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class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_af.wikipedia.org&uselang=af" class=""><span>Skenkings</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:SkepRekening&returnto=Letterkunde&returntoquery=section%3D14%26veaction%3Dedit%26redirect%3Dno" title="U word aangemoedig om 'n gebruiker te skep en aan te meld, hoewel dit nie verpligtend is nie." class=""><span>Skep gebruiker</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" 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Dit is egter nie verpligtend nie. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Meld aan</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Meer opsies" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Persoonlike gereedskap" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Persoonlike gereedskap</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_af.wikipedia.org&uselang=af"><span>Skenkings</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:SkepRekening&returnto=Letterkunde&returntoquery=section%3D14%26veaction%3Dedit%26redirect%3Dno" title="U word aangemoedig om 'n gebruiker te skep en aan te meld, hoewel dit nie verpligtend is nie."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Skep gebruiker</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:Teken_in&returnto=Letterkunde&returntoquery=section%3D14%26veaction%3Dedit%26redirect%3Dno" title="U word aangemoedig om aan te meld. Dit is egter nie verpligtend nie. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Meld aan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Bladsye vir uitgemelde redakteurs <a href="/wiki/Hulp:Inleiding" aria-label="Leer meer oor redigering"><span>leer meer</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Mybydrae" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Bydraes</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Mybespreking" title="Bespreking oor bydraes van hierdie IP-adres [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Bespreking</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Werf"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Inhoud" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Inhoud</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">skuif na kantbalk</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">versteek</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inleiding</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Geskiedenis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geskiedenis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Geskiedenis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geskiedenis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poësie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poësie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Poësie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poësie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Essays" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Essays"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Essays</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Essays-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ander_prosa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ander_prosa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Ander prosa</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ander_prosa-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Wissel Ander prosa subafdeling</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ander_prosa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Natuurwetenskappe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Natuurwetenskappe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Natuurwetenskappe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Natuurwetenskappe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Filosofie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Filosofie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Filosofie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Filosofie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geskiedenis_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geskiedenis_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Geskiedenis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geskiedenis_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Die_reg" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Die_reg"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Die reg</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Die_reg-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Drama" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drama"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Drama</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Drama-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mondelinge_letterkunde" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mondelinge_letterkunde"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Mondelinge letterkunde</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mondelinge_letterkunde-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ander_narratiewe_vorme" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ander_narratiewe_vorme"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Ander narratiewe vorme</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ander_narratiewe_vorme-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literêre_genres" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literêre_genres"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Literêre genres</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literêre_genres-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literêre_tegnieke" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literêre_tegnieke"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Literêre tegnieke</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literêre_tegnieke-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sien_ook" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sien_ook"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Sien ook</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sien_ook-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verwysings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verwysings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Verwysings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verwysings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bronnelys" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bronnelys"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Bronnelys</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bronnelys-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eksterne_skakels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eksterne_skakels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Eksterne skakels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eksterne_skakels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Inhoud" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Wissel die inhoudsopgawe" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Wissel die inhoudsopgawe</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Letterkunde</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gaan na 'n artikel in 'n ander taal. Beskikbaar in 209 tale" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-209" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">209 tale</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatur" title="Literatur – Switserse Duits" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Literatur" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Switserse Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%A5%E1%8A%90_%E1%8C%BD%E1%88%91%E1%8D%8D" title="ሥነ ጽሑፍ – Amharies" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሥነ ጽሑፍ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura" title="Literatura – Aragonees" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Literatura" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="साहित्य – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="साहित्य" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%AF%D8%A8" title="أدب – Arabies" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أدب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF" title="সাহিত্য – Assamees" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="সাহিত্য" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lliteratura" title="Lliteratura – Asturies" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Lliteratura" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%82" title="Адабият – Avaries" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Адабият" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaries" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suteroteem" title="Suteroteem – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Suteroteem" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="साहित्य – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="साहित्य" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qullas%C3%AFwi" title="Qullasïwi – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Qullasïwi" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%8Fd%C9%99biyyat" title="Ədəbiyyat – Azerbeidjans" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ədəbiyyat" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbeidjans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="ادبیات – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ادبیات" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%98%D2%99%D3%99%D0%B1%D0%B8%D3%99%D1%82" title="Әҙәбиәт – Baskir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Әҙәбиәт" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Baskir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatua" title="Literatua – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Literatua" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literat%C5%ABra" title="Literatūra – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Literatūra" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura" title="Literatura – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Literatura" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Літаратура – Belarussies" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Літаратура" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarussies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Літаратура – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Літаратура" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Литература – Bulgaars" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Литература" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="साहित्य – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="साहित्य" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sastra" title="Sastra – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Sastra" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF" title="সাহিত্য – Bengaals" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সাহিত্য" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengaals" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%A9%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A1%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BC%8D" title="རྩོམ་རིག་ཡི་གེའི་རིག་པ། – Tibettaans" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="རྩོམ་རིག་ཡི་གེའི་རིག་པ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibettaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lennegezh" title="Lennegezh – Bretons" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Lennegezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Bretons" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knji%C5%BEevnost" title="Književnost – Bosnies" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Književnost" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sastra" title="Sastra – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Sastra" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B4%D1%85%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%85%D1%91%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Удха зохёол – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Удха зохёол" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura" title="Literatura – Katalaans" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Literatura" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%99ng-h%C5%8Fk" title="Ùng-hŏk – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Ùng-hŏk" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Литература – Tsjetsjeens" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Литература" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Tsjetsjeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katitikan" title="Katitikan – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Katitikan" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8E%DA%98%DB%95" title="وێژە – Sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="وێژە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Littiratura" title="Littiratura – Korsikaans" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Littiratura" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Korsikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edebiyat" title="Edebiyat – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Edebiyat" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura" title="Literatura – Tsjeggies" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Literatura" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tsjeggies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ABteratura" title="Lëteratura – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Lëteratura" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Литература – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Литература" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llenyddiaeth" title="Llenyddiaeth – Wallies" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Llenyddiaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Wallies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litteratur" title="Litteratur – Deens" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Litteratur" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Deens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litiricha" title="Litiricha – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Litiricha" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatur" title="Literatur – Duits" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Literatur" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edebiyat" title="Edebiyat – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Edebiyat" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%87%DE%A6%DE%8B%DE%A6%DE%84%DE%A8%DE%87%DE%B0%DE%94%DE%A7%DE%8C%DE%AA" title="އަދަބިއްޔާތު – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="އަދަބިއްޔާތު" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%BF%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%87%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Λογοτεχνία – Grieks" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λογοτεχνία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Grieks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literature" title="Literature – Engels" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Literature" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literaturo" title="Literaturo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Literaturo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura" title="Literatura – Spaans" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Literatura" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirjandus" title="Kirjandus – Estnies" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kirjandus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estnies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura" title="Literatura – Baskies" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Literatura" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura" title="Literatura – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Literatura" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="ادبیات – Persies" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ادبیات" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirjallisuus" title="Kirjallisuus – Fins" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kirjallisuus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Fins" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kir%C3%A4nd%C3%BCs" title="Kirändüs – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Kirändüs" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B3kmentir" title="Bókmentir – Faroëes" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Bókmentir" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroëes" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litt%C3%A9rature" title="Littérature – Frans" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Littérature" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Frans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lit%C3%A8ratura" title="Litèratura – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Litèratura" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatuur" title="Literatuur – Noord-Fries" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Literatuur" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Noord-Fries" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leterature" title="Leterature – Friuliaans" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Leterature" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friuliaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatuer" title="Literatuer – Fries" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Literatuer" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Fries" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litr%C3%ADocht" title="Litríocht – Iers" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Litríocht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Iers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8" title="文學 – Gan-Sjinees" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="文學" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan-Sjinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lit%C3%A9ratir" title="Litératir – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Litératir" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litreachas" title="Litreachas – Skotse Gallies" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Litreachas" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Skotse Gallies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura" title="Literatura – Galisies" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Literatura" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galisies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%91e%27%E1%BA%BDpor%C3%A3haipyre" title="Ñe'ẽporãhaipyre – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Ñe'ẽporãhaipyre" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lettyraght" title="Lettyraght – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Lettyraght" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adabi" title="Adabi – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Adabi" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B9n-ho%CC%8Dk" title="Vùn-ho̍k – Hakka-Sjinees" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Vùn-ho̍k" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka-Sjinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo%CA%BBokalaleo" title="Moʻokalaleo – Hawais" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Moʻokalaleo" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA" title="ספרות – Hebreeus" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ספרות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebreeus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="साहित्य – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="साहित्य" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literature" title="Literature – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Literature" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knji%C5%BEevnost" title="Književnost – Kroaties" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Književnost" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroaties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literati" title="Literati – Haïtiaans" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Literati" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haïtiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irodalom" title="Irodalom – Hongaars" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Irodalom" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hongaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Գրականություն – Armeens" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գրականություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Գրականութիւն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Գրականութիւն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litteratura" title="Litteratura – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Litteratura" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sastra" title="Sastra – Indonesies" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sastra" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura" title="Literatura – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Literatura" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura" title="Literatura – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Literatura" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literaturo" title="Literaturo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Literaturo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B3kmenntir" title="Bókmenntir – Yslands" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Bókmenntir" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Yslands" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letteratura" title="Letteratura – Italiaans" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Letteratura" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6" title="文学 – Japannees" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="文学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japannees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lichicha" title="Lichicha – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Lichicha" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sastra" title="Sastra – Javaans" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Sastra" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90" title="ლიტერატურა – Georgies" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ლიტერატურა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81debiyat" title="Ádebiyat – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Ádebiyat" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasekla" title="Tasekla – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tasekla" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%98%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Әдебиет – Kazaks" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Әдебиет" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF" title="ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AC%B8%ED%95%99" title="문학 – Koreaans" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="문학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Koreaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8B%D0%B4%D0%B4%D1%8C%D3%A7%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Лыддьӧтан – Komi-Permyaks" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Лыддьӧтан" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Перем коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%82" title="Адабият – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Адабият" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8E%D8%AF%D9%8E%D8%A8" title="اَدَب – Kasjmirs" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="اَدَب" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kasjmirs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%AAje" title="Wêje – Koerdies" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Wêje" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Koerdies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%B6%D3%A7%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80" title="Гижӧмбур – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Гижӧмбур" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lien" title="Lien – Kornies" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Lien" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Kornies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%82" title="Адабият – Kirgisies" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Адабият" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgisies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litterae" title="Litterae – Latyn" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Litterae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura" title="Literatura – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Literatura" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatur" title="Literatur – Luxemburgs" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Literatur" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxemburgs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%82" title="Адабият – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Адабият" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Литература – Lezghies" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Литература" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leteratur" title="Leteratur – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Leteratur" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatuur" title="Literatuur – Limburgs" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Literatuur" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leterat%C3%B6ra" title="Leteratöra – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Leteratöra" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literadura" title="Literadura – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Literadura" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%84%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%B5" title="ວັນນະຄະດີ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ວັນນະຄະດີ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literat%C5%ABra" title="Literatūra – Litaus" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Literatūra" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Litaus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literat%C5%ABra" title="Literatūra – Letties" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Literatūra" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Letties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sastra" title="Sastra – Madurees" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Sastra" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="साहित्य – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="साहित्य" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sastra" title="Sastra – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Sastra" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haisoratra" title="Haisoratra – Malgassies" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Haisoratra" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malgassies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sastra" title="Sastra – Minangkabaus" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Sastra" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabaus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Книжевност – Masedonies" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Книжевност" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Masedonies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="സാഹിത്യം – Malabaars" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സാഹിത്യം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malabaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Уран зохиол – Mongools" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Уран зохиол" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mnw mw-list-item"><a href="https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AD%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA" title="လိက်ပတ် – Mon" lang="mnw" hreflang="mnw" data-title="လိက်ပတ်" data-language-autonym="ဘာသာမန်" data-language-local-name="Mon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ဘာသာမန်</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="साहित्य – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="साहित्य" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kesusasteraan" title="Kesusasteraan – Maleis" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kesusasteraan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Maleis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura" title="Literatura – Mirandees" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Literatura" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%85%E1%80%AC%E1%80%95%E1%80%B1" title="စာပေ – Birmaans" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="စာပေ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Birmaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amoxtlahcuiloliztli" title="Amoxtlahcuiloliztli – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Amoxtlahcuiloliztli" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letteratura" title="Letteratura – Neapolitaans" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Letteratura" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatur" title="Literatur – Nederduits" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Literatur" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Nederduits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatuur" title="Literatuur – Nedersaksies" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Literatuur" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Nedersaksies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="साहित्य – Nepalees" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="साहित्य" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepalees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="साहित्य – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="साहित्य" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatuur" title="Literatuur – Nederlands" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Literatuur" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Nederlands" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litteratur" title="Litteratur – Nuwe Noors" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Litteratur" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nuwe Noors" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litteratur" title="Litteratur – Boeknoors" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Litteratur" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Boeknoors" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literature" title="Literature – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Literature" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%A1%DF%9F%DF%8B%DF%9E%DF%8E%DF%A6%DF%8A" title="ߡߟߋߞߎߦߊ – N’Ko" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߡߟߋߞߎߦߊ" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="N’Ko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ߒߞߏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litt%C3%A9thatuthe" title="Littéthatuthe – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Littéthatuthe" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura" title="Literatura – Oksitaans" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Literatura" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Oksitaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirjalli%C5%BEus" title="Kirjalližus – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Kirjalližus" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Og-barruu" title="Og-barruu – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Og-barruu" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%C3%A6" title="Литературæ – Osseties" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Литературæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Osseties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A4" title="ਸਾਹਿਤ – Pandjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸਾਹਿਤ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Pandjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literat%C3%BAra" title="Literatúra – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Literatúra" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura" title="Literatura – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Literatura" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lit%C3%A9rature" title="Litérature – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Litérature" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litritchar" title="Litritchar – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Litritchar" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura" title="Literatura – Pools" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Literatura" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura" title="Literatura – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Literatura" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A8" title="ادب – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ادب" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A8%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%87%D9%86%D9%87" title="ادبپوهنه – Pasjtoe" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ادبپوهنه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pasjtoe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura" title="Literatura – Portugees" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Literatura" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simi_kapchiy" title="Simi kapchiy – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Simi kapchiy" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatura" title="Literatura – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Literatura" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Romani čhib</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatur%C4%83" title="Literatură – Roemeens" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Literatură" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Roemeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatur%C3%A2" title="Literaturâ – Aromanies" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Literaturâ" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Литература – Russies" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Литература" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Література – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Література" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubuvanganzo" title="Ubuvanganzo – Rwandees" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Ubuvanganzo" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Rwandees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B6%E1%B1%A6%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%AB" title="ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ – Santalies" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱥᱟᱶᱦᱮᱫ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santalies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Littiratura" title="Littiratura – Sisiliaans" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Littiratura" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sisiliaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeteratur" title="Leeteratur – Skots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Leeteratur" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Skots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A8" title="ادب – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ادب" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knji%C5%BEevnost" title="Književnost – Serwo-Kroaties" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Književnost" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serwo-Kroaties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taskla" title="Taskla – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Taskla" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%BA" title="සාහිත්‍යය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="සාහිත්‍යය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literature" title="Literature – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Literature" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literat%C3%BAra" title="Literatúra – Slowaaks" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Literatúra" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slowaaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A8" title="ادب – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="ادب" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knji%C5%BEevnost" title="Književnost – Sloweens" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Književnost" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloweens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uvaranomwe" title="Uvaranomwe – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Uvaranomwe" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suugaan" title="Suugaan – Somalies" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Suugaan" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somalies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let%C3%ABrsia" title="Letërsia – Albanees" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Letërsia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%9A%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Књижевност – Serwies" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Књижевност" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serwies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flugge_Literatuur" title="Flugge Literatuur – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Flugge Literatuur" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sastra" title="Sastra – Sundanees" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Sastra" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litteratur" title="Litteratur – Sweeds" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Litteratur" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Sweeds" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasihi" title="Fasihi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Fasihi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="இலக்கியம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இலக்கியம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82" title="సాహిత్యం – Teloegoe" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="సాహిత్యం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Teloegoe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%91%D1%82" title="Адабиёт – Tadjiks" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Адабиёт" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tadjiks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1" title="วรรณกรรม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วรรณกรรม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edebi%C3%BDat" title="Edebiýat – Turkmeens" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Edebiýat" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panitikan" title="Panitikan – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Panitikan" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%8Fd%C9%99bijot" title="Ədəbijot – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Ədəbijot" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edebiyat" title="Edebiyat – Turks" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Edebiyat" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vutsari" title="Vutsari – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Vutsari" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%98%D0%B4%D3%99%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%82" title="Әдәбият – Tataars" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Әдәбият" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tataars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D8%AF%DB%95%D8%A8%D9%89%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="ئەدەبىيات – Uighur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئەدەبىيات" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uighur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Література – Oekraïens" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Література" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Oekraïens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A8" title="ادب – Oerdoe" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ادب" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Oerdoe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adabiyot" title="Adabiyot – Oezbeeks" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Adabiyot" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Oezbeeks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81etaradura" title="Łetaradura – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Łetaradura" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatur" title="Literatur – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Literatur" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%83n_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Văn học – Viëtnamees" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Văn học" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Viëtnamees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literat" title="Literat – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Literat" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bel%C3%A8s-letes" title="Belès-letes – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Belès-letes" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panuratan" title="Panuratan – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Panuratan" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nj%C3%A0ngat" title="Njàngat – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Njàngat" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8" title="文學 – Wu-Sjinees" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="文學" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu-Sjinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90" title="ლიტერატურა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ლიტერატურა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8" title="ליטעראטור – Jiddisj" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ליטעראטור" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Jiddisj" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADt%C3%ADr%C3%A9%E1%B9%A3%E1%BB%8D%CC%80" title="Lítíréṣọ̀ – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Lítíréṣọ̀" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vwnzyoz" title="Vwnzyoz – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Vwnzyoz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literatuur" title="Literatuur – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Literatuur" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8" title="文學 – Chinees" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="文學" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8" title="文學 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="文學" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BBn-ha%CC%8Dk" title="Bûn-ha̍k – Min Nan-Sjinees" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Bûn-ha̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Min Nan-Sjinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8" title="文學 – Kantonees" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="文學" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kantonees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q8242#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Wysig skakels tussen tale" class="wbc-editpage">Wysig skakels</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Naamruimtes"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Letterkunde" title="Bekyk die inhoudbladsy [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Bladsy</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bespreking:Letterkunde" rel="discussion" title="Bespreking oor die inhoudbladsy [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Bespreking</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Verander taalvariant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Afrikaans</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Weergawes"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Letterkunde"><span>Lees</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Letterkunde&veaction=edit" title="Redigeer hierdie bladsy [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Wysig</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Letterkunde&action=edit" title="Wysig die bladsy se bonkode [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Wysig bron</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Letterkunde&action=history" title="Ouer weergawes van hierdie bladsy [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Wys geskiedenis</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Gereedskap" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Gereedskap</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Gereedskap</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">skuif na kantbalk</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">versteek</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Letterkunde"><span>Lees</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Letterkunde&veaction=edit" title="Redigeer hierdie bladsy [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Wysig</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Letterkunde&action=edit" title="Wysig die bladsy se bonkode [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Wysig bron</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Letterkunde&action=history"><span>Wys geskiedenis</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Algemeen </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Skakels_hierheen/Letterkunde" title="'n Lys bladsye wat hierheen skakel [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Skakels hierheen</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:OnlangseVeranderingsMetSkakels/Letterkunde" rel="nofollow" title="Onlangse wysigings aan bladsye wat vanaf hierdie bladsy geskakel is [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Verwante veranderings</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Spesiale_bladsye" title="'n Lys van al die spesiale bladsye [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Spesiale bladsye</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Letterkunde&oldid=2707625" title="'n Permanente skakel na hierdie weergawe van die bladsy"><span>Permanente skakel</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Letterkunde&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Bladinligting</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:CiteThisPage&page=Letterkunde&id=2707625&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Inligting oor hoe u hierdie bladsy kan verwys"><span>Haal dié blad aan</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Faf.