Arts">Commission des Sciences et des Arts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJames2003151_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJames2003151-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He further wished to strengthen French trade interests over those of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Great Britain</a> in the Middle East, hoping to join forces with France's ally <a href="/wiki/Tipu_Sultan" title="Tipu Sultan">Tipu Sultan</a>, ruler of <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Mysore" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate of Mysore">Mysore</a> in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> and an opponent of British control in that country.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatson200313–14_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson200313–14-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As France was not ready for a head-on attack on Great Britain itself, the Directory decided to intervene indirectly and create a "double port" connecting the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a>, prefiguring the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-manote_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-manote-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Henry_Singleton_-_The_Last_Effort_and_Fall_of_Tippoo_Sultan_-_WGA21457.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Henry_Singleton_-_The_Last_Effort_and_Fall_of_Tippoo_Sultan_-_WGA21457.jpg/220px-Henry_Singleton_-_The_Last_Effort_and_Fall_of_Tippoo_Sultan_-_WGA21457.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Henry_Singleton_-_The_Last_Effort_and_Fall_of_Tippoo_Sultan_-_WGA21457.jpg/330px-Henry_Singleton_-_The_Last_Effort_and_Fall_of_Tippoo_Sultan_-_WGA21457.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Henry_Singleton_-_The_Last_Effort_and_Fall_of_Tippoo_Sultan_-_WGA21457.jpg/440px-Henry_Singleton_-_The_Last_Effort_and_Fall_of_Tippoo_Sultan_-_WGA21457.jpg 2x" data-file-width="997" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tipu_Sultan" title="Tipu Sultan">Tipu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mysore" title="Kingdom of Mysore">Sultan of Mysore</a>, an ally of <a href="/wiki/Napoleone_Bonaparte" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleone Bonaparte">Napoleone Bonaparte</a>, confronted <a href="/wiki/Presidency_armies" title="Presidency armies">British East India Company forces</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Seringapatam_(1799)" title="Siege of Seringapatam (1799)">Siege of Srirangapatna</a>, where he was killed.</figcaption></figure> <p>At the time, Egypt had been an <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> province since 1517, but was now out of direct Ottoman control, and was in disorder, with dissension among the ruling <a href="/wiki/Mamluk" title="Mamluk">Mamluk</a> elite. In France, "Egyptian" fashion was in full swing – intellectuals believed that Egypt was the cradle of Western civilization and wished to conquer it. French traders already based on the <a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a> were complaining of harassment by the Mamluks, and Napoleon wished to walk in the footsteps of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>. He assured the Directory that "as soon as he had conquered Egypt, he will establish relations with the Indian princes and, together with them, attack the English in their possessions."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmini199912_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmini199912-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>According to a 13 February report by <a href="/wiki/Talleyrand" class="mw-redirect" title="Talleyrand">Talleyrand</a>, "Having occupied and fortified Egypt, we shall send force from <a href="/wiki/Suez" title="Suez">Suez</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Mysore" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate of Mysore">Sultanate of Mysore</a>, to join the forces of Tipu Sultan and drive away the English.The Directory agreed to the plan in March, though troubled by its scope and cost. They saw that it would remove the popular and over-ambitious Napoleon from the centre of power, though this motive long remained secret. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Before_departure_from_Toulon">Before departure from Toulon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_invasion_of_Egypt_and_Syria&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Before departure from Toulon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rumours became rife as 40,000 soldiers and 10,000 sailors were gathered in French Mediterranean ports. A large fleet was assembled at <a href="/wiki/Toulon" title="Toulon">Toulon</a>: 13 ships of the line, 14 frigates, and 400 transports. To avoid interception by the British fleet under <a href="/wiki/Horatio_Nelson,_1st_Viscount_Nelson" title="Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson">Nelson</a>, the expedition's target was kept secret. It was known only to Bonaparte himself, his generals <a href="/wiki/Louis-Alexandre_Berthier" title="Louis-Alexandre Berthier">Berthier</a> and <a href="/wiki/Louis_Marie_de_Caffarelli_du_Falga" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Marie de Caffarelli du Falga">Caffarelli</a>, and the mathematician <a href="/wiki/Gaspard_Monge" title="Gaspard Monge">Gaspard Monge</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-manote_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-manote-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bonaparte was the commander, with subordinates including <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Alexandre_Dumas" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Alexandre Dumas">Thomas Alexandre Dumas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Kl%C3%A9ber" title="Jean-Baptiste Kléber">Kléber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Charles_Antoine_Desaix" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Charles Antoine Desaix">Desaix</a>, Berthier, Caffarelli, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Lannes" title="Jean Lannes">Lannes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-%C3%89tienne_de_Damas" title="François-Étienne de Damas">Damas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joachim_Murat" title="Joachim Murat">Murat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Fran%C3%A7ois_Andr%C3%A9ossy" class="mw-redirect" title="Antoine François Andréossy">Andréossy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Augustin_Daniel_Belliard" title="Augustin Daniel Belliard">Belliard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Fran%C3%A7ois_Menou" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacques François Menou">Menou</a>, and <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Zaj%C4%85czek" title="Józef Zajączek">Zajączek</a>. His aides de camp included his brother <a href="/wiki/Louis_Bonaparte" title="Louis Bonaparte">Louis Bonaparte</a>, <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9raud_Christophe_Michel_Duroc" class="mw-redirect" title="Géraud Christophe Michel Duroc">Duroc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_de_Beauharnais" title="Eugène de Beauharnais">Eugène de Beauharnais</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Prosper_Jullien" title="Thomas Prosper Jullien">Thomas Prosper Jullien</a>, and the Polish nobleman <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Sulkowski" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Sulkowski">Joseph Sulkowski</a>. </p><p>The fleet at Toulon was joined by squadrons from <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Civitavecchia" title="Civitavecchia">Civitavecchia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bastia" title="Bastia">Bastia</a> and was put under the command of <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Paul_de_Brueys_d%27Aigalliers" class="mw-redirect" title="François Paul de Brueys d'Aigalliers">Admiral Brueys</a> and <a href="/wiki/Contre-amiral" class="mw-redirect" title="Contre-amiral">Contre-amirals</a> <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Charles_Silvestre_de_Villeneuve" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre Charles Silvestre de Villeneuve">Villeneuve</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armand_Blanquet_du_Chayla" title="Armand Blanquet du Chayla">Du Chayla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denis_Decres" class="mw-redirect" title="Denis Decres">Decrès</a> and <a href="/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_Joseph_Antoine_Ganteaume" title="Honoré Joseph Antoine Ganteaume">Ganteaume</a>. </p><p>The fleet was about to set sail when a crisis developed with Austria, and the Directory recalled Bonaparte in case war broke out. The crisis was resolved in a few weeks, and Bonaparte received orders to travel to Toulon as soon as possible. It is claimed<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (November 2010)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> that, in a stormy meeting with the Directory, Bonaparte threatened to dissolve them and director <a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Reubell" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean-François Reubell">Reubell</a> gave him a pen saying "Sign there, general!" </p><p>Bonaparte arrived at Toulon on 9 May, lodging with <a href="/wiki/Beno%C3%AEt_Georges_de_Najac" title="Benoît Georges de Najac">Benoît Georges de Najac</a>, the officer in charge of preparing the fleet. The army embarked confident in their commander's talent and on 19 May, just as he embarked, Bonaparte addressed the troops, especially those who had served under him in the <i><a href="/wiki/Arm%C3%A9e_d%27Italie" class="mw-redirect" title="Armée d'Italie">Armée d'Italie</a></i>: Soldiers! You are one of the wings of the French army. You have made war on the mountains, on the plains, and in cities; it remains for you to fight on the seas. The Roman legions, that you sometimes imitated but no longer equalled, fought <a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a> now on this same sea and now on the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zama" title="Battle of Zama">plains of Zama</a>... Soldiers, sailors, you have been neglected until this day; today, the greatest concern of the Republic is for you... The genius of liberty, which made you, at her birth, the arbiter of Europe, wants to be genius of the seas and the furthest nations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Capture_of_Malta">Capture of Malta</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_invasion_of_Egypt_and_Syria&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Capture of Malta"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Malta" title="French invasion of Malta">French invasion of Malta</a></div> <p>When Napoleon's fleet arrived off Malta, Napoleon demanded that the <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta" title="Sovereign Military Order of Malta">Knights of Malta</a> allow his fleet to enter the port and take on water and supplies. <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_von_Hompesch_zu_Bolheim" title="Ferdinand von Hompesch zu Bolheim">Grand Master von Hompesch</a> replied that only two foreign ships would be allowed to enter the port at a time. Under that restriction, re-victualling the French fleet would take weeks, and it would be vulnerable to the British fleet of Admiral Nelson. Napoleon therefore ordered the invasion of Malta. The <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> had significantly reduced the Knights' income and their ability to put up serious resistance. Half of the Knights were French, and most of these knights refused to fight.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECole20078–10_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECole20078–10-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>French troops disembarked in Malta at seven points on the morning of 11 June. General <a href="/wiki/Louis_Baraguey_d%27Hilliers" title="Louis Baraguey d'Hilliers">Louis Baraguey d'Hilliers</a> landed soldiers and cannon in the western part of the main island of Malta, under <a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">artillery</a> fire from Maltese fortifications. The French troops met some initial resistance but pressed forward. The Knights' ill-prepared force in that region, numbering only about 2,000, regrouped. The French pressed on with their attack. After a fierce gun battle lasting twenty-four hours, most of the Knights' force in the west surrendered. Napoleon, during his stay in Malta, resided at <a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Parisio_(Valletta)" title="Palazzo Parisio (Valletta)">Palazzo Parisio</a> in Valletta.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Napoleon then opened negotiations. Faced with vastly superior French forces and the loss of western Malta, Von Hompesch surrendered the main fortress of <a href="/wiki/Valletta" title="Valletta">Valletta</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECole20078–10_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECole20078–10-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alexandria_to_Syria">Alexandria to Syria</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_invasion_of_Egypt_and_Syria&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Alexandria to Syria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Disembarkment_at_Alexandria">Disembarkment at Alexandria</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_invasion_of_Egypt_and_Syria&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Disembarkment at Alexandria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:D%C3%A9barquement_de_Napol%C3%A9on_en_Egypte_juillet_1798,_Mus%C3%A9e_de_la_r%C3%A9volution_fran%C3%A7aise_-_Vizillejpg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/D%C3%A9barquement_de_Napol%C3%A9on_en_Egypte_juillet_1798%2C_Mus%C3%A9e_de_la_r%C3%A9volution_fran%C3%A7aise_-_Vizillejpg.jpg/220px-D%C3%A9barquement_de_Napol%C3%A9on_en_Egypte_juillet_1798%2C_Mus%C3%A9e_de_la_r%C3%A9volution_fran%C3%A7aise_-_Vizillejpg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/D%C3%A9barquement_de_Napol%C3%A9on_en_Egypte_juillet_1798%2C_Mus%C3%A9e_de_la_r%C3%A9volution_fran%C3%A7aise_-_Vizillejpg.jpg/330px-D%C3%A9barquement_de_Napol%C3%A9on_en_Egypte_juillet_1798%2C_Mus%C3%A9e_de_la_r%C3%A9volution_fran%C3%A7aise_-_Vizillejpg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/D%C3%A9barquement_de_Napol%C3%A9on_en_Egypte_juillet_1798%2C_Mus%C3%A9e_de_la_r%C3%A9volution_fran%C3%A7aise_-_Vizillejpg.jpg/440px-D%C3%A9barquement_de_Napol%C3%A9on_en_Egypte_juillet_1798%2C_Mus%C3%A9e_de_la_r%C3%A9volution_fran%C3%A7aise_-_Vizillejpg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1248" data-file-height="749" /></a><figcaption>Landing of Napoleon's troops in Egypt in July 1798</figcaption></figure> <p>Napoleon departed Malta for Egypt. After successfully eluding detection by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> for thirteen days, the fleet was in sight of <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a> where it landed on 1 July, although Napoleon's plan had been to land elsewhere. On the day of the landing, Napoleon told his troops "I promise to each soldier who returns from this expedition, enough to purchase six <a href="/wiki/Arpent" title="Arpent">arpents</a> of land." (approximately 7.6 acres or 3.1 ha) and added: The peoples we will be living alongside are Muslims; their first article of faith is "There is no other god but God, and Mahomet is his prophet". Do not contradict them; treat them as you treated the <a href="/wiki/Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Jew">Jews</a>, the Italians; respect their <a href="/wiki/Mufti" title="Mufti">muftis</a> and their <a href="/wiki/Imam" title="Imam">imams</a>, as you respected their <a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">rabbis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">bishops</a>. Have the same tolerance for the ceremonies prescribed by the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a>, for their <a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">mosques</a>, as you had for the <a href="/wiki/Convent" title="Convent">convents</a>, for the <a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">synagogues</a>, for the religion of <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a> and that of <a href="/wiki/Jesus_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus Christ">Jesus Christ</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Roman_legion" title="Roman legion">Roman legions</a> used to protect all religions. You will here find different customs to those of Europe, you must get accustomed to them. The people among whom we are going treat women differently to us; but in every country whoever violates one is a monster. <a href="/wiki/Pillage" class="mw-redirect" title="Pillage">Pillaging</a> only enriches a small number of men; it dishonours us, it destroys our resources; it makes enemies of the people who it is in our interest to have as our friends. The first city we will encounter was built by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander [the Great]</a>. We shall find at every step great remains worthy of exciting French emulation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBonaparte180858–59_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBonaparte180858–59-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 1 July, <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>, aboard the ship <i><a href="/wiki/French_ship_Orient_(1791)" title="French ship Orient (1791)">L'Orient</a></i> en route to Egypt, wrote the following proclamation to the Muslim inhabitants of <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a>: </p> <blockquote><p>For too long the <a href="/wiki/Bey" title="Bey">beys</a> who govern Egypt have insulted the French nation and covered their traders in <a href="/wiki/Slander" class="mw-redirect" title="Slander">slanders</a>. The hour of their punishment has come. For too long this horde of slaves, bought in the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>, have tyrannised the most beautiful part of the world; but God, on whom all depends, has ordained that their empire shall end. People of Egypt, they have told you that I come to destroy your religion, but do not believe it; [tell them] in reply [that] I come to restore your rights, punish the usurpers and that I respect God, his prophet and the Quran more than the Mamluks. Tell them that all men are equal before God; wisdom, talents, virtues are the only things to make one man different from another... Is there a more beautiful land? It belongs to the Mamluks. If Egypt is their farm, then they should show the lease that God gave them for it... Cadis, cheiks, imans, tchorbadjis, and notables of the nation [I ask you to] tell the people that we are true friends of Muslims. Wasn't it us who destroyed the <a href="/wiki/Knights_of_Malta" class="mw-redirect" title="Knights of Malta">Knights of Malta</a>? Wasn't it us who destroyed the Pope who used to say that he had a duty to make war on Muslims? Wasn't it us who have at all times been friends to the Great Lord and enemies to his enemies? ... Thrice happy are those who will be with us! They shall prosper in their fortune and in their rank. Happy are those who will be neutral! They will get to know us over time, and join their ranks with ours. But unhappy, thrice unhappy, are those who shall arm themselves [to fight] for the Mamluks and who shall fight against us! There shall be no hope for them, they shall perish.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlSayyad2013174_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlSayyad2013174-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kath._Illustratie_1869-1870_nr_42_p.329_Verwonding_van_Kleber_voor_Alexandri%C3%AB.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Kath._Illustratie_1869-1870_nr_42_p.329_Verwonding_van_Kleber_voor_Alexandri%C3%AB.jpg/220px-Kath._Illustratie_1869-1870_nr_42_p.329_Verwonding_van_Kleber_voor_Alexandri%C3%AB.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Kath._Illustratie_1869-1870_nr_42_p.329_Verwonding_van_Kleber_voor_Alexandri%C3%AB.jpg/330px-Kath._Illustratie_1869-1870_nr_42_p.329_Verwonding_van_Kleber_voor_Alexandri%C3%AB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Kath._Illustratie_1869-1870_nr_42_p.329_Verwonding_van_Kleber_voor_Alexandri%C3%AB.jpg/440px-Kath._Illustratie_1869-1870_nr_42_p.329_Verwonding_van_Kleber_voor_Alexandri%C3%AB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3774" data-file-height="2578" /></a><figcaption>Kléber wounded in front of Alexandria, engraving by Adolphe-François Pannemaker</figcaption></figure><p>Despite the idealistic promises proclaimed by Napoleon, <a href="/wiki/Egyptians" title="Egyptians">Egyptian</a> intellectuals like '<a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_al-Jabarti" title="Abd al-Rahman al-Jabarti">Abd al-Rahman al-Jabarti</a> (1753–1825 C.E/ 1166–1240 A.H) were heavily critical of Napoleon's objectives. As a major chronicler of the French invasion, Jabarti decried the French invasion of Egypt as the start of:>"fierce fights and important incidents; of the momentous mishaps and appalling afflictions, of the multiplication of malice and the acceleration of affairs; of successive sufferings and turning times; of the inversion of the innate and the elimination of the established; of horrors upon horrors and contradicting conditions; of the perversion of all precepts and the onset of annihilation; of the dominance of destruction and the occurrence of occasions"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Bellaigue20172_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Bellaigue20172-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Fran%C3%A7ois_Menou" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacques François Menou">Menou</a> had been the first to set out for Egypt, and was the first Frenchman to land. Bonaparte and Kléber landed together and joined Menou at night at the cove of Marabout (<a href="/wiki/Citadel_of_Qaitbay" title="Citadel of Qaitbay">Citadel of Qaitbay</a>), on which the first <a href="/wiki/Drapeau_tricolore" class="mw-redirect" title="Drapeau tricolore">French tricolour</a> to be hoisted in Egypt was raised. </p><p>On the night of the 1st of July, Bonaparte who was informed that Alexandria intended to resist him, rushed to get a force ashore without waiting for the artillery or the cavalry to land, in which he marched on Alexandria at the head of 4,000 to 5,000 men.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBainville199731_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBainville199731-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETulard199964_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETulard199964-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At 2 am, 2 July, he set off marching in three columns, on the left, Menou attacked the "triangular fort",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETulard199964_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETulard199964-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where he received seven wounds, while Kléber was in the centre, in which he received a bullet in the forehead but was only wounded, and <a href="/wiki/Louis_Andr%C3%A9_Bon" title="Louis André Bon">Louis André Bon</a> on the right attacked the city gates.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETulard199964_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETulard199964-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alexandria was defended by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhammad_Koraim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muhammad Koraim (page does not exist)">Koraim Pasha</a> and 500 men.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1998140_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1998140-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, after a rather lively shooting in the city, the defenders gave up and fled. The city had not had time to surrender and put itself at the French's discretion but, despite Bonaparte's orders, the French soldiers broke into the city. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paris_Arc_de_Triomphe_04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Paris_Arc_de_Triomphe_04.jpg/220px-Paris_Arc_de_Triomphe_04.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Paris_Arc_de_Triomphe_04.jpg/330px-Paris_Arc_de_Triomphe_04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Paris_Arc_de_Triomphe_04.jpg/440px-Paris_Arc_de_Triomphe_04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2893" data-file-height="1764" /></a><figcaption>The capture of Alexandria, bas-relief on the <a href="/wiki/Arc_de_Triomphe" title="Arc de Triomphe">Arc de Triomphe</a> in Paris</figcaption></figure> <p>When the whole expeditionary force had been disembarked, Admiral Brueys received orders to take the fleet to <a href="/wiki/Aboukir_Bay" class="mw-redirect" title="Aboukir Bay">Aboukir Bay</a> before anchoring the battle-fleet in the old port of Alexandria if possible or taking it to <a href="/wiki/Corfu" title="Corfu">Corfu</a>. These precautions were made vital by the imminent arrival of the British fleet, which had already been seen near Alexandria 24 hours before the French fleet's arrival. It was wisest to avoid the risks of a naval battle – a defeat could have disastrous results and it was in the force's better interests to go by land, marching at top speed to <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a> to frighten the enemy commanders and surprise them before they could put any defence measures in place. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Victory_on_land,_defeat_at_sea"><span id="Victory_on_land.2C_defeat_at_sea"></span>Victory on land, defeat at sea</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_invasion_of_Egypt_and_Syria&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Victory on land, defeat at sea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carte_physique_et_politique_de_la_syrie_pour_servir_a_l%27histoire_des_conquetes_du_general_Bonaparte_en_Orient.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Carte_physique_et_politique_de_la_syrie_pour_servir_a_l%27histoire_des_conquetes_du_general_Bonaparte_en_Orient.jpg/220px-Carte_physique_et_politique_de_la_syrie_pour_servir_a_l%27histoire_des_conquetes_du_general_Bonaparte_en_Orient.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Carte_physique_et_politique_de_la_syrie_pour_servir_a_l%27histoire_des_conquetes_du_general_Bonaparte_en_Orient.jpg/330px-Carte_physique_et_politique_de_la_syrie_pour_servir_a_l%27histoire_des_conquetes_du_general_Bonaparte_en_Orient.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Carte_physique_et_politique_de_la_syrie_pour_servir_a_l%27histoire_des_conquetes_du_general_Bonaparte_en_Orient.jpg/440px-Carte_physique_et_politique_de_la_syrie_pour_servir_a_l%27histoire_des_conquetes_du_general_Bonaparte_en_Orient.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9344" data-file-height="6888" /></a><figcaption>1803 map noting fleet anchor points and location of 17 battles: <i>Carte physique et politique de la syrie pour servir a l'histoire des conquetes du general Bonaparte en Orient</i></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Louis-Fran%C3%A7ois_Baron_Lejeune_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Louis-Fran%C3%A7ois_Baron_Lejeune_001.jpg/220px-Louis-Fran%C3%A7ois_Baron_Lejeune_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Louis-Fran%C3%A7ois_Baron_Lejeune_001.jpg/330px-Louis-Fran%C3%A7ois_Baron_Lejeune_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Louis-Fran%C3%A7ois_Baron_Lejeune_001.jpg/440px-Louis-Fran%C3%A7ois_Baron_Lejeune_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1298" /></a><figcaption><i>The Battle of the Pyramids</i>, <a href="/wiki/Louis-Fran%C3%A7ois,_Baron_Lejeune" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis-François, Baron Lejeune">Louis-François, Baron Lejeune</a>, 1808</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Pyramids" title="Battle of the Pyramids">Battle of the Pyramids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Nile" title="Battle of the Nile">Battle of the Nile</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Louis_Desaix" title="Louis Desaix">Louis Desaix</a> marched across the desert with his division and two cannon, arriving at <a href="/wiki/Damanhur" title="Damanhur">Demenhour</a>, 24 kilometres (15 mi) from Alexandria, on 18 Messidor (6 July). Meanwhile, Bonaparte left Alexandria, leaving the city under Kléber's command. <a href="/wiki/Charles_Dugua" title="Charles Dugua">General Dugua</a> marched on <a href="/wiki/Rosetta" title="Rosetta">Rosetta</a>, with orders to seize and hold the entrance to the port housing the French fleet, which had to follow the route to Cairo down the river's left bank and rejoin the army at Rahmanié. On 20 Messidor (8 July), Bonaparte arrived at Demenhour, where he found the forces that had met up, and on 22 Messidor they marched to <a href="/wiki/El_Rahmaniya" title="El Rahmaniya">Rahmanié</a>, where they then awaited the fleet with their provisions. The fleet arrived on 24 Messidor (12 July) and the army began to march again at night, followed by the fleet. </p><p>The winds' violence suddenly forced the fleet to the army's left and straight into the enemy fleet, which was supported by musket fire from 4,000 Mamluks, reinforced by peasants and Arabs. The French fleet had numerical superiority but still lost its gunboats to the enemy. Attracted by the sound of gunfire, Bonaparte ordered his land force to the charge and attacked the village of <a href="/wiki/Shubra_Khit" title="Shubra Khit">Chebreiss</a>, which was <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shubra_Khit" title="Battle of Shubra Khit">captured</a> after two hours' fierce fighting. The enemy fled in disorder towards Cairo, leaving 600 dead on the battlefield. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mather_Brown_-_Battle_of_the_Nile.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Mather_Brown_-_Battle_of_the_Nile.jpg/220px-Mather_Brown_-_Battle_of_the_Nile.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Mather_Brown_-_Battle_of_the_Nile.jpg/330px-Mather_Brown_-_Battle_of_the_Nile.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Mather_Brown_-_Battle_of_the_Nile.jpg/440px-Mather_Brown_-_Battle_of_the_Nile.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1054" /></a><figcaption>The Battle of the Nile: Destruction of <i>L'Orient</i>, August 1, 1798</figcaption></figure> <p>After a day's rest at Chebreiss, the French land force continued the pursuit. On 2 Thermidor (20 July), it arrived <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>800 metres (<span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> mi) from the village of <a href="/wiki/Imbaba" title="Imbaba">Embabé</a>. The heat was unbearable and the army was exhausted and needed a rest, but there was not enough time and so Bonaparte drew up his 25,000 troops for battle approximately 15 km (9 mi) from the <a href="/wiki/Pyramids_of_Giza" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyramids of Giza">Pyramids of Giza</a>. He is said to have shown his army the pyramids behind the enemy's left flank and at the moment of ordering the attack shouted "Soldiers, see the tops of the Pyramids" – in accounts written long afterwards, this phrase was altered into "Soldiers, remember that from the top of these pyramids, 40 centuries of history contemplate you." This was the start of the so-called <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Pyramids" title="Battle of the Pyramids">Battle of the Pyramids</a>, a French victory over an enemy force of about 21,000 <a href="/wiki/Mamluk" title="Mamluk">Mamluks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (November 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> (Around 40,000 Mamluk soldiers stayed away from the battle.) The French defeated the Mamluk cavalry with a giant <a href="/wiki/Infantry_square" title="Infantry square">infantry square</a>, with cannons and supplies safely on the inside. In all 300 French and approximately 6,000 Mamluks were killed. The battle gave rise to dozens of stories and drawings. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Dominique_Martin_Dupuy" title="Dominique Martin Dupuy">Dupuy</a>'s brigade pursued the routed enemy and at night entered Cairo, which had been abandoned by the beys <a href="/wiki/Mourad_Bey" class="mw-redirect" title="Mourad Bey">Mourad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Bey_(Mamluk)" title="Ibrahim Bey (Mamluk)">Ibrahim</a>. On 4 Thermidor (22 July), the notables of Cairo came to <a href="/wiki/Giza" title="Giza">Giza</a> to meet Bonaparte and offered to hand over the city to him. Three days later, he moved his main headquarters there. Desaix was ordered to follow Mourad, who had set off for <a href="/wiki/Upper_Egypt" title="Upper Egypt">Upper Egypt</a>. An observation corps was put in place at <a href="/wiki/Al_Khankah" title="Al Khankah">Elkanka</a> to keep an eye on the movements of Ibrahim, who was heading towards Syria. Bonaparte personally led the pursuit of Ibrahim, beat him at <a href="/wiki/El_Salheya" title="El Salheya">Salahie</a> and pushed him completely out of Egypt. </p><p>The transports had sailed back to France, but the battle fleet stayed and supported the army along the coast. The British fleet under the command of Horatio Nelson had been searching in vain for the French fleet for weeks. The British fleet had not found it in time to prevent the landings in Egypt, but on 1 August Nelson discovered the French warships anchored in a strong defensive position in the <a href="/wiki/Abu_Qir_Bay" title="Abu Qir Bay">Bay of Abukir</a>. The French believed that they were open to attack only on one side, the other side being protected by the shore. During the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Nile" title="Battle of the Nile">Battle of the Nile</a> the arriving British fleet under <a href="/wiki/Horatio_Nelson" class="mw-redirect" title="Horatio Nelson">Horatio Nelson</a> managed to slip half of their ships in between the land and the French line, thus attacking from both sides. In a few hours 11 out of the 13 French ships of the line and 2 out of the 4 French frigates were captured or destroyed; the four remaining ships fled. This frustrated Bonaparte's goal of strengthening the French position in the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a>, and instead put it totally under British control. News of the naval defeat reached Bonaparte en route back to Cairo from defeating Ibrahim but, far from being worried, Mullié states: </p><p>This disastrous event did not disconcert [Bonaparte] at all – ever impenetrable, he did not allow any emotion to appear that he had not tested in his mind. Having calmly read the despatch which informed him that he and his army were now prisoners in Egypt, he said "We no longer have a navy. Well! We'll have to stay here, or leave as great men just as the ancients did". The army then showed itself happy at this short energetic response, but the native Egyptians considered the defeat at Aboukir as fortune turning in their favour and so from then on busied themselves to find means to throw off the hateful yoke the foreigners were trying to impose on them by force and to hunt them from their country. This project was soon put into execution.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMullié1851111_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMullié1851111-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Pyramids" title="Battle of the Pyramids">Battle of Pyramids</a>, Napoleon instituted a French administration in <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a> and suppressed the subsequent rebellions violently. Although Napoleon tried to co-opt local Egyptian <i><a href="/wiki/Ulama" title="Ulama">ulema</a></i>, scholars like <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_al-Jabarti" title="Abd al-Rahman al-Jabarti">Al-Jabarti</a> poured scorn on the ideas and cultural ways of the French.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Bellaigue20174–12_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Bellaigue20174–12-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>Despite their cordial proclamations to the natives, with some French soldiers even converting to <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, clerics like <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_al-Sharqawi" title="Abdullah al-Sharqawi">Abdullah al-Sharqawi</a> condemned the French as: </p><p>>materialist, libertine philosophers ... they deny the Resurrection, and the afterlife, and ... [the] prophets<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Bellaigue201712–13_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Bellaigue201712–13-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bonaparte's_administration_of_Egypt"><span id="Bonaparte.27s_administration_of_Egypt"></span>Bonaparte's administration of Egypt</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_invasion_of_Egypt_and_Syria&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Bonaparte's administration of Egypt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_002.jpg/170px-Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_002.