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<li id="toc-Establishment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Establishment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Establishment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Establishment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Banking_Law_of_1926" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Banking_Law_of_1926"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>The Banking Law of 1926</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Banking_Law_of_1926-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Banks_and_the_economy_of_the_1930s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Banks_and_the_economy_of_the_1930s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Banks and the economy of the 1930s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Banks_and_the_economy_of_the_1930s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-IRI_and_the_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#IRI_and_the_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>IRI and the war</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-IRI_and_the_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_postwar_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_postwar_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>The postwar period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_postwar_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_euro_and_the_2006_reform" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_euro_and_the_2006_reform"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>The euro and the 2006 reform</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_euro_and_the_2006_reform-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Missions_and_organization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Missions_and_organization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Missions and organization</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Missions_and_organization-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Missions and organization subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Missions_and_organization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Missions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Missions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Missions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Missions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Governing_bodies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governing_bodies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Governing bodies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Governing_bodies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Appointment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Appointment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Appointment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Appointment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Currency_and_coinage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Currency_and_coinage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Currency and coinage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Currency_and_coinage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shareholders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shareholders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Shareholders</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shareholders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Bank of Italy</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 29 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-29" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">29 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%83_%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="بنك إيطاليا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بنك إيطاليا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bancu_d%27Italia" title="Bancu d'Italia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Bancu d'Italia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banka_Italije" title="Banka Italije – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Banka Italije" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banc_d%27It%C3%A0lia" title="Banc d'Itàlia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Banc d'Itàlia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banca_d%27Italia" title="Banca d'Italia – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Banca d'Italia" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banca_d%E2%80%99Italia" title="Banca d’Italia – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Banca d’Italia" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banco_de_Italia" title="Banco de Italia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Banco de Italia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banko_de_Italio" title="Banko de Italio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Banko de Italio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="بانک ایتالیا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بانک ایتالیا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banque_d%27Italie" title="Banque d'Italie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Banque d'Italie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AF" title="Իտալիայի բանկ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Իտալիայի բանկ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_Italia" title="Bank Italia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bank Italia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banca_d%27Italia" title="Banca d'Italia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Banca d'Italia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italijos_bankas" title="Italijos bankas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Italijos bankas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banca_d%E2%80%99Italia" title="Banca d’Italia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Banca d’Italia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Банка на Италија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Банка на Италија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_Itali" title="Bank Itali – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bank Itali" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banca_d%27Italia" title="Banca d'Italia – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Banca d'Italia" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%82%BF%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E9%8A%80%E8%A1%8C" title="イタリア銀行 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イタリア銀行" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italias_sentralbank" title="Italias sentralbank – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Italias sentralbank" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italiya_banki" title="Italiya banki – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Italiya banki" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_W%C5%82och" title="Bank Włoch – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bank Włoch" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banco_da_It%C3%A1lia" title="Banco da Itália – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Banco da Itália" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA_%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Банк Италии – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Банк Италии" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banca_d%E2%80%99Italia" title="Banca d’Italia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Banca d’Italia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banca_d%27Italia" title="Banca d'Italia – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Banca d'Italia" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0talya_Bankas%C4%B1" title="İtalya Bankası – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İtalya Bankası" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA_%D0%86%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%97" title="Банк Італії – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Банк Італії" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E9%93%B6%E8%A1%8C" title="意大利银行 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="意大利银行" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q806176#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Central Bank of Italy</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Italy_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Bank of Italy (disambiguation)">Bank of Italy (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151960987">body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox table{display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox caption{display:table-caption}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Bank of Italy<br />Banca d'Italia</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Banca_d%27Italia_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5a/Banca_d%27Italia_logo.svg/220px-Banca_d%27Italia_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5a/Banca_d%27Italia_logo.svg/330px-Banca_d%27Italia_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5a/Banca_d%27Italia_logo.svg/440px-Banca_d%27Italia_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="62" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Banca_d%27Italia_-_panoramio_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Palazzo Koch in Rome, headquarters of the Bank of Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Banca_d%27Italia_-_panoramio_%282%29.jpg/220px-Banca_d%27Italia_-_panoramio_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Banca_d%27Italia_-_panoramio_%282%29.jpg/330px-Banca_d%27Italia_-_panoramio_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Banca_d%27Italia_-_panoramio_%282%29.jpg/440px-Banca_d%27Italia_-_panoramio_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1655" data-file-height="1080" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Koch" title="Palazzo Koch">Palazzo Koch</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, headquarters of the Bank of Italy</div></td></tr><tr class="label"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Koch" title="Palazzo Koch">Palazzo Koch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Established</th><td class="infobox-data">10 August 1893<span class="noprint">; 131 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1893-08-10</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Governor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Fabio_Panetta" title="Fabio Panetta">Fabio Panetta</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Central bank of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reserves</th><td class="infobox-data">€225 billion (2023)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/European_Central_Bank" title="European Central Bank">European Central Bank</a> (1999, 2014)<sup>1</sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bancaditalia.it/">Official website</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top:1px solid #aaaaaa;text-align:left;font-size:smaller"><sup>1</sup> The Bank of Italy still exists but the ECB took over <a href="/wiki/Monetary_policy" title="Monetary policy">monetary policy</a> in 1999 and <a href="/wiki/European_banking_supervision" class="mw-redirect" title="European banking supervision">European banking supervision</a> in 2014.</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Bank of Italy</b> (<a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: <i>Banca d'Italia</i>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="it-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian" title="Help:IPA/Italian">[ˈbaŋka<span class="wrap"> </span>diˈtaːlja]</a></span>, informally referred to as <i>Bankitalia</i>) is the Italian member of the <a href="/wiki/Eurosystem" title="Eurosystem">Eurosystem</a> and has been the <a href="/wiki/Monetary_authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Monetary authority">monetary authority</a> for <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> from 1893 to 1998, issuing the <a href="/wiki/Italian_lira" title="Italian lira">Italian lira</a>. Since 2014, it has also been Italy's national competent authority within <a href="/wiki/European_Banking_Supervision" title="European Banking Supervision">European Banking Supervision</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is located in <a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Koch" title="Palazzo Koch">Palazzo Koch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Via_Nazionale_(Rome)" title="Via Nazionale (Rome)">via Nazionale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bank_of_Italy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The institution was established in 1893 from the combination of three major banks in Italy (after the <a href="/wiki/Banca_Romana_scandal" title="Banca Romana scandal">Banca Romana scandal</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-quaderni_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-quaderni-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new central bank first issued banknotes during 1926.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Until 1928, it was directed by a general manager, after this time instead by a governor elected by an internal commission of managers, with a decree from the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Italian_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the Italian Republic">President of the Italian Republic</a>, for a term of seven years. </p><p>In 1863 the crisis of the world money market created panic and the rush to the counters to collect the metallic currency in exchange for the banknotes. The Italian government responded in 1866 by introducing the fiat and legal tender of paper money. The government was accused in this way of favouring the issuing banks, and a long debate called the "banking question" arose about the advisability of having one or more issuers.