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DLetterkunde%26section%3D14%26veaction%3Dedit"><span>Kry verkorte URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Faf.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DLetterkunde%26section%3D14%26veaction%3Dedit"><span>Laai QR-kode af</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Druk/uitvoer </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:Boek&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Letterkunde"><span>Skep boek</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:DownloadAsPdf&page=Letterkunde&action=show-download-screen"><span>Laai af as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Letterkunde&printable=yes" title="Drukbare weergawe van hierdie bladsy [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Drukbare weergawe</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Ander projekte </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Literature" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q8242" title="Skakel na gekonnekteerde databank item [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata-item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Voorkoms"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Voorkoms</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">skuif na kantbalk</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">versteek</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">in Wikipedia, die vrye ensiklopedie</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="af" dir="ltr"><table class="vertical-navbox nowraplinks" cellspacing="5" style="float: right; clear: right; color: black; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid #aaa; width: 22em; margin: 0 0 1.0em 1.0em; padding: 0.2em; border-spacing: 0.4em 0; text-align: center; line-height: 1.4em; font-size: 88%; width:auto;" cellpadding="0"><tbody><tr> <th class="navbox-title" style="padding: 0.2em 0.4em 0.2em; font-size: 145%; line-height: 1.15em; font-weight: bold; font-size:200%;font-weight:normal;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Letterkunde</a></th> </tr><tr> <td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="padding-top: 0.2em; font-weight: bold;">Vernaamste vorms</td> </tr><tr> <td style="padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding:0.2em 0 0.7em;"> <p><a href="/wiki/Roman" title="Roman">Roman</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Po%C3%ABsie" title="Poësie">Gedig</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Drama" title="Drama">Drama</a> </p> <a href="/wiki/Kortverhaal" title="Kortverhaal">Kortverhaal</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Novelle" title="Novelle">Novelle</a></td> </tr><tr> <td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="padding-top: 0.2em; font-weight: bold;"><a href="/wiki/Genre" title="Genre">Genres</a></td> </tr><tr> <td style="padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding:0.2em 0 0.7em;"> <p><a href="/wiki/Drama" title="Drama">Drama</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Epiek" title="Epiek">Epiek</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Hygliteratuur" title="Hygliteratuur">Hygliteratuur</a> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Komedie" title="Komedie">Komedie</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Liriek" title="Liriek">Liriek</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Mito-po%C3%ABsis" title="Mito-poësis">Mito-poësis</a> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Nonsens-literatuur" title="Nonsens-literatuur">Nonsens</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Ridderroman" title="Ridderroman">Ridderroman</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Satire" title="Satire">Satire</a> </p> <a href="/wiki/Tragedie" title="Tragedie">Tragedie</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Tragikomedie" title="Tragikomedie">Tragikomedie</a></td> </tr><tr> <td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="padding-top: 0.2em; font-weight: bold;">Media</td> </tr><tr> <td style="padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding:0.2em 0 0.7em;"> <p><a href="/wiki/Opvoering" title="Opvoering">Opvoering</a> (<a href="/wiki/Toneelstuk" title="Toneelstuk">toneelstuk</a>) </p> <a href="/wiki/Boek" title="Boek">Boek</a></td> </tr><tr> <td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="padding-top: 0.2em; font-weight: bold;">Tegnieke</td> </tr><tr> <td style="padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding:0.2em 0 0.7em;"> <a href="/wiki/Prosa" title="Prosa">Prosa</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Po%C3%ABsie" title="Poësie">Poësie</a></td> </tr><tr> <td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="padding-top: 0.2em; font-weight: bold;">Geskiedenis en Lyste</td> </tr><tr> <td style="padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding:0.2em 0 0.7em;"> <p><a href="/wiki/Hooftrekke_van_letterkunde" title="Hooftrekke van letterkunde">Hooftrekke van letterkunde</a> </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Woordelys_van_liter%C3%AAre_terme&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Woordelys van literêre terme (bladsy bestaan nie)">Woordelys van terme</a> </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literatuurgeskiedenis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literatuurgeskiedenis (bladsy bestaan nie)">Geskiedenis</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Moderne_literatuurgeskiedenis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moderne literatuurgeskiedenis (bladsy bestaan nie)">hedendaags</a>) </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lys_van_boeke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lys van boeke (bladsy bestaan nie)">Boeke</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Lys_van_outeurs" title="Lys van outeurs">Skrywers</a> </p> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lys_van_liter%C3%AAre_toekennings&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lys van literêre toekennings (bladsy bestaan nie)">Letterkunde</a> / <a href="/wiki/Lys_van_po%C3%ABsie_toekennings" title="Lys van poësie toekennings">Poësie toekennings</a></td> </tr><tr> <td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="padding-top: 0.2em; font-weight: bold;">Bespreking</td> </tr><tr> <td style="padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding:0.2em 0 0.7em;"> <p><a href="/wiki/Literatuurkritiek" title="Literatuurkritiek">Kritiek</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Algemene_Literatuurwetenskap" class="mw-redirect" title="Algemene Literatuurwetenskap">Teorie</a> </p> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Literatuursosiologie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literatuursosiologie (bladsy bestaan nie)">Sosiologie</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Liter%C3%AAre_tydskrif&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literêre tydskrif (bladsy bestaan nie)">Tydskrifte</a></td> </tr><tr> <td style="text-align: right;"><div class="noprint plainlinks navbar" style="background:none; padding:0; font-weight:normal;; font-size:xx-small;"><a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Letterkunde" title="Sjabloon:Letterkunde"><span title="Sien hierdie sjabloon" style="">s</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sjabloonbespreking:Letterkunde&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sjabloonbespreking:Letterkunde (bladsy bestaan nie)"><span title="Bespreek hierdie sjabloon" style="">b</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a class="external text" href="https://af.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sjabloon:Letterkunde&action=edit"><span title="Wysig hierdie sjabloon" style=";">w</span></a></div></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Merton_College_library_hall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Merton_College_library_hall.jpg/300px-Merton_College_library_hall.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Merton_College_library_hall.jpg/450px-Merton_College_library_hall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Merton_College_library_hall.jpg/600px-Merton_College_library_hall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="1948" /></a><figcaption>Merton-kollege se biblioteek.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Letterkunde</b> of <b>literatuur</b> (Latyn "<i>Litterae</i>" mv. van "<i>letter</i>") is <a href="/wiki/Skryfkuns" title="Skryfkuns">geskrewe</a> taalkunswerke wat op grond van gemeenskaplike <a href="/wiki/Taal" title="Taal">taal</a> of verwantskap, <a href="/wiki/Kultuur" title="Kultuur">kultuur</a>, periode, styl, lewensbeskouing of ander faktore met mekaar saamhang. Die <a href="/wiki/Estetika" title="Estetika">estetiese</a> waarde van letterkunde lê in die skoonheid van taalgebruik en/of die gevoel wat dit by die leser aanwakker.<sup id="cite_ref-HAT_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HAT-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WAT_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WAT-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Literatuur word onderskei van lektuur of leesstof, wat alle geskrewe werk insluit, deur die estetiese universele waarde wat dit besit. </p><p>'n <b>Letterkundige</b> bestudeer tekste wat tot die literatuur gereken word, dus die fenomeen van literatuur in die breë sin. Iemand wat as letterkundige werksaam is, word ook 'n literator genoem, wat ook breedweg die betekenis kan dra van iemand wat homself algeheel aan die lettere wy. Ook kan 'n toegewyde <a href="/wiki/Skrywer" title="Skrywer">skrywer</a>, dus nie 'n ondersoeker nie maar 'n beoefenaar van die letterkunde, bekend staan as 'n letterkundige of literator.<sup id="cite_ref-Lexicon1998_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lexicon1998-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Literatuur kan algemeen opgedeel word in twee tegnieke, <a href="/wiki/Prosa" title="Prosa">prosa</a> en <a href="/wiki/Po%C3%ABsie" title="Poësie">poësie</a> en twee vorme, <a href="/wiki/Fiksie" title="Fiksie">fiksie</a> en nie-fiksie. Nie-fiksie as kategorie sluit onder andere <a href="/wiki/Polemiek" title="Polemiek">polemiese</a> werke, biografieë en nadenkende essays in terwyl verbeeldingswerke tekste insluit soos fiksie, <a href="/wiki/Drama" title="Drama">drama</a> of poësie). Literatuur in poësie benadruk die estetiese en ritmiese kwaliteite van <a href="/wiki/Taal" title="Taal">taal</a> – soos klank, simboliek, en metrum – om betekenisse op te roep addisioneel tot, of in stede van die oorspronklike betekenis, terwyl literatuur in prosa-formaat gewone <a href="/wiki/Grammatika" title="Grammatika">grammatikale</a> strukture en die natuurlike vloei van spraak gebruik. Letterkunde kan ook geklassifiseer word volgens historiese tydperke, <a href="/wiki/Genre" title="Genre">genres</a> en politieke invloede. Terwyl die konsep van genre oor die eeue heen verbreed het, bestaan 'n genre oor die algemeen uit kunswerke wat binne 'n spesifieke sentrale tema val; voorbeelde van genre sluit onder meer die <a href="/wiki/Ridderroman" title="Ridderroman">ridderroman</a>, raaiselroman, <a href="/wiki/Misdaadfiksie" class="mw-redirect" title="Misdaadfiksie">misdaadfiksie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fantasie" title="Fantasie">fantasie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hygliteratuur" title="Hygliteratuur">hygliteratuur</a> en avontuurroman in. </p><p>Vername historiese tydperkte in die <a href="/wiki/Nederlandse_letterkunde" title="Nederlandse letterkunde">Nederlandse letterkunde</a>, sluit in die <a href="/wiki/Middeleeue" title="Middeleeue">Middeleeue</a>, Laatmiddeleeue, die <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>, die Frans-klassisisme en <a href="/wiki/Barok" title="Barok">barok</a>, die 18de-eeuse <a href="/wiki/Verligting" title="Verligting">verligting</a>, die oorgangsfase, die <a href="/wiki/Romantiek" title="Romantiek">romantiek</a> van die vroeg 19de eeu, die later 19de-eeuse <a href="/wiki/Realisme_(kunste)" title="Realisme (kunste)">realisme</a> en 20ste-eeuse <a href="/wiki/Modernisme" title="Modernisme">Modernistiese</a> en <a href="/wiki/Postmodernisme" title="Postmodernisme">Postmodernistiese</a> tydperke.<sup id="cite_ref-NLWiki_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NLWiki-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Belangrike intellektuele bewegings wat die literatuurstudie beïnvloed het sluit in <a href="/wiki/Feminisme" title="Feminisme">feminisme</a>, postkolonialisme, <a href="/wiki/Psigoanalise" title="Psigoanalise">psigoanalise</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poststrukturalisme" title="Poststrukturalisme">poststrukturalisme</a>, postmodernisme, <a href="/wiki/Romantiek" title="Romantiek">romantiek</a> en <a href="/wiki/Marxisme" title="Marxisme">Marxisme</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geskiedenis">Geskiedenis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Letterkunde&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Wysig afdeling: Geskiedenis" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Letterkunde&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Geskiedenis"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><i><div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Die hoofartikel vir hierdie afdeling is: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Literatuurgeskiedenis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literatuurgeskiedenis (bladsy bestaan nie)">Literatuurgeskiedenis</a>.</div></i></dd></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Old_book_bindings.