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_002.jpg/255px-Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_002.jpg/340px-Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1381" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><i>Napoleon in Cairo</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me" title="Jean-Léon Gérôme">Jean-Léon Gérôme</a>, 19th century, <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Art_Museum" title="Princeton University Art Museum">Princeton University Art Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marengo_-_National_Army_museum_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Marengo_-_National_Army_museum_2.jpg/220px-Marengo_-_National_Army_museum_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Marengo_-_National_Army_museum_2.jpg/330px-Marengo_-_National_Army_museum_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Marengo_-_National_Army_museum_2.jpg/440px-Marengo_-_National_Army_museum_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>The skeleton of Napoleon's <a href="/wiki/Arabian_horse" title="Arabian horse">Arabian horse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marengo_(horse)" title="Marengo (horse)">Marengo</a>, on display at the National Army Museum in London</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%22Trac%C3%A9_du_th%C3%A9atre_operations_Militaires%22_from_E.L.F._Hauet%27s_manuscripts_of_the_Campaign_in_Egypt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/%22Trac%C3%A9_du_th%C3%A9atre_operations_Militaires%22_from_E.L.F._Hauet%27s_manuscripts_of_the_Campaign_in_Egypt.jpg/220px-%22Trac%C3%A9_du_th%C3%A9atre_operations_Militaires%22_from_E.L.F._Hauet%27s_manuscripts_of_the_Campaign_in_Egypt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="343" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/%22Trac%C3%A9_du_th%C3%A9atre_operations_Militaires%22_from_E.L.F._Hauet%27s_manuscripts_of_the_Campaign_in_Egypt.jpg/330px-%22Trac%C3%A9_du_th%C3%A9atre_operations_Militaires%22_from_E.L.F._Hauet%27s_manuscripts_of_the_Campaign_in_Egypt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/%22Trac%C3%A9_du_th%C3%A9atre_operations_Militaires%22_from_E.L.F._Hauet%27s_manuscripts_of_the_Campaign_in_Egypt.jpg/440px-%22Trac%C3%A9_du_th%C3%A9atre_operations_Militaires%22_from_E.L.F._Hauet%27s_manuscripts_of_the_Campaign_in_Egypt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1356" data-file-height="2114" /></a><figcaption>"Tracé du théatre des opérations militaires" from E.L.F. Hauet's manuscripts of the Campaign in Egypt <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcollections.aucegypt.edu/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15795coll6/id/217">at the American University in Cairo</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>After the naval defeat at Aboukir, Bonaparte's campaign remained land-bound. His army still succeeded in consolidating power in Egypt, although it faced repeated nationalist uprisings, and Napoleon began to behave as absolute ruler of all Egypt. He set up a pavilion and from within it presided over a <i>fête du Nil</i>—it was he who gave the signal to throw into the floats the statue of the river's fiancée, his name and Mohammed's were mingled in the same acclamations, on his orders gifts were distributed to the people, and he gave <a href="/wiki/Kaftan" title="Kaftan">kaftans</a> to his main officers. </p><p>In a largely unsuccessful effort to gain the support of the Egyptian population, Bonaparte issued <a href="/wiki/Proclamation" title="Proclamation">proclamations</a> that cast him as a liberator of the people from Ottoman and Mamluk oppression, praising the precepts of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> and claiming friendship between France and the Ottoman Empire despite French intervention in the breakaway state. This position as a liberator initially gained him solid support in Egypt and later led to admiration for Napoleon from the Albanian <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_of_Egypt" title="Muhammad Ali of Egypt">Muhammad Ali of Egypt</a>, who succeeded where Bonaparte had not in reforming Egypt and declaring its independence from the Ottomans. In a letter to a <a href="/wiki/Sheikh" title="Sheikh">sheikh</a> in August, Napoleon wrote, "I hope... I shall be able to unite all the wise and educated men of all the countries and establish a uniform regime based on the principles of the Quran which alone are true and which alone can lead men to happiness."<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bonaparte's secretary <a href="/wiki/Louis_Antoine_Fauvelet_de_Bourrienne" title="Louis Antoine Fauvelet de Bourrienne">Bourienne</a> wrote that his employer had no serious interest in Islam or any other religion beyond their political value. Bonaparte's principle was... to look upon religions as the work of men, but to respect them everywhere as a powerful engine of government... If Bonaparte spoke as a Mussulman (<a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a>), it was merely in his character of a military and political chief in a Mussulman country. To do so was essential to his success, to the safety of his army, and... to his glory... In India he would have been for <a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali</a>, at Thibet for the <a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai-lama</a>, and in China for <a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shortly after Bonaparte's return from facing Ibrahim came Mohammed's birthday, which was celebrated with great pomp. Bonaparte himself directed the military parades for the occasion, preparing for this festival in the sheik's house wearing oriental dress and a turban. It was on this occasion that the <a href="/wiki/Divan" title="Divan">divan</a> granted him the title Ali-Bonaparte after Bonaparte proclaimed himself "a worthy son of the Prophet" and "favourite of Allah". Around the same time he took severe measures to protect pilgrim caravans from Egypt to <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a>, writing a letter himself to the governor of Mecca. </p><p>Even so, thanks to the taxes he imposed on them to support his army, the Egyptians remained unconvinced of the sincerity of all Bonaparte's attempts at conciliation and continued to attack him ceaselessly. Any means, even sudden attacks and assassination, were allowed to force the "infidels" out of Egypt. Military executions were unable to deter these attacks and they continued. </p><p>22 September was the anniversary of the founding of the <a href="/wiki/First_French_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="First French Republic">First French Republic</a> and Bonaparte organised the most magnificent celebration possible. On his orders, an immense circus was built in the largest square in Cairo, with 105 columns (each with a flag bearing the name of a département) round the edge and a colossal inscribed obelisk at the centre. On seven classical altars were inscribed the names of heroes killed in the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="French Revolutionary Wars">French Revolutionary Wars</a>. Two triumphal arches were built to commemorate the campaign: a wooden <i>arc de triomphe</i> in Azbakiyya Square, and a second arch which was inscribed with the words "There is no god but God, and Muhammad is his prophet" and decorated by the Genoese artist <a href="/wiki/Michel_Rigo_(artist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Michel Rigo (artist)">Michel Rigo</a> with scenes from the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Pyramids" title="Battle of the Pyramids">Battle of the Pyramids</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScurr202177_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScurr202177-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Here there was some awkwardness – the painting flattered the French but aggrieved the defeated Egyptians they were trying to win over as allies. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baron_Antoine-Jean_Gros-Battle_Pyramids_1810.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Baron_Antoine-Jean_Gros-Battle_Pyramids_1810.jpg/220px-Baron_Antoine-Jean_Gros-Battle_Pyramids_1810.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Baron_Antoine-Jean_Gros-Battle_Pyramids_1810.jpg/330px-Baron_Antoine-Jean_Gros-Battle_Pyramids_1810.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Baron_Antoine-Jean_Gros-Battle_Pyramids_1810.jpg/440px-Baron_Antoine-Jean_Gros-Battle_Pyramids_1810.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2993" data-file-height="2100" /></a><figcaption>Napoleon at the Pyramids in 1798, by <a href="/wiki/Antoine-Jean_Gros" title="Antoine-Jean Gros">Antoine-Jean Gros</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>On the day of the festival, Bonaparte addressed his troops, enumerating their exploits since the 1793 <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Toulon_(1793)" title="Siege of Toulon (1793)">siege of Toulon</a> and telling them: >From the English, famous for arts and commerce, to the hideous and fierce Bedouin, you have caught the gaze of the world. Soldiers, your destiny is fair... This day, 40 million citizens celebrate the era of representative government, 40 million citizens think of you. The speech was followed by cries of "<i>Vive la République!</i>" and a cannon volley. Later, Bonaparte held a feast for two hundred people in a garden in Cairo and sent soldiers to plant a French flag on the top of a pyramid.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScurr202178_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScurr202178-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Napoleon's administration of Egypt is important in <a href="/wiki/Copts" title="Copts">Coptic</a> history. On 30 July 1798, just a few days after his arrival, he appointed <a href="/wiki/Jirjis_al-Jawhari" title="Jirjis al-Jawhari">Jirjis Al-Jawhary</a> (brother of <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_El-Gohary" title="Ibrahim El-Gohary">Ibrahim El-Gohary</a> and the most prominent Coptic layperson) as General Steward of Egypt.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his Declaration to the Coptic Nation, Napoleon elevated them from <a href="/wiki/Dhimmi" title="Dhimmi">dhimmi</a> to equal citizens, permitting them to “carry weapons, mount mules or horses, wear turbans and dress in whatever way they like”. He also punished those who had killed Copts in the chaos following the French arrival. In return, he demanded that the Copts show “zeal and fidelity in the service of the (French) Republic”.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 21 December 1798, he appointed four Coptic members to his new consultative assembly that replaced the first assemblies, and which did not include Copts, and which he had to abolish soon after the First Cairo Revolution. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pursuit_of_Mamluks">Pursuit of Mamluks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_invasion_of_Egypt_and_Syria&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Pursuit of Mamluks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After his defeat at the Pyramids, Mourad Bey retreated to <a href="/wiki/Upper_Egypt" title="Upper Egypt">Upper Egypt</a>. On 25 August 1798, General Desaix embarked at the head of his division on a <a href="/wiki/Flotilla" title="Flotilla">flotilla</a> and sailed up the Nile.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBernède199861_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBernède199861-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 31 August, Desaix arrived at <a href="/wiki/Beni_Suef" title="Beni Suef">Beni Suef</a> where he began to encounter supply problems,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBernède199862_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBernède199862-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> then he went up the Nile to <a href="/wiki/Oxyrhynchus" title="Oxyrhynchus">Behneseh</a> and progressed towards <a href="/wiki/Minya,_Egypt" title="Minya, Egypt">Minya</a>. The Mamluks did not fight, and the flotilla returned on September 12 at the entrance of <a href="/wiki/Bahr_Yussef" title="Bahr Yussef">Bahr Yussef</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBernède199862_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBernède199862-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Desaix learned that the Mamluks were in the plain of <a href="/wiki/Faiyum" title="Faiyum">Faiyum</a> by 24 September.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBernède199863_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBernède199863-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first contact between the two sides occurred on 3 October and a second minor fight took place, which began to deplete food and ammunition of the French forces.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBernède199863_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBernède199863-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 7 October, Mourad Bey's troops came out of <a href="/wiki/Sedment" title="Sedment">Sédiman</a>'s entrenchments and attacked the French, who formed themselves into three squares, one large and two small at its angles.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPigeard2004_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPigeard2004-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Mamluks as previous encounters attacked furiously but were repulsed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBernède199863_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBernède199863-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Mamluks attempted to use their four cannons, but a vigorous attack led by Captain <a href="/wiki/Jean_Rapp" title="Jean Rapp">Jean Rapp</a> managed to capture them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBernède199863_33-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBernède199863-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After several hours of fighting, the French went on the offensive and the Mamluks fled southwards.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPigeard2004_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPigeard2004-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bedouin_Insurgency">Bedouin Insurgency</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_invasion_of_Egypt_and_Syria&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Bedouin Insurgency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Napoleon faced a Bedouin insurgency that formed in Bedouin camps in the barren deserts near the <a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a> and later in <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabia</a>. Bedouin tribes, traditionally nomadic inhabitants of the arid landscapes, successfully disrupted French logistics and conducting successful raids against French forces and nearby French garrisons. </p><p>As the French army advanced through the <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egyptian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syrian</a> territories, it encountered resistance from Bedouin tribes that sought to defend their local <a href="/wiki/Military_camp" title="Military camp">encampments</a> and resist foreign occupation. The vast and harsh desert terrain provided the Bedouin with a natural advantage, allowing them to launch <a href="/wiki/Hit-and-run_tactics" title="Hit-and-run tactics">hit-and-run</a> attacks on French <a href="/wiki/Supply_lines" class="mw-redirect" title="Supply lines">supply lines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Communication" title="Communication">communication</a> routes. These raids not only disrupted the <a href="/wiki/Logistics" title="Logistics">logistical operations</a> of the French forces but also created a need for local <a href="/wiki/Garrison" title="Garrison">garrisons</a> and convoys for French logistical lines which siphoned <a href="/wiki/Manpower_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Manpower (disambiguation)">manpower</a>. The Bedouin tribes, having far superior knowledge of the desert and <a href="/wiki/Hit-and-run_tactics" title="Hit-and-run tactics">hit-and-run</a> tactics, capitalized on their familiarity with the terrain to evade the more <a href="/wiki/Conventional_warfare" title="Conventional warfare">conventionally</a> organized French military. Utilizing their mobility and mastery of desert navigation, the Bedouin struck swiftly and retreated into the vast expanses, making it challenging for the French to pursue and engage them in a conventional battle. </p><p>The insurgency reached its peak in 1799, during which Bedouin tribes formed loose <a href="/wiki/Alliance" title="Alliance">alliances</a> to coordinate attacks on French outposts, supply caravans, and vulnerable positions. These coordinated efforts were instrumental in sowing discord among the French ranks and hindering their ability to consolidate control over the region. While the Bedouin insurgency was primarily characterized by <a href="/wiki/Hit-and-run_tactics" title="Hit-and-run tactics">hit-and-run</a> tactics, there were instances where the tribes managed to score <a href="/wiki/Decisive_victory" title="Decisive victory">significant victories</a> against the French. Successful ambushes and surprise attacks not only inflicted <a href="/wiki/Casualty_(person)" title="Casualty (person)">casualties</a> on the occupiers but also undermined the morale of French forces along with undermining the security of French lines, contributing to the overall difficulty of maintaining control over the deserts. Despite the constant attacks by Bedouin tribes, the French ultimately maintained control in urban centers. However, the constant pressure from the Bedouin and the logistical strain caused by their raids contributed to the overall difficulties faced by the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_battle_of_the_Arm%C3%A9e_d%27Orient_(1798)" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of battle of the Armée d'Orient (1798)">French Army</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Revolt_of_Cairo">Revolt of Cairo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_invasion_of_Egypt_and_Syria&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Revolt of Cairo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_Cairo" title="Revolt of Cairo">Revolt of Cairo</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Girodet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Girodet.jpg/220px-Girodet.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Girodet.jpg/330px-Girodet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Girodet.jpg/440px-Girodet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2101" data-file-height="1400" /></a><figcaption>Revolt in Cairo</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Uprising_in_Cairo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Uprising_in_Cairo.jpg/220px-Uprising_in_Cairo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Uprising_in_Cairo.jpg/330px-Uprising_in_Cairo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Uprising_in_Cairo.jpg/440px-Uprising_in_Cairo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1120" data-file-height="748" /></a><figcaption>The uprising in <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>. Napoleon extended amnesty to the leaders of the revolt in 1798.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1798, Napoleon led the <a href="/wiki/French_army" class="mw-redirect" title="French army">French army</a> into Egypt, swiftly conquering <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>. However, in October of that year, discontent against the French led to an uprising by the people of Cairo. While Bonaparte was in <a href="/wiki/Old_Cairo" title="Old Cairo">Old Cairo</a>, the city's population began spreading weapons around to one another and fortifying strongpoints, especially at the <a href="/wiki/Al-Azhar_Mosque" title="Al-Azhar Mosque">Al-Azhar Mosque</a>. A French commander, <a href="/wiki/Dominique_Martin_Dupuy" title="Dominique Martin Dupuy">Dominique Dupuy</a>, was killed by the revolting Cairenes, as well as Bonaparte's <a href="/wiki/Aide-de-camp" title="Aide-de-camp">Aide-de-camp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Sulkowski" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Sulkowski">Joseph Sulkowski</a>. Excited by the sheikhs and imams, the local citizens swore by the Prophet to exterminate all and any Frenchman they met, and all Frenchmen they encountered – at home or in the streets – were mercilessly slaughtered. Crowds rallied at the city gates to keep out Bonaparte, who was repulsed and forced to take a detour to get in via the Boulaq gate. </p><p>The French army's situation was critical – the British were threatening French control of Egypt after their victory at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Nile" title="Battle of the Nile">Battle of the Nile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Murad_Bey" title="Murad Bey">Murad Bey</a> and his army were still in the field in Upper Egypt, and the generals <a href="/wiki/Jacques-Fran%C3%A7ois_Menou" title="Jacques-François Menou">Menou</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Dugua" title="Charles Dugua">Dugua</a> were only just able to maintain control of Lower Egypt. The Ottoman peasants had common cause with those rising against the French in Cairo – the whole region was in revolt. </p><p>The French responded by setting up cannons in the <a href="/wiki/Cairo_Citadel" title="Cairo Citadel">Citadel</a> and firing them at areas containing rebel forces. During the night, French soldiers advanced around Cairo and destroyed any barricades and fortifications they came across.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rebels soon began to be pushed back by the strength of the French forces, gradually losing control of their areas of the city. Bonaparte personally hunted down rebels from street to street and forced them to seek refuge in the <a href="/wiki/Al-Azhar_Mosque" title="Al-Azhar Mosque">Al-Azhar Mosque</a>. Bonaparte said that "He [i.e <a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God</a>] is too late – you've begun, now I will finish!". He then immediately ordered his cannon to open fire on the Mosque. The French broke down the gates and stormed into the building, massacring the inhabitants. At the end of the revolt 5,000 to 6,000 Cairenes were dead or wounded. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Syria">Syria</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_invasion_of_Egypt_and_Syria&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Syria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canal_of_the_Pharaohs">Canal of the Pharaohs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_invasion_of_Egypt_and_Syria&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Canal of the Pharaohs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bonaparte_en_Egypte.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Bonaparte_en_Egypte.jpg/170px-Bonaparte_en_Egypte.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Bonaparte_en_Egypte.jpg/255px-Bonaparte_en_Egypte.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Bonaparte_en_Egypte.jpg/340px-Bonaparte_en_Egypte.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2472" data-file-height="3432" /></a><figcaption><i>Bonaparte and his chief of staff in Egypt</i>, painting by Jean-Léon Gérôme, 1863</figcaption></figure> <p>With Egypt quiet again and under his control, Bonaparte used this time of rest to visit <a href="/wiki/Suez" title="Suez">Suez</a> and see with his own eyes the possibility of a canal (known as the <a href="/wiki/Canal_of_the_Pharaohs" title="Canal of the Pharaohs">Canal of the Pharaohs</a>) said to have been cut in antiquity between the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a> and the Nile by order of the pharaohs. Before setting out on the expedition, he gave Cairo back its self-government as a token of its pardon – a new 'divan' made up of 60 members replaced the military commission. </p><p>Then, accompanied by his colleagues from the Institut, <a href="/wiki/Claude_Louis_Berthollet" title="Claude Louis Berthollet">Berthollet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gaspard_Monge" title="Gaspard Monge">Monge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacques-Marie_Le_P%C3%A8re" title="Jacques-Marie Le Père">Le Père</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Dutertre" title="André Dutertre">Dutertre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Costaz" title="Louis Costaz">Costaz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Marie_de_Caffarelli_du_Falga" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Marie de Caffarelli du Falga">Caffarelli</a>, and followed by a 300-man escort, Bonaparte set out for the Red Sea and after three days' marching across the desert he and his caravan arrived at Suez. After giving orders to complete the fortifications at Suez, Bonaparte crossed the Red Sea and on 28 December moved into Sinai to look for the celebrated mountains of Moses 17 kilometres from Suez. On his return, surprised by the rising tide, he ran the risk of drowning. Arriving back at Suez, after much exploration the expedition fulfilled its aim, finding the remains of the <a href="/wiki/Canal_of_the_Pharaohs" title="Canal of the Pharaohs">ancient canal</a> built by <a href="/wiki/Senusret_III" title="Senusret III">Senusret III</a> and <a href="/wiki/Necho_II" title="Necho II">Necho II</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ottoman_offensives">Ottoman offensives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_invasion_of_Egypt_and_Syria&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Ottoman offensives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Napoleons_Campaign_in_Egypt_1798.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Napoleons_Campaign_in_Egypt_1798.jpg/220px-Napoleons_Campaign_in_Egypt_1798.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Napoleons_Campaign_in_Egypt_1798.jpg/330px-Napoleons_Campaign_in_Egypt_1798.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Napoleons_Campaign_in_Egypt_1798.jpg/440px-Napoleons_Campaign_in_Egypt_1798.jpg 2x" data-file-width="963" data-file-height="915" /></a><figcaption>Map of campaigns in Egypt and Syria</figcaption></figure> <p>In the meantime the Ottomans in Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul) received news of the French fleet's destruction at Aboukir and believed this spelled the end for Bonaparte and his expedition, trapped in Egypt. Sultan <a href="/wiki/Selim_III" title="Selim III">Selim III</a> decided to wage war against France, and sent two armies to Egypt. The first army, under the command of <a href="/wiki/Jezzar_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Jezzar Pasha">Jezzar Pasha</a>, had set out with 12,000 soldiers; but was reinforced with troops from <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> (10,000 men), and <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> (8,000 men). The second army, under the command of Mustafa Pasha, began on <a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a> with about eight thousand soldiers. He also knew he would get about 42,000 soldiers from <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Albania" title="Ottoman Albania">Albania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Asia Minor</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Greece" title="Ottoman Greece">Greece</a>. The Ottomans planned two offensives against <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>: from <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, across the desert of <a href="/wiki/El_Salheya" title="El Salheya">El Salheya</a>-<a href="/wiki/Bilbeis" title="Bilbeis">Bilbeis</a>-<a href="/wiki/Al_Khankah" title="Al Khankah">Al Khankah</a>, and from <a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a> by sea landing in the <a href="/wiki/Abu_Qir" title="Abu Qir">Aboukir</a> area or the port city of <a href="/wiki/Damietta" title="Damietta">Damietta</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="French_response">French response</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_invasion_of_Egypt_and_Syria&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: French response"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In January 1799, during the canal expedition, the French learned of the hostile Ottoman movements and that Jezzar had seized the desert fort of <a href="/wiki/Arish" title="Arish">El-Arish</a> 16 km (10 mi) from Syria's frontier with Egypt, which he was in charge of guarding. Certain that war with the Ottoman sultan was imminent and that he would be unable to defend against the Ottoman army, Bonaparte decided that his best defence would be to attack them first in Syria, where a victory would give him more time to prepare against the Ottoman forces on Rhodes. </p><p>He prepared around 13,000 soldiers who were organised in divisions under the command of Generals <a href="/wiki/Jean_Louis_%C3%89benezel_Reynier" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Louis Ébenezel Reynier">Reynier</a> (with 2,160 men), <a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Kl%C3%A9ber" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Baptiste Kléber">Kléber</a> (with 2,336), <a href="/wiki/Louis_Andr%C3%A9_Bon" title="Louis André Bon">Bon</a> (2,449), <a href="/wiki/Jean_Lannes" title="Jean Lannes">Lannes</a> (2,938), a cavalry division under General <a href="/wiki/Joachim_Murat" title="Joachim Murat">Murat</a> (900), a brigade of infantry and cavalry under Brigade chief <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Bessi%C3%A8res" title="Jean-Baptiste Bessières">Bessières</a> (400), a camel company (89), artillery under <a href="/wiki/Elz%C3%A9ar_Auguste_Cousin_de_Dommartin" title="Elzéar Auguste Cousin de Dommartin">Dommartin</a> (1,387), and engineers and sappers under <a href="/wiki/Louis-Marie-Joseph_Maximilian_Caffarelli_du_Falga" title="Louis-Marie-Joseph Maximilian Caffarelli du Falga">Caffarelli</a> (3,404). Every infantry and cavalry division had 6 cannons. Napoleon took 16 <a href="/wiki/Siege" title="Siege">siege</a> cannons which were placed on ships in Damietta under the command of Captain Standelet. He also ordered <a href="/wiki/Contre-amiral" class="mw-redirect" title="Contre-amiral">contre-amiral</a> <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Perr%C3%A9e" title="Jean-Baptiste Perrée">Perrée</a> to Jaffa with siege artillery pieces. The total artillery sent on the campaign was 80 cannon. </p><p>Reynier and the vanguard quickly arrived before Arish, captured it, destroyed part of the garrison and forced the rest to take refuge in the castle. At the same time he caused Ibrahim's mamluks to flee and captured their camp. Bonaparte's French forces left Egypt on 5 February and, seven days after leaving Cairo, Bonaparte too arrived at Arish and bombarded one of the castle towers. The garrison surrendered two days later and some of the garrison joined the French army. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jaffa">Jaffa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_invasion_of_Egypt_and_Syria&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Jaffa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jaffa" title="Siege of Jaffa">Siege of Jaffa</a></div> <p>After marching 100 kilometres (60 mi) across the desert the army arrived in <a href="/wiki/Gaza_City" title="Gaza City">Gaza</a>, where it rested for two days, and then moved onto <a href="/wiki/Jaffa" title="Jaffa">Jaffa</a>. This city was surrounded by high walls flanked by towers. Jezzar had entrusted its defence to elite troops, with the artillery manned by 1,200 Ottoman gunners. The city was one of the ways into Syria, its port could be used by his fleet and a large part of the expedition's success depended on its fall. This meant Bonaparte had to capture the city before advancing further, and so he laid <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jaffa" title="Siege of Jaffa">siege</a> to it from 3–7 March. </p><p>All the outer works were in the besiegers' power and a breach could be produced. When Bonaparte sent a Turk to the city's commander to demand his surrender, the commander beheaded him despite the envoy's neutrality and ordered a sortie. He was repulsed and on the evening of the same day the besiegers' cannonballs caused one of the towers to crumble. Despite the defenders' desperate resistance, Jaffa fell. Two days and two nights of carnage were enough to assuage the French soldiers' fury<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:EDITORIALIZING" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:EDITORIALIZING"><span title="A statement that draws an independent conclusion. (December 2020)">editorializing</span></a></i>]</sup>  – 4,500 prisoners were shot or beheaded by an executioner taken on in Egypt. This vengeful execution found apologists, who wrote that Napoleon could neither afford to hold such a large number of prisoners nor let them escape to rejoin Jezzar's ranks. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antoine-Jean_Gros_-_Bonaparte_visitant_les_pestif%C3%A9r%C3%A9s_de_Jaffa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Antoine-Jean_Gros_-_Bonaparte_visitant_les_pestif%C3%A9r%C3%A9s_de_Jaffa.jpg/220px-Antoine-Jean_Gros_-_Bonaparte_visitant_les_pestif%C3%A9r%C3%A9s_de_Jaffa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Antoine-Jean_Gros_-_Bonaparte_visitant_les_pestif%C3%A9r%C3%A9s_de_Jaffa.jpg/330px-Antoine-Jean_Gros_-_Bonaparte_visitant_les_pestif%C3%A9r%C3%A9s_de_Jaffa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Antoine-Jean_Gros_-_Bonaparte_visitant_les_pestif%C3%A9r%C3%A9s_de_Jaffa.jpg/440px-Antoine-Jean_Gros_-_Bonaparte_visitant_les_pestif%C3%A9r%C3%A9s_de_Jaffa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2763" data-file-height="1972" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bonaparte_Visiting_the_Plague_Victims_of_Jaffa" title="Bonaparte Visiting the Plague Victims of Jaffa"><i>Napoleon visiting the plague victims of Jaffa</i></a>, by <a href="/wiki/Antoine-Jean_Gros" title="Antoine-Jean Gros">Antoine-Jean Gros</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Before leaving Jaffa, Bonaparte set up a <a href="/wiki/Divan" title="Divan">divan</a> for the city along with a large hospital on the site of the <a href="/wiki/Carmelite" class="mw-redirect" title="Carmelite">Carmelite</a> monastery at <a href="/wiki/Mount_Carmel" title="Mount Carmel">Mount Carmel</a> to treat those of his soldiers who had caught the plague, whose symptoms had been seen among them since the start of the siege. A report from generals Bon and Rampon on the plague's spread worried Bonaparte. To calm his army, it is said he went into the sufferers' rooms, spoke with and consoled the sick and touched them, saying "See, it's nothing", then left the hospital and told those who thought his actions unwise "It was my duty, I'm commander-in-chief". Some later historians state that Napoleon avoided touching or even meeting plague-sufferers to avoid catching it and that his visits to the sick were invented by later Napoleonic propaganda. For example, long after the campaign, <a href="/wiki/Antoine-Jean_Gros" title="Antoine-Jean Gros">Antoine-Jean Gros</a> produced the commissioned painting <i><a href="/wiki/Bonaparte_Visiting_the_Plague_Victims_of_Jaffa" title="Bonaparte Visiting the Plague Victims of Jaffa">Bonaparte Visiting the Plague Victims of Jaffa</a></i> in 1804. This showed Napoleon touching a sick man's body, modelling him on an <a href="/wiki/Ancien_R%C3%A9gime" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancien Régime">Ancien Régime</a> king-healer touching sufferers from the "<a href="/wiki/Scrofula" class="mw-redirect" title="Scrofula">King's Evil</a>" during his coronation rites – this was no coincidence, since 1804 was the year Napoleon Bonaparte crowned himself emperor. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mount_Tabor">Mount Tabor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_invasion_of_Egypt_and_Syria&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Mount Tabor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mount_Tabor_(1799)" title="Battle of Mount Tabor (1799)">Battle of Mount Tabor (1799)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bataille_du_mont-thabor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Bataille_du_mont-thabor.jpg/220px-Bataille_du_mont-thabor.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Bataille_du_mont-thabor.jpg/330px-Bataille_du_mont-thabor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Bataille_du_mont-thabor.jpg/440px-Bataille_du_mont-thabor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2665" data-file-height="2156" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mount_Tabor_(1799)" title="Battle of Mount Tabor (1799)">Battle of Mount Tabor</a> against the Ottomans</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NapoleonSoldiersMonument.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/NapoleonSoldiersMonument.JPG/220px-NapoleonSoldiersMonument.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/NapoleonSoldiersMonument.JPG/330px-NapoleonSoldiersMonument.