<sup id="cite_ref-Colajanni_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Colajanni-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Minghetti-Finali law of 1873 established the mandatory consortium of issuing institutions among the six existing issuing institutions, the <a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy" title="National Bank of the Kingdom of Italy">National Bank of the Kingdom of Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Banca_Nazionale_Toscana" title="Banca Nazionale Toscana">Banca Nazionale Toscana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Banca_Toscana_di_Credito" title="Banca Toscana di Credito">Banca Toscana di Credito</a>, <a href="/wiki/Banca_Romana" title="Banca Romana">Banca Romana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Banco_di_Napoli" title="Banco di Napoli">Banco di Napoli</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Banco_di_Sicilia" title="Banco di Sicilia">Banco di Sicilia</a>; but the measure proved insufficient.<sup id="cite_ref-Colajanni_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Colajanni-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the Banca Romana scandal, the reorganization of the issuing institutions became necessary.<sup id="cite_ref-Colajanni_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Colajanni-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Establishment">Establishment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bank_of_Italy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Establishment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palazzo_Koch_-_Roma_italiana,_1870-1895_(page_381_crop).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Palazzo_Koch_-_Roma_italiana%2C_1870-1895_%28page_381_crop%29.jpg/220px-Palazzo_Koch_-_Roma_italiana%2C_1870-1895_%28page_381_crop%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Palazzo_Koch_-_Roma_italiana%2C_1870-1895_%28page_381_crop%29.jpg/330px-Palazzo_Koch_-_Roma_italiana%2C_1870-1895_%28page_381_crop%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Palazzo_Koch_-_Roma_italiana%2C_1870-1895_%28page_381_crop%29.jpg/440px-Palazzo_Koch_-_Roma_italiana%2C_1870-1895_%28page_381_crop%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2773" data-file-height="2045" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Koch" title="Palazzo Koch">Palazzo Koch</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, headquarters of the Bank of Italy, at the end of the 19th century</figcaption></figure> <p>Law no. 449 of 10 August 1893 of the Giolitti I government established the Bank of Italy through the merger of four banks: the National Bank in the Kingdom of Italy (formerly Banca Nazionale in the Sardinian States), the Banca Nazionale Toscana, the Banca Toscana di Credito for the Industries and Commerce of Italy and with the liquidation management of Banca Romana. With a complex series of mergers between these banks, the current Bank of Italy was formed. Some families of bankers, historical partners: Bombrini, Bastogi, Balduino, were the supporters of the operation. The institute enjoyed (together with the Banks of Naples and Sicily) the issuing privilege, it also acted as a "bank of banks" through the rediscount of bills, but did not have supervisory powers over other banks.<sup id="cite_ref-Colajanni_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Colajanni-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bank remains a private limited company and was headed by a director. </p><p>From 1900 to 1928 Bonaldo Stringher was the director, who gave the Bank the role of manager of Italian monetary policy and lender of last resort, bringing it closer to a modern central bank. In particular, he understood that a central bank cannot aim at maximizing profit (which is achieved by printing as much paper money) but must instead aim at price stability.<sup id="cite_ref-Colajanni_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Colajanni-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1907, the Bank of Italy coordinated the rescue of the Italian Banking Company, a major lender of FIAT, an operation that ended with the absorption of the bank in crisis into the Italian Discount Bank. In 1911 the central bank organized a consortium to rescue the steel companies (Acciaierie di Terni, Ilva and others) of which the Bank of Italy was directly creditor, financing the operation also through the issue of banknotes.<sup id="cite_ref-Colajanni_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Colajanni-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1912 the credit institute for cooperation, with social purposes, was established, led by the Bank of Italy and also participated by public bodies, savings banks, Monte dei Paschi di Siena, the Cassa di Previdenza, and the Credit Institution for the Cooperatives of Milan. The institute in 1929 was transformed by its director Arturo Osio into the Banca Nazionale del Lavoro.<sup id="cite_ref-Colajanni_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Colajanni-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1913 the Subsidy Consortium was established, led by the Bank of Italy and also participated by the Banks of Naples and Sicily, some savings banks, Monte dei Paschi di Siena and by the San Paolo Bank of Turin. In 1922 the Consortium saved Ansaldo and took control of it, and in 1923 it did the same with Banco di Roma.<sup id="cite_ref-Colajanni_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Colajanni-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the same 1913 Francesco Saverio Nitti drew up a bill that entrusted the Bank of Italy with the supervision of other banks, but the private banks managed to avoid its approval. </p><p>In 1914 the Bank of Italy assisted the Banco di Roma, which had to devalue its capital due to losses reported in the activities in the eastern Mediterranean.<sup id="cite_ref-Garzantina_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garzantina-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the First World War, in 1921, it was always the Bank of Italy that led the consortium that managed the liquidation of the Italian Discount Bank and saved the Banco di Roma once again from crisis. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Banking_Law_of_1926">The Banking Law of 1926</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bank_of_Italy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The Banking Law of 1926"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palazzo_della_banca_d%27italia_(firenze)_01.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Palazzo_della_banca_d%27italia_%28firenze%29_01.JPG/220px-Palazzo_della_banca_d%27italia_%28firenze%29_01.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Palazzo_della_banca_d%27italia_%28firenze%29_01.JPG/330px-Palazzo_della_banca_d%27italia_%28firenze%29_01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Palazzo_della_banca_d%27italia_%28firenze%29_01.JPG/440px-Palazzo_della_banca_d%27italia_%28firenze%29_01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Bank of Italy building in <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>, built when the city was the capital of Italy (1865–1871)</figcaption></figure> <p>Even with these strong regulatory and intervention powers, the fascist state allowed the crisis of the banks that were headed by the National Credit, the Popular Party bank, to worsen. </p><p>In this way, fascism, which equally aimed at the political control of monetary issuance, intended to strike one of the electoral strengths and of the business system that orbited around the industrial policy of the Catholic world, supported by credit institutions. </p><p>With R.D.L. 812 of 6 May 1926, the Bank of Italy obtained the exclusive right to issue the currency (the royal decree of 28 April 1910, no. 204 was thus repealed, which had confirmed the prerogative also to the Bank of Naples and the Bank of Sicily).<sup id="cite_ref-B&B_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-B&B-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The subsequent R.D.L. November 6, 1926 n. 1830 entrusted the Bank of Italy with the task of supervising savings banks. In 1928 the Bank was reorganized. The general manager was joined by a governor with greater powers. </p><p>Meanwhile, in 1926 the Subsidy Consortium had been transformed into a Liquidation Institute, still under the control of the central bank. In 1933 it was absorbed by the new Institute for Industrial Reconstruction, autonomous from the Bank of Italy. </p><p>While all the banks were in very bad conditions, the Banca Nazionale del Lavoro of the self-styled socialist Arturo Osio, in 1929 confiscated eleven Catholic banks, and in 1932 the Banca Agricola Italiana which had financed SNIA Viscosa di Gualino.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Banks_and_the_economy_of_the_1930s">Banks and the economy of the 1930s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bank_of_Italy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Banks and the economy of the 1930s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Milano_-_Banca_d%27Italia_0490.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Milano_-_Banca_d%27Italia_0490.JPG/220px-Milano_-_Banca_d%27Italia_0490.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Milano_-_Banca_d%27Italia_0490.JPG/330px-Milano_-_Banca_d%27Italia_0490.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Milano_-_Banca_d%27Italia_0490.JPG/440px-Milano_-_Banca_d%27Italia_0490.JPG 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Bank of Italy building in <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Italy in the 1930s had an agricultural economy, a small number of industrial families who relied on the subcontracting of local suppliers, formed by a myriad of small family-run businesses, not international and whose survival depended on large groups of industrialists, in turn, linked to commercial banks. </p><p>The savings from agriculture flowed into the rural coffers, the popular banks and the cooperative credit which financed the life of the provincial crafts, small businesses and construction. The job of the banks was to match the customers' short-term investment horizon with the long-term investments of large groups (Rediscount). National banks turned to local banks that had large deposits of deposits for smaller, low-risk loans. </p><p>The Cassa Depositi e Prestiti channelled postal savings in favour of local authorities, public institutions and infrastructures, which were a way of absorbing mass unemployment, through a vast program of public works. </p><p>The ideological basis of the law was that savings are a matter of national interest and must be protected by the State, a principle also enshrined in the Republican Constitution and concretized in the first place in the law establishing the interbank guarantee fund and in the policy of public bailouts.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The banking legislation of 1936-1938 established a banking supervisory agency, the <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Ispettorato per la Difesa del Risparmio e l'Esercizio del Credito</i></span> (IDREC), chaired by the Bank of Italy's governor.<sup id="cite_ref-Giani_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Giani-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 92">: 92 </span></sup> The bank no longer had the right to give credit to individuals but only to other banks as a lender of last resort. public bailout policy. Finally, it had the power to require other banks to deposit a portion of the available funds with the same central bank; by varying the share, the Bank of Italy could operate credit tightening or enlargements. </p><p>The law established certain minimum capital and management requirements necessary to guarantee risk management, stability and operational continuity: minimum capital, minimum ratio between loans and deposits, credit limits, provisions for compulsory reserve. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="IRI_and_the_war">IRI and the war</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bank_of_Italy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: IRI and the war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Banca_d%27Italia_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Banca_d%27Italia_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-Banca_d%27Italia_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Banca_d%27Italia_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-Banca_d%27Italia_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Banca_d%27Italia_-_panoramio.jpg/440px-Banca_d%27Italia_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Bank of Italy building in <a href="/wiki/Reggio_Calabria" title="Reggio Calabria">Reggio Calabria</a></figcaption></figure> <p>After the "defenestration" of Bonaldo Stringher, <a href="/wiki/Alberto_Beneduce" title="Alberto Beneduce">Alberto Beneduce</a> took over and was forced to retire in 1936 after a "heart attack" during a meeting at the Bank for International Settlements in Basel. They conceived the duty of the banks towards the public interest of the country, as the subject who had to collect savings to lend them to entrepreneurs, as a tool for development and growth. The process was to be led by a "circulation bank", which would increase the speed of circulation of money in the real economy.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Central Bank supported the fascist monetary policy of defending the stability of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_lira" title="Italian lira">Italian lira</a> (known as the "Quota 90"), through the reduction of discounts and advances, and financing the enormous expenses of wars in the 1930s and 1940s through the unlimited issuing of money (and the "inflation tax", not progressive with income), as <a href="/wiki/Hjalmar_Schacht" title="Hjalmar Schacht">Hjalmar Schacht</a> did in Germany under Hitler. </p><p>Operationally, the government issued and sold debt securities to finance <a href="/wiki/Military_spending" class="mw-redirect" title="Military spending">military spending</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Military_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Military industry">military industry</a> reinvested its government profits in the purchase of such bonds as a <i>de facto</i> advance on future orders, fueling a closed financial circuit. In simple terms, this was something like the ECB issuing money and lending it to private banks who keep it in their current accounts with the ECB.