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Old_book_bindings.jpg/220px-Old_book_bindings.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Old_book_bindings.jpg/330px-Old_book_bindings.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Old_book_bindings.jpg/440px-Old_book_bindings.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Ou gebinde boeke by die Oxfordse <a href="/w/index.php?title=Merton-kollege&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Merton-kollege (bladsy bestaan nie)">Merton-kollegebiblioteek</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Die <i><a href="/wiki/Heldedig_van_Gilgamesj" title="Heldedig van Gilgamesj">Heldedig van Gilgamesj</a></i> is een van die oudste bekende literêre werke. Die Babiloniese heldedig se ontstaan spruit voort uit stories in <a href="/wiki/Sumeries" title="Sumeries">Sumeries</a>. Hoewel die Sumeriese stories ouer is (waarskynlik rondom 2100 v.C.), is die epiese gedig na skatting rondom 1900 v.C. saamgestel. Die epos behandel temas van heldemoed, vriendskap, verlies en die soeke na ewige lewe. </p><p>Verskillende geskiedkundige tydperke word in letterkunde weergegee. In die era voor verstedeliking oorheers nasionale en stamverwante sages, rekenskap van gebruike en die oorsprong van die wêreld, en mites wat soms morele en geestelike boodskappe vervat. <a href="/wiki/Homeros" title="Homeros">Homeros</a> se eposse dateer terug na die middel van die <a href="/wiki/Ystertydperk" title="Ystertydperk">ystertydperk</a>, en 'n groot aantal Indiese eposse van 'n effens latere periode bevat meer bewyse van doelbewuste literêre outeurskap wat vir lang periodes deur middel van mondelinge tradisies oorleef het voor dit neergepen is. </p><p>Met die ontwikkeling van 'n meer stedelike kultuur onder vroeë beskawings het akademies 'n platform geskep vir die oordrag van spekulatiewe en filosofiese literatuur, met die blywende vestiging van letterkunde in <a href="/wiki/Geskiedenis_van_China" title="Geskiedenis van China">Antieke China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persi%C3%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Persië">Persië</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antieke_Griekeland" title="Antieke Griekeland">Antieke Griekeland</a> en <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> tot gevolg. Baie werke uit die oudheid, selfs in verhalende vorm, bevat verborge morele of didaktiese doelstellings, soos die Sanskrit <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panchatantra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Panchatantra (bladsy bestaan nie)">Panchatantra</a></i> of <i><a href="/wiki/Metamorfoses" title="Metamorfoses">Metamorfoses</a> </i> van Ovidius. <a href="/wiki/Drama" title="Drama">Drama</a> en <a href="/wiki/Satire" title="Satire">satire</a>, vir literêre produksie, het ontwikkel namate die stedelike kultuur 'n groterwordende openbare gehoor, en later lesers, verskaf het. <a href="/wiki/Liriek" title="Liriek">Liriek</a> was in teenstelling met epiek oor die algemeen die fokus van die howe en elite kringe, vernaam in Oos-Asië waar liedere deur die Chinese aristokrasie as gedigte versamel is, veral belangrik die <i>Shih-ching</i> of <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boek_van_odes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boek van odes (bladsy bestaan nie)">Boek van odes</a> </i>. Poësie van voorbeskawing ballades en liedere het oor 'n lang tydperk die literêre medium binnegedring en mettertyd beïnvloed. </p><p>In antieke China het vroeë letterkunde primêr gefokus op filosofie, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Geskiedskrywing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geskiedskrywing (bladsy bestaan nie)">geskiedskrywing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krygswetenskap" class="mw-redirect" title="Krygswetenskap">krygswetenskappe</a>, landbou en <a href="/wiki/Digkuns" class="mw-redirect" title="Digkuns">digkuns</a>. China, die oorsprong van papiervervaardiging en <a href="/w/index.php?title=Blokdruk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Blokdruk (bladsy bestaan nie)">blokdruk</a>, het een van die wêreld se eerste drukkerskulture opgelewer.<sup id="cite_ref-HyattMajor1971_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HyattMajor1971-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 'n Groot hoeveelheid van die Chinese literatuur dateer uit die <a href="/w/index.php?title=Honderd_skole_van_denke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Honderd skole van denke (bladsy bestaan nie)">Honderd skole van denke</a> periode gedurende die Oostelike <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhou_Dinastie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhou Dinastie (bladsy bestaan nie)">Zhou Dinastie</a> (769-269 v.C.). Die belangrikste hiervan sluit die klassieke werke in van <a href="/wiki/Konfusianisme" title="Konfusianisme">Konfusianisme</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tao%C3%AFsme" title="Taoïsme">Taoïsme</a>, Mohisme, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Legalisme&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Legalisme (bladsy bestaan nie)">Legalisme</a> en werke van krygswetenskappe (byvoorbeeld <a href="/wiki/Sun_Tzu" class="mw-redirect" title="Sun Tzu">Sun Tzu</a> se <i><a href="/wiki/Die_kuns_van_oorlogvoering" class="mw-redirect" title="Die kuns van oorlogvoering">Die kuns van oorlogvoering</a> </i>) en Chinese geskiedenis (byvoorbeeld <a href="/wiki/Sima_Qian" title="Sima Qian">Sima Qian</a> se <i><a href="/wiki/Shiji" title="Shiji">Optekeninge van die hofgeskiedskrywer</a></i>). Antieke Chinese letterkunde het geweldig klem gelê op geskiedskrywing, met soms uiters gedetailleerde hofrekords. 'n Uitstaande stuk verhalende geskiedenis oor Antieke China is die <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zuo_Zhuan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zuo Zhuan (bladsy bestaan nie)">Zuo Zhuan</a>, wat nie later as 389 v.C. saamgestel kon gewees het nie, en toegedeel word aan die blinde 5de eeu v.C. historikus Zuo Qiuming. </p><p>In Antieke Indië ontstaan letterkunde uit stories wat oorspronklik mondelings oorgedra is. Vroeë genres sluit in drama, fabels, <a href="/wiki/Soetra" title="Soetra">soetras</a> en heldedigte. Sanskrit-literatuur begin met die <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vedas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vedas (bladsy bestaan nie)">Vedas</a> wat terugdateer na 1500-1000 v.C., en gaan voort met die Sanskrit-eposse van Ystertydperk-Indië. Die Vegas tel onder van die oudste heilige geskrifte. Die Samhitas (Vediese versamelings) dateer rofweg terug na 1500-1000 v.C., en die “sirkum-Vediese” tekste, asook die redigering van die Samhitas, dateer terug na circa 1000-500 v.C. wat gevolglik uitloop op 'n Vediese periode, wat strek vanaf die middel 2de tot middel 1ste eeu v.C., of die <a href="/wiki/Bronstydperk" title="Bronstydperk">Laat-Bronstydperk</a> en <a href="/wiki/Ystertydperk" title="Ystertydperk">Ystertydperk</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Flood_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flood-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In die tydperk van ongeveer die 6de tot die 1ste eeu v.C. geskied die samestelling en redigering van die twee invloedrykste Indiese eposse, die <i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i> en die <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramayana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ramayana (bladsy bestaan nie)">Ramayana</a></i>, met latere redigering wat volg tot die 4de eeu n.Ch. </p><p>In Antieke Griekeland is die eposse van <a href="/wiki/Homeros" title="Homeros">Homeros</a>, wat die <i><a href="/wiki/Ilias" title="Ilias">Ilias</a></i> en <i><a href="/wiki/Odussee" title="Odussee">Odussee</a></i> geskryf het, asook <a href="/wiki/Hesiodos" title="Hesiodos">Hesiodos</a> se <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Werke_en_dae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Werke en dae (bladsy bestaan nie)">Werke en dae</a></i> en <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theogonia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theogonia (bladsy bestaan nie)">Theogonia</a></i>, van die vroegste en mees invloedryke Antieke Griekse literatuur. Klassieke Griekse genres sluit in filosofie, <a href="/wiki/Po%C3%ABsie" title="Poësie">poësie</a>, historiografie, <a href="/wiki/Komedie" title="Komedie">komedie</a> en <a href="/wiki/Drama" title="Drama">drama</a>. <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> en <a href="/wiki/Aristoteles" title="Aristoteles">Aristoteles</a> het filosofiese tekste neergepen wat die fondament van Westerse filosofie geword het, <a href="/wiki/Sappho" class="mw-redirect" title="Sappho">Sappho</a> en <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pindaros&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pindaros (bladsy bestaan nie)">Pindaros</a> was invloedryke <a href="/wiki/Liriek" title="Liriek">liriese digters</a> en <a href="/wiki/Herodotos" title="Herodotos">Herodotos</a> en <a href="/wiki/Thukydides" title="Thukydides">Thukydides</a> was vroeë Griekse historici. Hoewel dramas baie populêr was bestaan van die honderde <a href="/wiki/Tragedie" title="Tragedie">tragedies</a> wat geskryf en opgevoer is in die <a href="/w/index.php?title=Klassieke_oudheid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Klassieke oudheid (bladsy bestaan nie)">klassieke oudheid</a>, nog slegs 'n beperkte aantal opvoerings deur drie skrywers: <a href="/wiki/Aeschylus" class="mw-redirect" title="Aeschylus">Aeschylus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sophokles" title="Sophokles">Sophokles</a> en <a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a>. <a href="/wiki/Aristophanes" class="mw-redirect" title="Aristophanes">Aristophanes</a> se opvoerings verskaf die enigste werklike voorbeelde van 'n genre van komedie bekend as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antieke_Griekse_komedie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antieke Griekse komedie (bladsy bestaan nie)">Ou komedie</a>, die vroegste vorm van Griekse komedie, en word as’t ware gebruik om die genre te definieer.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Johann_Heinrich_Wilhelm_Tischbein_-_Goethe_in_der_roemischen_Campagna.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Johann_Heinrich_Wilhelm_Tischbein_-_Goethe_in_der_roemischen_Campagna.jpg/220px-Johann_Heinrich_Wilhelm_Tischbein_-_Goethe_in_der_roemischen_Campagna.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Johann_Heinrich_Wilhelm_Tischbein_-_Goethe_in_der_roemischen_Campagna.jpg/330px-Johann_Heinrich_Wilhelm_Tischbein_-_Goethe_in_der_roemischen_Campagna.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Johann_Heinrich_Wilhelm_Tischbein_-_Goethe_in_der_roemischen_Campagna.jpg/440px-Johann_Heinrich_Wilhelm_Tischbein_-_Goethe_in_der_roemischen_Campagna.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2421" data-file-height="1902" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Johann Wolfgang von Goethe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duitse" class="mw-redirect" title="Duitse">Duitse</a> skrywer en outeur van die <a href="/wiki/Faust" title="Faust">Faust</a>- boeke.</figcaption></figure> <p>Romeinse geskiedenis en biografieë het die uitgebreide Middeleeuse literatuur oor die lewens van heiliges en wonderbaarlike kronieke vooruitgeloop, maar die mees kenmerkende vorm van die <a href="/wiki/Middeleeue" title="Middeleeue">Middeleeue</a> was die <a href="/wiki/Ridderroman" title="Ridderroman">ridderroman</a>, 'n avontuurbelaaide en soms magiese verhaal met 'n sterk populêre inslag. Kontroversiële, religieuse, politieke en instruktiewe literatuur het tydens die Renaissance vermenigvuldig as gevolg van die drukpers, terwyl Middeleeuse ridderfiksie ontwikkel het in 'n meer karaktergebaseerde en sielkundige verhaalvorm, die <a href="/wiki/Roman" title="Roman">roman</a>, waarvan vroeë vername voorbeelde die Chinese <a href="/w/index.php?title=Reis_na_die_weste&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reis na die weste (bladsy bestaan nie)">Aap</a> en die Duitse <a href="/wiki/Faust" title="Faust">Faust</a>-boeke is. </p><p>Tydens die <a href="/wiki/Verligting" title="Verligting">verligting</a> is filosofiese verlope en spekulasies oor geskiedenis en die menslike natuur in die literatuur geïntegreer saam met sosiale en politieke verwikkelinge. Die onvermydelike gevolg was die ontploffing van <a href="/wiki/Romantiek" title="Romantiek">Romantiek</a> in die latere helfte van die 18de eeu wat die verbeeldingryke en fantastiese subjektiwiteit van die ou romantiek en volksliteratuur teruggebring het, en die voortreflikheid van individuele ondervinding en emosie bevestig het. Soos die 19de eeu uitgeloop het, het Europese fiksie egter ontwikkel tot <a href="/w/index.php?title=Realisme_(kuns)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Realisme (kuns) (bladsy bestaan nie)">realisme</a> en <a href="/w/index.php?title=Naturalisme_(letterkunde)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Naturalisme (letterkunde) (bladsy bestaan nie)">naturalisme</a>, die noukeurige dokumentering van die werklike lewe en sosiale neigings. Heelwat van die naturalistiese uitsette was implisiet polemies en het sosiale en politieke verandering beïnvloed. 20ste-eeuse fiksie en drama het weer teruggetree na die subjektiewe, met fokus op onderbewuste dryfvere en sosiale en omgewingsdruk op die individu. Skrywers soos <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Proust" title="Marcel Proust">Proust</a>, <a href="/wiki/T.S._Eliot" title="T.S. Eliot">Elliot</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce">Joyce</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franz_Kafka" title="Franz Kafka">Kafka</a> en <a href="/w/index.php?title=Luigig_Pirandello&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luigig Pirandello (bladsy bestaan nie)">Pirandello</a> vergestalt die neiging om interne eerder as eksterne realiteite neer te pen. </p><p>Genre-fiksie, ten spyte van sy vaste formules, bewys ook dat dit die werklikheid kan bevraagteken in sy 20ste-eeuse formaat, deur die ondersoeke en vrae van die skeptiese <a href="/wiki/Misdaadroman" title="Misdaadroman">speurder</a> en die alternatiewe realiteite van <a href="/wiki/Wetenskapsfiksie" title="Wetenskapsfiksie">wetenskapsfiksie</a>. Die skeiding tussen “hoofstroom”- en genrevorms (joernalistiek ingesluit) gaan voort om te vervaag tydens die periode tot vandag. <a href="/wiki/William_S._Burroughs" title="William S. Burroughs">William S. Burroughs</a>, in sy vroeë werke, en <a href="/wiki/Hunter_S._Thompson" title="Hunter S. Thompson">Hunter S. Thompson</a> verbreed dokumentêre verslaggewing tot sterk subjektiewe verklarings na die <a href="/wiki/Tweede_W%C3%AAreldoorlog" title="Tweede Wêreldoorlog">Tweede Wêreldoorlog</a>, en <a href="/wiki/Postmodernisme" title="Postmodernisme">postmoderne</a> kritici bekritiseer oor die algemeen objektiewe realisme. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Poësie"><span id="Po.C3.ABsie"></span>Poësie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Letterkunde&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Wysig afdeling: Poësie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Letterkunde&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Poësie"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><i><div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Die hoofartikel vir hierdie afdeling is: <a href="/wiki/Po%C3%ABsie" title="Poësie">Poësie</a>.</div></i></dd></dl> <p>'n <a href="/wiki/Gedig" title="Gedig">Gedig</a> is 'n komposisie wat in vers geskryf is (hoewel epiek en dramatiese fiksie ook al van die formaat gebruik gemaak het). Gedigte gebruik die estetiese aard van taal om veelvuldige betekenisse te belig en emotiewe reaksie te ontlok. Gedigte steun sterk op beeld en <a href="/wiki/Metafoor" title="Metafoor">metafoor</a>, en kan 'n ritmiese struktuur besit gebaseer op beklemtoonde patrone (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Metrum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metrum (bladsy bestaan nie)">metrum</a>) of patrone van wisselvallige lettergreeplengtes (soos met klassieke prosodie); en kan van <a href="/wiki/Rym" title="Rym">rym</a> gebruik maak. Vanweë die uiteenlopendheid van poëtiese vorme en strukture, is <a href="/wiki/Po%C3%ABsie" title="Poësie">poësie</a> moeilik om te karakteriseer en omskryf. As 'n literatuursoort maak poësie egter tipies gebruik van die <i>formele</i> eienskappe van die woorde waarmee dit werk – die eienskappe van die <a href="/wiki/Skryfkuns" title="Skryfkuns">geskrewe</a> en <a href="/wiki/Spraak" title="Spraak">gesproke</a> vorms van die woorde, onafhanklik van hul betekenis. So byvoorbeeld kan ritme vasgelê word deur die aantal lettergrepe in die woorde, of hoe die lettergrepe beklemtoon word; rym en <a href="/wiki/Alliterasie" title="Alliterasie">alliterasie</a> is afhanklik van die klanke van die woorde. </p><p>Bes moontlik gaan digkuns enige ander vorme van literatuur vooruit. Vroeë voorbeelde sluit in die <a href="/wiki/Sumeries" title="Sumeries">Sumeriese</a> <i>Gilgamesjepos</i> (rondom 2700 v.C.), dele van die <a href="/wiki/Bybel" title="Bybel">Bybel</a>, die oorblywende werke van <a href="/wiki/Homeros" title="Homeros">Homeros</a> (die <i><a href="/wiki/Ilias" title="Ilias">Ilias</a></i> en die <i><a href="/wiki/Odussee" title="Odussee">Odussee</a></i>), en die Indiese eposse <i>Ramayana</i> en <i>Mahabharata</i>. By kulture wat vernaam van <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mondelinge_tradisie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mondelinge tradisie (bladsy bestaan nie)">mondelinge tradisies</a> gebruik maak het die formele eienskappe van digkuns baie maal 'n <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mnemotegniek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mnemotegniek (bladsy bestaan nie)">mnemoniese</a> (geheuevaslegging) funksie, en belangrike tekste: regtelik, <a href="/wiki/Genealogie" title="Genealogie">genealogies</a> of moreel kan byvoorbeeld eerste in versvorm verskyn. </p><p>Sekere poësie gebruik baie spesifieke vorme, soos die <a href="/wiki/Haikoe" title="Haikoe">haikoe</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Limeriek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Limeriek (bladsy bestaan nie)">limeriek</a> en <a href="/wiki/Sonnet" title="Sonnet">sonnet</a>. 'n Tradisionele haikoe in Japannees geskryf hou verband met die <a href="/wiki/Natuur" title="Natuur">natuur</a>, bevat sewentien <i>onji</i> (lettergrepe) wat oor drie reëls versprei is in groepe van vyf, sewe en vyf, en besit 'n <i>kigo</i>, 'n spesifieke woord wat seisoen aandui. 'n Limeriek het vyf versreëls, met 'n AABBA rymskema, en lengtes van 3,3,2,2,3 beklemtoonde lettergrepe. Dit het tradisioneel 'n minder eerbiedige houding jeens die natuur. Digkuns wat nie by die formele poëtiese strukture hou nie word “<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vrye_vers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vrye vers (bladsy bestaan nie)">vrye vers</a>” genoem. </p><p>Taal en tradisie dikteer sekere poëtiese norme. Persiese digkuns rym altyd, terwyl Griekse digkuns selde rym. Sekere tale bevat meer rymwoorde as ander. Italiaans is byvoorbeeld ryk aan rymstrukture wat 'n beperkte stel van rym toelaat deur 'n lang gedig. Die oorvloed is die gevolg van woorduitgange wat reëlmatige vorms volg. Tale met ongereelde woorduitgange, soos Engels met sy baie aangenome woorde, is minder talryk in rym. Moontlik is die mees <a href="/wiki/Paradigma" class="mw-disambig" title="Paradigma">paradigmatiese</a> styl van Engelse digkuns die leë vers, soos dit voorkom in die werke van <a href="/wiki/Shakespeare" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakespeare">Shakespeare</a> en <a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a>, wat bestaan uit nie-rymende jambiese pentameters. Sekere tale verkies langer versreëls; ander weer korter reëls. Van die konvensies is die gevolg van die gemak waarmee sekere tale se woordeskat en grammatika in sekere strukture pas eerder as in ander; dit kan byvoorbeeld voorkom as 'n taal tipies langer woorde het as ander, soos Grieks en Duits. Ander strukturele konvensies ontstaan weer as gevolg van historiese toeval, waar baie sprekers van 'n taal goeie poësie assosieer met 'n verssoort wat deur 'n baie goeie digter verkies is. </p><p>Teaterwerk (sien ondertoe) het tradisioneel versvorm aangeneem. Dit kom vandag egter byna glad nie buite <a href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">opera</a> en <a href="/wiki/Blyspel" class="mw-redirect" title="Blyspel">blyspele</a> voor nie, hoewel baie sal argumenteer dat dramatiese taal intrinsiek poëties gebly het. </p><p>In die laaste jare het digitale poësie sy opwagting gemaak wat voordeel trek uit die artistieke, publisering en sintetiese waardes van die digitale media. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Essays">Essays</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Letterkunde&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Wysig afdeling: Essays" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Letterkunde&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Essays"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><i><div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Die hoofartikel vir hierdie afdeling is: <a href="/wiki/Essay" title="Essay">Essay</a>.</div></i></dd></dl> <p>'n <a href="/wiki/Essay" title="Essay">Essay</a> bestaan uit 'n bespreking van 'n onderwerp vanuit die skrywer se persoonlike oogpunt, soos vergestalt deur die werke van <a href="/wiki/Michel_de_Montaigne" title="Michel de Montaigne">Michel de Montaigne</a> of Charles Lamb. </p><p>"Essay" is afgelei van die Franse woord vir "om te probeer" <i>essayer</i>. Dus kan mens, oop, uitlokkende en onoortuigende essays kry. Die term “essay” is aanvanklik gebruik vir die nadenkende gemymer van <a href="/wiki/Michel_de_Montaigne" title="Michel de Montaigne">Michel de Montaigne</a>, wat die reputasie dra as die vader van die tipe literatuur.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Die essay kom in verskillende vorme en style voor wat deur verskeie skrywers, studente en professionele essayiste gebruik word. Van die vernaamste vorme sluit in: </p> <ul><li>oorsaak en gevolg: gekenmerk deur gemaklike skakels wat van 'n oorsaak na 'n gevolg lei, sorgsame taal met 'n nadruklike of chronologiese volgorde <sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>vergelyk en kontrasteer: bestaande uit 'n basis vir vergelyking, punte van vergelyking en analogieë, volgens onderwerp of punt gegroepeer <sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>beskrywend: gekenmerk deur sintuiglike detail wat tot die fisiese, emosionele en intellektuele wese van die leser spreek <sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>familiêr: waar die essayis spreek asof tot 'n enkele leser <sup id="cite_ref-Fadiman_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fadiman-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>geskiedenis: wat 'n bewering of argument oor 'n historiese gebeurtenis beskryf <sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>narratief: wat deur terug- of vorentoe-flitse tot 'n klimaks opbou <sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>krities: gemik op objektiewe analise van die onderwerp</li> <li>ekonomies: wat 'n ekonomiese verskynsel of begrip aan die leser duidelik maak.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ander_prosa">Ander prosa</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Letterkunde&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Wysig afdeling: Ander prosa" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Letterkunde&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Ander prosa"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Filosofie" title="Filosofie">Filosofiese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geskiedenis" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Geskiedenis">historiese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joernalistiek" title="Joernalistiek">joernalistieke</a> en <a href="/wiki/Wetenskaplike" class="mw-redirect" title="Wetenskaplike">wetenskaplike</a> skryfwerk word tradisioneel as letterkunde beskou. Dit bied sommige van die oudste prosageskrifte wat nog in bestaan is; romans en stories het die naam "fiksie" verwerf om dit te onderskei van feitlike skryfwerk of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nie-fiksie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nie-fiksie (bladsy bestaan nie)">nie-fiksie</a>, wat skrywers tradisioneel as prosa neergepen het. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Natuurwetenskappe">Natuurwetenskappe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Letterkunde&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Wysig afdeling: Natuurwetenskappe" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Letterkunde&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Natuurwetenskappe"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Met vooruitgang en spesialisering wat nuwe wetenskaplike navorsing minder toeganklik gemaak het vir die meeste toeskouers, het die “literêre” wese van wetenskaplike skryfwerk deur die laaste twee eeue minder beslissend geraak. Deesdae verskyn wetenskap meestal in joernale. Wetenskaplike werke van <a href="/wiki/Aristoteles" title="Aristoteles">Aristoteles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Copernicus" class="mw-redirect" title="Copernicus">Copernicus</a> en <a href="/wiki/Newton" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Newton">Newton</a> besit nog steeds groot waarde, maar omdat die wetenskap daarin verouderd is, dien dit nie meer as wetenskaplike leerstof nie. Tog bly dit te tegnies om gemaklik in te pas by meeste letterkundige studieprogramme. Buite “wetenskapsgeskiedenis”programme lees studente nie sommer sulke werke nie. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Filosofie">Filosofie</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Letterkunde&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Wysig afdeling: Filosofie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Letterkunde&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Filosofie"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Filosofie het ook toenemend 'n akademiese vakgebied geword. Meer van die rigting se beoefenaars betreur egter die feit as in die geval van die wetenskappe; nieteenstaande verskyn meeste nuwe filosofiese werke in akademiese joernale. Vername filosowe deur die eeue – <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aristoteles" title="Aristoteles">Aristoteles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sokrates" title="Sokrates">Sokrates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Augustinus" class="mw-disambig" title="Augustinus">Augustinus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Descartes" class="mw-redirect" title="Descartes">Descartes</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Kierkegaard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nietzsche" class="mw-redirect" title="Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a> – het net so kanonies geraak soos enige skrywer. Sekere onlangse filosofiese werke word argumentsonthalwe beskou as “letterkunde”, soos sommige van Simon Blackburn se werk, maar meeste daarvan nie, en sekere rigtings soos logika het uiters tegnies geraak tot 'n mate gelyk aan <a href="/wiki/Wiskunde" title="Wiskunde">wiskunde</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geskiedenis_2">Geskiedenis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Letterkunde&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Wysig afdeling: Geskiedenis" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Letterkunde&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Geskiedenis"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>'n Groot hoeveelheid geskiedskrywing tel as letterkunde, veral die genre bekend as kreatiewe nie-fiksie, so ook 'n groot deel van joernalistiek, soos literêre joernalistiek. Die gebiede het egter geweldig groot geraak en het merendeels primêr 'n prakties nuttige doel: om data vas te vang of vars inligting oor te dra. As resultaat hiervan skiet die skryfwerk in die velde dikwels tekort aan literêre kwaliteit, hoewel dit dikwels in sy beter gedaante die nodige kwaliteit besit. Grootse “literêre” historici sluit in <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" class="mw-redirect" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thukydides" title="Thukydides">Thukydides</a> en Procopius, wat almal as kanoniese literêre figure gereken word. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Die_reg">Die reg</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Letterkunde&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Wysig afdeling: Die reg" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Letterkunde&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Die reg"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Die <a href="/wiki/Reg" title="Reg">reg</a> lê 'n minder duidelike saak voor. Sekere van <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> en <a href="/wiki/Aristoteles" title="Aristoteles">Aristoteles</a> se skryfwerk, die wettablette van <a href="/wiki/Hammurabi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hammurabi">Hammurabi</a> van <a href="/wiki/Babilon" title="Babilon">Babilon</a>, of selfs die ouer dele van die <a href="/wiki/Bybel" title="Bybel">Bybel</a> kan as regsliteratuur beskou word. Romeinse reg soos gekodifiseer in die <a href="/w/index.php?title=Corpus_Juris_Civilis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Corpus Juris Civilis (bladsy bestaan nie)">Corpus Juris Civilis</a> onder heerskappy van <a href="/wiki/Justinianus_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Justinianus I">Justinianus I</a> van die <a href="/wiki/Bisantynse_ryk" class="mw-redirect" title="Bisantynse ryk">Bisantynse ryk</a> besit 'n reputasie as gewigtige literatuur. Die stigtingsdokumente van verskeie lande, insluitend <a href="/wiki/Grondwet" title="Grondwet">Grondwette</a> en wetboeke kan as letterkunde gereken word; meeste geregtelike skryfwerk dra egter selde enige literêre meriete aangesien dit neig tot onnodige omslagtigheid. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Drama">Drama</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Letterkunde&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Wysig afdeling: Drama" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Letterkunde&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Drama"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><i><div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Die hoofartikels vir hierdie afdeling is: <a href="/wiki/Drama" title="Drama">Drama</a> en <a href="/wiki/Toneelstuk" title="Toneelstuk">Toneelstuk</a>.</div></i></dd></dl> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Vasnetsov_samolet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Vasnetsov_samolet.jpg/300px-Vasnetsov_samolet.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Vasnetsov_samolet.jpg/450px-Vasnetsov_samolet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Vasnetsov_samolet.jpg/600px-Vasnetsov_samolet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2362" data-file-height="1300" /></a><figcaption> 'n <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vlie%C3%ABnde_tapyt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vlieënde tapyt (bladsy bestaan nie)">Vlieënde tapyt</a> is 'n legendariese tapyt wat gebruik kan word om mense wat vinnig daarop te lande kom onmiddellik te vervoer na hulle bestemming in stories soos <a href="/wiki/Duisend-en-een_nagte" class="mw-redirect" title="Duisend-en-een nagte">Duisend-en-een nagte</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>'n <a href="/wiki/Toneelstuk" title="Toneelstuk">Toneelstuk</a> of <a href="/wiki/Drama" title="Drama">drama</a> bied nog 'n klassieke literêre vorm wat voortgegaan het om deur die eeue te ontwikkel. Dit bestaan gewoonlik uit <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dialoog&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dialoog (bladsy bestaan nie)">dialoog</a> tussen <a href="/w/index.php?title=Karakter_(kunste)karakters&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karakter (kunste)karakters (bladsy bestaan nie)">Karakter (kunste)karakters</a>, en is merendeels gemik op dramatiese/teatrale vertoning (sien <a href="/wiki/Teater" title="Teater">teater</a>) eerder as op leeswerk. Gedurende die 18de en 19de eeu het <a href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">opera</a> ontwikkel as 'n kombinasie tussen poësie, drama en <a href="/wiki/Musiek" title="Musiek">musiek</a>. Meeste drama het tot relatief onlangs vers as formaat gebruik. <a href="/wiki/Romeo_en_Juliet" title="Romeo en Juliet">Romeo en Juliet</a> is 'n voorbeeld van klassieke romantiese drama wat algemeen as literatuur beskou word. </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teater_in_Antieke_Griekeland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teater in Antieke Griekeland (bladsy bestaan nie)">Griekse drama</a> dien as voorbeeld vir die vroegste vorme daarvan en waaroor ons vandag beduidende kennis besit. <a href="/wiki/Tragedie" title="Tragedie">Tragedie</a> het as <a href="/wiki/Genre" title="Genre">genre</a> van drama ontwikkel as 'n toneelstuk wat geassosieer word met <a href="/wiki/Religie" class="mw-redirect" title="Religie">religieuse</a> en publieke <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fees&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fees (bladsy bestaan nie)">feeste</a>, en tipies ontwikkel het uit bekende <a href="/wiki/Geskiedenis" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Geskiedenis">historiese</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mitologie" title="Mitologie">mitologiese</a> temas. Tragedies het gewoonlik baie ernstige temas verteenwoordig. Met die koms van nuwer tegnologie is manuskripte geskryf vir nie-teater media, tot die kunsvorm bygevoeg. War of the Worlds (radio) in 1938, word beskou as die begin van die radiodrama en verskeie dramas is al verwerk vir rolprente en televisie. Omgekeerd is televisie, rolprent en radio-literatuur ook al verwerk vir gedrukte of elektroniese media. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mondelinge_letterkunde">Mondelinge letterkunde</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Letterkunde&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Wysig afdeling: Mondelinge letterkunde" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Letterkunde&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Mondelinge letterkunde"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Die term mondelinge letterkunde verwys nie na geskrewe nie maar mondelinge tradisies, wat verskillende soorte <a href="/wiki/Epiek" title="Epiek">epiek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Po%C3%ABsie" title="Poësie">poësie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drama" title="Drama">drama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">folklore</a> en <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ballade&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ballade (bladsy bestaan nie)">ballades</a> insluit. Die gebruik van hierdie <a href="/wiki/Oksimoron" title="Oksimoron">oksimoron</a> is egter kontroversieel en word nie algemeen deur de akademie aanvaar nie. Sommiges vermy die <a href="/wiki/Etimologie" title="Etimologie">etimologiese vraagstuk</a> deur na "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Orale_tradisie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orale tradisie (bladsy bestaan nie)">mondelinge verhalende tradisie</a>", "mondelinge heilige tradisie" of "mondelinge poësie" te verwys of direk na epiek of poësie (terme wat nie noodwendig skryfkuns insluit nie). Ander verkies weer om neologismes soos "oratuur" te skep. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ander_narratiewe_vorme">Ander narratiewe vorme</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Letterkunde&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Wysig afdeling: Ander narratiewe vorme" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Letterkunde&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Ander narratiewe vorme"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Elektroniese literatuur, 'n genre wat bestaan uit werke met die digitale omgewing as oorsprong</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolprent" title="Rolprent">Rolprente</a>, video’s en uitgesaaide <a href="/w/index.php?title=Strooisage&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Strooisage (bladsy bestaan nie)">strooisages</a> (sepies) het 'n nis oopgekerf wat dikwels kan vergelyk met funksionaliteit van prosa-fiksie.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grafiese_roman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grafiese roman (bladsy bestaan nie)">Grafiese romans</a> en strokiesprentboeke verteenwoordig verhale oorgedra deur 'n kombinasie van opeenvolgende kunswerk, dialoog en teks.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literêre_genres"><span id="Liter.C3.AAre_genres"></span>Literêre genres</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Letterkunde&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Wysig afdeling: Literêre genres" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Letterkunde&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Literêre genres"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liter%C3%AAre_genre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literêre genre (bladsy bestaan nie)">Literêre genre</a> is 'n metode vir die kategorisering van letterkunde. Die term se oorsprong is Frans, en dui op 'n voorgestelde tipe of klas.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sulke klasse is egter oorgelewer aan verandering, en is al op verskillende maniere gebruik in ander tye tradisies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literêre_tegnieke"><span id="Liter.C3.AAre_tegnieke"></span>Literêre tegnieke</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Letterkunde&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Wysig afdeling: Literêre tegnieke" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Letterkunde&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Literêre tegnieke"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><i><div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Die hoofartikels vir hierdie afdeling is: <a href="/wiki/Liter%C3%AAre_tegniek" class="mw-redirect" title="Literêre tegniek">Literêre tegniek</a> en <a href="/w/index.php?title=Liter%C3%AAre_middel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literêre middel (bladsy bestaan nie)">Literêre middel</a>.</div></i></dd></dl> <p>'n <b>Literêre tegniek</b> of <b>literêre middel</b> kan deur skrywers gebruik word om die geskrewe raamwerk van 'n literêre stuk te verbeter, en spesifieke effekte te skep. Dit omarm 'n wye reeks van benaderings tot die komposisie van 'n werk: of dit in die <a href="/wiki/Persoon_(taalkunde)" title="Persoon (taalkunde)">eerste persoon</a> of vanuit 'n ander perspektief vertel word, om tradisionele liniêre of nie-lineêre narratief te gebruik, of die keuse van literêre genre, is alles voorbeelde van literêre tegniek. Die tegniek kan aan die leser toon dat daar 'n bekende struktuur en voorstelling tot 'n werk is, soos 'n konvensionele <a href="/wiki/Misdaadfiksie" class="mw-redirect" title="Misdaadfiksie">moordraaisel-roman</a>; of, die skrywer kan kies om te eksperimenteer met die tegnieke om die leser te verras. </p><p>Volgens die metode kan die gebruik van 'n tegniek lei tot die ontwikkeling van 'n nuwe genre, soos in die geval van een van die eerste moderne romans, <i>Pamela</i> deur <a href="/w/index.php?title=Samuel_Richardson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samuel Richardson (bladsy bestaan nie)">Samuel Richardson</a>. <i>Pamela</i> is geskryf as 'n versameling van briewekorrespondensie, genoem "brieftegniek"; die tegniek te gebruik het Pamela die tradisie rondom die <a href="/w/index.php?title=Briefroman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Briefroman (bladsy bestaan nie)">briefroman</a> versterk, 'n genre wat toe reeds al vir 'n tyd gebruik is maar sonder dieselfde toejuiging. </p><p>Literêre tegniek word van <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vertelperspektief&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vertelperspektief (bladsy bestaan nie)">literêre middel</a> onderskei, nes <a href="/wiki/Milit%C3%AAre_strategie" title="Militêre strategie">militêre strategie</a> onderskei word van <a href="/w/index.php?title=Taktiek_(milit%C3%AA)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taktiek (militê) (bladsy bestaan nie)">militêre taktiek</a>. Middele is spesifieke konstruksies binne die narratief wat dit effektief maak. Voorbeelde sluit in <a href="/wiki/Vergelyking" class="mw-redirect" title="Vergelyking">vergelyking</a>, woorduitlating of <a href="/wiki/Ellips" title="Ellips">ellips</a>, narratiewe <a href="/w/index.php?title=Motief_(letterkunde)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Motief (letterkunde) (bladsy bestaan nie)">motiewe</a> en sinnebeeld of <a href="/wiki/Allegorie" title="Allegorie">allegorie</a>. Selfs 'n eenvoudige <a href="/w/index.php?title=Woordspel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Woordspel (bladsy bestaan nie)">woordspeling</a> kan as 'n literêre middel dien. Die vertelperspektief kan as literêre middel oorweeg word, soos met die gebruik van die <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gedagtestroom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gedagtestroom (bladsy bestaan nie)">gedagtestroom</a>-narratief. </p><p>Literêre kritiek impliseer 'n beoordeling en evaluasie van 'n letterkundestuk, en in sommige gevalle word dit gebruik om die onvoltooide werk of klassieke stuk te verbeter, soos 'n deurlopende teaterproduksie. Literêre redakteure kan 'n soortgelyke rol vervul vir die skrywers saam met wie hulle werk. Daar is vele soorte letterkundige kritiek en elke soort kan aangewend word om 'n stuk op 'n verskillende manier, of om 'n ander aspek daarvan, te beoordeel. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sien_ook">Sien ook</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Letterkunde&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Wysig afdeling: Sien ook" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Letterkunde&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Sien ook"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><i><div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Die hoofartikels vir hierdie afdeling is: <a href="/wiki/Hooftrekke_van_letterkunde" title="Hooftrekke van letterkunde">Hooftrekke van letterkunde</a> en <a href="/w/index.php?title=Indeks_van_Letterkunde-artikels&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indeks van Letterkunde-artikels (bladsy bestaan nie)">Indeks van Letterkunde-artikels</a>.</div></i></dd></dl> <div class="noprint tright portal" style="border:solid #aaa 1px;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 0.5em;"> <table style="background:#f9f9f9; font-size:85%; line-height:110%;"> <tbody><tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/32px-Portal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/47px-Portal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/63px-Portal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="32" /></span></span> </td> <td style="padding:0 0.2em;"><i><b><a href="/wiki/Portaal:Letterkunde" title="Portaal:Letterkunde">Letterkundeportaal</a></b></i> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaanse_letterkunde" title="Afrikaanse letterkunde">Afrikaanse letterkunde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobelprys_vir_Letterkunde" title="Nobelprys vir Letterkunde">Nobelprys vir Letterkunde</a></li></ul> <p><b>Lyste</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lys_van_outeurs" title="Lys van outeurs">Lys van outeurs</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lys_van_boeke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lys van boeke (bladsy bestaan nie)">Lys van boeke</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lys_van_liter%C3%AAre_toekennings&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lys van literêre toekennings (bladsy bestaan nie)">Lys van literêre toekennings</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lys_van_liter%C3%AAre_terme&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lys van literêre terme (bladsy bestaan nie)">Lys van literêre terme</a></li></ul> <p><b>Verwante onderwerpe</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jeugliteratuur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jeugliteratuur (bladsy bestaan nie)">Jeugliteratuur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hygliteratuur" title="Hygliteratuur">Hygliteratuur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiksie" title="Fiksie">Fiksie</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literatuurgeskiedenis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literatuurgeskiedenis (bladsy bestaan nie)">Literatuurgeskiedenis</a> (Oudheid – 1800)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moderne_literatuurgeskiedenis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moderne literatuurgeskiedenis (bladsy bestaan nie)">Moderne literatuurgeskiedenis</a> (1800– )</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungryalisme" title="Hungryalisme">Hungryalisme</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liter%C3%AAre_kritiek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literêre kritiek (bladsy bestaan nie)">Literêre kritiek</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liter%C3%AAre_tydskrif&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literêre tydskrif (bladsy bestaan nie)">Literêre tydskrif</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rabbynse_literatuur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rabbynse literatuur (bladsy bestaan nie)">Rabbynse literatuur</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wetenskaplike_literatuur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wetenskaplike literatuur (bladsy bestaan nie)">Wetenskaplike literatuur</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Verwysings">Verwysings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Letterkunde&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Wysig afdeling: Verwysings" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Letterkunde&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section's source code: Verwysings"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-HAT-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-HAT_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" id="CITEREFOdendaal,_F.F.Gouws,_R.H.2009"><a href="/wiki/F.F._Odendal" title="F.F. Odendal">Odendaal, F.F.