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/NapoleonSoldiersMonument.JPG/440px-NapoleonSoldiersMonument.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>The monument to Napoleon's soldiers at <a href="/wiki/Stella_Maris_Monastery" title="Stella Maris Monastery">Stella Maris Monastery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haifa" title="Haifa">Haifa</a></figcaption></figure> <p>From Jaffa the army set off for the coastal town of <a href="/wiki/Acre,_Israel" title="Acre, Israel">Acre</a>. En route it captured <a href="/wiki/Haifa" title="Haifa">Haifa</a> and the munitions and provisions stored there, along with the castle at <a href="/wiki/Yafa_an-Naseriyye" title="Yafa an-Naseriyye">Jaffe</a>, the castle at <a href="/wiki/Nazareth" title="Nazareth">Nazareth</a> and even the town of <a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Tyre</a> much farther up the coast. The <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Acre_(1799)" title="Siege of Acre (1799)">siege of Acre</a> began on 18 March but the French were unable to take it and it was here that the Syrian campaign came to an abrupt halt. The city was defended by newly created Ottoman modern, elite infantry (<a href="/wiki/Nizam-%C4%B1_Cedid" class="mw-redirect" title="Nizam-ı Cedid">Nizam-ı Cedid</a>) under the command of <a href="/wiki/Jezzar_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Jezzar Pasha">Jezzar Pasha</a> and was right on the coast, enabling it to be reinforced and resupplied by the British and Ottoman fleets. </p><p>After sixty days' repeated attacks and two murderous and inconclusive assaults, the city remained uncaptured. Even so, it was still awaiting reinforcements by sea as well as a large army forming up in Asia on the sultan's orders to march against the French. To find out the latter's movements, Jezzar ordered a general sortie against Bonaparte's camp. This sortie was supported by its own artillery and a naval bombardment from the British. With his usual impetuosity, Bonaparte pushed Jezzar's columns back against their own walls and then went to help Kléber, who was retrenched in the ruins with 4,000 Frenchmen under his command against 20,000 Ottomans at <a href="/wiki/Mount_Tabor" title="Mount Tabor">Mount Tabor</a>. Bonaparte conceived a trick which used all the advantages offered him by the enemy position, sending Murat and his cavalry across the <a href="/wiki/River_Jordan" class="mw-redirect" title="River Jordan">River Jordan</a> to defend the river crossing and <a href="/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_Vial" title="Honoré Vial">Vial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antoine-Guillaume_Rampon" title="Antoine-Guillaume Rampon">Rampon</a> to march on <a href="/wiki/Nablus" title="Nablus">Nablus</a>, while Bonaparte himself put his troops between the Ottomans and the magazines. These manoeuvres were successful, in what was known as the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mount_Tabor_(1799)" title="Battle of Mount Tabor (1799)">Battle of Mount Tabor</a>. The enemy army, taken by surprise at many points at once, was routed and forced to retreat, leaving their camels, tents, provisions and 5,000 dead on the battlefield. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Acre">Acre</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_invasion_of_Egypt_and_Syria&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Acre"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Acre_(1799)" title="Siege of Acre (1799)">Siege of Acre (1799)</a></div> <p>Returning to besiege Acre, Bonaparte learned that <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Perr%C3%A9e" title="Jean-Baptiste Perrée">Rear-Admiral Perrée</a> had landed seven siege artillery pieces at Jaffa. Bonaparte then ordered two assaults, both vigorously repulsed. A fleet was sighted flying the Ottoman flag and Bonaparte realised he must capture the city before that fleet arrived with reinforcements. A fifth general attack was ordered, which took the outer works, planted the French tricolour on the rampart, pushed the Ottomans back into the city and forced the Ottoman fire to relent. Acre was thus taken or about to capitulate. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Grand_Vizier%27s_Tent_Wellcome_L0033987.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/The_Grand_Vizier%27s_Tent_Wellcome_L0033987.jpg/220px-The_Grand_Vizier%27s_Tent_Wellcome_L0033987.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/The_Grand_Vizier%27s_Tent_Wellcome_L0033987.jpg/330px-The_Grand_Vizier%27s_Tent_Wellcome_L0033987.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/The_Grand_Vizier%27s_Tent_Wellcome_L0033987.jpg/440px-The_Grand_Vizier%27s_Tent_Wellcome_L0033987.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4072" data-file-height="3256" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Smith_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="Sidney Smith (Royal Navy officer)">Sidney Smith</a> in negotiation with the Grand Vizier <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6r_Yusuf_Ziya%C3%BCddin_Pasha" title="Kör Yusuf Ziyaüddin Pasha">Yusuf Ziya Pasha</a>, 1799-1800</figcaption></figure> <p>One of those fighting on the Ottoman side was the French émigré and engineer officer <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Le_Picard_de_Ph%C3%A9lippeaux" title="Antoine Le Picard de Phélippeaux">Phélippeaux</a>, one of Bonaparte's classmates at the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Militaire" class="mw-redirect" title="École Militaire">École Militaire</a>. Phélippeaux ordered cannon to be placed in the most advantageous positions and new trenches dug as if by magic behind the ruins which Bonaparte's forces had captured. At the same time <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Smith_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="Sidney Smith (Royal Navy officer)">Sidney Smith</a>, commander of the British fleet, and his ships' crews landed. These factors renewed the courage of the besieged and they pushed Bonaparte's force back, with stubborn fury on both sides. Three final consecutive assaults were all repulsed, convincing Bonaparte that it would be unwise to continue trying to capture Acre. He raised the siege in May and consoled his soldiers with the proclamation: After feeding the war for three months in the heart of Syria with a handful of men, taking forty guns, fifty flags, 10,000 prisoners, razing the fortifications of Gaza, Kaïffa, Jaffa, Acre, we shall return to Egypt. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Retreat_from_Acre">Retreat from Acre</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_invasion_of_Egypt_and_Syria&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Retreat from Acre"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The French force's situation was now critical – the enemy could harass its rear as it retreated, it was tired and hungry in the desert, and it was carrying a large number of plague-sufferers. To carry these sufferers in the middle of the army would spread the disease, so they had to be carried in the rear, where they were most at risk from the fury of the Ottomans, keen to avenge the massacres at Jaffa. There were two hospital depots, one in the large hospital on Mount Carmel and the other at Jaffa. On Bonaparte's orders, all those at Mount Carmel were evacuated to Jaffa and <a href="/wiki/Tantura" title="Tantura">Tantura</a>. The gun horses were abandoned before Acre and Bonaparte and all his officers handed their horses over to the transport officer Daure, with Bonaparte walking to set an example. </p><p>To conceal its withdrawal from the siege, the army set off at night. Arriving at Jaffa, Bonaparte ordered three evacuations of the plague sufferers to three different points – one by sea to <a href="/wiki/Damietta" title="Damietta">Damietta</a>, one by land to Gaza and another by land to Arish. During the retreat the army picked clean all the lands through which they passed, with livestock, crops and houses all being destroyed. Gaza was the only place to be spared, in return for remaining loyal to Bonaparte. To speed the retreat, Napoleon suggested the controversial step of euthanizing his own soldiers who were terminally ill with plague (between 15 and 50, sources vary) and not expected to recover through an opium overdose, to relieve their suffering, ease the retreat, prevent the spread of the disease and prevent the torture and executions the soldiers left behind would have received if captured by the enemy; his doctors refused to carry out such orders<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERachlin201357_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERachlin201357-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELudwigPaulPaul1927135–136_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELudwigPaulPaul1927135–136-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnodgrass2017118_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESnodgrass2017118-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but there is also evidence in the form of first-hand testimonies that claim the mass euthanasia did take place, and the matter remains one for debate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrathern2008353_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrathern2008353-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoberts2015188_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts2015188-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Back_in_Egypt">Back in Egypt</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_invasion_of_Egypt_and_Syria&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Back in Egypt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Finally, after four months away from Egypt, the expedition arrived back at Cairo with 1,800 wounded, having lost 600 men to the plague and 1,200 to enemy action. In the meantime Ottoman and British emissaries had brought news of Bonaparte's setback at Acre to Egypt, stating that his expeditionary force was largely destroyed and Bonaparte himself was dead. On his return Bonaparte scotched these rumours by re-entering Egypt as if he was at the head of a triumphal army, with his soldiers carrying palm branches, emblems of victory. In his proclamation to the inhabitants of Cairo, Bonaparte told them: >He is back in Cairo, the <i>Bien-Gardé</i>, the head of the French army, general Bonaparte, who loves Mahomet's religion; he is back sound and well, thanking God for the favours he has given him. He has entered Cairo by the gate of Victory. This day is a great day; no one has ever seen its like; all the inhabitants of Cairo have come out to meet him. They have seen and recognised that it is the same commander in chief, Bonaparte, in his own person; but those of Jaffa, having refused to surrender, he handed them all over to pillage and death in his anger. He has destroyed all its ramparts and killed all those found there. There were around 5,000 of Jezzar's troops in Jaffa – he destroyed them all. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Campaigns_in_Upper_Egypt">Campaigns in Upper Egypt</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_invasion_of_Egypt_and_Syria&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Campaigns in Upper Egypt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The French were determined to exterminate the Mamluks or to expel them from Egypt. By that time, the Mamluks were driven out of Faiyum to Upper Egypt. General <a href="/wiki/Louis_Charles_Antoine_Desaix" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Charles Antoine Desaix">Desaix</a> informed Bonaparte of his situation, and soon received a reinforcement of 1,000 cavalry and three light artillery pieces, commanded by General <a href="/wiki/Louis_Nicolas_Davout" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Nicolas Davout">Davout</a>. </p><p>On 29 December 1798, the French army arrived at <a href="/wiki/Girga" title="Girga">Girga</a>, capital of Upper Egypt, and waited there for a flotilla to bring them ammunition. However, twenty days passed without hearing of the flotilla. In the meantime, Mourad Bey had contacted chieftains from <a href="/wiki/Jeddah" title="Jeddah">Jeddah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yanbu" title="Yanbu">Yanbu</a> to cross the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a> and to exterminate a handful of infidels who have come to destroy the religion of Mohammed. He also sent emissaries to <a href="/wiki/Nubia" title="Nubia">Nubia</a> to bring reinforcements, and Hassan Bey Jeddaoui who also conjured to join against the enemies of the Quran. </p><p>Upon hearing these endeavours, General Davout mobilized his forces on 2–3 January 1799, where he met a multitude of armed men near the village of Sawaqui.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESociété_de_militaires_et_de_marins1818a31_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESociété_de_militaires_et_de_marins1818a31-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The insurgents were easily routed, and eight hundred of them remained on the battlefield. However, the locals kept gathering around <a href="/wiki/Asyut" title="Asyut">Asyut</a> to combat the French. On 8 January, Davout met another local forces at <a href="/wiki/Tahta" title="Tahta">Tahta</a>, where he killed a thousand men and put the rest to flight.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESociété_de_militaires_et_de_marins1818b443_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESociété_de_militaires_et_de_marins1818b443-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the meantime, Mourad Bey's army was reinforced by a thousand sheriffs arriving from beyond the Red Sea, two hundred and fifty Mamluks led Hassan bey Jeddaoui and Osman bey Hassan, in addition to Nubians and North Africans led by Sheikh Al-Kilani, where they encamped near the village of <a href="/wiki/Hu,_Egypt" title="Hu, Egypt">Houé</a>, all supported by the inhabitants of Upper Egypt and the <a href="/wiki/Cataracts_of_the_Nile" title="Cataracts of the Nile">Cataracts of the Nile</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESociété_de_militaires_et_de_marins1818b443_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESociété_de_militaires_et_de_marins1818b443-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battle_of_Samhud">Battle of Samhud</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_invasion_of_Egypt_and_Syria&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Battle of Samhud"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The combined Muslim army marched on 21 January 1799 in the desert, until they reached Samhud near <a href="/wiki/Qena" title="Qena">Qena</a>. On 22 January, Desaix formed three squares, two infantry and one cavalry. The latter was placed in the centre of the other two, in order to be protected. The French were scarcely drawn up in line, as the enemy cavalry completely surrounded them, while a column of Arabs from Yanbu fired continuously on their left. Desaix instructed the riflemen of the <a href="/wiki/96th_Infantry_Regiment_(France)" title="96th Infantry Regiment (France)">96th Infantry Regiment</a> to attack them, while <a href="/wiki/Jean_Rapp" title="Jean Rapp">Rapp</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anne_Jean_Marie_Ren%C3%A9_Savary" title="Anne Jean Marie René Savary">Savary</a>, at the head of a squadron of cavalry, would charge the enemy in flank.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESociété_de_militaires_et_de_marins1818b444_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESociété_de_militaires_et_de_marins1818b444-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Arabs were attacked so vividly which forced them to flee, leaving about thirty of their own in the square, both killed and wounded. Afterwards, the Arabs of Yanbu, having rallied, came back to attack, and wanted to capture the village of Samhud, but the riflemen of the 96th Infantry Regiment assaulted them viciously and directed against them such a sustained fire, in which they were obliged to withdraw, after having lost many people.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESociété_de_militaires_et_de_marins1818b444_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESociété_de_militaires_et_de_marins1818b444-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, the numerous Muslim forces were advancing, uttering frightful cries, and the Mamluks swooped down on the squares commanded by the generals, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Friant" title="Louis Friant">Friant</a> and <a href="/wiki/Augustin_Daniel_Belliard" title="Augustin Daniel Belliard">Belliard</a>, but they were so strongly repulsed by artillery and musketry fire that they had to withdraw, leaving the battlefield strewn with their dead.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESociété_de_militaires_et_de_marins1818b444_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESociété_de_militaires_et_de_marins1818b444-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mourad Bey and Osman bey Hassan, who commanded the Mamluk corps, could not stand against the charge of Davout's cavalry. They abandoned their positions, and dragged the whole army in their flight. The French pursued their enemies until the next day, and did not stop until after having pushed them beyond the Cataracts of the Nile.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESociété_de_militaires_et_de_marins1818b444_43-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESociété_de_militaires_et_de_marins1818b444-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battle_of_Aswan">Battle of Aswan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_invasion_of_Egypt_and_Syria&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Battle of Aswan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Desaix continued to march south, as he reached <a href="/wiki/Esna" title="Esna">Esneh</a> on 9 February. Meanwhile, Osman bey Hassan had stationed his forces at the foot of a mountain near <a href="/wiki/Aswan" title="Aswan">Aswan</a>. On 12 February, General Davout discovered the enemy positions and immediately made his military arrangements. He formed his cavalry in two lines, and, in this order of battle, he swooped down on the Mamluks. Osman bey Hassan was dangerously wounded, as he saw his horse killed under him. The French cavalry rushed with such impetuosity on the Ottomans, and the fight turned into fury. However, the Mamluks were defeated and forced to abandon the battlefield.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESociété_de_militaires_et_de_marins1818a74–75_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESociété_de_militaires_et_de_marins1818a74–75-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Massacre_of_Qena">Massacre of Qena</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_invasion_of_Egypt_and_Syria&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Massacre of Qena"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By the end of February 1799, Sherif Hassan and 2,000 Infantry arrived from <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a>. When Desaix and his forces reached Asyut, his flotilla was left behind near <a href="/wiki/Qena" title="Qena">Qena</a>. On 3 March, Ottomans launched an attack on the flotilla which was called "L' Italie" led by Captain Morandi with 200 marines and 300 wounded and blind on board. Morandi tried to manoeuvre but the vessel was boarded by hundreds of invaders, in which he ordered that the vessel to be set on fire. He was later killed by rain of hostile bullets. However, all on board were eventually mutilated and killed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerold1962255_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerold1962255-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battle_of_Abnud">Battle of Abnud</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_invasion_of_Egypt_and_Syria&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Battle of Abnud"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 8 March 1799, General <a href="/wiki/Augustin_Daniel_Belliard" title="Augustin Daniel Belliard">Belliard</a> led his forces to fight 3,000 Meccan Infantry and 350 Mamluks in the plain of Abnud, located on the right bank of the Nile to the south of Qena. The French with their square formation managed to advance on the Ottoman forces who later garrisoned themselves in the houses of Abnud. The fighting lasted for hours, afterward, the French managed to reach the courtyard of the village and set the houses on fire. The Ottomans were forced to escape and the remaining injured were all killed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerold1962256_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerold1962256-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battle_of_Beni_Adi">Battle of Beni Adi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_invasion_of_Egypt_and_Syria&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Battle of Beni Adi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Mamluks maintained with their strategy of inciting the locals against the French forces. On 1 May 1799, General Davout's forces killed at least 2,000 <a href="/wiki/Fellah" title="Fellah">fellahin</a> at Beni Adi near Asyut.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerold1962259_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerold1962259-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, as they were pursuing Murad Bey into Upper Egypt, the French discovered the monuments at <a href="/wiki/Dendera" title="Dendera">Dendera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Egypt" title="Thebes, Egypt">Thebes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edfu" title="Edfu">Edfu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philae" class="mw-redirect" title="Philae">Philae</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Capture_of_Kosseir">Capture of Kosseir</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_invasion_of_Egypt_and_Syria&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Capture of Kosseir"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 29 May 1799, General Belliard managed to capture <a href="/wiki/El_Qoseir" title="El Qoseir">Kosseir</a> on the Red Sea, after he marched through the desert, to halt further incoming of Meccan troops or any possible invasion from the English.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerold1962261_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerold1962261-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Abukir_to_withdrawal">Abukir to withdrawal</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_invasion_of_Egypt_and_Syria&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Abukir to withdrawal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Land_battle_at_Abukir">Land battle at Abukir</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_invasion_of_Egypt_and_Syria&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Land battle at Abukir"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bonaparte_ante_la_Esfinge,_por_Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Bonaparte_ante_la_Esfinge%2C_por_Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me.jpg/220px-Bonaparte_ante_la_Esfinge%2C_por_Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Bonaparte_ante_la_Esfinge%2C_por_Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me.jpg/330px-Bonaparte_ante_la_Esfinge%2C_por_Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Bonaparte_ante_la_Esfinge%2C_por_Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me.jpg/440px-Bonaparte_ante_la_Esfinge%2C_por_Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3071" data-file-height="1838" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Bonaparte_Before_the_Sphinx" title="Bonaparte Before the Sphinx">Bonaparte Before the Sphinx</a></i>, (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1868) by <a href="/wiki/Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me" title="Jean-Léon Gérôme">Jean-Léon Gérôme</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hearst_Castle" title="Hearst Castle">Hearst Castle</a></figcaption></figure> <p>At Cairo the army found the rest and supplies it needed to recover, but its stay there could not be a long one. Bonaparte had been informed that Murad Bey had evaded the pursuit by Generals <a href="/wiki/Louis_Charles_Antoine_Desaix" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Charles Antoine Desaix">Desaix</a>, <a href="/wiki/Augustin_Daniel_Belliard" title="Augustin Daniel Belliard">Belliard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Xavier_Donzelot" title="François-Xavier Donzelot">Donzelot</a> and <a href="/wiki/Louis_Nicolas_Davout" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Nicolas Davout">Davout</a> and was descending on Lower Egypt. Bonaparte thus marched to attack him at Giza, also learning that 100 Ottoman ships were off Aboukir, threatening Alexandria. </p><p>Without losing time or returning to Cairo, Bonaparte ordered his generals to make all speed to meet the army commanded by the pasha of <a href="/wiki/Rumelia" title="Rumelia">Rumelia</a>, Saïd-Mustapha, which had joined up with the forces under Murad Bey and Ibrahim. Before leaving Giza, where he found them, Bonaparte wrote to Cairo's divan, stating: Eighty ships have dared to attack Alexandria but, beaten back by the artillery in that place, they have gone to anchor in Aboukir Bay, where they began disembarking [troops]. I leave them to do this, since my intention is to attack them, to kill all those who do not wish to surrender, and to leave others alive to be led in triumph to Cairo. This will be a handsome spectacle for the city. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bataille_d%27Aboukir,_25_juillet_1799.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Bataille_d%27Aboukir%2C_25_juillet_1799.jpg/220px-Bataille_d%27Aboukir%2C_25_juillet_1799.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Bataille_d%27Aboukir%2C_25_juillet_1799.jpg/330px-Bataille_d%27Aboukir%2C_25_juillet_1799.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Bataille_d%27Aboukir%2C_25_juillet_1799.jpg/440px-Bataille_d%27Aboukir%2C_25_juillet_1799.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2986" data-file-height="2122" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Abukir_(1799)" title="Battle of Abukir (1799)">Battle of Abukir</a> in 1799</figcaption></figure> <p>First Bonaparte advanced to Alexandria, from which he marched to Aboukir, whose fort was now strongly garrisoned by the Ottomans. Bonaparte deployed his army so that Mustapha would have to win or die with all his family. Mustapha's army was 18,000 strong and supported by several cannons, with trenches defending it on the landward side and free communication with the Ottoman fleet on the seaward side. Bonaparte ordered an attack on 25 July and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Abukir_(1799)" title="Battle of Abukir (1799)">Battle of Abukir</a> ensued. In a few hours the trenches were taken, 10,000 Ottomans drowned in the sea <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and the rest captured or killed. Most of the credit for the French victory that day goes to Murat, who captured Mustapha himself. Mustapha's son was in command of the fort and he and all his officers survived but were captured and sent back to Cairo as part of the French triumphal procession. Seeing Bonaparte return with these high-ranking prisoners, the population of Cairo superstitiously welcomed him as a prophet-warrior who had predicted his own triumph with such remarkable precision. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="End_of_Bedouin_Insurgency">End of Bedouin Insurgency</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_invasion_of_Egypt_and_Syria&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: End of Bedouin Insurgency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a maneuver that caught the <a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">Bedouin tribes</a> off guard, the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> entered into <a href="/wiki/War" title="War">open warfare</a> with Bedouin tribes. The resulting betrayal, colloquially known as The Taein fi Al-Zuhr of 1801. The betrayal of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> had profound implications for the Bedouin resistance. Suddenly finding themselves abandoned by an erstwhile ally and their main source of supply gone, Bedouin tribes faced increased pressure from both French forces and, indirectly, Ottoman-backed elements. The French, now also knowing of the Ottoman betrayal, intensified their military operations against the Bedouin, exploiting the newfound advantage to suppress the resistance. </p><p>The Bedouin, caught in a precarious situation, struggled to maintain their coordinated resistance efforts. By mid-1801, the decline of the Bedouin resistance became evident as the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_battle_of_the_Arm%C3%A9e_d%27Orient_(1798)" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of battle of the Armée d'Orient (1798)">French</a> and Ottomans. The Bedouin were gradually pushed back from strategic positions, and their ability to disrupt French logistics waned. The final blow came with renewed French <a href="/wiki/Counterinsurgency" title="Counterinsurgency">counter-insurgency</a> operations in 1801. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bonaparte_leaves_Egypt">Bonaparte leaves Egypt</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_invasion_of_Egypt_and_Syria&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Bonaparte leaves Egypt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The land battle at Abukir was Bonaparte's last action in Egypt, partly restoring his reputation after the French naval defeat at the same place a year earlier. During the prisoner exchange at Aboukir and notably via the <i>Gazette de Francfort</i> Sidney Smith had sent him, he was in communication with the British fleet, from which he had learned of events in France. As Bonaparte saw (and later mythologised) France was thrown back into retreat, its enemies had recaptured France's conquests, France was unhappy at its dictatorial government and was nostalgic for the glorious peace it had signed in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Campo_Formio" title="Treaty of Campo Formio">Treaty of Campo Formio</a> – as Bonaparte saw it, this meant France needed him and would welcome him back. With the Egyptian campaign stagnating and political instability developing back home, a new phase in Bonaparte's career was beginning – he felt that he had nothing left to do in Egypt which was worthy of his ambition and that (as had been shown by the defeat at Acre) the forces he had left to him there were not sufficient for an expedition of any importance outside of Egypt. Bonaparte thus spontaneously decided to return to France. According to an accusatory letter by General Kléber, his successor in Egypt, Napoleon also foresaw that the army was getting yet weaker from losses in battle and to disease and would soon have to surrender and be taken prisoner by its enemies, which would destroy all the prestige he had won by his many victories.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFauvelet_de_Bourrienne1836270–271_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFauvelet_de_Bourrienne1836270–271-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He only shared the secret of his return with a small number of friends whose discretion and loyalty were well-known. He left Cairo in August on the pretext of a voyage in the <a href="/wiki/Nile_Delta" title="Nile Delta">Nile Delta</a> without arousing suspicion, accompanied by the scholars <a href="/wiki/Gaspard_Monge" title="Gaspard Monge">Monge</a> and <a href="/wiki/Claude_Louis_Berthollet" title="Claude Louis Berthollet">Berthollet</a>, the painter <a href="/wiki/Vivant_Denon" title="Vivant Denon">Denon</a>, and generals <a href="/wiki/Louis-Alexandre_Berthier" title="Louis-Alexandre Berthier">Berthier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joachim_Murat" title="Joachim Murat">Murat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Lannes" title="Jean Lannes">Lannes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Louis_Viesse_de_Marmont" class="mw-redirect" title="Auguste Frédéric Louis Viesse de Marmont">Marmont</a>. On 23 August, a proclamation informed the army that Bonaparte had transferred his powers as commander in chief to General Kléber. This news was taken badly, with the soldiers angry with Bonaparte and the French government for leaving them behind, but this indignation soon ended, since the troops were confident in Kléber, who convinced them that Bonaparte had not left permanently but would soon be back with reinforcements from France. As night fell, the frigate <a href="/wiki/French_frigate_Muiron" title="French frigate Muiron"><i>Muiron</i></a> silently moored by the shore, with three other ships escorting her. Some became worried when a British corvette was sighted at the moment of departure, but Bonaparte cried "Bah! We'll get there, luck has never abandoned us, we shall get there, despite the English." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bonaparte's_voyage_to_France"><span id="Bonaparte.27s_voyage_to_France"></span>Bonaparte's voyage to France</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_invasion_of_Egypt_and_Syria&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Bonaparte's voyage to France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On their 41-day voyage back they did not meet a single enemy ship to stop them, with some sources suggesting that Bonaparte had purchased the British fleet's neutrality via a tacit agreement, though others hold this unlikely, since many would argue that he also had a pact with Nelson to leave him to board on the Egyptian coast unopposed with the fleet bearing his large army. It has been suggested that Sidney Smith and other British commanders in the Mediterranean helped Napoleon evade the Royal Navy blockade, thinking that he might act as a Royalist element back in France, but there is no solid historical evidence in support of this conjecture.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2007)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>On 1 October, Napoleon's small flotilla entered port at <a href="/wiki/Ajaccio" title="Ajaccio">Ajaccio</a>, where contrary winds kept them until 8 October, when they set out for France. This was the last time Napoleon set foot upon his birthland.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoberts2015_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts2015-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (November 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> When the coast came in sight, ten British ships were sighted. Contre-amiral Ganteaume suggested changing course towards Corsica, but Bonaparte said "No, this manoeuvre would lead us to England, and I want to get to France." This courageous act saved them and on 8 October (16 vendémiaire year VIII) the frigates anchored in the roads off <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9jus" title="Fréjus">Fréjus</a>. As there were no sick men on board and the plague in Egypt had ended six months before their departure, Bonaparte and his entourage were allowed to land immediately without waiting in <a href="/wiki/Quarantine" title="Quarantine">quarantine</a>. At 6 pm he set off for Paris, accompanied by his chief of staff Berthier. He stopped off at <a href="/wiki/Saint-Rapha%C3%ABl,_Var" title="Saint-Raphaël, Var">Saint-Raphaël</a>, where he built a pyramid commemorating the expedition. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Siege_of_Damietta">Siege of Damietta</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_invasion_of_Egypt_and_Syria&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Siege of Damietta"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 1 November 1799, the British fleet commanded by Admiral Sidney Smith unloaded an army of <a href="/wiki/Janissaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Janissaries">Janissaries</a> near Damietta, between <a href="/wiki/Lake_Manzala" title="Lake Manzala">Lake Manzala</a> and the sea. The garrison of Damietta, 800 infantry and 150 cavalry strong, commanded by General <a href="/wiki/Jean-Antoine_Verdier" title="Jean-Antoine Verdier">Jean-Antoine Verdier</a> encountered the Turks. According to Kléber's report, 2,000 to 3,000 Janissaries were killed or drowned and 800 surrendered, including their leader Ismaël Bey. The Turks also lost 32 <a href="/wiki/War_flag" title="War flag">standards</a> and 5 cannons.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="End_of_the_campaign">End of the campaign</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_invasion_of_Egypt_and_Syria&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: End of the campaign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Assassination_of_Kleber_f4925505.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Assassination_of_Kleber_f4925505.jpg/220px-Assassination_of_Kleber_f4925505.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Assassination_of_Kleber_f4925505.jpg/330px-Assassination_of_Kleber_f4925505.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Assassination_of_Kleber_f4925505.jpg/440px-Assassination_of_Kleber_f4925505.