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (July 2024)">according to whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>This mechanism was called "capital circuit". The printing of tickets and the scarcity of consumer goods created an overabundance of money that poured into bank deposits, allowing a new expansion of credit, which was directed in favour of the economic sectors themselves. given that the state paid the banks a higher interest on the BOTs than the savers. The absorption of savings into investments in fixed capital had already taken place in the First World War and industries were working with existing production capacities. Without consumption and investments, public spending by the state remained. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bari,_corso_cavour,_palazzo_della_banca_d%27italia_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Bari%2C_corso_cavour%2C_palazzo_della_banca_d%27italia_01.jpg/220px-Bari%2C_corso_cavour%2C_palazzo_della_banca_d%27italia_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Bari%2C_corso_cavour%2C_palazzo_della_banca_d%27italia_01.jpg/330px-Bari%2C_corso_cavour%2C_palazzo_della_banca_d%27italia_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Bari%2C_corso_cavour%2C_palazzo_della_banca_d%27italia_01.jpg/440px-Bari%2C_corso_cavour%2C_palazzo_della_banca_d%27italia_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2796" data-file-height="1888" /></a><figcaption>Bank of Italy building in <a href="/wiki/Bari" title="Bari">Bari</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The war could start with a modest tax levy and inflation within the normal limits in the first months, before the black market and ration cards.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The situation followed the conflict of interest between the state entrepreneur and the state bank, albeit in the name of a higher ideological purpose. </p><p>In 1938, the government decreed the power to directly appoint presidents and vice-presidents of the board of directors of banks. </p><p>Beneduce planned to have a public bank take over the long-term credit of large companies, financed with bonds of equal duration for public works, energy, and industry. After them, the Central Bank maintained a low-profile monetary policy, consistent with the directives of fascism. </p><p>IRI operated differently, in agreement with the Italian banks and industries that supported fascism. The banks renounced exercising an option by "converting" the debts into shares (or a law in this regard), preferring not to enter directly into the ownership of the industrial groups. </p><p>The groups transferred the bank debts to IRI, which became the new owner in exchange for shares (at the book value, not always the same as the market value), until they held control of the property and therefore of management. </p><p>The debt of the IRI rose to nine and a half billion lire at the time, two-thirds of which were paid within the war, because they were drastically diluted by inflation which has the effect of lowering the real weight of debts until the accounting entries are cancelled. of issuance, but also to halve the purchasing power of small savers. The remaining debt was paid by 1953.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The IRI in turn had debts towards the Bank of Italy for five billion lire: the State issued bonds for IRI for one and a half billion, "sterilizing" the debt that should have been repaid with "annuity" interest. accrued until 1971. The change of constitutional order and currency (exchange rate for conversion), and inflation meant that IRI (and industries) paid the Bank of Italy less than a third of the sum. </p><p>After the armistice of 8 September, the German authorities demanded the delivery of the gold reserve. 173 tons of gold were first transferred to the Milan office, and then to Fortezza. Traces of it were subsequently lost.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1960s, the public debt increased and so did inflation. Governor Guido Carli made a policy of credit crunch to stop inflation, particularly in 1964. In general, the Bank of Italy played an important political role under this governorship. Other credit crunches were implemented between 1969 and 1970 due to the flight of capital abroad and in 1974 as a result of the oil crisis. </p><p>In March 1979 the governor of the Bank of Italy, Paolo Baffi, and the deputy director in charge of supervision, Mario Sarcinelli, were accused by the Rome public prosecutor of private interest in official acts and personal aiding and abetting. Sarcinelli was arrested, and released from prison only after being suspended from duties relating to surveillance, while Baffi avoided prison due to his age. In 1981 the two will be completely acquitted. Subsequently, the suspicion will emerge that the indictment was wanted by P2 to prevent the Bank of Italy from supervising Roberto Cavali Banco Ambrosiano.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_postwar_period">The postwar period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bank_of_Italy&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: The postwar period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Facciata_ingresso_principale.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Facciata_ingresso_principale.jpg/220px-Facciata_ingresso_principale.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Facciata_ingresso_principale.jpg/330px-Facciata_ingresso_principale.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Facciata_ingresso_principale.jpg/440px-Facciata_ingresso_principale.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1182" data-file-height="627" /></a><figcaption>Bank of Italy building in <a href="/wiki/Trieste" title="Trieste">Trieste</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The post-war inflation, also due to the Am-lire, was fought with the credit crunch desired by the governor Luigi Einaudi, which was obtained through the compulsory reserve on deposits. In particular, the instrument of compulsory reserves of banks at the central bank was used, introduced in 1926 but never really applied. In 1948 the governor was given the task of regulating the money supply and deciding the discount rate.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The universal banks were the ones that had gained the most from war and inflation (under the Authorization Regime of the Interministerial Credit Committee), with the greatest growth in deposits.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Along with the recovery, speculative stocks and capital flight abroad appeared. Credit limits were no longer tied to equity, as equity figures were completely distorted by inflation. </p><p>The squeeze on lending, the liquidity crisis and the Eenaudian deflation pushed operators to finance themselves by placing stocks on the market and returning capital, thus blocking the rise in prices; and by resorting to self-financing (even without distributing profits), aided by the fact that inflation had made it possible to quickly amortize fixed assets whose book value was now nominal.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the years of the Reconstruction, governor Donato Menichella governed the issue in a gradual and balanced way: he did not implement expansionary manoeuvres to encourage growth but was careful to avoid the creation of credit crunches. In this, he was helped by the low public debt. Its monetary policy program was stability for development. </p><p>A part of the available bank savings was channelled annually to the Treasury to cover the budget deficit (in the current year), while during his tenure the public debt of the state never rose above 1% of GDP, until 1964.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 1981, a "divorce" between the State (Ministry of the Treasury) and its central bank was initiated by the decision of the then Treasury Minister Beniamino Andreatta.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From that moment on, the institute was no longer required to purchase the bonds that the government was unable to place on the market, thus ceasing the monetization of the Italian public debt that it had carried out since the Second World War up to that moment. This decision was opposed by the Minister of Finance Rino Formica, who would have liked the Bank of Italy to be required to repay at least a portion of these securities, and from the summer of 1982 a series of intra-government verbal clashes between the two ministers known as the wives' quarrel, which was followed by the fall of the second Spadolini government a few months later. </p><p>The divorce between the Ministry of the Treasury and the Bank of Italy is still considered by economic doctrine as a factor of great stabilization of inflation (which went from over 20% in 1980 to less than 5% in the following years) and a central prerequisite for guarantee the full independence of the technical monetary policy body (central bank) from the choices related to fiscal policy (under the responsibility of the government), but also a factor of considerable incidence of growth of the Italian public debt.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The law of 7 February <a href="/wiki/1992" title="1992">1992</a> n. 82, proposed by the then Minister of the Treasury <a href="/wiki/Guido_Carli" title="Guido Carli">Guido Carli</a>, clarifies that the decision on the discount rate is the exclusive competence of the governor and must no longer be agreed in concert with the Minister of the Treasury (the previous decree of the President of the Republic is modified in relation to the new law with the Presidential Decree of 18 July). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_euro_and_the_2006_reform">The euro and the 2006 reform</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bank_of_Italy&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: The euro and the 2006 reform"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Banca_d%27italia1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Banca_d%27italia1.JPG/220px-Banca_d%27italia1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Banca_d%27italia1.JPG/330px-Banca_d%27italia1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Banca_d%27italia1.JPG/440px-Banca_d%27italia1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Bank of Italy building in <a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Palermo</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Legislative Decree 10 March 1998 n. 43 removes the Bank of Italy from management by the Italian government, sanctioning its belonging to the European system of central banks. From this date, therefore, the quantity of currency in circulation is decided autonomously by the Central Bank. With the introduction of the Euro on 1 January 1999, the Bank thus loses the function of presiding over national monetary policy. This function has since been exercised collectively by the Governing Council of the European Central Bank, which also includes the Governor of the Bank of Italy. </p><p>On 13 June 1999 the Senate of the Republic, during the XIII Legislature, discussed bill no. 4083 "Rules on the ownership of the Bank of Italy and on the criteria for appointing the Board of Governors of the Bank of Italy". This bill would like the state to acquire all the shares of the institute, but it is never approved. </p><p>On January 4, 2004, the weekly "Famiglia Cristiana" reports, for the first time in history, the list of participants in the capital of the Bank of Italy with the relative shares. The source is a Mediobanca Research & Studies dossier, directed by the researcher Fulvio Coltorti, who, by investigating backwards on the balance sheets of banks, insurance companies and institutions, and gradually noting the shares that indicated a shareholding in the capital of the Bank of Italia managed to reconstruct a large part of the list of participants of the highest Italian financial institution. </p><p>On September 20, 2005, the list of shareholders was officially made available by the Bank of Italy; until now it was considered confidential. On December 19, 2005, after intense press campaigns and criticism of his actions in the context of the Bancopoli scandal, Governor Antonio Fazio resigned. A few days later, Mario Draghi, who took office on January 16, 2006, was appointed in his place. </p><p>The law of 28 December 2005, n. 262, as part of various measures to protect savings, introduces for the first time a term to the mandate of the governor and the members of the directorate. It also dealt with (article 19, paragraph 10) the issue of ownership of the capital of the Bank of Italy, providing for the redefinition of the Bank's shareholding structure by means of a government regulation to be issued within three years of the law's entry into force. This regulation should have governed the methods of transferring shares held by "subjects other than the State or other public bodies". The delegation made by law 262/2005, therefore, expired without the regulation being issued, but the right to ownership of the shares of the current participants is in any case safeguarded by a provision of the Bank's Statute. On the basis of law 262/2005, Mario Draghi becomes the first governor to have a term of six years, renewable once for a further six years. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Missions_and_organization">Missions and organization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bank_of_Italy&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Missions and organization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Missions">Missions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bank_of_Italy&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Missions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bancaitaliabg.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Bancaitaliabg.JPG/220px-Bancaitaliabg.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Bancaitaliabg.JPG/330px-Bancaitaliabg.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Bancaitaliabg.JPG/440px-Bancaitaliabg.