</a>; Gouws, R.H., eds. (2009), <i>Handwoordeboek van die Afrikaanse taal</i>, Pinelands: Pearson, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-1-77025-665-1" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-1-77025-665-1">978-1-77025-665-1</a></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handwoordeboek+van+die+Afrikaanse+taal&rft.date=2009&rft.place=Pinelands&rft.pub=Pearson&rft.isbn=978-1-77025-665-1&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Letterkunde"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WAT-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-WAT_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" id="CITEREFBotha,_W.F.(Dr)2009">Botha, W.F.(Dr), ed. (2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130828174708/http://www.woordeboek.co.za/"><i>Woordeboek van die Afrikaanse Taal</i></a>, Stellenbosch: Buro van die WAT, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.woordeboek.co.za/">the original</a> on 28 Augustus 2013<span class="printonly">, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130828174708/http://www.woordeboek.co.za/">https://web.archive.org/web/20130828174708/http://www.woordeboek.co.za/</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">, besoek op 28 Oktober 2013</span></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Woordeboek+van+die+Afrikaanse+Taal&rft.date=2009&rft.place=Stellenbosch&rft.pub=Buro+van+die+WAT&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20130828174708%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.woordeboek.co.za%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Letterkunde"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lexicon1998-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Lexicon1998_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" id="CITEREFVan_Gorp,_H.Ghesquiere,_R.1998">Van Gorp, H.; Ghesquiere, R. (1998), <i>Lexicon van literaire termen</i>, Groningen: Martinus Nijhoff, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/ISBN_9789001704957" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/ISBN 9789001704957">ISBN 9789001704957</a></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lexicon+van+literaire+termen&rft.aulast=Van+Gorp%2C+H.&rft.au=Van+Gorp%2C+H.&rft.au=Ghesquiere%2C+R.&rft.date=1998&rft.place=Groningen&rft.pub=Martinus+Nijhoff&rft.isbn=ISBN+9789001704957&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Letterkunde"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NLWiki-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-NLWiki_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> [[[:nl:Nederlandse literatuur]] <i>Nederlandse literatuur</i>]<span class="printonly">, <a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nederlandse_literatuur" class="extiw" title="nl:Nederlandse literatuur">nl:Nederlandse literatuur</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">, besoek op 23 Oktober 2013</span></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nederlandse+literatuur&rft_id=%5B%5B%3Anl%3ANederlandse+literatuur%5D%5D&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Letterkunde"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HyattMajor1971-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-HyattMajor1971_5-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" id="CITEREFA_Hyatt_Mayor1971">A Hyatt Mayor (1971), <i>Prints and People</i>, Princeton: Metropolitan Museum of Art, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0-691-00326-2" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0-691-00326-2">0-691-00326-2</a></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prints+and+People&rft.aulast=A+Hyatt+Mayor&rft.au=A+Hyatt+Mayor&rft.date=1971&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pub=Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.isbn=0-691-00326-2&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Letterkunde"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Flood-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Flood_6-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlood1996"> Flood 1996</a>, p. 37</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" id="CITEREFK.J.Dover1970">K.J.Dover, ed. (1970), <i>Aristophanes: Clouds</i>, Oxford University Press, pp. Intro. page X</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aristophanes%3A+Clouds&rft.date=1970&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3BIntro.+page+X&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Letterkunde"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2205490">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:12px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lib.uchicago.edu/e/webexhibits/bookusebooktheory/commonplacethinking.html">"Book Use Book Theory: 1500–1700: Commonplace Thinking"</a> (in Engels). Lib.uchicago.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170704051539/https://www.lib.uchicago.edu/e/webexhibits/bookusebooktheory/commonplacethinking.html">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 4 Julie 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">10 Augustus</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Book+Use+Book+Theory%3A+1500%E2%80%931700%3A+Commonplace+Thinking&rft.pub=Lib.uchicago.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lib.uchicago.edu%2Fe%2Fwebexhibits%2Fbookusebooktheory%2Fcommonplacethinking.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ALetterkunde" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" id="CITEREFGlenn,_Cheryl2005">Glenn, Cheryl (2005), "Chapter 7: Cause and Effect", in Denise B. Wydra, et al. Second ed., <i>Making Sense: A Real World Rhetorical Reader</i>, Boston, MA: Bedford/St. Martin's</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Chapter+7%3A+Cause+and+Effect&rft.atitle=Making+Sense%3A+A+Real+World+Rhetorical+Reader&rft.aulast=Glenn%2C+Cheryl&rft.au=Glenn%2C+Cheryl&rft.date=2005&rft.place=Boston%2C+MA&rft.pub=Bedford%2FSt.+Martin%27s&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Letterkunde"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" id="CITEREFGlenn,_Cheryl2005">Glenn, Cheryl (2005), "Chapter 6: Comparison and Contrast", in Denise B. Wydra, et al. Second ed., <i>Making Sense: A Real World Rhetorical Reader</i>, Boston, MA: Bedford/St. Martin's</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Chapter+6%3A+Comparison+and+Contrast&rft.atitle=Making+Sense%3A+A+Real+World+Rhetorical+Reader&rft.aulast=Glenn%2C+Cheryl&rft.au=Glenn%2C+Cheryl&rft.date=2005&rft.place=Boston%2C+MA&rft.pub=Bedford%2FSt.+Martin%27s&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Letterkunde"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" id="CITEREFGlenn,_Cheryl2005">Glenn, Cheryl (2005), "Chapter 2: Description", in Denise B. Wydra, et al. Second ed., <i>Making Sense: A Real World Rhetorical Reader</i>, Boston, MA: Bedford/St. Martin's</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Chapter+2%3A+Description&rft.atitle=Making+Sense%3A+A+Real+World+Rhetorical+Reader&rft.aulast=Glenn%2C+Cheryl&rft.au=Glenn%2C+Cheryl&rft.date=2005&rft.place=Boston%2C+MA&rft.pub=Bedford%2FSt.+Martin%27s&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Letterkunde"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fadiman-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Fadiman_12-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFFadiman" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anne_Fadiman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anne Fadiman (bladsy bestaan nie)">Fadiman, Anne</a>. <i>At Large and At Small: Familiar Essays</i>. pp. x–xi.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=At+Large+and+At+Small%3A+Familiar+Essays&rft.pages=x-xi&rft.aulast=Fadiman&rft.aufirst=Anne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ALetterkunde" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <i>History Essay Format & Thesis Statement</i>, Februarie 2010</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+Essay+Format+%26+Thesis+Statement&rft.date=Februarie+2010&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Letterkunde"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" id="CITEREFGlenn,_Cheryl2005">Glenn, Cheryl (2005), "Chapter 3: Narration", in Denise B. Wydra, et al. Second ed., <i>Making Sense: A Real World Rhetorical Reader</i>, Boston, MA: Bedford/St. Martin's</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Chapter+3%3A+Narration&rft.atitle=Making+Sense%3A+A+Real+World+Rhetorical+Reader&rft.aulast=Glenn%2C+Cheryl&rft.au=Glenn%2C+Cheryl&rft.date=2005&rft.place=Boston%2C+MA&rft.pub=Bedford%2FSt.+Martin%27s&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Letterkunde"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" id="CITEREFM._H._Abrams1999">M. H. Abrams (1999), <i>Glossary of Literary Terms</i>, New York: Harcourt, pp. 108</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Glossary+of+Literary+Terms&rft.aulast=M.+H.+Abrams&rft.au=M.+H.+Abrams&rft.date=1999&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B108&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harcourt&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Letterkunde"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bronnelys">Bronnelys</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Letterkunde&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Wysig afdeling: Bronnelys" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Letterkunde&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section's source code: Bronnelys"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ren%C3%A9_Wellek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="René Wellek (bladsy bestaan nie)">René Wellek</a>: <i>Literature and its Cognates</i>. In: <i>Dictionary of the History of Ideas. Studies of Selected Pivotal Ideas</i>. Band 3, ed. Philip P. Wiener, New York 1973, S. 81–89.</li> <li>René Wellek, Austin Warren: <i>Theorie der Literatur.</i> Athenäum Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 1972, <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/3807220054" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-8072-2005-4</a>.</li> <li>Paul Hernadi: <i>What Is Literature?</i> London 1978, <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0253365058" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-253-36505-8</a> <small>Sammelband zum Begriff Literatur – enthält unter anderem von René Wellek: „What Is Literature?“</small></li> <li>Helmut Arntzen: <i>Der Literaturbegriff. Geschichte, Komplementärbegriffe, Intention. Eine Einführung.</i> Aschendorff, Münster 1984, <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/3402035960" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-402-03596-0</a> <small>Kontrastiert verschiedene Literaturbegriffe miteinander, die samt und sonders als Begriffe des in unseren Augen literarischen Materials gewonnen werden.</small></li> <li>Wolf-Dieter Lange: <i>Form und Bewusstsein. Zu Genese und Wandlung des literarischen Ausdrucks</i>. In: <i>Meyers kleines Lexikon Literatur</i>. Mannheim 1986. <small>Ist ein typischer Aufsatz zum Thema – Lange stellt Titel, die ihm Literatur sind zusammen und erkennt, dass Literatur schon immer besonders ausdrucksstark war (und darum, so seine Mutmaßung, auf den Schrei der ersten Menschen zurückgehe).</small></li> <li>Gisela Smolka-Koerdt, Peter M Spangenberg, Dagmar Tillmann-Bartylla (Hrsg.): <i> Der Ursprung von Literatur. Medien, Rollen, Kommunikationssituationen 1450–1650</i> Wilhelm Fink, München 1988, <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/3770524616" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-7705-2461-6</a> <small>Sammlung von Aufsätzen zu in unseren Augen literarischen Genres am Beginn der frühen Neuzeit.</small></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eksterne_skakels">Eksterne skakels</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Letterkunde&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Wysig afdeling: Eksterne skakels" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Letterkunde&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section's source code: Eksterne skakels"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:var(--background-color-base, #fff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1);color:inherit"> <tbody><tr> <td class="mbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></td> <td class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons bevat media in verband met <i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Literature" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Literature">Literature</a></b></i>.</td></tr></tbody></table> <table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:var(--background-color-base, #fff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1);color:inherit"> <tbody><tr> <td class="mbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></td> <td class="mbox-text plainlist">Sien <i><b><a href="https://af.wiktionary.org/wiki/letterkunde" class="extiw" title="wikt:letterkunde">letterkunde</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, die vrye woordeboek.</td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://wikisource.org/wiki/Tuisblad">Wikisource webwerf</a>, bevat onder andere Afrikaanse literatuur.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.litnet.co.za/">Litnet</a>, Letterkunde webwerf</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.literaryterminology.com/">LTT</a>, Artikels oor literêre terme en verskynsels</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://versindaba.co.za/">Versinbaba</a>, Poësie webwerf</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.literator.org.za/index.php/literator">Literator</a>, Letterkundejoernaal</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/">Projek Guttenberg Aanlynbiblioteek</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iblist.com/">Internet Boekelys</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070207044954/http://www.iblist.com/">Geargiveer</a> 7 Februarie 2007 op <a 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