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3363" data-file-height="2551" /></a><figcaption><i>Assassination of Kléber</i>, painting in the <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_historique_de_Strasbourg" title="Musée historique de Strasbourg">Musée historique de Strasbourg</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Philip_James_de_Loutherbourg_-_The_Battle_of_Alexandria,_21_March_1801_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Philip_James_de_Loutherbourg_-_The_Battle_of_Alexandria%2C_21_March_1801_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Philip_James_de_Loutherbourg_-_The_Battle_of_Alexandria%2C_21_March_1801_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Philip_James_de_Loutherbourg_-_The_Battle_of_Alexandria%2C_21_March_1801_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Philip_James_de_Loutherbourg_-_The_Battle_of_Alexandria%2C_21_March_1801_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Philip_James_de_Loutherbourg_-_The_Battle_of_Alexandria%2C_21_March_1801_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Philip_James_de_Loutherbourg_-_The_Battle_of_Alexandria%2C_21_March_1801_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4001" data-file-height="2805" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/The_Battle_of_Alexandria_(painting)" title="The Battle of Alexandria (painting)">The Battle of Alexandria</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Philip_James_de_Loutherbourg" title="Philip James de Loutherbourg">Philip James de Loutherbourg</a>. British victory over the French at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alexandria_(1801)" title="Battle of Alexandria (1801)">Battle of Alexandria</a> in 1801</figcaption></figure> <p>The troops Bonaparte left behind were supposed to be honourably evacuated under the terms of the <a href="/wiki/Convention_of_El_Arish" title="Convention of El Arish">Convention of El Arish</a> Kléber had negotiated with Smith and the Ottoman commander <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6r_Yusuf_Ziya%C3%BCddin_Pasha" title="Kör Yusuf Ziyaüddin Pasha">Kör Yusuf</a> in early 1800, but Britain refused to sign and Kör Yusuf sent an amphibious assault force of 30,000 Mamlukes against Kléber. </p><p>Kléber defeated the Mamlukes at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Heliopolis_(1800)" title="Battle of Heliopolis (1800)">battle of Heliopolis</a> in March 1800, and then suppressed an insurrection in <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>. On 14 June (26 prairial), a Syrian student called <a href="/wiki/Suleiman_al-Halabi" title="Suleiman al-Halabi">Suleiman al-Halabi</a> assassinated Kléber with a dagger in the heart, chest, left forearm and right thigh. Command of the French army passed to General <a href="/wiki/Jacques-Francois_Menou" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacques-Francois Menou">Menou</a>, who held command from 3 July until August 1801. Menou's letter was published in <i>Le Moniteur</i> on 6 September, with the conclusions of the committee charged with judging those responsible for the assassination: The committee, after carrying through the trial with all due solemnity and process, thought it necessary to follow Egyptian customs in its application of punishment; it condemned the assassin to be impaled after having his right hand burned; and three of the guilty sheikhs to be beheaded and their bodies burned. </p><p>The Anglo-Ottomans then commenced their land offensive, the French were defeated by the British in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alexandria_(1801)" title="Battle of Alexandria (1801)">Battle of Alexandria</a> on March 21, surrendered at <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Julien" title="Siege of Fort Julien">Fort Julien</a> in April and then <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Cairo" title="Siege of Cairo">Cairo fell</a> in June. Finally <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Alexandria_(1801)" title="Siege of Alexandria (1801)">besieged in Alexandria</a> from 17 August – 2 September, Menou eventually <a href="/wiki/Capitulation_(surrender)" title="Capitulation (surrender)">capitulated</a> to the British. Under the <a href="/wiki/Capitulation_of_Alexandria_(1801)" title="Capitulation of Alexandria (1801)">terms of his capitulation</a>, the British General <a href="/wiki/John_Hely-Hutchinson,_2nd_Earl_of_Donoughmore" title="John Hely-Hutchinson, 2nd Earl of Donoughmore">John Hely-Hutchinson</a> allowed the French army to be repatriated in British ships. Menou also signed over to Britain all Egyptian antiquities, such as the <a href="/wiki/Rosetta_Stone" title="Rosetta Stone">Rosetta Stone</a>, which the French had collected. After initial talks in Al Arish on 30 January 1802, the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1802)" title="Treaty of Paris (1802)">Treaty of Paris</a> on 25 June ended all hostilities between France and the Ottoman Empire, returning Egypt to the Ottomans. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scientific_expedition">Scientific expedition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_invasion_of_Egypt_and_Syria&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Scientific expedition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leon_Cogniet_-_L_Expedition_D_Egypte_Sous_Les_Ordres_De_Bonaparte.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Leon_Cogniet_-_L_Expedition_D_Egypte_Sous_Les_Ordres_De_Bonaparte.jpg/220px-Leon_Cogniet_-_L_Expedition_D_Egypte_Sous_Les_Ordres_De_Bonaparte.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Leon_Cogniet_-_L_Expedition_D_Egypte_Sous_Les_Ordres_De_Bonaparte.jpg/330px-Leon_Cogniet_-_L_Expedition_D_Egypte_Sous_Les_Ordres_De_Bonaparte.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Leon_Cogniet_-_L_Expedition_D_Egypte_Sous_Les_Ordres_De_Bonaparte.jpg/440px-Leon_Cogniet_-_L_Expedition_D_Egypte_Sous_Les_Ordres_De_Bonaparte.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="899" /></a><figcaption><i>The Egyptian Expedition under the orders of Bonaparte</i>, painting by <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Cogniet" title="Léon Cogniet">Léon Cogniet</a>, early 19th century</figcaption></figure> <p>An unusual aspect of the Egyptian expedition was the inclusion of an enormous contingent of scientists and scholars ("savants") assigned to the invading French force, 167 in total. This deployment of intellectual resources is considered as an indication of Napoleon's devotion to the principles of the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a>, and by others as a masterstroke of <a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">propaganda</a> obfuscating the true motives of the invasion: the increase of Bonaparte's power. </p><p>These scholars included engineers and artists, members of the Commission des Sciences et des Arts, the geologist <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9odat_Gratet_de_Dolomieu" title="Déodat Gratet de Dolomieu">Dolomieu</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Henri-Joseph_Redout%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henri-Joseph Redouté (page does not exist)">Henri-Joseph Redouté</a>, the mathematician <a href="/wiki/Gaspard_Monge" title="Gaspard Monge">Gaspard Monge</a> (a founding member of the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="École polytechnique (France)">École polytechnique</a>), the chemist <a href="/wiki/Claude_Louis_Berthollet" title="Claude Louis Berthollet">Claude Louis Berthollet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vivant_Denon" title="Vivant Denon">Vivant Denon</a>, the mathematician <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Fourier" title="Joseph Fourier">Jean-Joseph Fourier</a> (who did some of the empirical work upon which his "analytical theory of heat" was founded in Egypt), the physicist <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Malus" class="mw-redirect" title="Étienne Malus">Étienne Malus</a>, the naturalist <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Geoffroy_Saint-Hilaire" title="Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire">Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire</a>, the botanist <a href="/wiki/Alire_Raffeneau-Delile" class="mw-redirect" title="Alire Raffeneau-Delile">Alire Raffeneau-Delile</a>, and the engineer <a href="/wiki/Nicolas-Jacques_Cont%C3%A9" title="Nicolas-Jacques Conté">Nicolas-Jacques Conté</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Conservatoire_national_des_arts_et_m%C3%A9tiers" title="Conservatoire national des arts et métiers">Conservatoire national des arts et métiers</a>. </p><p>Their original aim was to help the army, notably by opening a Suez Canal, mapping out roads and building mills to supply food.<sup id="cite_ref-manote_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-manote-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They founded the <a href="/wiki/Institut_d%27%C3%89gypte" title="Institut d'Égypte">Institut d'Égypte</a> with the aim of propagating Enlightenment values in Egypt through interdisciplinary work, including improving its agricultural and architectural techniques. A scientific review was created under the title <i>Décade égyptienne</i> and in the course of the expedition the scholars also observed and drew the flora and fauna in Egypt and became interested in the country's resources. The Egyptian Institute saw the construction of laboratories, libraries, and a printing press. The group worked prodigiously, and some of their discoveries were not finally cataloged until the 1820s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcLynn1997180–183_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLynn1997180–183-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Napol%C3%A9on_Bonaparte_in_Egypt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Napol%C3%A9on_Bonaparte_in_Egypt.jpg/220px-Napol%C3%A9on_Bonaparte_in_Egypt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Napol%C3%A9on_Bonaparte_in_Egypt.jpg/330px-Napol%C3%A9on_Bonaparte_in_Egypt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Napol%C3%A9on_Bonaparte_in_Egypt.jpg/440px-Napol%C3%A9on_Bonaparte_in_Egypt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2672" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Napoleon examining the <a href="/wiki/Mummy" title="Mummy">mummy</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A young engineering officer, <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Fran%C3%A7ois_Bouchard" title="Pierre-François Bouchard">Pierre-François Bouchard</a>, discovered the Rosetta Stone in July 1799. Many of the antiquities discovered by the French in Egypt, including the stone, were signed over to the British at the end of the campaign by Menou as part of his treaty with Hutchinson. The French scholars' research in Egypt gave rise to the 4-volume <i><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9moires_sur_l%27%C3%89gypte" title="Mémoires sur l'Égypte">Mémoires sur l'Égypte</a></i> (published from 1798 to 1801). A subsequent and more comprehensive text was <i><a href="/wiki/Description_de_l%27%C3%89gypte" title="Description de l'Égypte">Description de l'Égypte</a></i>, published on Napoleon's orders between 1809 and 1821. Publications such as these of Napoleon's discoveries in Egypt gave rise to fascination with <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egyptian</a> culture and the birth of <a href="/wiki/Egyptology" title="Egyptology">Egyptology</a> in Europe. </p><p>The scientists also tested methods in hot air ballooning while in Egypt. Several months after the <a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_Cairo" title="Revolt of Cairo">revolt of Cairo</a> in 1798, inventor Nicolas-Jacques Conté and mathematician <a href="/wiki/Gaspard_Monge" title="Gaspard Monge">Gaspard Monge</a> built a hot air balloon from paper, coloured with the tricolour red, white and blue of the French Republic. They launched the balloon above Azbakiyya Square above a crowd of spectators, but the balloon soon fell to earth, causing panic among the spectators.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScurr202180_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScurr202180-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The French had also planned to demonstrate hot air balloon flight during their celebrations of the anniversary of the founding of the French Republic in 1798, but the scientists had lost their equipment due to the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Nile" title="Battle of the Nile">Battle of the Nile</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Printing_press">Printing press</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_invasion_of_Egypt_and_Syria&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Printing press"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Global_spread_of_the_printing_press" title="Global spread of the printing press">Global spread of the printing press</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Printing_press" title="Printing press">printing press</a> was first introduced to <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> by Napoleon.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECole2007148_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECole2007148-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He brought with his expedition a <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> printing press, which were far superior in speed, efficiency and quality to the nearest presses used in <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>, Africa, India and even much of Eastern Europe and Russia, printing was a minor, specialised activity until the 18th century at least. From about 1720, the Mutaferrika Press in Istanbul produced substantial amounts of printing, some of which the Egyptian clerics were aware of at the time. <a href="/wiki/Juan_Cole" title="Juan Cole">Juan Cole</a> reports that, "Bonaparte was a master of what we would now call spin, and his genius for it is demonstrated by reports in Arabic sources that several of his more outlandish allegations were actually taken seriously in the Egyptian countryside."<<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECole2007148_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECole2007148-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bonaparte's initial use of Arabic in his printed proclamations was rife with error. In addition to much of the awkwardly translated Arabic wording being unsound grammatically, often the proclamations were so poorly constructed that they were undecipherable.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECole200731_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECole200731-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The French <a href="/wiki/Orientalism" title="Orientalism">Orientalist</a> <a href="/wiki/Jean_Michel_de_Venture_de_Paradis" title="Jean Michel de Venture de Paradis">Jean Michel de Venture de Paradis</a>, plausibly with the help of <a href="/wiki/Maltese_language" title="Maltese language">Maltese</a> assistants, was responsible for translating the first of Napoleon's French proclamations into Arabic. The <a href="/wiki/Maltese_language" title="Maltese language">Maltese language</a> is distantly related to the Egyptian dialect; and <a href="/wiki/Classical_Arabic" title="Classical Arabic">classical Arabic</a> differs greatly in grammar, vocabulary, and idiom. Venture de Paradis, who had lived in <a href="/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis">Tunis</a>, understood Arabic grammar and vocabulary, but did not know how to use them idiomatically. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni Muslim">Sunni Muslim</a> <a href="/wiki/Ulama" title="Ulama">clerics</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Al-Azhar_University" title="Al-Azhar University">Al-Azhar University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a> reacted incredulously to Napoleon's proclamations. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECole200731_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECole200731-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_al-Jabarti" title="Abd al-Rahman al-Jabarti">Abd al-Rahman al-Jabarti</a>, a Cairene cleric and historian, received the proclamations with a combination of amusement, bewilderment, and outrage.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE'Abd_al-Rahman199727–33,_33–41_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE'Abd_al-Rahman199727–33,_33–41-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECole200732_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECole200732-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He berated the French's poor <a href="/wiki/Arabic_grammar" title="Arabic grammar">Arabic grammar</a> and the infelicitous style of their proclamations. Over the course of Napoleon's invasion of Egypt, al-Jabarti wrote a wealth of material regarding the French and their occupation tactics. Among his observations, he rejected Napoleon's claim that the French were "muslims" (the wrong noun case was used in the Arabic proclamation, making it a lower case "m") and poorly understood the French concept of a republic and democracy – words which did not exist at the time in Arabic.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECole200731_55-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECole200731-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Analysis">Analysis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_invasion_of_Egypt_and_Syria&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Analysis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bataille_des_Pyramides,_21_juillet_1798_-_Francois_Andr%C3%A9_Vincent.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Bataille_des_Pyramides%2C_21_juillet_1798_-_Francois_Andr%C3%A9_Vincent.jpg/220px-Bataille_des_Pyramides%2C_21_juillet_1798_-_Francois_Andr%C3%A9_Vincent.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Bataille_des_Pyramides%2C_21_juillet_1798_-_Francois_Andr%C3%A9_Vincent.jpg/330px-Bataille_des_Pyramides%2C_21_juillet_1798_-_Francois_Andr%C3%A9_Vincent.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Bataille_des_Pyramides%2C_21_juillet_1798_-_Francois_Andr%C3%A9_Vincent.jpg/440px-Bataille_des_Pyramides%2C_21_juillet_1798_-_Francois_Andr%C3%A9_Vincent.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1368" /></a><figcaption>Battle of the Pyramid</figcaption></figure> <p>In addition to its significance in the wider <a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="French Revolutionary Wars">French Revolutionary Wars</a>, the campaign had a powerful impact on the Ottoman Empire in general, and the <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab world</a> in particular. The invasion demonstrated the military, technological, and organisational superiority of the Western European powers to the Middle East. This led to profound social changes in the region. The invasion introduced Western inventions, such as the <a href="/wiki/Printing_press" title="Printing press">printing press</a>, and ideas, such as <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberalism</a> and incipient <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a>, to the Middle East, eventually leading to the establishment of Egyptian independence and modernization under <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_of_Egypt" title="Muhammad Ali of Egypt">Muhammad Ali Pasha</a> in the first half of the 19th century and eventually the <a href="/wiki/Al-Nahda" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Nahda">Nahda</a>, or Arab Renaissance. To <a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">modernist historians</a>, the French arrival marks the start of the modern <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECleveland200465_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECleveland200465-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>'s destruction of the conventional <a href="/wiki/Mamluk" title="Mamluk">Mamluk</a> soldiers at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Pyramids" title="Battle of the Pyramids">Battle of the Pyramids</a> served as a reminder for modernising Arab monarchs to implement wide-ranging military reforms.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Bellaigue2017227_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Bellaigue2017227-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the <a href="/wiki/Egyptians" title="Egyptians">Egyptian</a> <a href="/wiki/Ulama" title="Ulama">Islamic scholar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Historian" title="Historian">historian</a> <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_al-Jabarti" title="Abd al-Rahman al-Jabarti">Al-Jabarti</a> was critical of Napoleon and the French, he preferred them over the Ottomans. To Jabarti, Napoleon was compassionate towards Muslims and poor folk and he safeguarded the lives of innocents and civilians. This was at odds with the "arrogance, cruelty and tyranny" of <a href="/wiki/Egypt_Eyalet" class="mw-redirect" title="Egypt Eyalet">Ottoman rule</a>, which he characterised as an un-Islamic system marked by corruption, backwardness and <a href="/wiki/Summary_execution" title="Summary execution">summary executions</a>. Although they opposed the <a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">French Republic</a> and the ideas of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>, both Jabarti and his disciple <a href="/wiki/Hasan_al-Attar" title="Hasan al-Attar">Hassan Al-Attar</a> were astonished by French technological advancements and appreciated what they perceived as the fair nature of trials in the <a href="/wiki/French_legal_system" class="mw-redirect" title="French legal system">French judicial system</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoreh2004183–184,_192,_195–198_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoreh2004183–184,_192,_195–198-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The campaign ultimately ended in failure, with 15,000 French troops killed in action and 15,000 by disease. Napoleon's reputation as a brilliant military commander remained intact and continued to increase, despite some of his failures during the campaign. This was due to his expert propaganda, such as his <i><a href="/wiki/Courrier_de_l%27%C3%89gypte" class="mw-redirect" title="Courrier de l'Égypte">Courrier de l'Égypte</a></i>, set up to propagandise the expeditionary force itself and support its morale. Such propaganda spread back to France, where news of defeats such as at sea in Aboukir Bay and on land in Syria were suppressed. Defeats could be blamed on the now-assassinated Kléber, leaving Napoleon free from blame and with a burnished reputation. This opened his way to power and he profited from his reputation by engineering his becoming <a href="/wiki/French_Consulate" title="French Consulate">First Consul</a> in the coup d'état of <a href="/wiki/18_brumaire" class="mw-redirect" title="18 brumaire">18 brumaire</a> (November 1799). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Charges_of_imperialism">Charges of imperialism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_invasion_of_Egypt_and_Syria&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Charges of imperialism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The French invasion of Egypt is widely regarded in contemporary academic circles to be "the first act of modern <a href="/wiki/European_imperialism" class="mw-redirect" title="European imperialism">European imperialism</a>" and also criticised for its role in shaping the <a href="/wiki/Civilizing_mission" title="Civilizing mission">civilizing mission</a> narrative of 19th century <a href="/wiki/European_colonialism" class="mw-redirect" title="European colonialism">European colonial</a> empires.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBell2015111_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell2015111-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> According to Professor <a href="/wiki/Edward_Said" title="Edward Said">Edward W. Said</a>, Napoleonic invasion led to the dominance of <a href="/wiki/Orientalism" title="Orientalism">Orientalist</a> narratives of the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Muslim world</a>:</p><blockquote><p>"with Napoleon's occupation of <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, processes were set in motion between East and West that still dominate our contemporary cultural and political perspectives. And the Napoleonic expedition, with its great collective monument of erudition, the <i><a href="/wiki/Description_de_l%27%C3%89gypte" title="Description de l'Égypte">Description de l'Égypte</a></i>, provided a scene or setting for Orientalism.. Napoleon's invasion of <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> in 1798 and his foray into Syria have had by far the greater consequence for the modern history of Orientalism."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEW._Said197942–43,_76_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEW._Said197942–43,_76-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mamelukes_in_French_service">Mamelukes in French service</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_invasion_of_Egypt_and_Syria&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Mamelukes in French service"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mamelouks_au_d%C3%A9fil%C3%A9.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Mamelouks_au_d%C3%A9fil%C3%A9.JPG/170px-Mamelouks_au_d%C3%A9fil%C3%A9.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Mamelouks_au_d%C3%A9fil%C3%A9.JPG/255px-Mamelouks_au_d%C3%A9fil%C3%A9.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Mamelouks_au_d%C3%A9fil%C3%A9.JPG/340px-Mamelouks_au_d%C3%A9fil%C3%A9.JPG 2x" data-file-width="476" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mamelukes_of_the_Imperial_Guard" title="Mamelukes of the Imperial Guard">Mamelukes of the Imperial Guard</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Colonel Barthelemy Serra took the first steps towards creating a Mameluke Corps in France. On September 27, 1800, he wrote a letter from Cairo to the first consul, couched in an Oriental style. He regretted being very far away from Napoleon and offered his total devotion to the French nation and expressed the Mamelukes' wish to become the bodyguard to the first consul. They wished to serve him as living shields against those who would seek to harm him. The first consul became receptive of admitting a unit of carefully selected cavalrymen as his personal guard. He had an officer pay appropriate respects to the foreign troops and provided Napoleon himself with a full report to the number of refugees.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPawly20129_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPawly20129-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="French_order_of_battle">French order of battle</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_invasion_of_Egypt_and_Syria&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: French order of battle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_battle_of_the_Arm%C3%A9e_d%27Orient_(1798)" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of battle of the Armée d'Orient (1798)">Order of battle of the Armée d'Orient (1798)</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="British_order_of_battle">British order of battle</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_invasion_of_Egypt_and_Syria&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: British order of battle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_Army">British Army</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_invasion_of_Egypt_and_Syria&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: British Army"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, as it was known was the colloquial name of the forces under command of <a href="/wiki/General" class="mw-redirect" title="General">General</a> <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Abercromby" title="Ralph Abercromby">Ralph Abercromby</a>, the armies order of battle in March 1800 was;<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Commanding General, <a href="/wiki/General" class="mw-redirect" title="General">General</a> <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Abercromby" title="Ralph Abercromby">Ralph Abercromby</a></li> <li>Chief of Staff, <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant General">Lieutenant General</a> H. Hutchinson</li> <li><b>Cavalry Division</b> <ul><li><b>Cavalry Brigade</b>, commanded by <a href="/wiki/Brigadier_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Brigadier General">Brigadier General</a> <a href="/wiki/Edward_Finch_(British_Army_officer)" title="Edward Finch (British Army officer)">Edward Finch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/11th_Light_Dragoons" class="mw-redirect" title="11th Light Dragoons">11th Light Dragoons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12th_Light_Dragoons" class="mw-redirect" title="12th Light Dragoons">12th (The Prince of Wales's) Light Dragoons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/26th_Light_Dragoons" class="mw-redirect" title="26th Light Dragoons">26th Light Dragoons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hompesch%27s_Regiment_of_Mounted_Riflemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Hompesch's Regiment of Mounted Riflemen">Hompesch's Hussars</a> (3 Sqns)</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><b>Infantry Division</b> <ul><li><b>Guards Brigade</b>, commanded by <a href="/wiki/Major_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Major General">Major General</a> Ludlow <ul><li>1st Battalion, <a href="/wiki/Coldstream_Regiment_of_Foot_Guards" class="mw-redirect" title="Coldstream Regiment of Foot Guards">Coldstream Regiment of Foot Guards</a></li> <li>1st Battalion, <a href="/wiki/3rd_Regiment_of_Foot_Guards" class="mw-redirect" title="3rd Regiment of Foot Guards">3rd Regiment of Foot Guards</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>1st Brigade</b>, commanded by Major General <a href="/wiki/Eyre_Coote_(British_Army_officer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eyre Coote (British Army officer)">Eyre Coote</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1st_(Royal)_Regiment_of_Foot" class="mw-redirect" title="1st (Royal) Regiment of Foot">1st (Royal) Regiment of Foot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/54th_(West_Norfolk)_Regiment_of_Foot" title="54th (West Norfolk) Regiment of Foot">54th (West Norfolk) Regiment of Foot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/92nd_(Gordon_Highlanders)_Regiment_of_Foot" title="92nd (Gordon Highlanders) Regiment of Foot">92nd (Gordon Highlanders) Regiment of Foot</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>2nd Brigade</b>, commanded by Major General <a href="/wiki/John_Cradock,_1st_Baron_Howden" title="John Cradock, 1st Baron Howden">John Cradock, 1st Baron Howden</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/8th_(The_King%27s)_Regiment_of_Foot" title="8th (The King's) Regiment of Foot">8th (The King's) Regiment of Foot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13th_(1st_Somersetshire,_Prince_Albert%27s_Light_Infantry)_Regiment_of_Foot" class="mw-redirect" title="13th (1st Somersetshire, Prince Albert's Light Infantry) Regiment of Foot">13th (1st Somersetshire, Prince Albert's Light Infantry) Regiment of Foot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/90th_Regiment_of_Foot_(Perthshire_Volunteers)" title="90th Regiment of Foot (Perthshire Volunteers)">90th Regiment of Foot (Perthshire Volunteers)</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>3rd Brigade</b>, commanded by Major General <a href="/wiki/Richard_Lambart,_7th_Earl_of_Cavan" title="Richard Lambart, 7th Earl of Cavan">Richard Lambart, 7th Earl of Cavan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2nd_(Queen%27s_Royal)_Regiment_of_Foot" class="mw-redirect" title="2nd (Queen's Royal) Regiment of Foot">2nd (Queen's Royal) Regiment of Foot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/50th_(Queen%27s_Own)_Regiment_of_Foot" title="50th (Queen's Own) Regiment of Foot">50th (Queen's Own) Regiment of Foot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/79th_(Queen%27s_Own_Cameron_Highlanders)_Regiment_of_Foot" class="mw-redirect" title="79th (Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders) Regiment of Foot">79th (Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders) Regiment of Foot</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>4th Brigade</b>, commanded by Major General <a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Doyle,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir John Doyle, 1st Baronet">Sir John Doyle, 1st Baronet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/18th_(The_Royal_Irish)_Regiment_of_Foot" class="mw-redirect" title="18th (The Royal Irish) Regiment of Foot">18th (The Royal Irish) Regiment of Foot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/30th_(Cambridgeshire)_Regiment_of_Foot" title="30th (Cambridgeshire) Regiment of Foot">30th (Cambridgeshire) Regiment of Foot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/44th_(East_Essex)_Regiment_of_Foot" title="44th (East Essex) Regiment of Foot">44th (East Essex) Regiment of Foot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/89th_(Princess_Victoria%27s)_Regiment_of_Foot" title="89th (Princess Victoria's) Regiment of Foot">89th (Princess Victoria's) Regiment of Foot</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>5th Brigade</b>, commanded by Major General <a href="/wiki/Charles_Stuart_(British_Army_officer,_born_1753)" title="Charles Stuart (British Army officer, born 1753)">Charles Stuart</a> (mostly foreign troops) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minorca_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Minorca Regiment">Minorca Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roll%27s_Regiment" title="Roll's Regiment">Régiment de Roll</a> (French royalist/emigre)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dillon%27s_Regiment_(France)#Shadow_formations" title="Dillon's Regiment (France)">Dillon's Regiment</a> (French royalist/emigre)</li></ul></li> <li><b>6th Brigade</b>, commanded by Major General <a href="/wiki/John_Moore_(British_Army_officer)" title="John Moore (British Army officer)">John Moore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/23rd_(Royal_Welsh_Fusiliers)_Regiment_of_Foot" class="mw-redirect" title="23rd (Royal Welsh Fusiliers) Regiment of Foot">23rd (Royal Welsh Fusiliers) Regiment of Foot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/28th_(North_Gloucestershire)_Regiment_of_Foot" title="28th (North Gloucestershire) Regiment of Foot">28th (North Gloucestershire) Regiment of Foot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/40th_(the_2nd_Somersetshire)_Regiment_of_Foot" title="40th (the 2nd Somersetshire) Regiment of Foot">40th (the 2nd Somersetshire) Regiment of Foot</a> (3 coys)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/42nd_(Highland)_Regiment_of_Foot" class="mw-redirect" title="42nd (Highland) Regiment of Foot">42nd (Highland) Regiment of Foot (The Black Watch)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/58th_(Rutlandshire)_Regiment_of_Foot" title="58th (Rutlandshire) Regiment of Foot">58th (Rutlandshire) Regiment of Foot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Corsican_Rangers" title="Royal Corsican Rangers">Royal Corsican Rangers</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><b>Artillery & Engineers</b>, commanded by Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/Robert_Lawson_(British_Army_officer)" title="Robert Lawson (British Army officer)">Robert Lawson</a> <ul><li>No. 5 Company, 1st Battalion, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Artillery" title="Royal Artillery">Royal Artillery</a> under <a href="/wiki/Captain" title="Captain">Captain</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Mudge" title="William Mudge">William Mudge</a></li> <li>No. 7 Company, 1st Battalion, Royal Artillery under Captain John Lemoine</li> <li>No. 1 Company, 2nd Battalion, Royal Artillery under Captain Thomas Charleton</li> <li>No. 5 Company, 3rd Battalion, Royal Artillery under Captain William Bentham</li> <li>No. 5 Company, 5th Battalion, Royal Artillery under Captain F. M. Sproule</li> <li>No. 6 Company, 5th Battalion, Royal Artillery under Captain G. Cookson</li> <li>No. 7 Company, 5th Battalion, Royal Artillery under Captain I. Wood</li> <li>(detachments) No. 2 Company, 2nd Battalion, Royal Artillery under Captain Daniel Gahan</li> <li>(detachments) No. 4 Company, 2nd Battalion, Royal Artillery under Captain Henry Thomson</li> <li>(detachments) No. 3 Company, 4th Battalion, Royal Artillery under Captain W. Wilson</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_Pioneers" title="Maltese Pioneers">Maltese Pioneers</a></li> <li>500 sailors assigned to the artillery</li></ul></li> <li><b>Coming from Egypt</b>, troops commanded by Major General <a href="/wiki/Sir_David_Baird,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir David Baird, 1st Baronet">Sir David Baird, 1st Baronet</a> (moving from <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj (India))</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELovettFletcher_Macmunn191123,_329_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELovettFletcher_Macmunn191123,_329-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/84th_(York_and_Lancaster)_Regiment_of_Foot" title="84th (York and Lancaster) Regiment of Foot">84th (York and Lancaster) Regiment of Foot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Bombay_Native_Infantry" class="mw-redirect" title="2nd Bombay Native Infantry">2nd Bombay Native Infantry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13th_Bombay_Native_Infantry" class="mw-redirect" title="13th Bombay Native Infantry">13th Bombay Native Infantry</a></li> <li>(detachment) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Madras_Artillery&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Madras Artillery (page does not exist)">Madras Artillery</a></li> <li>(detachment) <a href="/wiki/Bombay_Artillery" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombay Artillery">Bombay Artillery</a></li> <li>(detachment) <a href="/wiki/Madras_Sappers_and_Miners" class="mw-redirect" title="Madras Sappers and Miners">Madras Sappers and Miners</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Royal_Navy">Royal Navy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_invasion_of_Egypt_and_Syria&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Royal Navy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> squadron still in the area cruising off <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a> was organised into:<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Squadron commanded by <a href="/wiki/Captain" title="Captain">Captain</a> <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Hood,_1st_Viscount_Hood" title="Samuel Hood, 1st Viscount Hood">Samuel Hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Zealous_(1785)" title="HMS Zealous (1785)">HMS <i>Zealous</i> (74 guns)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Goliath_(1781)" title="HMS Goliath (1781)">HMS <i>Goliath</i> (74 guns)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Swiftsure_(1787)" title="HMS Swiftsure (1787)">HMS <i>Swiftsure</i> (74 guns)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Seahorse_(1794)" title="HMS Seahorse (1794)">HMS <i>Seahorse</i> (38 guns)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Emerald_(1795)" title="HMS Emerald (1795)">HMS <i>Emerald</i> (36 guns)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Alcmene_(1794)" title="HMS Alcmene (1794)">HMS <i>Alcmene</i> (32 guns)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Bonne_Citoyenne_(1796)" title="HMS Bonne Citoyenne (1796)">HMS <i>Bonne Citoyenne</i> (20 guns)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HMS_Fortune_(1798)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HMS Fortune (1798) (page does not exist)">HMS <i>Fortune</i> (18 guns)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HMS_L%C3%A9g%C3%A8re&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HMS Légère (page does not exist)">HMS <i>Légère</i> (2 guns)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HMS_Toride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HMS Toride (page does not exist)">HMS <i>Toride</i> (2 guns)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Timeline_and_battles">Timeline and battles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_invasion_of_Egypt_and_Syria&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Timeline and battles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antoine-Jean_Gros_010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Antoine-Jean_Gros_010.jpg/220px-Antoine-Jean_Gros_010.