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption>Bank of Italy building in <a href="/wiki/Bergamo" title="Bergamo">Bergamo</a></figcaption></figure> <p>After the charge of monetary and exchange rate policies was shifted in 1998 to the <a href="/wiki/European_Central_Bank" title="European Central Bank">European Central Bank</a>, within the European institutional framework, the bank implements the decisions, issues <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">euro</a> banknotes and withdraws and destroys worn pieces. </p><p>The main function has thus become banking and financial supervision. The objective is to ensure the stability and efficiency of the system and compliance with rules and regulations; the bank pursues it through secondary legislation, controls and cooperation with governmental authorities. </p><p>Following a reform in 2005, which was prompted by takeover scandals, the bank has lost exclusive antitrust authority in the credit sector, which is now shared with the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Competition_Authority" title="Italian Competition Authority">Italian Competition Authority</a> (<a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: <i lang="it">Autorità Garante della Concorrenza e del Mercato</i>). </p><p>Other functions include market supervision, oversight of the payment system and provision of settlement services, State treasury service, Central Credit Register, economic analysis and institutional consultancy. </p><p>As of 2021, the Bank of Italy owned 2,451.8 <a href="/wiki/Tonnes" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonnes">tonnes</a> of <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a>, the third-largest <a href="/wiki/Gold_reserve" title="Gold reserve">gold reserve</a> in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Governing_bodies">Governing bodies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bank_of_Italy&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Governing bodies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The bank's governing bodies are the <a href="/wiki/Annual_General_Meeting" class="mw-redirect" title="Annual General Meeting">General Meeting of Shareholders</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Board_of_directors" title="Board of directors">board of directors</a>, the governor, the <a href="/wiki/Director_general" title="Director general">director general</a> and three deputy directors-general; the last five constitute the directorate. </p><p>The general meeting takes place yearly and with the purpose of approving accounts and appointing the <a href="/wiki/Auditor" title="Auditor">auditors</a>. The board of directors has administrative powers and is chaired by the governor (or by the director-general in his absence). Following a reform in 2005, the governor lost exclusive responsibility regarding decisions of external relevance (i.e. banking and financial supervision), which has been transferred to the directorate (by majority vote). The director-general is responsible for the day-to-day administration of the bank and acts as governor when absent. </p><p>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Board_of_auditors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Board of auditors (page does not exist)">board of auditors</a> assesses the bank's administration and compliance with the law, regulations and statute. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Appointment">Appointment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bank_of_Italy&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Appointment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The directorate's <a href="/wiki/Term_of_office" title="Term of office">term of office</a> lasts six years and is renewable once. The appointment of the governor is the responsibility of the government, head of the board of directors, with the approval of the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Italy" title="President of Italy">president</a> (formally a <a href="/wiki/Decree" title="Decree">decree</a> of the president). The board of directors is elected by the shareholders according to the bank <a href="/wiki/Statute" title="Statute">statute</a>. </p><p>On 25 October 2011, <a href="/wiki/Silvio_Berlusconi" title="Silvio Berlusconi">Silvio Berlusconi</a> nominated <a href="/wiki/Ignazio_Visco" title="Ignazio Visco">Ignazio Visco</a> to be the bank's new governor to replace <a href="/wiki/Mario_Draghi" title="Mario Draghi">Mario Draghi</a> when he left to become president of the <a href="/wiki/European_Central_Bank" title="European Central Bank">European Central Bank</a> in November.<sup id="cite_ref-viscohead_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-viscohead-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Currency_and_coinage">Currency and coinage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bank_of_Italy&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Currency and coinage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_coins_in_Italy" title="History of coins in Italy">History of coins in Italy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:5_lire_1914.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/5_lire_1914.jpg/220px-5_lire_1914.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/5_lire_1914.jpg/330px-5_lire_1914.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/5_lire_1914.jpg/440px-5_lire_1914.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="388" /></a><figcaption>Silver 5 <a href="/wiki/Italian_lira" title="Italian lira">lire</a> coin, 1914, with the <a href="/wiki/Italia_Turrita" class="mw-redirect" title="Italia Turrita">personification of Italy</a> standing on a <a href="/wiki/Quadriga" title="Quadriga">quadriga</a> depicted on the reverse</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:100_lire_Repubblica_Italiana_1956.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/100_lire_Repubblica_Italiana_1956.jpg/220px-100_lire_Repubblica_Italiana_1956.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/100_lire_Repubblica_Italiana_1956.jpg/330px-100_lire_Repubblica_Italiana_1956.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/100_lire_Repubblica_Italiana_1956.jpg/440px-100_lire_Repubblica_Italiana_1956.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="389" /></a><figcaption>100 lire coin, 1956, with goddess <a href="/wiki/Minerva" title="Minerva">Minerva</a> holding an olive tree and a long spear depicted on the reverse</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/History_of_coins_in_Italy" title="History of coins in Italy">Italy has a long history of different coinage types</a>, which spans thousands of years. Since Italy has been for centuries divided into many <a href="/wiki/List_of_historic_states_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of historic states of Italy">historic states</a>, they all had different coinage systems, but when the country became <a href="/wiki/Italian_unification" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian unification">unified</a> in 1861, the <a href="/wiki/Italian_lira" title="Italian lira">Italian lira</a> came into place, and was used until 2002. The term originates from <i>libra</i>, the largest unit of the <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_monetary_system" title="Carolingian monetary system">Carolingian monetary system</a> used in Western Europe and elsewhere from the 8th to the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Italian lira was introduced by the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Napoleonic)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)">Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy</a> in 1807 at par with the <a href="/wiki/French_franc" title="French franc">French franc</a>, and was subsequently adopted by the different states that would eventually form the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a> in 1861. It was subdivided into 100 <i>centesimi</i> (singular: <i>centesimo</i>), which means "hundredths" or "cents". The lira was also the currency of the <a href="/wiki/Albanian_Kingdom_(1939-1943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian Kingdom (1939-1943)">Albanian Kingdom</a> from 1941 to 1943. </p><p>There was no standard <a href="/wiki/Currency_symbol" title="Currency symbol">sign</a> or abbreviation for the Italian lira. The abbreviations <i>Lit.</i> (standing for <i>Lira italiana</i>) and L. (standing for <i>Lira</i>) and the signs <a href="/wiki/Lira#Lira_sign" title="Lira">₤</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pound_sign" title="Pound sign">£</a> were all accepted representations of the currency. Banks and financial institutions, including the Bank of Italy,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> often used <i>Lit.</i><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and this was regarded internationally as the abbreviation for the Italian lira.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Handwritten documents and signs at market stalls would often use "£" or "₤",<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while coins used "L."<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Italy" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Italy">Italian postage stamps</a> mostly used the word <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">lire</i></span> in full but some (such as the 1975 monuments series) used "L." The name of the currency could also be written in full as a prefix or a suffix (e.g. Lire 100,000 or 100,000 lire). The <a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">ISO 4217</a> <a href="/wiki/Currency_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Currency code">currency code</a> for the lira was <i>ITL</i>. </p><p>The Italian lira was the official unit of currency in <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> until 1 January 1999, when it was replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">euro</a> (euro coins and notes were not introduced until 2002). Old lira denominated currency ceased to be legal tender on 28 February 2002. The conversion rate is 1,936.27 lire to the euro.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All lira banknotes in use immediately before the introduction of the euro, as all post WW2 coins, were still exchangeable for euros in all branches of the Bank of Italy until 29 February 2012. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Shareholders">Shareholders</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bank_of_Italy&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Shareholders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Banca d'Italia had 300,000 shares with a nominal value of €25,000. Originally scattered around the banks of Italy, the shares now accumulated due to the merger of the banks since the 1990s and also a number of pension and social security institutions. The status of the bank states that a minimum of 54% of profits would go to the Italian government, and only a maximum of 6% of profits would be distributed as dividends according to share ratios.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even so, the Bank of Italy stands out among central banks in the <a href="/wiki/Eurosystem" title="Eurosystem">Eurosystem</a> as having no state ownership (the <a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Belgium" title="National Bank of Belgium">National Bank of Belgium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Greece" title="Bank of Greece">Bank of Greece</a> have mixed ownership). </p><p>As of early 2024, the 15 largest shareholders represented slightly over half of the bank's equity, namely <a href="/wiki/UniCredit" title="UniCredit">UniCredit</a> (5.0 percent), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cassa_nazionale_di_previdenza_ed_assistenza_per_gli_ingegneri_ed_architetti_liberi_professionisti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cassa nazionale di previdenza ed assistenza per gli ingegneri ed architetti liberi professionisti (page does not exist)">Cassa nazionale di previdenza ed assistenza per gli ingegneri ed architetti liberi professionisti</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassa_nazionale_di_previdenza_ed_assistenza_per_gli_ingegneri_ed_architetti_liberi_professionisti" class="extiw" title="it:Cassa nazionale di previdenza ed assistenza per gli ingegneri ed architetti liberi professionisti">it</a>]</span> (4.9 percent), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fondazione_ENPAM&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fondazione ENPAM (page does not exist)">Fondazione ENPAM</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fondazione_ENPAM" class="extiw" title="it:Fondazione ENPAM">it</a>]</span> (4.9 percent), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cassa_nazionale_di_previdenza_e_assistenza_forense&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cassa nazionale di previdenza e assistenza forense (page does not exist)">Cassa nazionale di previdenza e assistenza forense</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassa_nazionale_di_previdenza_e_assistenza_forense" class="extiw" title="it:Cassa nazionale di previdenza e assistenza forense">it</a>]</span> (4.9 percent), <a href="/wiki/Intesa_Sanpaolo" title="Intesa Sanpaolo">Intesa Sanpaolo</a> (4.9 percent), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cassa_nazionale_di_previdenza_e_assistenza_dei_dottori_commercialisti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cassa nazionale di previdenza e assistenza dei dottori commercialisti (page does not exist)">Cassa nazionale di previdenza e assistenza dei dottori commercialisti</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassa_nazionale_di_previdenza_e_assistenza_dei_dottori_commercialisti" class="extiw" title="it:Cassa nazionale di previdenza e assistenza dei dottori commercialisti">it</a>]</span> (3.7 percent), <a href="/wiki/BPER_Banca" title="BPER Banca">BPER Banca</a> (3.3 percent), <a href="/wiki/ICCREA_Banca" title="ICCREA Banca">ICCREA Banca</a> (3.1 percent), <a href="/wiki/Generali_Italia" title="Generali Italia">Generali Italia</a> (3.0 percent), the <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Social_Security_(Italy)" title="National Institute for Social Security (Italy)">National Institute for Social Security</a> (3.0 percent), <a href="/wiki/Istituto_nazionale_per_l%27assicurazione_contro_gli_infortuni_sul_lavoro" title="Istituto nazionale per l'assicurazione contro gli infortuni sul lavoro">Istituto nazionale per l'assicurazione contro gli infortuni sul lavoro</a> (3.0 percent), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cassa_di_Sovvenzioni_e_Risparmio_fra_il_Personale_della_Banca_d%27Italia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cassa di Sovvenzioni e Risparmio fra il Personale della Banca d'Italia (page does not exist)">Cassa di Sovvenzioni e Risparmio fra il Personale della Banca d'Italia</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassa_di_Sovvenzioni_e_Risparmio_fra_il_Personale_della_Banca_d%27Italia" class="extiw" title="it:Cassa di Sovvenzioni e Risparmio fra il Personale della Banca d'Italia">it</a>]</span> (3.0 percent), <a href="/wiki/Cassa_di_Risparmio_di_Asti" title="Cassa di Risparmio di Asti">Cassa di Risparmio di Asti</a> (3.0 percent), <a href="/wiki/Banca_Nazionale_del_Lavoro" title="Banca Nazionale del Lavoro">Banca Nazionale del Lavoro</a> (2.8 percent), and <a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%A9dit_Agricole_Italia" title="Crédit Agricole Italia">Crédit Agricole Italia</a> (2.8 percent). The remaining 49 percent were dispersed among 157 shareholders, mainly banks and <a href="/wiki/Associazione_di_Fondazioni_e_di_Casse_di_Risparmio_S.p.A." title="Associazione di Fondazioni e di Casse di Risparmio S.p.A.">banking foundations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bank_of_Italy&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/All-currency-symbol.svg/28px-All-currency-symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/All-currency-symbol.svg/42px-All-currency-symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/All-currency-symbol.svg/56px-All-currency-symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="54" data-file-height="54" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Banks" title="Portal:Banks">Banks portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem-money.