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Antoine-Jean_Gros_010.jpg/330px-Antoine-Jean_Gros_010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Antoine-Jean_Gros_010.jpg/440px-Antoine-Jean_Gros_010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1761" /></a><figcaption><i>Battle at Nazareth</i> (April 1799) by Gros</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antoine-Jean_Gros_-_Bataille_d%27Aboukir,_25_juillet_1799_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Antoine-Jean_Gros_-_Bataille_d%27Aboukir%2C_25_juillet_1799_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Antoine-Jean_Gros_-_Bataille_d%27Aboukir%2C_25_juillet_1799_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Antoine-Jean_Gros_-_Bataille_d%27Aboukir%2C_25_juillet_1799_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Antoine-Jean_Gros_-_Bataille_d%27Aboukir%2C_25_juillet_1799_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Antoine-Jean_Gros_-_Bataille_d%27Aboukir%2C_25_juillet_1799_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Antoine-Jean_Gros_-_Bataille_d%27Aboukir%2C_25_juillet_1799_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6060" data-file-height="3617" /></a><figcaption>General Murat at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Abukir_(1799)" title="Battle of Abukir (1799)">battle of Abukir</a> (July 1799), where thousands of Ottoman soldiers drowned in the <a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cogniet_Leon_Bataille_D_Heliopolis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Cogniet_Leon_Bataille_D_Heliopolis.jpg/220px-Cogniet_Leon_Bataille_D_Heliopolis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Cogniet_Leon_Bataille_D_Heliopolis.jpg/330px-Cogniet_Leon_Bataille_D_Heliopolis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Cogniet_Leon_Bataille_D_Heliopolis.jpg/440px-Cogniet_Leon_Bataille_D_Heliopolis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2797" data-file-height="2234" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Heliopolis_(1800)" title="Battle of Heliopolis (1800)">Battle of Heliopolis</a> (March 1800)</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>1798 <ul><li>19 May (30 Floréal year VI) – Departure from <a href="/wiki/Toulon" title="Toulon">Toulon</a></li> <li>11 June (23 Prairial year VI) – Capture of <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li>1 July (13 Messidor year VI) – Landing at <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a></li> <li>13 July – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shubra_Khit" title="Battle of Shubra Khit">Battle of Shubra Khit</a>, French victory</li> <li>21 July (3 Thermidor year VI) – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Pyramids" title="Battle of the Pyramids">Battle of the Pyramids</a>, French land victory</li> <li>1 and 2 August (14–15 Thermidor year VI) – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Nile" title="Battle of the Nile">Battle of the Nile</a>, British naval victory over French squadron anchored in <a href="/wiki/Aboukir_Bay" class="mw-redirect" title="Aboukir Bay">Aboukir Bay</a></li> <li>10 August – Battle at Salheyeh, French victory</li> <li>7 October – Battle of Sédiman, French victory</li> <li>21 October (30 Vendémiaire) – Cairo Revolt</li></ul></li> <li>1799 <ul><li>11–19 February – <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_El_Arish" title="Siege of El Arish">Siege of El Arish</a>, French victory</li> <li>7 March – <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jaffa" title="Siege of Jaffa">Siege of Jaffa</a>, French victory</li> <li>8 April – Battle at Nazareth, French victory, Junot with 500 defeats 3000 Ottoman soldiers</li> <li>11 April – Battle of Cana, French victory, Napoleon wins a great battle against Ottomans</li> <li>16 April (27 Germinal year VII) – <a href="/wiki/Napol%C3%A9on_Bonaparte" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoléon Bonaparte">Bonaparte</a> relieves the troops under <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Kl%C3%A9ber" title="Jean-Baptiste Kléber">Kléber</a> just as the latter are about to be overwhelmed at the foot of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mount_Tabor_(1799)" title="Battle of Mount Tabor (1799)">Mount Tabor</a></li> <li>20 May (1 Prairial an VII) – <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Acre_(1799)" title="Siege of Acre (1799)">Siege of Acre</a>, French troops retire after eight assaults</li> <li>1 August (14 Thermidor year VII) – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Abukir_(1799)" title="Battle of Abukir (1799)">Battle of Abukir</a>, French victory</li> <li>23 August (6 Fructidor year VII) – <a href="/wiki/Napol%C3%A9on_Bonaparte" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoléon Bonaparte">Bonaparte</a> embarks on the frigate Muiron and abandons command to <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Kl%C3%A9ber" title="Jean-Baptiste Kléber">Kléber</a></li></ul></li> <li>1800 <ul><li>24 January (4 Pluviôse year VIII) – <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Kl%C3%A9ber" title="Jean-Baptiste Kléber">Kléber</a> concludes the <a href="/wiki/Convention_of_El_Arish" title="Convention of El Arish">Convention of El Arish</a> with the British admiral <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Smith_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="Sidney Smith (Royal Navy officer)">Sidney Smith</a></li> <li>February (Pluviôse-Ventôse year VIII) – French troops begin their withdrawal, but the British admiral <a href="/wiki/George_Elphinstone,_1st_Viscount_Keith" title="George Elphinstone, 1st Viscount Keith">Keith</a> refuses to recognize the convention's terms</li> <li>20 March (29 Ventôse year VIII) – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Heliopolis_(1800)" title="Battle of Heliopolis (1800)">Battle of Heliopolis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Kl%C3%A9ber" title="Jean-Baptiste Kléber">Kléber</a> wins one last victory, against a force of 30,000 Ottomans</li> <li>14 June (25 Prairial year VIII) – A Kurd named <a href="/wiki/Suleiman_al-Halabi" title="Suleiman al-Halabi">Suleiman al-Halabi</a> assassinates <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Kl%C3%A9ber" title="Jean-Baptiste Kléber">Kléber</a> in his garden in <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>. General <a href="/wiki/Jacques-Francois_Menou" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacques-Francois Menou">Menou</a>, a convert to Islam, takes over command</li> <li>3 September (16 Fructidor year VIII) – The British recapture Malta from the French</li></ul></li> <li>1801 <ul><li>8 March (17 Ventôse year IX) – British landing near Aboukir</li> <li>21 March (30 Ventôse year IX) – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alexandria_(1801)" title="Battle of Alexandria (1801)">Battle of Alexandria</a>, French defeat, army under <a href="/wiki/Jacques-Francois_Menou" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacques-Francois Menou">Menou</a> digs in at <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a> ready for the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Alexandria_(1801)" title="Siege of Alexandria (1801)">siege of Alexandria</a></li> <li>31 March (10 Germinal year IX) – Ottoman army arrives at <a href="/wiki/El-Arich" class="mw-redirect" title="El-Arich">El-Arich</a></li> <li>19 April (29 Germinal year IX) – British and Ottoman forces capture <a href="/wiki/Fort_Julien" title="Fort Julien">Fort Julien</a> at <a href="/wiki/Rosetta" title="Rosetta">Rosetta</a> after a four-day bombardment, opening the Nile</li> <li>27 June (8 Messidor year IX) – General <a href="/wiki/Augustin_Daniel_Belliard" title="Augustin Daniel Belliard">Belliard</a> <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Cairo" title="Siege of Cairo">surrenders</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a></li> <li>31 August (13 Fructidor year IX) – Siege of Alexandria ends in Menou's surrender</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_invasion_of_Egypt_and_Syria&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The 2010 video game, <a href="/wiki/Napoleon:_Total_War" title="Napoleon: Total War">Napoleon: Total War</a>, features an Egyptian Campaign, where players can control French armies throughout the campaigns in Egypt and Syria.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adieu_Bonaparte" title="Adieu Bonaparte">Adieu Bonaparte</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_invasion_of_Egypt_and_Syria&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Exp%C3%A9dition_d%E2%80%99%C3%89gypte" class="extiw" title="commons:Expédition d’Égypte"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Expédition d’Égypte</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_campaign_of_1798" title="Mediterranean campaign of 1798">Mediterranean campaign of 1798</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Turkish_War_(1807%E2%80%931809)" title="Anglo-Turkish War (1807–1809)">Anglo-Turkish War (1807–1809)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusader_invasions_of_Egypt" title="Crusader invasions of Egypt">Crusader invasions of Egypt</a> – 1154–1169</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_invasion_of_Egypt_and_Syria&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output 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Said 1979</a>, pp. 42–43, 76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPawly20129-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPawly20129_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPawly2012">Pawly 2012</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/George_Nafziger" title="George Nafziger">George Nafziger</a>, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://usacac.army.mil/sites/default/files/documents/carl/nafziger/800CAD.pdf">British Army in Egypt 1 March 1800</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Combined_Arms_Center" title="United States Army Combined Arms Center">United States Army Combined Arms Center</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELovettFletcher_Macmunn191123,_329-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELovettFletcher_Macmunn191123,_329_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLovettFletcher_Macmunn1911">Lovett & Fletcher Macmunn 1911</a>, pp. 23, 329.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">George Nafziger, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://usacac.army.mil/sites/default/files/documents/carl/nafziger/798NHAC.pdf">Royal Navy Squadron Cruising off Alexandria August 1798</a></i>, United States Army Combined Arms Center.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References_2">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_invasion_of_Egypt_and_Syria&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://napoleon.nli.org.il/eng/">"Napoleon Was Here!"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Israel" title="National Library of Israel">The National Library of Israel</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Napoleon+Was+Here%21&rft.pub=The+National+Library+of+Israel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnapoleon.nli.org.il%2Feng%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+invasion+of+Egypt+and+Syria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlSayyad2013" class="citation book cs1">AlSayyad, Nezar (2013). <i>Cairo : histories of a city</i>. Cambridge: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674072459" title="Special:BookSources/9780674072459"><bdi>9780674072459</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cairo+%3A+histories+of+a+city&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=The+Belknap+Press+of+Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780674072459&rft.aulast=AlSayyad&rft.aufirst=Nezar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+invasion+of+Egypt+and+Syria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBainville1997" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bainville, Jacques (1997). <i>Bonaparte en Égypte: poème</i> (in French). Paris: Balland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-7158-1135-7" title="Special:BookSources/2-7158-1135-7"><bdi>2-7158-1135-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bonaparte+en+%C3%89gypte%3A+po%C3%A8me&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Balland&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=2-7158-1135-7&rft.aulast=Bainville&rft.aufirst=Jacques&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+invasion+of+Egypt+and+Syria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarthorp1992" class="citation book cs1">Barthorp, Michael (1992). <i>Napoleon's Egyptian Campaigns 1798-1801 Volume 79 of Men-at-arms series</i>. Osprey Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780850451269" title="Special:BookSources/9780850451269"><bdi>9780850451269</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Napoleon%27s+Egyptian+Campaigns+1798-1801+Volume+79+of+Men-at-arms+series&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9780850451269&rft.aulast=Barthorp&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+invasion+of+Egypt+and+Syria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernède1998" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bernède, Allain (1998). Gérard-Jean Chaduc; Christophe Dickès; Laurent Leprévost (eds.). <i>La campagne d'Égypte : 1798–1801 Mythes et réalités</i> (in French). Paris: Musée de l'Armée. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-901-41823-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-901-41823-8"><bdi>978-2-901-41823-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+campagne+d%27%C3%89gypte+%3A+1798%E2%80%931801+Mythes+et+r%C3%A9alit%C3%A9s&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Mus%C3%A9e+de+l%27Arm%C3%A9e&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-2-901-41823-8&rft.aulast=Bern%C3%A8de&rft.aufirst=Allain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+invasion+of+Egypt+and+Syria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Burleigh, Nina. <i>Mirage</i>. Harper, New York, 2007. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-059767-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-059767-2">978-0-06-059767-2</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCherfils1914" class="citation book cs1">Cherfils, Christian (1914). <i>Bonaparte et l'Islam d'après les documents français & arabes</i>. Pedone. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/253080866">253080866</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bonaparte+et+l%27Islam+d%27apr%C3%A8s+les+documents+fran%C3%A7ais+%26+arabes&rft.pub=Pedone&rft.date=1914&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F253080866&rft.aulast=Cherfils&rft.aufirst=Christian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+invasion+of+Egypt+and+Syria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCole2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Juan_Cole" title="Juan Cole">Cole, Juan</a> (2007). <i>Napoleon's Egypt: Invading the Middle East</i>. Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-6431-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-6431-1"><bdi>978-1-4039-6431-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Napoleon%27s+Egypt%3A+Invading+the+Middle+East&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4039-6431-1&rft.aulast=Cole&rft.aufirst=Juan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+invasion+of+Egypt+and+Syria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCleveland2004" class="citation book cs1">Cleveland, William L. (2004). <i>A history of the modern Middle East</i>. Michigan University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8133-4048-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8133-4048-9"><bdi>0-8133-4048-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+the+modern+Middle+East&rft.pub=Michigan+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-8133-4048-9&rft.aulast=Cleveland&rft.aufirst=William+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+invasion+of+Egypt+and+Syria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClodfelter2017" class="citation book cs1">Clodfelter, Michael (2017). <i>Warfare and Armed Conflicts A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492–2015</i>. Jefferson: McFarland, Incorporated, Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781476625850" title="Special:BookSources/9781476625850"><bdi>9781476625850</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warfare+and+Armed+Conflicts+A+Statistical+Encyclopedia+of+Casualty+and+Other+Figures%2C+1492%E2%80%932015&rft.place=Jefferson&rft.pub=McFarland%2C+Incorporated%2C+Publishers&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781476625850&rft.aulast=Clodfelter&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+invasion+of+Egypt+and+Syria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChandler1979" class="citation book cs1">Chandler, David (1979). <i>The Campaigns of Napoleon</i>. London: Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/4932949">4932949</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Campaigns+of+Napoleon&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F4932949&rft.aulast=Chandler&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+invasion+of+Egypt+and+Syria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Bellaigue2017" class="citation book cs1">De Bellaigue, Christopher (2017). <i>The Islamic Enlightenment: The Struggle Between Faith and Reason – 1798 to Modern Times</i>. New York: Liveright Publishing Corporation. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87140-373-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87140-373-5"><bdi>978-0-87140-373-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Islamic+Enlightenment%3A+The+Struggle+Between+Faith+and+Reason+%E2%80%93+1798+to+Modern+Times&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Liveright+Publishing+Corporation&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-87140-373-5&rft.aulast=De+Bellaigue&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+invasion+of+Egypt+and+Syria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF'Abd_al-Rahman1997" class="citation book cs1">'Abd al-Rahman, Al-Jabarti (1997). <i>Ta'rikh, Muddat al-faransis bi misr</i>. Princeton: Markus Wiener. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781558760707" title="Special:BookSources/9781558760707"><bdi>9781558760707</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ta%27rikh%2C+Muddat+al-faransis+bi+misr&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pub=Markus+Wiener&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9781558760707&rft.aulast=%27Abd+al-Rahman&rft.aufirst=Al-Jabarti&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+invasion+of+Egypt+and+Syria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcLynn1997" class="citation book cs1">McLynn, Frank (1997). <i>Napoleon:Biography</i>. London: Cape. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-224-04072-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-224-04072-3"><bdi>0-224-04072-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Napoleon%3ABiography&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Cape&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-224-04072-3&rft.aulast=McLynn&rft.aufirst=Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+invasion+of+Egypt+and+Syria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoreh2004" class="citation book cs1">Moreh, Shmuel (2004). <i>Napoleon in Egypt: Al-Jabarti's Chronicle of the French Occupation, 1798 – Expanded Edition</i>. Princeton, New Jersey: Markus Wiener Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55876-337-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55876-337-1"><bdi>978-1-55876-337-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Napoleon+in+Egypt%3A+Al-Jabarti%27s+Chronicle+of+the+French+Occupation%2C+1798+%E2%80%93+Expanded+Edition&rft.place=Princeton%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Markus+Wiener+Publishers&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-55876-337-1&rft.aulast=Moreh&rft.aufirst=Shmuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+invasion+of+Egypt+and+Syria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLovettFletcher_Macmunn1911" class="citation book cs1">Lovett, A. C.; Fletcher Macmunn, George (1911). <i>The Armies of India</i>. London: Black. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/969696855">969696855</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Armies+of+India&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Black&rft.date=1911&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F969696855&rft.aulast=Lovett&rft.aufirst=A.+C.&rft.au=Fletcher+Macmunn%2C+George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+invasion+of+Egypt+and+Syria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScurr2021" class="citation book cs1">Scurr, Ruth (2021). <i>Napoleon: A Life in Gardens and Shadows</i>. London: Chatto & Windus. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781784741006" title="Special:BookSources/9781784741006"><bdi>9781784741006</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Napoleon%3A+A+Life+in+Gardens+and+Shadows&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Chatto+%26+Windus&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9781784741006&rft.aulast=Scurr&rft.aufirst=Ruth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+invasion+of+Egypt+and+Syria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMullié1851" class="citation book cs1">Mullié, Charles (1851). <i>Biographie des célébrités militaires des armées de terre et de mer de 1789 à 1850</i>. Vol. 1. Paris: Poignavant. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1073690558">1073690558</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biographie+des+c%C3%A9l%C3%A9brit%C3%A9s+militaires+des+arm%C3%A9es+de+terre+et+de+mer+de+1789+%C3%A0+1850&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Poignavant&rft.date=1851&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1073690558&rft.aulast=Mulli%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+invasion+of+Egypt+and+Syria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBell2015" class="citation book cs1">Bell, David (2015). "Epilogue: 1815–the Present". <i>Napoleon: A Concise Biography</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-026271-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-026271-6"><bdi>978-0-19-026271-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Epilogue%3A+1815%E2%80%93the+Present&rft.btitle=Napoleon%3A+A+Concise+Biography&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-19-026271-6&rft.aulast=Bell&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+invasion+of+Egypt+and+Syria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBonaparte1808" class="citation book cs1">Bonaparte, Napoleon (1808). <i>Collection Générale et Complète de lettres… de Napoléon le Grand…</i>. Leipzig: Gräff. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1106670616">1106670616</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Collection+G%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale+et+Compl%C3%A8te+de+lettres%E2%80%A6+de+Napol%C3%A9on+le+Grand%E2%80%A6&rft.place=Leipzig&rft.pub=Gr%C3%A4ff&rft.date=1808&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1106670616&rft.aulast=Bonaparte&rft.aufirst=Napoleon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+invasion+of+Egypt+and+Syria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmini1999" class="citation book cs1">Amini, Iradj (1999). <i>Napoleon and Persia: Franco-Persian Relations Under the First Empire</i>. Mage. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-934211-58-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-934211-58-2"><bdi>0-934211-58-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Napoleon+and+Persia%3A+Franco-Persian+Relations+Under+the+First+Empire&rft.pub=Mage&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-934211-58-2&rft.aulast=Amini&rft.aufirst=Iradj&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+invasion+of+Egypt+and+Syria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerold1962" class="citation book cs1">Herold, J. Christopher (1962). <i>Bonaparte in Egypt</i>. New York: Harper & Row.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bonaparte+in+Egypt&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row&rft.date=1962&rft.aulast=Herold&rft.aufirst=J.+Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+invasion+of+Egypt+and+Syria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/T._G._H._James" title="T. G. H. James">James, T. G. H</a> (2003). <i>Enlightening the British: Knowledge, Discovery and the Museum in the Eighteenth Century</i>. British Museum Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7141-5010-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7141-5010-X"><bdi>0-7141-5010-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Enlightening+the+British%3A+Knowledge%2C+Discovery+and+the+Museum+in+the+Eighteenth+Century&rft.pub=British+Museum+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-7141-5010-X&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=T.+G.+H&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+invasion+of+Egypt+and+Syria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatson2003" class="citation book cs1">Watson, William E. (2003). <i>Tricolor and Crescent: France and the Islamic World</i>. Greenwood. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-275-97470-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-275-97470-7"><bdi>0-275-97470-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tricolor+and+Crescent%3A+France+and+the+Islamic+World&rft.pub=Greenwood&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-275-97470-7&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=William+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+invasion+of+Egypt+and+Syria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarabell2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Zachary_Karabell" title="Zachary Karabell">Karabell, Zachary</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/partingdesertcre00kara"><i>Parting the desert: the creation of the Suez Canal</i></a>. Alfred A. Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-375-40883-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-375-40883-5"><bdi>0-375-40883-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Parting+the+desert%3A+the+creation+of+the+Suez+Canal&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-375-40883-5&rft.aulast=Karabell&rft.aufirst=Zachary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpartingdesertcre00kara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+invasion+of+Egypt+and+Syria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMackesy2013" class="citation book cs1">Mackesy, Piers (2013). <i>British Victory in Egypt, 1801: The End of Napoleon's Conquest</i>. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134953578" title="Special:BookSources/9781134953578"><bdi>9781134953578</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Victory+in+Egypt%2C+1801%3A+The+End+of+Napoleon%27s+Conquest&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781134953578&rft.aulast=Mackesy&rft.aufirst=Piers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+invasion+of+Egypt+and+Syria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Miot, Jacques. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/011547825"><i>Narrative of the French expedition in Egypt, and the operations in Syria. Translated from the French.</i></a> (1816)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPanzac2005" class="citation book cs1">Panzac, Daniel (2005). <i>Barbary Corsairs</i>. Leiden: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004125940" title="Special:BookSources/9789004125940"><bdi>9789004125940</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Barbary+Corsairs&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9789004125940&rft.aulast=Panzac&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+invasion+of+Egypt+and+Syria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPawly2012" class="citation book cs1">Pawly, Ronald (2012). <i>Napoleon's Mamelukes</i>. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781780964195" title="Special:BookSources/9781780964195"><bdi>9781780964195</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Napoleon%27s+Mamelukes&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781780964195&rft.aulast=Pawly&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+invasion+of+Egypt+and+Syria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFW._Said1979" class="citation book cs1">W. Said, Edward (1979). "1: The Scope of Orientalism". <i>Orientalism</i>. New York: Vintage Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-394-74067-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-394-74067-X"><bdi>0-394-74067-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1%3A+The+Scope+of+Orientalism&rft.btitle=Orientalism&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Vintage+Books&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=0-394-74067-X&rft.aulast=W.+Said&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+invasion+of+Egypt+and+Syria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRachlin2013" class="citation book cs1">Rachlin, Harvey (2013). "The Rosetta Stone". <i>Lucy's Bones, Sacred Stones, & Einstein's Brain: The Remarkable Stories Behind the Great Objects and Artifacts of History, From Antiquity to the Modern Era</i>. Garrett County Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1939430915" title="Special:BookSources/978-1939430915"><bdi>978-1939430915</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Rosetta+Stone&rft.btitle=Lucy%27s+Bones%2C+Sacred+Stones%2C+%26+Einstein%27s+Brain%3A+The+Remarkable+Stories+Behind+the+Great+Objects+and+Artifacts+of+History%2C+From+Antiquity+to+the+Modern+Era&rft.pub=Garrett+County+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1939430915&rft.aulast=Rachlin&rft.aufirst=Harvey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+invasion+of+Egypt+and+Syria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLudwigPaulPaul1927" class="citation book cs1">Ludwig, Emil; Paul, Eden; Paul, Cedar (1927). <i>Napoleon</i>. London: George Allen & Unwin. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/949387935">949387935</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Napoleon&rft.place=London&rft.pub=George+Allen+%26+Unwin&rft.date=1927&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F949387935&rft.aulast=Ludwig&rft.aufirst=Emil&rft.au=Paul%2C+Eden&rft.au=Paul%2C+Cedar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+invasion+of+Egypt+and+Syria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPigeard2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pigeard, Alain (2004). <i>Dictionnaire des batailles de Napoléon : 1796–1815</i> (in French). Paris: Tallandier. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-84734-073-4" title="Special:BookSources/2-84734-073-4"><bdi>2-84734-073-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionnaire+des+batailles+de+Napol%C3%A9on+%3A+1796%E2%80%931815&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Tallandier&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=2-84734-073-4&rft.aulast=Pigeard&rft.aufirst=Alain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+invasion+of+Egypt+and+Syria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1998" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Digby (1998). <i>The Greenhill Napoleonic Wars Data Book : Actions and Losses in Personnel, Colours, Standards and Artillery, 1792–1815</i>. London: Greenhill Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85367-276-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-85367-276-9"><bdi>1-85367-276-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Greenhill+Napoleonic+Wars+Data+Book+%3A+Actions+and+Losses+in+Personnel%2C+Colours%2C+Standards+and+Artillery%2C+1792%E2%80%931815&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Greenhill+Books&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=1-85367-276-9&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Digby&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+invasion+of+Egypt+and+Syria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSociété_de_militaires_et_de_marins1818a" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Société de militaires et de marins (1818a). <i>Dictionnaire historique des batailles, siéges, et combats de terre et de mer, qui ont eu lieu pendant la Révolution Française</i> (in French). Menard et Desenne.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionnaire+historique+des+batailles%2C+si%C3%A9ges%2C+et+combats+de+terre+et+de+mer%2C+qui+ont+eu+lieu+pendant+la+R%C3%A9volution+Fran%C3%A7aise&rft.pub=Menard+et+Desenne&rft.date=1818&rft.au=Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9+de+militaires+et+de+marins&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+invasion+of+Egypt+and+Syria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnodgrass2017" class="citation book cs1">Snodgrass, Mary Ellen (2017). "The Chronology: Summer 1798–1800". <i>World Epidemics: A Cultural Chronology of Disease from Prehistory to the Era of Zika</i>. McFarland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1476671246" title="Special:BookSources/978-1476671246"><bdi>978-1476671246</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Chronology%3A+Summer+1798%E2%80%931800&rft.btitle=World+Epidemics%3A+A+Cultural+Chronology+of+Disease+from+Prehistory+to+the+Era+of+Zika&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1476671246&rft.aulast=Snodgrass&rft.aufirst=Mary+Ellen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+invasion+of+Egypt+and+Syria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSociété_de_militaires_et_de_marins1818b" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Société de militaires et de marins (1818b). <i>Dictionnaire historique des batailles, siéges, et combats de terre et de mer: qui ont en lieu pendant la révolution Française, Volume 3</i> (in French). Menard et Desenne.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionnaire+historique+des+batailles%2C+si%C3%A9ges%2C+et+combats+de+terre+et+de+mer%3A+qui+ont+en+lieu+pendant+la+r%C3%A9volution+Fran%C3%A7aise%2C+Volume+3&rft.pub=Menard+et+Desenne&rft.date=1818&rft.au=Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9+de+militaires+et+de+marins&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+invasion+of+Egypt+and+Syria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrathern2008" class="citation book cs1">Strathern, Paul (2008). "The Retreat from Acre". <i>Napoleon in Egypt</i>. Random House Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0553905885" title="Special:BookSources/978-0553905885"><bdi>978-0553905885</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Retreat+from+Acre&rft.btitle=Napoleon+in+Egypt&rft.pub=Random+House+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0553905885&rft.aulast=Strathern&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+invasion+of+Egypt+and+Syria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFauvelet_de_Bourrienne1836" class="citation book cs1">Fauvelet de Bourrienne, Louis Antoine (1836). <i>Memoirs of Napoleon Bonaparte</i>. London: Bentley. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1068769035">1068769035</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memoirs+of+Napoleon+Bonaparte&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Bentley&rft.date=1836&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1068769035&rft.aulast=Fauvelet+de+Bourrienne&rft.aufirst=Louis+Antoine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+invasion+of+Egypt+and+Syria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2015" class="citation book cs1">Roberts, Andrew (2015). <i>Napoleon: A Life</i>. London: Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0698176287" title="Special:BookSources/978-0698176287"><bdi>978-0698176287</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Napoleon%3A+A+Life&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0698176287&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+invasion+of+Egypt+and+Syria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTulard1999" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Tulard, Jean (1999). <i>Dictionnaire Napoléon</i> (in French). Paris: Fayard. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-213-60485-1" title="Special:BookSources/2-213-60485-1"><bdi>2-213-60485-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionnaire+Napol%C3%A9on&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Fayard&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=2-213-60485-1&rft.aulast=Tulard&rft.aufirst=Jean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+invasion+of+Egypt+and+Syria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Melanie Ulz: <i>Auf dem Schlachtfeld des Empire. Männlichkeitskonzepte in der Bildproduktion zu Napoleons Ägyptenfeldzug</i> (Marburg: Jonas Verlag 2008), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-89445-396-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-89445-396-1">978-3-89445-396-1</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcollections.aucegypt.edu/cdm/landingpage/collection/p15795coll2">Napoleonic Egypt Digital Collection</a>; Rare Books and Special Collections Library; the American University in Cairo</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_invasion_of_Egypt_and_Syria&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Exp%C3%A9dition_d%E2%80%99%C3%89gypte" class="extiw" title="commons:Expédition d’Égypte">Expédition d’Égypte</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <table class="wikitable" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:95%; clear: both;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;">Preceded by<br /><b><a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Switzerland" title="French invasion of Switzerland">French invasion of Switzerland</a></b> </td> <td style="text-align: center;"><b>French Revolution: Revolutionary campaigns</b><br />French invasion of Egypt and Syria </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;">Succeeded by<br /><b><a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1798" title="Irish Rebellion of 1798">Irish Rebellion of 1798</a></b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="French_Revolution" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:French_Revolution" title="Template:French Revolution"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:French_Revolution" title="Template talk:French Revolution"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:French_Revolution" title="Special:EditPage/Template:French Revolution"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="French_Revolution" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_French_Revolution" title="Causes of the French Revolution">Causes</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_French_Revolution" title="Timeline of the French Revolution">Timeline</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ancien_R%C3%A9gime" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancien Régime">Ancien Régime</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">Revolution</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France_(1791%E2%80%9392)" title="Kingdom of France (1791–92)">Constitutional monarchy</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">Republic</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/French_Directory" title="French Directory">Directory</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/French_Consulate" title="French Consulate">Consulate</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_the_French_Revolution" title="Glossary of the French Revolution">Glossary</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_journals_appearing_under_the_French_Revolution" title="List of journals appearing under the French Revolution">Journals</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_de_la_R%C3%A9volution_fran%C3%A7aise" title="Musée de la Révolution française">Museum</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div id="Significant_civil_and_political_events_by_year" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Significant civil and political events by year</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1788</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_the_Tiles" title="Day of the Tiles">Day of the Tiles</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(7 Jun 1788)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Vizille" title="Assembly of Vizille">Assembly of Vizille</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(21 Jul 1788)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1789</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/What_Is_the_Third_Estate%3F" title="What Is the Third Estate?">What Is the Third Estate?</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Jan 1789)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9veillon_riots" title="Réveillon riots">Réveillon riots</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(28 Apr 1789)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estates_General_of_1789" title="Estates General of 1789">Convocation of the Estates General</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(5 May 1789)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Joseph,_Dauphin_of_France#Illness" title="Louis Joseph, Dauphin of France">Death of the Dauphin</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(4 June 1789)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(French_Revolution)" title="National Assembly (French Revolution)">National Assembly</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(17 Jun – 9 Jul 1790)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennis_Court_Oath" title="Tennis Court Oath">Tennis Court Oath</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(20 Jun 1789)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Constituent_Assembly_(France)" title="National Constituent Assembly (France)">National Constituent Assembly</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(9 Jul – 30 Sep 1791)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storming_of_the_Bastille" title="Storming of the Bastille">Storming of the Bastille</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(14 Jul 1789)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Fear" title="Great Fear">Great Fear</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(20 Jul – 5 Aug 1789)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_feudalism_in_France" title="Abolition of feudalism in France">Abolition of Feudalism</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(4–11 Aug 1789)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen" title="Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen">Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(26 Aug 1789)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_March_on_Versailles" title="Women's March on Versailles">Women's March on Versailles</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(5 Oct 1789)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biens_nationaux" title="Biens nationaux">Nationalization of the Church properties</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2 Nov 1789)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1790</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parlement#Abolition" title="Parlement">Abolition of the Parlements</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Feb–Jul 1790)</span></li> <li>Abolition of the <a href="/wiki/French_nobility#The_abolition_of_privileges_during_the_French_Revolution" title="French nobility">Nobility</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(23 Jun 1790)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Constitution_of_the_Clergy" title="Civil Constitution of the Clergy">Civil Constitution of the Clergy</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(12 Jul 1790)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/F%C3%AAte_de_la_F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration" title="Fête de la Fédération">Fête de la Fédération</a></i> <small>(14 Jul 1790)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1791</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flight_to_Varennes" title="Flight to Varennes">Flight to Varennes</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(20–21 Jun 1791)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champ_de_Mars_massacre" title="Champ de Mars massacre">Champ de Mars massacre</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(17 Jul 1791)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Pillnitz" title="Declaration of Pillnitz">Declaration of Pillnitz</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(27 Aug 1791)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Constitution_of_1791" title="French Constitution of 1791">The Constitution of 1791</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(3 Sep 1791)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_(France)" title="Legislative Assembly (France)">National Legislative Assembly</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1 Oct 1791 – Sep 1792)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1792</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_First_Coalition" title="War of the First Coalition">France declares war</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(20 Apr 1792)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunswick_Manifesto" title="Brunswick Manifesto">Brunswick Manifesto</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(25 Jul 1792)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Commune_(1789%E2%80%931795)" title="Paris Commune (1789–1795)">Paris Commune becomes insurrectionary</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Jun 1792)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurrection_of_10_August_1792" title="Insurrection of 10 August 1792">10th of August</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(10 Aug 1792)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_Massacres" title="September Massacres">September Massacres</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Sep 1792)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Convention" title="National Convention">National Convention</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(20 Sep 1792 – 26 Oct 1795)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">First republic declared</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(22 Sep 1792)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1793</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Execution_of_Louis_XVI" title="Execution of Louis XVI">Execution of Louis XVI</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(21 Jan 1793)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Tribunal" title="Revolutionary Tribunal">Revolutionary Tribunal</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(9 Mar 1793 – 31 May 1795)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reign_of_Terror" title="Reign of Terror">Reign of Terror</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(27 Jun 1793 – 27 Jul 1794)</span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Public_Safety" title="Committee of Public Safety">Committee of Public Safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_General_Security" title="Committee of General Security">Committee of General Security</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurrection_of_31_May_%E2%80%93_2_June_1793" title="Insurrection of 31 May – 2 June 1793">Fall of the Girondists</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2 Jun 1793)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Marat#Death" title="Jean-Paul Marat">Assassination of Marat</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(13 Jul 1793)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lev%C3%A9e_en_masse" title="Levée en masse">Levée en masse</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(23 Aug 1793)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Death_of_Marat" title="The Death of Marat">The Death of Marat</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(painting)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Suspects" title="Law of Suspects">Law of Suspects</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(17 Sep 1793)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Antoinette#Trial_and_execution_(14–16_October_1793)" title="Marie Antoinette">Marie Antoinette is guillotined</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(16 Oct 1793)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution#The_Revolution_and_the_Church" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">Anti-clerical laws</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(throughout the year)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1794</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Danton#Life" title="Georges Danton">Danton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Camille_Desmoulins#Trial_and_execution" title="Camille Desmoulins">Desmoulins guillotined</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(5 Apr 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_22_Prairial" title="Law of 22 Prairial">Law of 22 Prairial</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(10 Jun 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermidorian_Reaction" title="Thermidorian Reaction">Thermidorian Reaction</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(27 Jul 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilien_Robespierre" title="Maximilien Robespierre">Robespierre</a> guillotined <span style="font-size:85%;">(28 Jul 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_White_Terror" title="First White Terror">White Terror</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Fall 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobins#Fall_from_power" title="Jacobins">Closing of the Jacobin Club</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(11 Nov 1794)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1795–6</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insurrection_of_12_Germinal_Year_III" title="Insurrection of 12 Germinal Year III">Insurrection of 12 Germinal Year III</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1 Apr 1795)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Year_III" title="Constitution of the Year III">Constitution of the Year III</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(22 Aug 1795)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Directory" title="French Directory">Directoire</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1795–99)</span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Five_Hundred" title="Council of Five Hundred">Council of Five Hundred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ancients" title="Council of Ancients">Council of Ancients</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13_Vend%C3%A9miaire" title="13 Vendémiaire">13 Vendémiaire</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">5 Oct 1795</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_of_the_Equals" title="Conspiracy of the Equals">Conspiracy of the Equals</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(May 1796)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1797</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coup_of_18_Fructidor" title="Coup of 18 Fructidor">Coup of 18 Fructidor</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(4 Sep 1797)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Congress_of_Rastatt" title="Second Congress of Rastatt">Second Congress of Rastatt</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Dec 1797)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1798</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_22_Flor%C3%A9al_Year_VI" title="Law of 22 Floréal Year VI">Law of 22 Floréal Year VI</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(11 May 1798)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1799</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coup_of_30_Prairial_VII" title="Coup of 30 Prairial VII">Coup of 30 Prairial VII</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(18 Jun 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coup_of_18_Brumaire" title="Coup of 18 Brumaire">Coup of 18 Brumaire</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(9 Nov 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Year_VIII" title="Constitution of the Year VIII">Constitution of the Year VIII</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(24 Dec 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Consulate" title="French Consulate">Consulate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div id="Revolutionary_campaigns" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Revolutionary campaigns</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1792_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Campaigns of 1792 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1792</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Verdun_(1792)" title="Battle of Verdun (1792)">Verdun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Thionville_(1792)" title="Siege of Thionville (1792)">Thionville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valmy" title="Battle of Valmy">Valmy</a></li> <li>Royalist Revolts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chouannerie" title="Chouannerie">Chouannerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_the_Vend%C3%A9e" title="War in the Vendée">Vendée</a></li> <li>Dauphiné</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Column_of_the_Goddess" title="Column of the Goddess">Lille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mainz_(1792)" title="Siege of Mainz (1792)">Siege of Mainz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jemappes" title="Battle of Jemappes">Jemappes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Namur_(1792)" title="Siege of Namur (1792)">Namur</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si%C3%A8ge_de_Namur_(1792)" class="extiw" title="fr:Siège de Namur (1792)">fr</a>]</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1793_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Campaigns of 1793 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1793</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_First_Coalition" title="War of the First Coalition">First Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_the_Vend%C3%A9e" title="War in the Vendée">War in the Vendée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Neerwinden_(1793)" title="Battle of Neerwinden (1793)">Battle of Neerwinden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Famars" title="Battle of Famars">Battle of Famars</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(23 May 1793)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_expedition_to_Sardinia" title="French expedition to Sardinia">Expedition to Sardinia</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(21 Dec 1792 - 25 May 1793)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kaiserslautern" title="Battle of Kaiserslautern">Battle of Kaiserslautern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mainz_(1793)" title="Siege of Mainz (1793)">Siege of Mainz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wattignies" title="Battle of Wattignies">Battle of Wattignies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hondschoote" title="Battle of Hondschoote">Battle of Hondschoote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Bellegarde_(1793)" title="Siege of Bellegarde (1793)">Siege of Bellegarde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Peyrestortes" title="Battle of Peyrestortes">Battle of Peyrestortes (Pyrenees)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Toulon" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Toulon">Siege of Toulon</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(18 Sep – 18 Dec 1793)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Wissembourg_(1793)" class="mw-redirect" title="First Battle of Wissembourg (1793)">First Battle of Wissembourg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(13 Oct 1793)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Truillas" title="Battle of Truillas">Battle of Truillas (Pyrenees)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Wissembourg_(1793)" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Battle of Wissembourg (1793)">Second Battle of Wissembourg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(26–27 Dec 1793)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1794_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Campaigns of 1794 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1794</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Villers-en-Cauchies" title="Battle of Villers-en-Cauchies">Battle of Villers-en-Cauchies</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(24 Apr 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Boulou" title="Second Battle of Boulou">Second Battle of Boulou</a> (Pyrenees) <span style="font-size:85%;">(30 Apr – 1 May 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tourcoing" title="Battle of Tourcoing">Battle of Tourcoing</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(18 May 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tournay_(1794)" title="Battle of Tournay (1794)">Battle of Tournay</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(22 May 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glorious_First_of_June" title="Glorious First of June">Glorious First of June</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1 Jun 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fleurus_(1794)" title="Battle of Fleurus (1794)">Battle of Fleurus</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(26 Jun 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chouannerie" title="Chouannerie">Chouannerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aldenhoven_(1794)" title="Battle of Aldenhoven (1794)">Battle of Aldenhoven</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2 Oct 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Luxembourg_(1794-95)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Luxembourg (1794-95)">Siege of Luxembourg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(22 Nov 1794 - 7 Jun 1795)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1795_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Campaigns of 1795 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1795</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Luxembourg_(1794-95)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Luxembourg (1794-95)">Siege of Luxembourg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(22 Nov 1794 - 7 Jun 1795)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Basel" title="Peace of Basel">Peace of Basel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1796_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Campaigns of 1796 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1796</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Campaign_of_1796%E2%80%931797" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Campaign of 1796–1797">Italian campaign</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lonato" title="Battle of Lonato">Battle of Lonato</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(3–4 Aug 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Castiglione" title="Battle of Castiglione">Battle of Castiglione</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(5 Aug 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Theiningen" title="Battle of Theiningen">Battle of Theiningen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Neresheim" title="Battle of Neresheim">Battle of Neresheim</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(11 Aug 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Amberg" title="Battle of Amberg">Battle of Amberg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(24 Aug 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_W%C3%BCrzburg" title="Battle of Würzburg">Battle of Würzburg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(3 Sep 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rovereto" title="Battle of Rovereto">Battle of Rovereto</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(4 Sep 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bassano" title="Battle of Bassano">First Battle of Bassano</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(8 Sep 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Emmendingen" title="Battle of Emmendingen">Battle of Emmendingen</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(19 Oct 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Schliengen" title="Battle of Schliengen">Battle of Schliengen</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(26 Oct 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Bassano" title="Second Battle of Bassano">Second Battle of Bassano</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(6 Nov 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Calliano" title="Battle of Calliano">Battle of Calliano</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(6–7 Nov 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arcole" title="Battle of Arcole">Battle of Arcole</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(15–17 Nov 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_expedition_to_Ireland_(1796)" title="French expedition to Ireland (1796)">Ireland expedition</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Dec 1796)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1797_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Campaigns of 1797 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1797</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Campaign_of_1796-1797" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Campaign of 1796-1797">Italian campaign</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1797)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_13_January_1797" title="Action of 13 January 1797">Naval Engagement off Brittany</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(13 Jan 1797)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rivoli" title="Battle of Rivoli">Battle of Rivoli</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(14–15 Jan 1797)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_25_January_1797" title="Action of 25 January 1797">Battle of the Bay of Cádiz</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(25 Jan 1797)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Leoben" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Leoben">Treaty of Leoben</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(17 Apr 1797)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Neuwied_(1797)" title="Battle of Neuwied (1797)">Battle of Neuwied</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(18 Apr 1797)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Campo_Formio" title="Treaty of Campo Formio">Treaty of Campo Formio</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(17 Oct 1797)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1798_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Campaigns of 1798 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1798</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Switzerland" title="French invasion of Switzerland">French invasion of Switzerland</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(28 January – 17 May 1798)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_campaign_in_Egypt_and_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="French campaign in Egypt and Syria">French Invasion of Egypt</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1798–1801)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1798#French_landing" title="Irish Rebellion of 1798">Irish Rebellion of 1798</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(23 May – 23 Sep 1798)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quasi-War" title="Quasi-War">Quasi-War</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1798–1800)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peasants%27_War_(1798)" title="Peasants' War (1798)">Peasants' War</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(12 Oct – 5 Dec 1798)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1799_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Campaigns of 1799 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1799</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Second_Coalition" title="War of the Second Coalition">Second Coalition</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1798–1802)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Acre_(1799)" title="Siege of Acre (1799)">Siege of Acre</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(20 Mar – 21 May 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ostrach" title="Battle of Ostrach">Battle of Ostrach</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(20–21 Mar 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stockach_(1799)" title="Battle of Stockach (1799)">Battle of Stockach</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(25 Mar 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Magnano" title="Battle of Magnano">Battle of Magnano</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(5 Apr 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cassano_(1799)" title="Battle of Cassano (1799)">Battle of Cassano</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(27–28 Apr 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Zurich" title="First Battle of Zurich">First Battle of Zurich</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(4–7 Jun 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trebbia_(1799)" title="Battle of Trebbia (1799)">Battle of Trebbia</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(17–20 Jun 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Novi_(1799)" title="Battle of Novi (1799)">Battle of Novi</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(15 Aug 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Zurich" title="Second Battle of Zurich">Second Battle of Zurich</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(25–26 Sep 1799)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1800_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Campaigns of 1800 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1800</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marengo" title="Battle of Marengo">Battle of Marengo</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(14 Jun 1800)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Alessandria" title="Convention of Alessandria">Convention of Alessandria</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(15 Jun 1800)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hohenlinden" title="Battle of Hohenlinden">Battle of Hohenlinden</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(3 Dec 1800)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_League_of_Armed_Neutrality" title="Second League of Armed Neutrality">League of Armed Neutrality</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1800–02)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1801_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Campaigns of 1801 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1801</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lun%C3%A9ville" title="Treaty of Lunéville">Treaty of Lunéville</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(9 Feb 1801)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Florence" title="Treaty of Florence">Treaty of Florence</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(18 Mar 1801)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algeciras_campaign" title="Algeciras campaign">Algeciras campaign</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(8 Jul 1801)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1802</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amiens" title="Treaty of Amiens">Treaty of Amiens</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(25 Mar 1802)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1802)" title="Treaty of Paris (1802)">Treaty of Paris</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(25 Jun 1802)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div id="Military_leaders" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Military leaders</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic"><img alt="French First Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_France_official.svg/23px-Flag_of_France_official.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_France_official.svg/35px-Flag_of_France_official.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_France_official.svg/45px-Flag_of_France_official.