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/28px-Emblem-money.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/42px-Emblem-money.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/56px-Emblem-money.svg.png 2x" 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href="/wiki/Commissione_Nazionale_per_le_Societ%C3%A0_e_la_Borsa" title="Commissione Nazionale per le Società e la Borsa">Commissione Nazionale per le Società e la Borsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Italy" title="Economy of Italy">Economy of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istituto_Poligrafico_e_Zecca_dello_Stato" title="Istituto Poligrafico e Zecca dello Stato">Istituto Poligrafico e Zecca dello Stato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_lira" title="Italian lira">Italian lira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_the_Bank_of_Italy" title="Governor of the Bank of Italy">Governor of the Bank of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_central_banks" title="List of central banks">List of central banks</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bank_of_Italy&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription 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.cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://infostat.bancaditalia.it/inquiry/home?spyglass%2Ftaxo%3ACUBESET=&ITEMSELEZ=&OPEN=false%2F&ep%3ALC=EN&COMM=BANKITALIA&ENV=LIVE&CTX=DIFF&IDX=1&%2Fview%3ACUBEIDS=TRUF0100">"Bank of Italy – Statistical Database"</a>. <i>bancaditalia.it</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://keynesblog.com/2012/08/31/le-vere-cause-del-debito-pubblico-italiano/">the original</a> on 14 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Le+vere+cause+del+debito+pubblico+italiano&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkeynesblog.com%2F2012%2F08%2F31%2Fle-vere-cause-del-debito-pubblico-italiano%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABank+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181014165402/http://www.avantionline.it/2014/12/debito-pubblico-tutto-comincio-con-un-divorzio/">"Debito Pubblico, tutto cominciò con un 'divorzio'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Berlusconi+names+Visco+to+head+Bank+of+Italy+in+surprise+move&rft.date=2011-10-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fitaly-cenbank%2Fupdate-2-berlusconi-names-visco-to-head-bank-of-italy-in-surprise-move-idUSL5E7LK5TZ20111020&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABank+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The last country to abandon the Carolingian system was <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> in 1973, when the <a href="/wiki/Nigerian_pound" title="Nigerian pound">pound</a> was replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Nigerian_naira" title="Nigerian naira">naira</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bancaditalia.it/pubblicazioni/relazione-annuale/1982/en_rel82_abridged_annualreport.pdf?language_id=1">"Banca d'Italia Annual Report for 1982 - page 187"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. bancaditalia.it. 31 May 1983<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Banca+d%27Italia+Annual+Report+for+1982+-+page+187&rft.pub=bancaditalia.it&rft.date=1983-05-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bancaditalia.it%2Fpubblicazioni%2Frelazione-annuale%2F1982%2Fen_rel82_abridged_annualreport.pdf%3Flanguage_id%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABank+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Banca_Popolare_di_Milano_50_lire.jpg">"A <i>miniassegni</i> issued by the Banca Popolare di Milano using "LIT." as the currency sign"</a>. 20 June 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221206115146/https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Banca_Popolare_di_Milano_50_lire.jpg">Archived</a> from the original on 6 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+miniassegni+issued+by+the+Banca+Popolare+di+Milano+using+%22LIT.%22+as+the+currency+sign&rft.date=2019-06-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcommons.wikimedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFile%3ABanca_Popolare_di_Milano_50_lire.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABank+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:AssegnoN1BCCGaudianoDiLavello.jpg">"A cheque issued by the Cassa Rurale ed Artigiana di Gaudiano di Lavello using a script version of "Lit."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. 30 August 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221206115149/https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:AssegnoN1BCCGaudianoDiLavello.jpg">Archived</a> from the original on 6 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+cheque+issued+by+the+Cassa+Rurale+ed+Artigiana+di+Gaudiano+di+Lavello+using+a+script+version+of+%22Lit.%22&rft.date=2015-08-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcommons.wikimedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFile%3AAssegnoN1BCCGaudianoDiLavello.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABank+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_World_Factbook_(1990)/Italy">"Italy"</a>. <i>CIA World Factbook 1990 - page 178</i>. 1 April 1990<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Italy&rft.btitle=CIA+World+Factbook+1990+-+page+178&rft.date=1990-04-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FThe_World_Factbook_%281990%29%2FItaly&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABank+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1933-06-28%20Alfa%206C%201500%2010811406%20ACI%20registration.jpg">"1933 Registration Form of the Reale Automobile Club d'Italia prominently displaying "£50'000" in handwriting"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221206115150/https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1933-06-28_Alfa_6C_1500_10811406_ACI_registration.jpg">Archived</a> from the original on 6 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1933+Registration+Form+of+the+Reale+Automobile+Club+d%27Italia+prominently+displaying+%22%C2%A350%27000%22+in+handwriting.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcommons.wikimedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFile%3A1933-06-28%2520Alfa%25206C%25201500%252010811406%2520ACI%2520registration.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABank+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:451_-_Siracusa_-_Cotognata_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto_-_15-Oct-2008.jpg">"An old price display sign in use in Sicily marked with both the lira and euro signs"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221206115151/https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:451_-_Siracusa_-_Cotognata_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto_-_15-Oct-2008.jpg">Archived</a> from the original on 6 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An+old+price+display+sign+in+use+in+Sicily+marked+with+both+the+lira+and+euro+signs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcommons.wikimedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFile%3A451_-_Siracusa_-_Cotognata_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%2527Orto_-_15-Oct-2008.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABank+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Coins_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_by_year">"Category:Coins of the Kingdom of Italy by year"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Category%3ACoins+of+the+Kingdom+of+Italy+by+year&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcommons.wikimedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCategory%3ACoins_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_by_year&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABank+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Coins_of_the_Italian_Republic_by_year">"Category:Coins of the Italian Republic by year"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Category%3ACoins+of+the+Italian+Republic+by+year&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcommons.wikimedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCategory%3ACoins_of_the_Italian_Republic_by_year&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABank+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070515000441/http://www.ultimalira.it/inglese/storia_lira_compl.html">"Ultimalira: Storia della Lira"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ultimalira.it/inglese/storia_lira_compl.html">the original</a> on 15 May 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 February</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ultimalira%3A+Storia+della+Lira&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ultimalira.it%2Finglese%2Fstoria_lira_compl.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABank+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bancaditalia.it/chi-siamo/funzioni-governance/disposizioni-generali/en-statute.pdf?language_id=1">"Status"</a>, Banca d'Italia.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bancaditalia.it/chi-siamo/funzioni-governance/partecipanti-capitale/shareholders_ENG.pdf?language_id=1">"Shareholders at 17 February 2024"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Banca d'Italia</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Banca+d%27Italia&rft.atitle=Shareholders+at+17+February+2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bancaditalia.it%2Fchi-siamo%2Ffunzioni-governance%2Fpartecipanti-capitale%2Fshareholders_ENG.pdf%3Flanguage_id%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABank+of+Italy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bank_of_Italy&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Italy" title="Banking in Italy">Banking in Italy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_bank" title="Central bank">Central bank</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bank of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Central_Bank" title="European Central Bank">European Central Bank</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="12" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/32px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/48px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/64px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Italy" title="Portal:Italy">Italy portal</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Public_bank" title="Public bank">Public banks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cassa_Depositi_e_Prestiti" title="Cassa Depositi e Prestiti">Cassa Depositi e Prestiti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CDP_Reti" title="CDP Reti">CDP Reti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poste_Italiane" title="Poste Italiane">Poste Italiane</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BancoPosta" title="BancoPosta">BancoPosta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banca_del_Mezzogiorno_%E2%80%93_MedioCredito_Centrale" title="Banca del Mezzogiorno – MedioCredito Centrale">Banca del Mezzogiorno – MedioCredito Centrale</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istituto_per_il_Credito_Sportivo" title="Istituto per il Credito Sportivo">Istituto per il Credito Sportivo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banca_Mediocredito_del_Friuli_Venezia_Giulia" title="Banca Mediocredito del Friuli Venezia Giulia">Banca Mediocredito del Friuli Venezia Giulia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investitionsbank_Trentino_S%C3%BCdtirol_%E2%80%93_Mediocredito_Trentino_Alto_Adige" title="Investitionsbank Trentino Südtirol – Mediocredito Trentino Alto Adige">Investitionsbank Trentino Südtirol – Mediocredito Trentino Alto Adige</a></li> <li>Finaosta</li> <li>Fincalabra</li> <li>Finlombarda</li> <li>Finmolise</li> <li>Finpiemonte</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fidi_Toscana" title="Fidi Toscana">Fidi Toscana</a></li> <li>FIRA</li> <li>Gepafin</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRFIS_%E2%80%93_FinSicilia" title="IRFIS – FinSicilia">IRFIS – FinSicilia</a></li> <li>Sviluppo Basilicata</li> <li>SFIRS</li> <li>Veneto Sviluppo</li> <li>FarBanca</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banca_Intermobiliare" title="Banca Intermobiliare">Banca Intermobiliare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Global banks<br />(Supervised by ECB)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/UniCredit" title="UniCredit">UniCredit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddybank" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddybank">buddybank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intesa_Sanpaolo" title="Intesa Sanpaolo">Intesa Sanpaolo</a> <ul><li>isybank</li> <li>Mooney</li> <li>Banca 5</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banca_IMI" title="Banca IMI">Banca IMI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediocredito_Italiano" title="Mediocredito Italiano">Mediocredito Italiano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banca_Apulia" title="Banca Apulia">Banca Apulia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UBI_Banca" title="UBI Banca">UBI Banca</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nationwide and <br />multi-regional banks<br />(Supervised by ECB)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banco_BPM" title="Banco BPM">Banco BPM</a> <ul><li>Banca Aletti</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banca_Popolare_di_Milano" title="Banca Popolare di Milano">Banca Popolare di Milano</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banca_Monte_dei_Paschi_di_Siena" title="Banca Monte dei Paschi di Siena">Banca Monte dei Paschi di Siena</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MPS_Capital_Services" title="MPS Capital Services">MPS Capital Services</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediobanca" title="Mediobanca">Mediobanca</a> <ul><li>Compass</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banca_Esperia" title="Banca Esperia">Banca Esperia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BPER_Banca" title="BPER Banca">BPER Banca</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banco_di_Sardegna" title="Banco di Sardegna">Banco di Sardegna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banca_di_Sassari" title="Banca di Sassari">Banca di Sassari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassa_di_Risparmio_di_Bra" title="Cassa di Risparmio di Bra">C.R. Bra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassa_di_Risparmio_di_Saluzzo" title="Cassa di Risparmio di Saluzzo">C.R. Saluzzo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Credito_Emiliano" title="Credito Emiliano">Credito Emiliano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banca_Popolare_di_Sondrio" title="Banca Popolare di Sondrio">Banca Popolare di Sondrio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Multi-regional<br />(total assets €30b to €8b)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banca_Mediolanum" title="Banca Mediolanum">Banca Mediolanum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banca_Sella_Group" title="Banca Sella Group">Banca Sella Holding</a> <ul><li>Banca Sella</li> <li>Banca Patrimoni Sella</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banco_di_Desio_e_della_Brianza" title="Banco di Desio e della Brianza">Banco di Desio e della Brianza</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banca_Popolare_di_Spoleto" title="Banca Popolare di Spoleto">Banca Popolare di Spoleto</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassa_di_Risparmio_di_Asti" title="Cassa di Risparmio di Asti">Banca di Asti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cassa_di_Risparmio_di_Biella_e_Vercelli" title="Cassa di Risparmio di Biella e Vercelli">Biverbanca</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCdtiroler_Volksbank_%E2%80%93_Banca_Popolare_dell%27Alto_Adige" title="Südtiroler Volksbank – Banca Popolare dell'Alto Adige">Südtiroler Volksbank – Banca Popolare dell'Alto Adige</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCdtiroler_Sparkasse_%E2%80%93_Cassa_di_Risparmio_di_Bolzano" title="Südtiroler Sparkasse – Cassa di Risparmio di Bolzano">Südtiroler Sparkasse – Cassa di Risparmio di Bolzano</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Multi-regional and<br />regional cooperative bank<br />(Popolari banks)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banca_Agricola_Popolare_di_Ragusa" title="Banca Agricola Popolare di Ragusa">Banca Agricola Popolare di Ragusa</a></li> <li>Banca Valsabbina</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banca_Popolare_di_Puglia_e_Basilicata" title="Banca Popolare di Puglia e Basilicata">Banca Popolare di Puglia e Basilicata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banca_Popolare_di_Cividale" title="Banca Popolare di Cividale">Banca Popolare di Cividale</a></li> <li>Cassa di Sovvenzioni e Risparmio fra il Personale della Banca d'Italia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banca_Popolare_Pugliese" title="Banca Popolare Pugliese">Banca Popolare Pugliese</a></li> <li>Banca di Piacenza</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banca_di_Credito_Popolare_di_Torre_del_Greco" title="Banca di Credito Popolare di Torre del Greco">Banca di Credito Popolare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banca_Popolare_del_Lazio" title="Banca Popolare del Lazio">Banca Popolare del Lazio</a></li> <li>Banca Popolare del Cassinate</li> <li>Banca Popolare Valconca</li> <li>Banca Popolare Etica</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banca_Popolare_Sant%27Angelo" title="Banca Popolare Sant'Angelo">Banca Popolare Sant'Angelo</a></li> <li>Sanfelice 1893 Banca Popolare</li> <li>Banca Popolare di Lajatico</li> <li>Banca Popolare di Fondi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banca_Popolare_del_Frusinate" title="Banca Popolare del Frusinate">Banca Popolare del Frusinate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Co-operative banks (BCC)<br />and central banks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Federcasse</li> <li>central banks <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ICCREA_Banca" title="ICCREA Banca">Istituto Centrale delle Casse Rurali ed Artigiane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raiffeisen_Landesbank_S%C3%BCdtirol_%E2%80%93_Cassa_Centrale_Raiffeisen_dell%27Alto_Adige" title="Raiffeisen Landesbank Südtirol – Cassa Centrale Raiffeisen dell'Alto Adige">Raiffeisen Landesbank Südtirol – Cassa Centrale Raiffeisen dell'Alto Adige</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassa_Centrale_Banca_-_Credito_Cooperativo_del_Nord_Est" class="mw-redirect" title="Cassa Centrale Banca - Credito Cooperativo del Nord Est">Cassa Centrale Banca - Credito Cooperativo del Nord Est</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_members_of_Federcasse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of members of Federcasse (page does not exist)">List of members of Federcasse</a></li> <li>Fondo di Garanzia dei Depositanti del Credito Cooperativo</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional retail bank</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cassa_di_Risparmio_di_Ravenna" class="mw-redirect" title="Cassa di Risparmio di Ravenna">Cassa di Risparmio di Ravenna</a> <ul><li>Banco di Lucca e del Tirreno</li> <li>Banca di Imola</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banca_di_Cambiano" title="Banca di Cambiano">Banca di Cambiano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassa_di_Risparmio_di_Cento" title="Cassa di Risparmio di Cento">Cassa di Risparmio di Cento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ChiantiBanca" title="ChiantiBanca">ChiantiBanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassa_Padana" title="Cassa Padana">Cassa Padana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassa_di_Risparmio_di_Volterra" title="Cassa di Risparmio di Volterra">Cassa di Risparmio di Volterra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassa_di_Risparmio_di_Fossano" title="Cassa di Risparmio di Fossano">Cassa di Risparmio di Fossano</a></li> <li>Banca del Fucino</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassa_di_Risparmio_di_Fermo" title="Cassa di Risparmio di Fermo">Cassa di Risparmio di Fermo</a></li> <li>Banca del Piemonte</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banca_Cassa_di_Risparmio_di_Savigliano" title="Banca Cassa di Risparmio di Savigliano">Banca CR Savigliano</a></li> <li>Banco Azzoaglio</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banca_Generali" title="Banca Generali">Banca Generali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banca_IFIS" class="mw-redirect" title="Banca IFIS">Banca IFIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banca_Finnat" title="Banca Finnat">Banca Finnat</a></li> <li>Banca Ubae</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banca_Leonardo" title="Banca Leonardo">Banca Leonardo</a></li> <li>Banca Farmafactoring</li> <li><a href="/wiki/FinecoBank" title="FinecoBank">FinecoBank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unione_Fiduciaria" title="Unione Fiduciaria">Unione Fiduciaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Credito_Fondiario_(Fonspa)" title="Credito Fondiario (Fonspa)">Credito Fondiario</a></li> <li>Banca Passadore</li> <li>Banca Sistema</li> <li>Banca Profilo</li> <li>Mercury <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nexi" title="Nexi">Nexi</a></li> <li>Setefi</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_bank" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign bank">Foreign banks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allianz" title="Allianz">Allianz</a> <ul><li>Allianz S.p.A.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barclays" title="Barclays">Barclays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banco_Santander" title="Banco Santander">Banco Santander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_China" title="Bank of China">Bank of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Communications" title="Bank of Communications">Bank of Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BNP_Paribas" title="BNP Paribas">BNP Paribas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banca_Nazionale_del_Lavoro" title="Banca Nazionale del Lavoro">Banca Nazionale del Lavoro</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Construction_Bank" title="China Construction Bank">China Construction Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%A9dit_Agricole" title="Crédit Agricole">Crédit Agricole</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%A9dit_Agricole_Italia" title="Crédit Agricole Italia">Crédit Agricole Italia</a> <ul><li>Cariparma</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carispezia" title="Carispezia">Carispezia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FriulAdria" title="FriulAdria">FriulAdria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Credito_Valtellinese" title="Credito Valtellinese">Credito Valtellinese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%A9dit_Agricole_Corporate_and_Investment_Bank" title="Crédit Agricole Corporate and Investment Bank">Crédit Agricole Corporate and Investment Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FCA_Bank" title="FCA Bank">FCA Bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Credit_Suisse" title="Credit Suisse">Credit Suisse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Bank" title="Deutsche Bank">Deutsche Bank</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Bank_(Italy)" title="Deutsche Bank (Italy)">Deutsche Bank S.p.A.</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HSBC" title="HSBC">HSBC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ING_Bank" class="mw-redirect" title="ING Bank">ING Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_and_Commercial_Bank_of_China" title="Industrial and Commercial Bank of China">Industrial and Commercial Bank of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_G%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale" title="Société Générale">Société Générale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bank" title="Bank">Ancient banks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Saint_George" title="Bank of Saint George">Bank of Saint George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banco_di_Santo_Spirito" title="Banco di Santo Spirito">Banco di Santo Spirito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istituto_Bancario_San_Paolo_di_Torino" title="Istituto Bancario San Paolo di Torino">Istituto Bancario San Paolo di Torino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medici_Bank" title="Medici Bank">Medici Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_of_piety" title="Mount of piety">Mount of piety</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banca_del_Monte_e_Cassa_di_Risparmio_Faenza" title="Banca del Monte e Cassa di Risparmio Faenza">Faenza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banca_del_Monte_di_Foggia" title="Banca del Monte di Foggia">Foggia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banca_Monte_Parma" title="Banca Monte Parma">Parma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassa_di_Risparmio_di_Perugia" title="Cassa di Risparmio di Perugia">Perugia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassa_di_Risparmio_di_Reggio_Emilia" title="Cassa di Risparmio di Reggio Emilia">Reggio Emilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassa_di_Risparmio_della_Marca_Trivigiana" title="Cassa di Risparmio della Marca Trivigiana">Treviso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassa_di_Risparmio_del_Friuli_Venezia_Giulia" title="Cassa di Risparmio del Friuli Venezia Giulia">Udine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassa_di_Risparmio_di_Verona,_Vicenza,_Belluno_e_Ancona" title="Cassa di Risparmio di Verona, Vicenza, Belluno e Ancona">Verona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monte_di_Credito_su_Pegno_di_Vicenza" title="Monte di Credito su Pegno di Vicenza">Vicenza</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Italy" title="List of banks in Italy">List of banks in Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Associazione_Bancaria_Italiana" title="Associazione Bancaria Italiana">Associazione Bancaria Italiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Associazione_di_Fondazioni_e_di_Casse_di_Risparmio_S.p.A." title="Associazione di Fondazioni e di Casse di Risparmio S.p.A.">Associazione di Fondazioni e di Casse di Risparmio S.p.A.