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">France</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Army" title="French Revolutionary Army">French Army</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eustache_Charles_d%27Aoust" title="Eustache Charles d'Aoust">Eustache Charles d'Aoust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Augereau" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre Augereau">Pierre Augereau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_de_Beauharnais" title="Alexandre de Beauharnais">Alexandre de Beauharnais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_XIV_John" title="Charles XIV John">Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Alexandre_Berthier" title="Louis-Alexandre Berthier">Louis-Alexandre Berthier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Bessi%C3%A8res" title="Jean-Baptiste Bessières">Jean-Baptiste Bessières</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoléon Bonaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Brune" title="Guillaume Brune">Guillaume Brune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Fran%C3%A7ois_Carteaux" title="Jean François Carteaux">Jean François Carteaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-%C3%89tienne_Championnet" title="Jean-Étienne Championnet">Jean-Étienne Championnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bertin_Gaston_Chapuis_de_Tourville" title="Charles Bertin Gaston Chapuis de Tourville">Chapuis de Tourville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Philippe,_Comte_de_Custine" title="Adam Philippe, Comte de Custine">Adam Philippe, Comte de Custine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Nicolas_Davout" title="Louis-Nicolas Davout">Louis-Nicolas Davout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Desaix" title="Louis Desaix">Louis Desaix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Fran%C3%A7ois_Dugommier" title="Jacques François Dugommier">Jacques François Dugommier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas-Alexandre_Dumas" title="Thomas-Alexandre Dumas">Thomas-Alexandre Dumas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fran%C3%A7ois_Dumouriez" title="Charles François Dumouriez">Charles François Dumouriez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Marie_Barth%C3%A9lemy_Ferino" title="Pierre Marie Barthélemy Ferino">Pierre Marie Barthélemy Ferino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Charles_de_Flers" title="Louis-Charles de Flers">Louis-Charles de Flers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Grenier" title="Paul Grenier">Paul Grenier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_de_Grouchy,_marquis_de_Grouchy" title="Emmanuel de Grouchy, marquis de Grouchy">Emmanuel de Grouchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Maurice_Hatry" title="Jacques Maurice Hatry">Jacques Maurice Hatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazare_Hoche" title="Lazare Hoche">Lazare Hoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Jourdan" title="Jean-Baptiste Jourdan">Jean-Baptiste Jourdan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Christophe_de_Kellermann" title="François Christophe de Kellermann">François Christophe de Kellermann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Kl%C3%A9ber" title="Jean-Baptiste Kléber">Jean-Baptiste Kléber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Choderlos_de_Laclos" title="Pierre Choderlos de Laclos">Pierre Choderlos de Laclos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Lannes" title="Jean Lannes">Jean Lannes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Leclerc_(general,_born_1772)" title="Charles Leclerc (general, born 1772)">Charles Leclerc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Lecourbe" title="Claude Lecourbe">Claude Lecourbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Joseph_Lefebvre" title="François Joseph Lefebvre">François Joseph Lefebvre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Macdonald" title="Étienne Macdonald">Étienne Macdonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Antoine_Marbot" title="Jean-Antoine Marbot">Jean-Antoine Marbot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcellin_Marbot" title="Marcellin Marbot">Marcellin Marbot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_S%C3%A9verin_Marceau" title="François Séverin Marceau">François Séverin Marceau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_de_Marmont" title="Auguste de Marmont">Auguste de Marmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Mass%C3%A9na" title="André Masséna">André Masséna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bon-Adrien_Jeannot_de_Moncey" title="Bon-Adrien Jeannot de Moncey">Bon-Adrien Jeannot de Moncey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Victor_Marie_Moreau" title="Jean Victor Marie Moreau">Jean Victor Marie Moreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Mortier,_Duke_of_Tr%C3%A9vise" class="mw-redirect" title="Édouard Mortier, Duke of Trévise">Édouard Mortier, Duke of Trévise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Murat" title="Joachim Murat">Joachim Murat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Ney" title="Michel Ney">Michel Ney</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre-Jacques_Osten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pierre-Jacques Osten (page does not exist)">Pierre-Jacques Osten</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Jacques_Osten" class="extiw" title="fr:Pierre-Jacques Osten">fr</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Oudinot" title="Nicolas Oudinot">Nicolas Oudinot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine-Dominique_de_P%C3%A9rignon" title="Catherine-Dominique de Pérignon">Catherine-Dominique de Pérignon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Charles_Pichegru" title="Jean-Charles Pichegru">Jean-Charles Pichegru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Poniatowski" title="Józef Poniatowski">Józef Poniatowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurent_de_Gouvion_Saint-Cyr" title="Laurent de Gouvion Saint-Cyr">Laurent de Gouvion Saint-Cyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barth%C3%A9lemy_Louis_Joseph_Sch%C3%A9rer" title="Barthélemy Louis Joseph Schérer">Barthélemy Louis Joseph Schérer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Mathieu-Philibert_S%C3%A9rurier" title="Jean-Mathieu-Philibert Sérurier">Jean-Mathieu-Philibert Sérurier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Souham" title="Joseph Souham">Joseph Souham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-de-Dieu_Soult" title="Jean-de-Dieu Soult">Jean-de-Dieu Soult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Gabriel_Suchet" title="Louis-Gabriel Suchet">Louis-Gabriel Suchet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude-Henri_Belgrand_de_Vaubois" title="Claude-Henri Belgrand de Vaubois">Belgrand de Vaubois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude-Victor_Perrin" title="Claude-Victor Perrin">Claude Victor-Perrin, Duc de Belluno</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/French_Navy#18th_century" title="French Navy">French Navy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Alexandre_L%C3%A9on_Durand_Linois" title="Charles-Alexandre Léon Durand Linois">Charles-Alexandre Linois</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Coalition_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Coalition Wars">Opposition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire"><img alt="Austrian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zsef_Alvinczi" title="József Alvinczi">József Alvinczi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Charles,_Duke_of_Teschen" title="Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen">Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_S%C3%A9bastien_Charles_Joseph_de_Croix,_Count_of_Clerfayt" title="François Sébastien Charles Joseph de Croix, Count of Clerfayt">Count of Clerfayt <span style="font-size:85%;">(Walloon)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Aloys_zu_F%C3%BCrstenberg" title="Karl Aloys zu Fürstenberg">Karl Aloys zu Fürstenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Freiherr_von_Hotze" title="Friedrich Freiherr von Hotze">Friedrich Freiherr von Hotze <span style="font-size:85%;">(Swiss)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Adolf,_Count_von_Kalckreuth" title="Friedrich Adolf, Count von Kalckreuth">Friedrich Adolf, Count von Kalckreuth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Kray" title="Paul Kray">Pál Kray <span style="font-size:85%;">(Hungarian)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Eugene,_Prince_of_Lambesc" title="Charles Eugene, Prince of Lambesc">Charles Eugene, Prince of Lambesc <span style="font-size:85%;">(French)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_Anton_Karl,_Count_Baillet_de_Latour" title="Maximilian Anton Karl, Count Baillet de Latour">Maximilian Baillet de Latour <span style="font-size:85%;">(Walloon)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Mack_von_Leiberich" title="Karl Mack von Leiberich">Karl Mack von Leiberich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Ritter_von_Otto" title="Rudolf Ritter von Otto">Rudolf Ritter von Otto <span style="font-size:85%;">(Saxon)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Josias_of_Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld" title="Prince Josias of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld">Prince Josias of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Vitus_von_Quosdanovich" title="Peter Vitus von Quosdanovich">Peter Vitus von Quosdanovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Heinrich_XV_of_Reuss-Plauen" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Heinrich XV of Reuss-Plauen">Prince Heinrich XV of Reuss-Plauen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_M%C3%A9sz%C3%A1ros_von_Szoboszl%C3%B3" title="Johann Mészáros von Szoboszló">Johann Mészáros von Szoboszló <span style="font-size:85%;">(Hungarian)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Philipp_Sebottendorf" title="Karl Philipp Sebottendorf">Karl Philipp Sebottendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagobert_Sigmund_von_Wurmser" title="Dagobert Sigmund von Wurmser">Dagobert von Wurmser</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain"><img alt="Kingdom of Great Britain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Britain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sir" title="Sir">Sir</a> <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Abercromby" title="Ralph Abercromby">Ralph Abercromby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Saumarez,_1st_Baron_de_Saumarez" title="James Saumarez, 1st Baron de Saumarez">James Saumarez, 1st Baron de Saumarez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Pellew,_1st_Viscount_Exmouth" title="Edward Pellew, 1st Viscount Exmouth">Edward Pellew, 1st Viscount Exmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Frederick,_Duke_of_York_and_Albany" title="Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany">Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic"><img alt="Dutch Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/23px-Statenvlag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/35px-Statenvlag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/45px-Statenvlag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Netherlands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_V,_Prince_of_Orange" title="William V, Prince of Orange">William V, Prince of Orange</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia"><img alt="Kingdom of Prussia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_William_Ferdinand,_Duke_of_Brunswick" title="Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick">Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Louis,_Prince_of_Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick Louis, Prince of Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen">Frederick Louis, Prince of Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire"><img alt="Russian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Korsakov" title="Alexander Korsakov">Alexander Korsakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Suvorov" title="Alexander Suvorov">Alexander Suvorov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Rosenberg" title="Andrei Rosenberg">Andrei Rosenberg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain_(1700%E2%80%931810)#Charles_IV,_decline_and_fall_(1788–1808)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Spain (1700–1810)">Spain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Firm%C3%ADn_de_Carvajal,_Conde_de_la_Uni%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Luis Firmín de Carvajal, Conde de la Unión">Luis Firmin de Carvajal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Ricardos" title="Antonio Ricardos">Antonio Ricardos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div id="Other_significant_figures_and_factions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other significant figures and factions</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Patriotic_Society_of_1789" title="Patriotic Society of 1789">Patriotic Society of 1789</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Sylvain_Bailly" title="Jean Sylvain Bailly">Jean Sylvain Bailly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_du_Motier,_Marquis_de_Lafayette" title="Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette">Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Alexandre_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric,_duc_de_la_Rochefoucauld-Liancourt" class="mw-redirect" title="François Alexandre Frédéric, duc de la Rochefoucauld-Liancourt">François Alexandre Frédéric, duc de la Rochefoucauld-Liancourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Ren%C3%A9_Guy_le_Chapelier" title="Isaac René Guy le Chapelier">Isaac René Guy le Chapelier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_Gabriel_Riqueti,_comte_de_Mirabeau" title="Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau">Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Joseph_Siey%C3%A8s" title="Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès">Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurice_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord" title="Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord">Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Nicolas de Condorcet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Feuillant_(political_group)" title="Feuillant (political group)">Feuillants</a><br />and <i><a href="/wiki/Club_de_Clichy" title="Club de Clichy">monarchiens</a></i></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grace_Elliott" title="Grace Elliott">Grace Elliott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnaud_II_de_La_Porte" title="Arnaud II de La Porte">Arnaud de La Porte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Sifrein_Maury" title="Jean-Sifrein Maury">Jean-Sifrein Maury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Marie,_marquis_de_Barth%C3%A9lemy" title="François-Marie, marquis de Barthélemy">François-Marie, marquis de Barthélemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume-Mathieu_Dumas" title="Guillaume-Mathieu Dumas">Guillaume-Mathieu Dumas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Barnave" title="Antoine Barnave">Antoine Barnave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_du_Motier,_Marquis_de_Lafayette" title="Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette">Lafayette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre-Th%C3%A9odore-Victor,_comte_de_Lameth" title="Alexandre-Théodore-Victor, comte de Lameth">Alexandre-Théodore-Victor, comte de Lameth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Malo_Fran%C3%A7ois_Lameth" title="Charles Malo François Lameth">Charles Malo François Lameth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Ch%C3%A9nier" title="André Chénier">André Chénier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Rewbell" title="Jean-François Rewbell">Jean-François Rewbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Jordan_(politician)" title="Camille Jordan (politician)">Camille Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">Madame de Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Antoine_de_Boissy_d%27Anglas" title="François Antoine de Boissy d'Anglas">Boissy d'Anglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Charles_Pichegru" title="Jean-Charles Pichegru">Jean-Charles Pichegru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Paul_Royer-Collard" title="Pierre Paul Royer-Collard">Pierre Paul Royer-Collard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Bar%C3%A8re" title="Bertrand Barère">Bertrand Barère de Vieuzac</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Girondins" title="Girondins">Girondins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Pierre_Brissot" title="Jacques Pierre Brissot">Jacques Pierre Brissot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Roland_de_la_Plati%C3%A8re" title="Jean-Marie Roland de la Platière">Jean-Marie Roland de la Platière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madame_Roland" title="Madame Roland">Madame Roland</a></li> <li>Father <a href="/wiki/Henri_Gr%C3%A9goire" title="Henri Grégoire">Henri Grégoire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Clavi%C3%A8re" title="Étienne Clavière">Étienne Clavière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Marquis de Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Corday" title="Charlotte Corday">Charlotte Corday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie-Jean_H%C3%A9rault_de_S%C3%A9chelles" title="Marie-Jean Hérault de Séchelles">Marie Jean Hérault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Treilhard" title="Jean Baptiste Treilhard">Jean Baptiste Treilhard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Victurnien_Vergniaud" title="Pierre Victurnien Vergniaud">Pierre Victurnien Vergniaud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_P%C3%A9tion_de_Villeneuve" title="Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve">Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Debry" title="Jean Debry">Jean Debry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympe_de_Gouges" title="Olympe de Gouges">Olympe de Gouges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Robert_Lindet" title="Jean-Baptiste Robert Lindet">Jean-Baptiste Robert Lindet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Marie_de_La_R%C3%A9velli%C3%A8re-L%C3%A9peaux" title="Louis Marie de La Révellière-Lépeaux">Louis Marie de La Révellière-Lépeaux</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/The_Plain" title="The Plain">The Plain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Joseph_Siey%C3%A8s" title="Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès">Abbé Sieyès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Jacques_R%C3%A9gis_de_Cambac%C3%A9r%C3%A8s" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Jacques Régis de Cambacérès">de Cambacérès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lebrun" title="Charles-François Lebrun">Charles-François Lebrun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Cambon" title="Pierre-Joseph Cambon">Pierre-Joseph Cambon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Bar%C3%A8re" title="Bertrand Barère">Bertrand Barère</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazare_Carnot" title="Lazare Carnot">Lazare Nicolas Marguerite Carnot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Philippe_II,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orléans">Philippe Égalité</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Philippe_I" title="Louis Philippe I">Louis Philippe I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_Gabriel_Riqueti,_comte_de_Mirabeau" title="Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau">Mirabeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Christophe_Merlin" title="Antoine Christophe Merlin">Antoine Christophe Merlin de Thionville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Joseph_Mounier" title="Jean Joseph Mounier">Jean Joseph Mounier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Samuel_du_Pont_de_Nemours" title="Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours">Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Neufch%C3%A2teau" class="mw-redirect" title="François de Neufchâteau">François de Neufchâteau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/The_Mountain" title="The Mountain">Montagnards</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maximilien_Robespierre" title="Maximilien Robespierre">Maximilien Robespierre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Danton" title="Georges Danton">Georges Danton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Marat" title="Jean-Paul Marat">Jean-Paul Marat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Desmoulins" title="Camille Desmoulins">Camille Desmoulins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Antoine_de_Saint-Just" title="Louis Antoine de Saint-Just">Louis Antoine de Saint-Just</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Barras" title="Paul Barras">Paul Barras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Philippe_I" title="Louis Philippe I">Louis Philippe I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Michel_le_Peletier,_marquis_de_Saint-Fargeau" title="Louis-Michel le Peletier, marquis de Saint-Fargeau">Louis Michel le Peletier de Saint-Fargeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-Louis_David" title="Jacques-Louis David">Jacques-Louis David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Sade" title="Marquis de Sade">Marquis de Sade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Couthon" title="Georges Couthon">Georges Couthon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Ducos" title="Roger Ducos">Roger Ducos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Collot_d%27Herbois" title="Jean-Marie Collot d'Herbois">Jean-Marie Collot d'Herbois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Henri_Voulland" title="Jean-Henri Voulland">Jean-Henri Voulland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe-Antoine_Merlin_de_Douai" title="Philippe-Antoine Merlin de Douai">Philippe-Antoine Merlin de Douai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Quentin_Fouquier-Tinville" title="Antoine Quentin Fouquier-Tinville">Antoine Quentin Fouquier-Tinville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe-Fran%C3%A7ois-Joseph_Le_Bas" title="Philippe-François-Joseph Le Bas">Philippe-François-Joseph Le Bas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc-Guillaume_Alexis_Vadier" title="Marc-Guillaume Alexis Vadier">Marc-Guillaume Alexis Vadier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre-Andr%C3%A9_Amar" title="Jean-Pierre-André Amar">Jean-Pierre-André Amar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Antoine,_comte_Prieur-Duvernois" title="Claude Antoine, comte Prieur-Duvernois">Prieur de la Côte-d'Or</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Louis_Prieur" title="Pierre Louis Prieur">Prieur de la Marne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Romme" title="Gilbert Romme">Gilbert Romme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Bon_Saint-Andr%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Bon Saint-André">Jean Bon Saint-André</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Lambert_Tallien" title="Jean-Lambert Tallien">Jean-Lambert Tallien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Louis_Prieur" title="Pierre Louis Prieur">Pierre Louis Prieur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Christophe_Saliceti" title="Antoine Christophe Saliceti">Antoine Christophe Saliceti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9bertists" title="Hébertists">Hébertists</a><br />and <i><a href="/wiki/Enrag%C3%A9s" title="Enragés">Enragés</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_H%C3%A9bert" title="Jacques Hébert">Jacques Hébert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-Nicolas_Billaud-Varenne" title="Jacques-Nicolas Billaud-Varenne">Jacques-Nicolas Billaud-Varenne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Gaspard_Chaumette" title="Pierre Gaspard Chaumette">Pierre Gaspard Chaumette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Philippe_Ronsin" title="Charles-Philippe Ronsin">Charles-Philippe Ronsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine-Fran%C3%A7ois_Momoro" title="Antoine-François Momoro">Antoine-François Momoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Nicolas_Vincent" title="François-Nicolas Vincent">François-Nicolas Vincent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Chabot" title="François Chabot">François Chabot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_No%C3%ABl_Bouchotte" title="Jean Baptiste Noël Bouchotte">Jean Baptiste Noël Bouchotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste-Joseph_Gobel" title="Jean-Baptiste-Joseph Gobel">Jean-Baptiste-Joseph Gobel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Hanriot" title="François Hanriot">François Hanriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Roux" title="Jacques Roux">Jacques Roux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanislas-Marie_Maillard" title="Stanislas-Marie Maillard">Stanislas-Marie Maillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Philippe_Ronsin" title="Charles-Philippe Ronsin">Charles-Philippe Ronsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Varlet" title="Jean-François Varlet">Jean-François Varlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Th%C3%A9ophile_Victor_Leclerc" title="Jean Théophile Victor Leclerc">Theophile Leclerc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claire_Lacombe" title="Claire Lacombe">Claire Lacombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_L%C3%A9on" title="Pauline Léon">Pauline Léon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-No%C3%ABl_Babeuf" title="François-Noël Babeuf">Gracchus Babeuf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvain_Mar%C3%A9chal" title="Sylvain Maréchal">Sylvain Maréchal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_X_of_France" title="Charles X of France">Charles X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI" title="Louis XVI">Louis XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVII" title="Louis XVII">Louis XVII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVIII" title="Louis XVIII">Louis XVIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Antoine,_Duke_of_Enghien" title="Louis Antoine, Duke of Enghien">Louis Antoine, Duke of Enghien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Henri,_Prince_of_Cond%C3%A9" title="Louis Henri, Prince of Condé">Louis Henri, Prince of Condé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Joseph,_Prince_of_Cond%C3%A9" title="Louis Joseph, Prince of Condé">Louis Joseph, Prince of Condé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Antoinette" title="Marie Antoinette">Marie Antoinette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoléon Bonaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucien_Bonaparte" title="Lucien Bonaparte">Lucien Bonaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bonaparte" title="Joseph Bonaparte">Joseph Bonaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Fesch" title="Joseph Fesch">Joseph Fesch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9phine_de_Beauharnais" title="Joséphine de Beauharnais">Joséphine de Beauharnais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Murat" title="Joachim Murat">Joachim Murat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Sylvain_Bailly" title="Jean Sylvain Bailly">Jean Sylvain Bailly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-Donatien_Le_Ray_de_Chaumont" title="Jacques-Donatien Le Ray de Chaumont">Jacques-Donatien Le Ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume-Chr%C3%A9tien_de_Lamoignon_de_Malesherbes" title="Guillaume-Chrétien de Lamoignon de Malesherbes">Guillaume-Chrétien de Malesherbes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurice_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord" title="Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord">Talleyrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9r%C3%A9sa_Tallien" title="Thérésa Tallien">Thérésa Tallien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gui-Jean-Baptiste_Target" title="Gui-Jean-Baptiste Target">Gui-Jean-Baptiste Target</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Th%C3%A9ot" title="Catherine Théot">Catherine Théot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_Louise_of_Savoy,_Princesse_de_Lamballe" title="Marie Thérèse Louise of Savoy, Princesse de Lamballe">Madame de Lamballe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madame_du_Barry" title="Madame du Barry">Madame du Barry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Auguste_Le_Tonnelier_de_Breteuil" title="Louis Auguste Le Tonnelier de Breteuil">Louis de Breteuil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">de Chateaubriand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Chouan" title="Jean Chouan">Jean Chouan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Charles_de_Lom%C3%A9nie_de_Brienne" title="Étienne Charles de Loménie de Brienne">Loménie de Brienne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Alexandre_de_Calonne" title="Charles Alexandre de Calonne">Charles Alexandre de Calonne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Necker" title="Jacques Necker">Jacques Necker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Duval_d%27Epr%C3%A9mesnil" title="Jean-Jacques Duval d'Eprémesnil">Jean-Jacques Duval d'Eprémesnil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_associated_with_the_French_Revolution" title="List of people associated with the French Revolution">List of people associated with the French Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Factions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacobins" title="Jacobins">Jacobins</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cordeliers" title="Cordeliers">Cordeliers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panth%C3%A9on_Club" title="Panthéon Club">Panthéon Club</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_Friends_of_Truth" title="Society of the Friends of Truth">Social Club</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div id="Influential_thinkers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Influential thinkers</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Les Lumières</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Beaumarchais" title="Pierre Beaumarchais">Beaumarchais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Edmund Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anacharsis_Cloots" title="Anacharsis Cloots">Anacharsis Cloots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Augustin_de_Coulomb" title="Charles-Augustin de Coulomb">Charles-Augustin de Coulomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Claude_Fran%C3%A7ois_Daunou" title="Pierre Claude François Daunou">Pierre Claude François Daunou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Diderot" title="Denis Diderot">Diderot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier">Antoine Lavoisier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Thomas Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Jean-Jacques Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Joseph_Siey%C3%A8s" title="Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès">Abbé Sieyès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Mary Wollstonecraft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div id="Cultural_impact" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Cultural impact</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/La_Marseillaise" title="La Marseillaise">La Marseillaise</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cockade_of_France" title="Cockade of France">Cockade of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_France" title="Flag of France">Flag of France</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Libert%C3%A9,_%C3%A9galit%C3%A9,_fraternit%C3%A9" title="Liberté, égalité, fraternité">Liberté, égalité, fraternité</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marianne" title="Marianne">Marianne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscadin" title="Muscadin">Muscadin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bastille_Day" title="Bastille Day">Bastille Day</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Panth%C3%A9on" title="Panthéon">Panthéon</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Republican_calendar" title="French Republican calendar">French Republican calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metric_system" title="Metric system">Metric system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen" title="Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen">Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cult_of_the_Supreme_Being" title="Cult of the Supreme Being">Cult of the Supreme Being</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cult_of_Reason" title="Cult of Reason">Cult of Reason</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Reason" title="Temple of Reason">Temple of Reason</a></li></ul></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Sans-culottes" title="Sans-culottes">Sans-culottes</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygian_cap" title="Phrygian cap">Phrygian cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_French_Revolution" title="Women in the French Revolution">Women in the French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incroyables_and_merveilleuses" title="Incroyables and merveilleuses">Incroyables and merveilleuses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolism_in_the_French_Revolution" title="Symbolism in the French Revolution">Symbolism in the French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_French_Revolution" title="Historiography of the French Revolution">Historiography of the French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influence_of_the_French_Revolution" title="Influence of the French Revolution">Influence of the French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_set_during_the_French_Revolution_and_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="List of films set during the French Revolution and French Revolutionary Wars">Films</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="French_colonial_conflicts" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:French_colonial_campaigns" title="Template:French colonial campaigns"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:French_colonial_campaigns" title="Template talk:French colonial campaigns"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:French_colonial_campaigns" title="Special:EditPage/Template:French colonial campaigns"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="French_colonial_conflicts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French colonial conflicts</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">16th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="North_America" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parris_Island,_South_Carolina" title="Parris Island, South Carolina">South Carolina (1562)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Florida" title="French Florida">Florida (1562–65)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominique_de_Gourgue" class="mw-redirect" title="Dominique de Gourgue">Florida (1568)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_possessions_and_colonies#Americas" title="List of French possessions and colonies">Brazil (1531)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France_Antarctique" title="France Antarctique">Brazil (1555–67)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_possessions_and_colonies#Americas" title="List of French possessions and colonies">Brazil (1590–04)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">17th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Africa" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_de_Razilly" title="Isaac de Razilly">Morocco (1629)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_conquest_of_Senegal" title="French conquest of Senegal">Senegal (1659–77)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djidjelli_expedition" title="Djidjelli expedition">Djidjelli (1664)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Algiers_(1682)" title="Bombardment of Algiers (1682)">Algiers (1682)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Algiers_(1683)" title="Bombardment of Algiers (1683)">Algiers (1683)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Algiers_(1688)" title="Bombardment of Algiers (1688)">Algiers (1688)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beaver_Wars" title="Beaver Wars">Beaver Wars (1609–1701)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equinoctial_France" title="Equinoctial France">Brazil (1612–15)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-French_War_(1627%E2%80%931629)" title="Anglo-French War (1627–1629)">North America (1627–29)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Spanish_War_(1635%E2%80%931659)" title="Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)">West Indies (1635–59)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carib_Expulsion" class="mw-redirect" title="Carib Expulsion">Carib Expulsion (1660)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_colonization_of_Texas" title="French colonization of Texas">Texas (1685–89)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_William%27s_War" title="King William's War">King William's War (1689–97)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sabana_Real" title="Battle of Sabana Real">Santo Domingo (1691)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siamese_revolution_of_1688" title="Siamese revolution of 1688">Siam (1687–90)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Africa" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Seven_Years%27_War:_Africa" title="Template:Campaignbox Seven Years' War: Africa">West Africa (1758–63)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larache_expedition" title="Larache expedition">Morocco (1765)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_War" title="Queen Anne's War">Queen Anne's War (1702–13)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chickasaw_Wars" title="Chickasaw Wars">Chickasaw Wars (1721–52)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dummer%27s_War" title="Dummer's War">Dummer's War (1721–25)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natchez_revolt" title="Natchez revolt">Natchez revolt (1729)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_George%27s_War" title="King George's War">King George's War (1744–48)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Father_Le_Loutre%27s_War" title="Father Le Loutre's War">Nova Scotia (1749–55)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War (1754–60)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="France in the American Revolutionary War">North America (1778–83)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-French_War_(1778%E2%80%931783)" title="Anglo-French War (1778–1783)">Caribbean (1778–83)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Revolution" title="Haitian Revolution">Haitian Revolution (1791–1804)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Era_de_Francia" title="Era de Francia">Santo Domingo (1795–1809)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Myanmar_relations" title="France–Myanmar relations">Burma–France relations (1729–56)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Carnatic_War" title="First Carnatic War">India (1746–48)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnatic_Wars#Second_Carnatic_War_(1749–1754)" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnatic Wars">India (1749–54)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Carnatic_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Carnatic War">India (1756–63)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_assistance_to_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_%C3%81nh" title="French assistance to Nguyễn Ánh">Vietnam (1777–1820)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-French_War_(1778%E2%80%931783)" title="Anglo-French War (1778–1783)">East Indies (1778–83)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Indies_theatre_of_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="East Indies theatre of the French Revolutionary Wars">East Indies (1793–1801)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_campaign_in_Egypt_and_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="French campaign in Egypt and Syria">Egypt and Syria (1798–1801)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Africa" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius_campaign_of_1809%E2%80%9311" class="mw-redirect" title="Mauritius campaign of 1809–11">Indian Ocean (1809–11)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_conquest_of_Algeria" title="French conquest of Algeria">Algeria (1830–47)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacification_of_Algeria" title="Pacification of Algeria">Algeria (1835–1903)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Moroccan_War" title="Franco-Moroccan War">Morocco (1844)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Sal%C3%A9" title="Bombardment of Salé">Salé (1851)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_conquest_of_Senegal" title="French conquest of Senegal">French conquest of Senegal (1854)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_conquest_of_Tunisia" title="French conquest of Tunisia">Tunisia (1881)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Madagascar_expedition" title="First Madagascar expedition">Madagascar (1883)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandingo_Wars" title="Mandingo Wars">Ivory Coast (1883–98)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Franco-Dahomean_War" title="First Franco-Dahomean War">First Franco-Dahomean War (1890)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Franco-Dahomean_War" title="Second Franco-Dahomean War">Second Franco-Dahomean War (1892–94)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Madagascar_expedition" title="Second Madagascar expedition">Second Madagascar expedition (1895)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menalamba_rebellion" title="Menalamba rebellion">Menalamba rebellion (1895–1903)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voulet%E2%80%93Chanoine_Mission" title="Voulet–Chanoine Mission">Voulet–Chanoine Mission (1898–1900)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Indies_Campaign_1804%E2%80%9310" class="mw-redirect" title="West Indies Campaign 1804–10">West Indies (1804–10)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_blockade_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="French blockade of the Río de la Plata">Río de la Plata (1838–40)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastry_War" title="Pastry War">Mexico (1838–39)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-French_blockade_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Anglo-French blockade of the Río de la Plata">Argentina–Uruguay (1845–50)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_French_intervention_in_Mexico" title="Second French intervention in Mexico">Intervention in Mexico (1861–67)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia & Pacific Ocean</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Spice_Islands" title="Invasion of the Spice Islands">Moluccas (1810)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Java_(1811)" title="Invasion of Java (1811)">Java (1811)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Basilan#The_French_blockade" title="History of Basilan">Philippines (1844–45)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Tourane_(1847)" title="Bombardment of Tourane (1847)">Tourane (1847)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Tahitian_War" title="Franco-Tahitian War">Franco-Tahitian War (1844–47)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Tourane_(1856)" title="Bombardment of Tourane (1856)">Tourane (1856)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_conquest_of_Vietnam" title="French conquest of Vietnam">French conquest of Vietnam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cochinchina_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Cochinchina Campaign">Cochinchina Campaign (1858–62)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garnier_Expedition" title="Garnier Expedition">North Vietnam (1873–74)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonkin_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonkin Campaign">Tonkin Campaign (1883–86)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-French_War" title="Sino-French War">Sino-French War (1884–85)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacification_of_Tonkin" title="Pacification of Tonkin">North Vietnam (1886–96)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Opium_War" title="Second Opium War">Second Opium War (1860)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shimonoseki_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Shimonoseki Campaign">Japan (1863–64)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_campaign_against_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="French campaign against Korea">Korea (1866)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_the_Leeward_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Annexation of the Leeward Islands">Leewards War (1888–97)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1893_Franco-Siamese_crisis" title="1893 Franco-Siamese crisis">Franco-Siamese crisis (1893)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Africa" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wadai_War" title="Wadai War">Wadai War (1906–11)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Casablanca_(1907)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombardment of Casablanca (1907)">Casablanca (1907)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_conquest_of_Morocco" title="French conquest of Morocco">Morocco (1911–12)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaian_War" title="Zaian War">Zaian War (1914–21)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volta-Bani_War" title="Volta-Bani War">Volta-Bani War (1915–16)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaocen_revolt" title="Kaocen revolt">Kaocen revolt (1916–17)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_War" title="Rif War">Rif War (1920–26)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kongo-Wara_rebellion" title="Kongo-Wara rebellion">Kongo-Wara rebellion (1928–31)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malagasy_Uprising" title="Malagasy Uprising">Malagasy Uprising (1947–48)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_independence" title="Tunisian independence">Tunisian independence (1952–56)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Algerian War (1954–62)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon_War" title="Cameroon War">Cameroon War (1955–64)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis (1956)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ifni_War" title="Ifni War">Ifni War (1957–58)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bizerte_crisis" title="Bizerte crisis">Bizerte crisis (1961)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion (1901)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Man%27s_Rebellion" title="Holy Man's Rebellion">Holy Man's Rebellion (1901–36)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1916_Cochinchina_uprising" title="1916 Cochinchina uprising">Vietnam (1916)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A1i_Nguy%C3%AAn_uprising" title="Thái Nguyên uprising">Vietnam (1917–18)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vue_Pa_Chay%27s_revolt" title="Vue Pa Chay's revolt">Vietnam (1918–21)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Syrian_War" title="Franco-Syrian War">Syria (1919–21)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Turkish_War" title="Franco-Turkish War">Cilicia (1920–21)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Syrian_Revolt" title="Great Syrian Revolt">Syria (1925–27)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C3%AAn_B%C3%A1i_mutiny" title="Yên Bái mutiny">Vietnam (1930)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngh%E1%BB%87-T%C4%A9nh_Soviets" title="Nghệ-Tĩnh Soviets">Vietnam (1930–31)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_Cochinchina_uprising" title="1940 Cochinchina uprising">Vietnam (1940)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Thai_War" title="Franco-Thai War">Franco-Thai War (1940–41)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_French_Indochina_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Second French Indochina Campaign">Indochina (1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Vietnam_(1945%E2%80%9346)" class="mw-redirect" title="War in Vietnam (1945–46)">South Vietnam (1945–46)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War (1946–54)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pacific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ouv%C3%A9a_cave_hostage_taking" title="Ouvéa cave hostage taking">Ouvéa cave hostage taking (1988)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Egypt_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Egypt_topics" title="Template:Egypt topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Egypt_topics" title="Template talk:Egypt topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Egypt_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Egypt topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Egypt_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Egypt" title="History of Egypt">History</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Egypt" title="List of years in Egypt">Chronology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Egypt" title="Prehistoric Egypt">Prehistoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Egypt" title="History of ancient Egypt">Ancient</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_Egypt_topics" title="Template:Ancient Egypt topics">topics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-seventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt">27th Dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty-first_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt">31st Dynasty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemaic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Actium" title="Battle of Actium">Battle of Actium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lighthouse_of_Alexandria" title="Lighthouse of Alexandria">Lighthouse of Alexandria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Egypt" title="Roman Egypt">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Egypt" title="Diocese of Egypt">Diocese of Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Alexandria" title="Library of Alexandria">Library of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Egypt#Christian_Egypt" title="Roman Egypt">Christian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Egypt" title="Sasanian Egypt">Sassanid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Egypt in the Middle Ages">Muslim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim conquest of Egypt">Rashidun Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fustat" title="Fustat">Fustat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamization_of_Egypt" title="Islamization of Egypt">Islamization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulunids" title="Tulunids">Tulunid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikhshidid_dynasty" title="Ikhshidid dynasty">Ikhshidid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid Caliphate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crusader_invasions_of_Egypt" title="Crusader invasions of Egypt">Crusader invasions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate" title="Mamluk Sultanate">Mamluk Sultanate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk" title="Mamluk">Mamluk</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Egypt" title="Ottoman Egypt">Ottoman Egypt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali%27s_seizure_of_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Ali's seizure of power">Khedivate and Kingdom of Egypt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Egypt_under_the_Muhammad_Ali_dynasty" title="History of Egypt under the Muhammad Ali dynasty">Muhammad Ali dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahda" title="Nahda">Nahda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khedivate_of_Egypt" title="Khedivate of Egypt">Khedivate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian%E2%80%93Ethiopian_War" title="Egyptian–Ethiopian War">Egyptian–Ethiopian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urabi_revolt" title="Urabi revolt">Urabi revolt</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_modern_Egypt" title="History of modern Egypt">Modern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_campaign_in_Egypt_and_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="French campaign in Egypt and Syria">French occupation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_Cairo" title="Revolt of Cairo">Revolt of Cairo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Egypt_under_the_British" title="History of Egypt under the British">British occupation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1919_Egyptian_revolution" title="1919 Egyptian revolution">1919 revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Egypt" title="Sultanate of Egypt">Sultanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt_in_World_War_II" title="Egypt in World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Kingdom of Egypt">Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">1948 Arab–Israeli War</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_republican_Egypt" title="History of republican Egypt">Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Egypt_under_Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="History of Egypt under Gamal Abdel Nasser">Nasser era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1952_Egyptian_revolution" title="1952 Egyptian revolution">1952 Egyptian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_reform_in_Egypt" title="Land reform in Egypt">Land reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Republic" title="United Arab Republic">United Arab Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Egypt_under_Anwar_Sadat" title="History of Egypt under Anwar Sadat">Sadat era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Yom Kippur War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian%E2%80%93Libyan_War" title="Egyptian–Libyan War">Egyptian–Libyan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Anwar_Sadat" title="Assassination of Anwar Sadat">Assassination of Anwar Sadat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Egypt_under_Hosni_Mubarak" title="History of Egypt under Hosni Mubarak">Mubarak era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Crisis_(2011%E2%80%932014)" title="Egyptian Crisis (2011–2014)">2010s Crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011_Egyptian_revolution" title="2011 Egyptian revolution">2011 Egyptian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_2013_Rabaa_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="August 2013 Rabaa massacre">2013 Rabaa massacre</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Egypt" title="Anarchism in Egypt">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_capitals_of_Egypt" title="List of historical capitals of Egypt">Capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_cigarette_industry" title="Egyptian cigarette industry">Cigarette industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Egyptian_Constitution" title="History of the Egyptian Constitution">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_history" title="Coptic history">Copts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Egypt" title="Genetic history of Egypt">Genetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Egypt" title="Healthcare in Egypt">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Egypt" title="History of the Jews in Egypt">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Muslim_Brotherhood_in_Egypt" title="History of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt">Muslim Brotherhood</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Muslim_Brotherhood_in_Egypt_(1928%E2%80%931938)" title="History of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt (1928–1938)">1928–1938</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Muslim_Brotherhood_in_Egypt_(1939%E2%80%931954)" title="History of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt (1939–1954)">1939–1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Muslim_Brotherhood_in_Egypt_(1954%E2%80%93present)" title="History of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt (1954–present)">1954–present</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Egyptian_parliament" title="History of the Egyptian parliament">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_history_of_Egypt" title="Population history of Egypt">Population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Egypt" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Egypt">Postal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saladin_in_Egypt" title="Saladin in Egypt">Saladin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_timekeeping_devices_in_Egypt" title="History of timekeeping devices in Egypt">Timekeeping devices</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By city</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Alexandria" title="History of Alexandria">Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Cairo" title="Timeline of Cairo">Cairo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Port_Said" title="Timeline of Port Said">Port Said</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Geography" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Egypt" title="Geography of Egypt">Geography</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lists_of_biota_of_Egypt" title="Category:Lists of biota of Egypt">Biota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Egypt" title="Template:Borders of Egypt">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Egypt" title="List of cities and towns in Egypt">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Egypt" title="Climate of Egypt">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Deserts_of_Egypt" title="Category:Deserts of Egypt">Deserts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Egypt" title="List of earthquakes in Egypt">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Egypt" title="Environmental issues in Egypt">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossils_of_Egypt" title="Fossils of Egypt">Fossils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Egypt" title="Geology of Egypt">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halfaya_Pass" title="Halfaya Pass">Halfaya Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Islands_of_Egypt" title="Category:Islands of Egypt">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Egypt" title="List of lakes of Egypt">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountains_of_Egypt" title="Category:Mountains of Egypt">Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Sinai" title="Mount Sinai">Mount Sinai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nile_Delta" title="Nile Delta">Nile Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_coast_of_Egypt" title="Northern coast of Egypt">Northern coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Oases_of_Egypt" title="Category:Oases of Egypt">Oases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qattara_Depression" title="Qattara Depression">Qattara Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Sea_Riviera" title="Red Sea Riviera">Red Sea Riviera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Egypt" title="List of rivers of Egypt">Rivers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula" title="Sinai Peninsula">Sinai Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_and_villages_in_Egypt" title="List of towns and villages in Egypt">Towns and villages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wadis_of_Egypt" title="Category:Wadis of Egypt">Wadis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Egypt" title="Wildlife of Egypt">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Politics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Egypt" title="Politics of Egypt">Politics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Egypt" title="Subdivisions of Egypt">Administrative divisions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Local_Government_in_Egypt#List_of_Governorates_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Local Government in Egypt">Governorates</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Civil_Code" title="Egyptian Civil Code">Civil Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Egypt" title="Corruption in Egypt">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Egypt" title="Conscription in Egypt">Conscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Egypt" title="Constitution of Egypt">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Egypt" title="Elections in Egypt">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Egypt" title="Foreign relations of Egypt">Foreign relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_Egypt" title="List of diplomatic missions of Egypt">Missions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_extremism_in_20th-century_Egypt" title="Islamic extremism in 20th-century Egypt">Islamic extremism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Egypt" title="Judiciary of Egypt">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_National_Police" title="Egyptian National Police">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Egypt" title="List of massacres in Egypt">Massacres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Armed_Forces" title="Egyptian Armed Forces">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Council_of_the_Armed_Forces" title="Supreme Council of the Armed Forces">Supreme Council</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_nationality_law" title="Egyptian nationality law">Nationality law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Egypt" title="Parliament of Egypt">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_passport" title="Egyptian passport">Passport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Egypt" title="List of political parties in Egypt">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Egypt" title="President of Egypt">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Egypt" title="List of presidents of Egypt">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Egypt" title="Prime Minister of Egypt">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Egypt" title="List of prime ministers of Egypt">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Administrative_Capital" title="New Administrative Capital">Proposed new capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugees_of_the_Syrian_civil_war_in_Egypt" title="Refugees of the Syrian civil war in Egypt">Refugees of the Syrian civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Egypt" title="Terrorism in Egypt">Terrorism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_and_tourism_in_Egypt" title="Terrorism and tourism in Egypt">Terrorism and tourism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Egypt" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Egypt">Twin towns and sister cities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Economy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Egypt" title="Economy of Egypt">Economy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Egypt#Land,_agriculture_and_crops" title="Economy of Egypt">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Egypt" title="List of banks in Egypt">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Egypt" title="National Bank of Egypt">National Bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Egypt" title="List of companies of Egypt">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_regions_of_Egypt" title="Economic regions of Egypt">Economic regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Exchange" title="Egyptian Exchange">Egyptian stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_pound" title="Egyptian pound">Egyptian pound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Egypt" title="Energy in Egypt">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entrepreneurship_policies_in_Egypt" title="Entrepreneurship policies in Egypt">Entrepreneurship policies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_in_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Fishing in Egypt">Fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Egypt_and_the_environment" title="Economy of Egypt and the environment">Impact on the environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lighthouses_in_Egypt" title="List of lighthouses in Egypt">Lighthouses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_industry_of_Egypt" title="Military industry of Egypt">Military industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_industry_of_Egypt" title="Mining industry of Egypt">Mining</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mines_in_Egypt" title="List of mines in Egypt">Mines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_program_of_Egypt" title="Nuclear program of Egypt">Nuclear program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_power_stations_in_Egypt" title="List of power stations in Egypt">Power stations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aswan_Dam" title="Aswan Dam">Aswan Dam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Egyptian_Armed_Forces" title="Economy of the Egyptian Armed Forces">Role of the Egyptian Armed Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_and_structures_in_Egypt" title="List of tallest buildings and structures in Egypt">Tallest buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Egypt" title="Telecommunications in Egypt">Telecommunications</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Egypt" title="Internet in Egypt">Internet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Egypt" title="Tourism in Egypt">Tourism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_tourism_in_Egypt" title="Cultural tourism in Egypt">Cultural tourism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Egypt" title="Transport in Egypt">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airlines_of_Egypt" title="List of airlines of Egypt">Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Egypt" title="List of airports in Egypt">Airports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_railway_stations_in_Egypt" title="List of railway stations in Egypt">Railway stations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Egypt" title="Water supply and sanitation in Egypt">Water supply and sanitation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Water_resources_management_in_Egypt" title="Water resources management in Egypt">Water resources management</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Society" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Egypt" title="Category:Society of Egypt">Society</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Egypt" title="Abortion in Egypt">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_welfare_in_Egypt" title="Animal welfare in Egypt">Animal welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Egyptians_by_net_worth" title="List of Egyptians by net worth">Billionaires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Egypt" title="Cannabis in Egypt">Cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Egypt" title="Capital punishment in Egypt">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Census_in_Egypt" title="Census in Egypt">Censuses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Egypt" title="Corruption in Egypt">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Egypt" title="Crime in Egypt">Crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Egypt" title="Human trafficking in Egypt">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_sexual_assault_in_Egypt" title="Mass sexual assault in Egypt">Mass sexual assault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_in_Egypt" title="Rape in Egypt">Rape</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Egypt" title="Demographics of Egypt">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_diaspora" title="Egyptian diaspora">Diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Egypt" title="Education in Egypt">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_grading_in_Egypt" title="Academic grading in Egypt">Academic grading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_law_schools_in_Egypt" title="List of law schools in Egypt">Law schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medical_schools_in_Egypt" title="List of medical schools in Egypt">Medical schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_in_Egypt" title="List of schools in Egypt">Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Egypt" title="List of universities in Egypt">Universities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Egyptian_families" title="Category:Egyptian families">Families</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abaza_family" title="Abaza family">Abaza family</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Egypt" title="Feminism in Egypt">Feminism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_inequality_in_Egypt" title="Gender inequality in Egypt">Gender inequality</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Egypt" title="Health in Egypt">Health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Egypt" title="Healthcare in Egypt">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hospitals_in_Egypt" title="List of hospitals in Egypt">Hospitals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_in_Egypt" title="Housing in Egypt">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Egypt" title="Human rights in Egypt">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Egypt#Freedom_of_religion_and_human_rights" title="Religion in Egypt">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Egypt">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_Egypt" title="International rankings of Egypt">International rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Egypt" title="Languages of Egypt">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Arabic" title="Egyptian Arabic">Egyptian Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%CA%BDidi_Arabic" title="Saʽidi Arabic">Saʽidi Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Sign_Language" title="Egyptian Sign Language">Sign Language</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Egypt" title="Liberalism in Egypt">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_literature" title="Egyptian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Egypt" title="Prostitution in Egypt">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Egypt" title="Religion in Egypt">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_in_Egypt" title="Baháʼí Faith in Egypt">Baháʼí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blasphemy_law_in_Egypt" title="Blasphemy law in Egypt">Blasphemy law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Egypt" title="Christianity in Egypt">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_dioceses_in_Egypt" title="List of Catholic dioceses in Egypt">Catholic dioceses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Coptic_Orthodox_churches_in_Egypt" title="List of Coptic Orthodox churches in Egypt">Coptic Churches</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Arab_states#Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Hinduism in Arab states">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_identification_card_controversy" title="Egyptian identification card controversy">Identification card controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Egypt" title="Irreligion in Egypt">Irreligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Egypt" title="Islam in Egypt">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya_in_Egypt" title="Ahmadiyya in Egypt">Ahmadiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mosques_in_Egypt" title="List of mosques in Egypt">Mosques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niq%C4%81b_in_Egypt" title="Niqāb in Egypt">Niqāb</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Egypt" title="History of the Jews in Egypt">Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_synagogues_in_Egypt" title="List of synagogues in Egypt">Synagogues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology_in_Egypt" title="Scientology in Egypt">Scientology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Egypt" title="Smoking in Egypt">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_units_of_measurement" title="Egyptian units of measurement">Units of measurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_registration_plates_of_Egypt" title="Vehicle registration plates of Egypt">Vehicle registration plates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Egypt" title="Waste management in Egypt">Waste management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Egypt" title="Women in Egypt">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Egypt" title="Culture of Egypt">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Egypt" title="Architecture of Egypt">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Art of ancient Egypt">Art (ancient)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_art_in_Egypt" title="Contemporary art in Egypt">Art (contemporary)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_botanical_gardens_in_Egypt" title="List of botanical gardens in Egypt">Botanical gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Egyptian_castles,_forts,_fortifications_and_city_walls" title="List of Egyptian castles, forts, fortifications and city walls">Castles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Egypt" title="Cinema of Egypt">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Egypt" title="Coat of arms of Egypt">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_cuisine" title="Egyptian cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beer_in_Egypt" title="Beer in Egypt">Beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_wine" title="Egyptian wine">Wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Egyptian_films" title="Lists of Egyptian films">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Egypt" title="Flag of Egypt">Flag</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Egyptian_flags" title="List of Egyptian flags">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_regions_of_Egypt" title="Flags of regions of Egypt">regions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_Egypt" title="Football in Egypt">Football</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_football_clubs_in_Egypt" title="List of football clubs in Egypt">Football clubs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_football_stadiums_in_Egypt" title="List of football stadiums in Egypt">Football stadiums</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptians" title="Egyptians">Egyptians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Egypt" title="Mass media in Egypt">Mass media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_magazines_in_Egypt" title="List of magazines in Egypt">Magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Egypt" title="List of newspapers in Egypt">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Egypt" title="List of radio stations in Egypt">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Egypt" title="Television in Egypt">TV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Egypt" title="List of museums in Egypt">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Egypt" title="Music of Egypt">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilady,_Bilady,_Bilady" title="Bilady, Bilady, Bilady">National anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt_at_the_Olympics" title="Egypt at the Olympics">Olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Egypt" title="Public holidays in Egypt">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Egypt" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Egypt">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" 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