</a></li> <li>Associazione Nazionale fra le Banche Popolari</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fondo_Interbancario_di_Tutela_dei_Depositi" title="Fondo Interbancario di Tutela dei Depositi">Fondo Interbancario di Tutela dei Depositi</a></li> <li>Italian National Resolution Fund</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239009302"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Italy&#124;link=Italy_Economy_of_Italy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Economy_of_Italy" title="Template:Economy of Italy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Economy_of_Italy" title="Template talk:Economy of Italy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Economy_of_Italy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Economy of Italy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Italy&#124;link=Italy_Economy_of_Italy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Italy" title="Economy of Italy">Economy of Italy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Companies_of_Italy" title="Category:Companies of Italy">Companies of Italy</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_coins_in_Italy" title="History of coins in Italy">Currency and coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Italy" title="Economic history of Italy">Economic history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_pre-unitarian_Italy" title="Economic history of pre-unitarian Italy">Economic history of pre-unitarian Italy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_regions_by_GDP" title="List of Italian regions by GDP">Regions by GDP</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="10" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/32px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/48px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/64px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Italy" title="Portal:Italy">Italy portal</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Industry_in_Italy" title="Category:Industry in Italy">Industry and business</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Italy" title="List of companies of Italy">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Italy" title="Agriculture in Italy">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Italy" title="Automotive industry in Italy">Automotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_(company)" title="Leonardo (company)">Aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avio" title="Avio">Aerospace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eni" title="Eni">Chemical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_in_Italy" title="Coffee in Italy">Coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Webuild" title="Webuild">Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_(company)" title="Leonardo (company)">Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Italy" title="Education in Italy">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STMicroelectronics" title="STMicroelectronics">Electronics and semiconductor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Italy" title="Cinema of Italy">Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Italy" title="Geography of Italy">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_Italy" title="Gambling in Italy">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Italy" title="Healthcare in Italy">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_fashion" title="Italian fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Made_in_Italy" title="Made in Italy">Made in Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exports_of_Italy" title="List of exports of Italy">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_in_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Media in Italy">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Italy" title="Cinema of Italy">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Italy" title="Telecommunications in Italy">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Italy" title="Television in Italy">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Italy" title="Tourism in Italy">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate_in_Italy" title="Real estate in Italy">Luxury Real Estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrara_marble" title="Carrara marble">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steel_industry_in_Italy" title="Steel industry in Italy">Steel industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fincantieri" title="Fincantieri">Shipbuilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menarini" title="Menarini">Pharmaceuticals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Italy" title="Science and technology in Italy">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biotechnology_industry_in_Italy" title="Biotechnology industry in Italy">Biotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robotics_in_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Robotics in Italy">Robotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer_in_Italy" title="Beer in Italy">Beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Wine of Italy">Wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_gaming_in_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Video gaming in Italy">Video gaming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Research_institutes_in_Italy" title="Category:Research institutes in Italy">Research</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CINECA" title="CINECA">CINECA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ELETTRA" title="ELETTRA">ELETTRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ENEA_(Italy)" title="ENEA (Italy)">ENEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Space_Agency" title="Italian Space Agency">Italian Space Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erzelli_Hi-Tech_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Erzelli Hi-Tech Park">Erzelli Hi-Tech Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istituto_Italiano_di_Tecnologia" title="Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia">Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia</a> (IIT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istituto_Italiano_per_l%27Intelligenza_Artificiale" title="Istituto Italiano per l'Intelligenza Artificiale">Istituto Italiano per l'Intelligenza Artificiale</a> (AI4I)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milan_Innovation_District" title="Milan Innovation District">Milan Innovation District</a> (MIND)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Energy_in_Italy" title="Category:Energy in Italy">Energy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Italy" title="Renewable energy in Italy">Renewable</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Italy" title="Wind power in Italy">Wind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Italy" title="Solar power in Italy">Solar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_Italy" title="Geothermal power in Italy">Geothermal</a></li></ul></li> <li>Oil <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_oil_refineries#Italy" title="List of oil refineries">Oil refineries</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trade and <a href="/wiki/Category:Infrastructure" title="Category:Infrastructure">Infrastructure</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Italy" title="Transport in Italy">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Italy" title="Telecommunications in Italy">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Italy" title="Tourism in Italy">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_largest_trading_partners_of_Italy" title="List of the largest trading partners of Italy">Trading partners</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Taxation_in_Italy" title="Category:Taxation in Italy">Taxation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Italy" title="Taxation in Italy">Tax system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_trade_unions_in_Italy" title="List of trade unions in Italy">Trade unions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Finance_in_Italy" title="Category:Finance in Italy">Finance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Category:Banking_in_Italy" title="Category:Banking in Italy">banking</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Italy" title="Banking in Italy">Banking</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Italy" title="List of banks in Italy">Other banks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assicurazioni_Generali" title="Assicurazioni Generali">Insurance</a></li> <li>Stock Exchange <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borsa_Italiana" title="Borsa Italiana">Borsa Italiana</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_Italy" title="International rankings of Italy">International rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Italy" title="Science and technology in Italy">Science and technology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2006_Winter_Olympics" title="2006 Winter Olympics">2006 Winter Olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2026_Winter_Olympics" title="2026 Winter Olympics">2026 Winter Olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bologna_Motor_Show" title="Bologna Motor Show">Bologna Motor Show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turin_Auto_Show" title="Turin Auto Show">Turin Auto Show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milano_Monza_Open-Air_Motor_Show" title="Milano Monza Open-Air Motor Show">Milano Monza Open-Air Motor Show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venice_Biennale" title="Venice Biennale">Venice Biennale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concorso_d%27Eleganza_Villa_d%27Este" title="Concorso d'Eleganza Villa d'Este">Concorso d'Eleganza Villa d'Este</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EICMA" title="EICMA">EICMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expo_2015" title="Expo 2015">Expo 2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euroflora" title="Euroflora">Euroflora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fieracavalli" title="Fieracavalli">Fieracavalli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genoa_International_Boat_Show" title="Genoa International Boat Show">Genoa International Boat Show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsenale_di_Venezia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arsenale di Venezia">Venice Boat Show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucca_Comics_%26_Games" title="Lucca Comics & Games">Lucca Comics & Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terra_Madre_Salone_del_Gusto" title="Terra Madre Salone del Gusto">Terra Madre Salone del Gusto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padua" title="Padua">Auto Moto d'Epoca Padova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milano AutoClassica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milan_Furniture_Fair" class="mw-redirect" title="Milan Furniture Fair">Milan Furniture Fair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milan_Fashion_Week" title="Milan Fashion Week">Milan Fashion Week</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palio_di_Siena" title="Palio di Siena">Palio di Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riviera_International_Film_Festival" title="Riviera International Film Festival">Riviera International Film Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rome_Film_Festival" title="Rome Film Festival">Rome Film Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venice_Film_Festival" title="Venice Film Festival">Venice Film Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinitaly" title="Vinitaly">Vinitaly</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Sounding" title="Italian Sounding">Italian Sounding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_question" title="Southern question">Southern question</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><i><b>See also:</b></i> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Economy_of_Italy" title="Category:Economy of Italy">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Europe" title="Economy of Europe">Economy of Europe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Central_banks_of_the_European_Union_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=European_Union&#124;link=European_Union" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Central_banks_of_the_European_Union" title="Template:Central banks of the European Union"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Central_banks_of_the_European_Union" title="Template talk:Central banks of the European Union"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Central_banks_of_the_European_Union" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Central banks of the European Union"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Central_banks_of_the_European_Union_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=European_Union&#124;link=European_Union" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Central_bank" title="Central bank">Central banks</a> of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union"><img alt="European Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/45px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Within <a href="/wiki/Eurozone" title="Eurozone">Eurozone</a><br /><small>(Members of the <a href="/wiki/Eurosystem" title="Eurosystem">Eurosystem</a>)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Belgium" title="National Bank of Belgium">National Bank of Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_National_Bank" title="Croatian National Bank">Croatian National Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Cyprus" title="Central Bank of Cyprus">Central Bank of Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Bundesbank" title="Deutsche Bundesbank">Deutsche Bundesbank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Estonia" title="Bank of Estonia">Bank of Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Finland" title="Bank of Finland">Bank of Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banque_de_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Banque de France">Banque de France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Greece" title="Bank of Greece">Bank of Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Ireland" title="Central Bank of Ireland">Central Bank of Ireland</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bank of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Latvia" title="Bank of Latvia">Bank of Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Lithuania" title="Bank of Lithuania">Bank of Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Luxembourg" title="Central Bank of Luxembourg">Central Bank of Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Malta" title="Central Bank of Malta">Central Bank of Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Nederlandsche_Bank" title="De Nederlandsche Bank">De Nederlandsche Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oesterreichische_Nationalbank" title="Oesterreichische Nationalbank">Oesterreichische Nationalbank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banco_de_Portugal" title="Banco de Portugal">Banco de Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Slovakia" title="National Bank of Slovakia">National Bank of Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Slovenia" title="Bank of Slovenia">Bank of Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Spain" title="Bank of Spain">Bank of Spain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Outside Eurozone</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_National_Bank" title="Bulgarian National Bank">Bulgarian National Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_National_Bank" title="Czech National Bank">Czech National Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danmarks_Nationalbank" title="Danmarks Nationalbank">Danmarks Nationalbank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_National_Bank" title="Hungarian National Bank">Hungarian National Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Poland" title="National Bank of Poland">National Bank of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Romania" title="National Bank of Romania">National Bank of Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sveriges_Riksbank" title="Sveriges Riksbank">Sveriges Riksbank</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Banking-related<br /><a href="/wiki/Institutions_of_the_European_Union" title="Institutions of the European Union">EU institutions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Central_Bank" title="European Central Bank">European Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_System_of_Central_Banks" title="European System of Central Banks">European System of Central Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Investment_Bank" title="European Investment Bank">European Investment Bank</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Template"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/16px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/23px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/31px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Template:Central_banks" title="Template:Central banks">Central banks</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:European_Union" title="Portal:European Union">European Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Central_banks" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Central_banks" title="Template:Central banks"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Central_banks" title="Template talk:Central banks"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Central_banks" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Central banks"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Central_banks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Central_bank" title="Central bank">Central banks</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Global</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bank_for_International_Settlements" title="Bank for International Settlements">Bank for International Settlements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basel_Committee_on_Banking_Supervision" title="Basel Committee on Banking Supervision">Basel Committee on Banking Supervision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_Stability_Board" title="Financial Stability Board">Financial Stability Board</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Policies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_requirement" title="Capital requirement">Capital requirement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contractionary_monetary_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Contractionary monetary policy">Contractionary monetary policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansionary_monetary_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Expansionary monetary policy">Expansionary monetary policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basel_Accords" title="Basel Accords">Basel Accords</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Implementation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_control" title="Capital control">Capital control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discount_window" title="Discount window">Discount rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interest_rate" title="Interest rate">Interest rates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Money_creation" title="Money creation">Money creation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_market_operation" title="Open market operation">Open market operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_wealth_fund" title="Sovereign wealth fund">Sovereign wealth fund</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bretton_Woods_system" title="Bretton Woods system">Bretton Woods<br />system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Bank_Group" title="World Bank Group">World Bank Group</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Bank_for_Reconstruction_and_Development" title="International Bank for Reconstruction and Development">International Bank for Reconstruction and Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Centre_for_Settlement_of_Investment_Disputes" title="International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes">International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Development_Association" title="International Development Association">International Development Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Finance_Corporation" title="International Finance Corporation">International Finance Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multilateral_Investment_Guarantee_Agency" title="Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency">Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_central_banks" title="List of central banks">List of central banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_banks_and_currencies_of_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Central banks and currencies of Africa">Central banks and currencies of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_banks_and_currencies_of_Asia-Pacific" title="Central banks and currencies of Asia-Pacific">Central banks and currencies of Asia-Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_banks_and_currencies_of_the_Caribbean" title="Central banks and currencies of the Caribbean">Central banks and currencies of the Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_banks_and_currencies_of_Europe" title="Central banks and currencies of Europe">Central banks and currencies of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_banks_and_currencies_of_the_Americas" title="Central banks and currencies of the Americas">Central banks and currencies of the Americas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Italy_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Italy_topics" title="Template:Italy topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Italy_topics" title="Template talk:Italy topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Italy_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Italy topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Italy_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Italy" title="Outline of Italy">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italy" title="History of Italy">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Italian_history" title="Timeline of Italian history">Timeline of Italian history</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_citizenship" title="History of Italian citizenship">Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_coins_in_Italy" title="History of coins in Italy">Currency and coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Italy" title="Economic history of Italy">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_fashion" title="History of Italian fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_flags" title="List of Italian flags">Flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Italy" title="Genetic history of Italy">Genetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historic_states_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of historic states of Italy">Historic states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Italy" title="History of the Jews in Italy">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Italy" title="LGBT history in Italy">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy" title="Military history of Italy">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_history_of_Italy" title="Music history of Italy">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Italy" title="Name of Italy">Name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Italy" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Italy">Postage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transport_in_Italy" title="History of rail transport in Italy">Railways</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Prehistory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Italy" title="Prehistoric Italy">Prehistory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Italy" title="Neolithic Italy">Neolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villanovan_culture" title="Villanovan culture">Villanovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terramare_culture" title="Terramare culture">Terramare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinaldone_culture" title="Rinaldone culture">Rinaldone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apennine_culture" title="Apennine culture">Apennine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuragic_civilization" title="Nuragic civilization">Nuragic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golasecca_culture" title="Golasecca culture">Golasecca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canegrate_culture" title="Canegrate culture">Canegrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latial_culture" title="Latial culture">Latial</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_peoples_of_Italy" title="List of ancient peoples of Italy">Ancient peoples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italic_peoples" title="Italic peoples">Italic peoples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latins_(Italic_tribe)" title="Latins (Italic tribe)">Latins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osci" title="Osci">Osci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picentes" title="Picentes">Picentes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samnites" title="Samnites">Samnites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbri" title="Umbri">Umbri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Veneti" title="Adriatic Veneti">Veneti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_civilization" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaul" title="Cisalpine Gaul">Celts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligures" title="Ligures">Ligures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messapians" title="Messapians">Messapians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Kingdom" title="Roman Kingdom">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_expansion_in_Italy" title="Roman expansion in Italy">Roman conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Italy" title="Roman Italy">Roman Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Empire</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italy_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Italy in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> <ul><li>Italy under <a href="/wiki/Odoacer#King_of_Italy" title="Odoacer">Odoacer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrogothic_Kingdom" title="Ostrogothic Kingdom">Ostrogoths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Italy" title="Byzantine Italy">Byzantium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Lombards" title="Kingdom of the Lombards">Lombards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)">the Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_medieval_kingdoms" title="Sardinian medieval kingdoms">the Sardinian Judicates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam_in_southern_Italy" title="History of Islam in southern Italy">Arabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_southern_Italy" title="Norman conquest of southern Italy">Normans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guelphs_and_Ghibellines" title="Guelphs and Ghibellines">Guelphs and Ghibellines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombard_League" title="Lombard League">Lombard League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Kingdom of Sicily</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Sicilian_Vespers" title="War of the Sicilian Vespers">War of the Sicilian Vespers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Kingdom of Naples</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Early modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_city-states" title="Italian city-states">Italian city-states</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Siena" title="Republic of Siena">Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_republics" title="Maritime republics">Maritime republics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Pisa" title="Republic of Pisa">Pisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Amalfi" title="Duchy of Amalfi">Amalfi</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Kingdom of Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Savoy" title="Duchy of Savoy">Duchy of Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance" title="Italian Renaissance">Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Wars" title="Italian Wars">Italian Wars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_early_modern_Italy" title="History of early modern Italy">Early Modern period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Napoleonic)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)">Napoleonic Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia" title="Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia">Austrian occupation and Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Kingdom of the Two Sicilies">Kingdom of the Two Sicilies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Late modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Italy" title="Unification of Italy">Unification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="First Italian War of Independence">First War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Second Italian War of Independence">Second War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%A7ard_exodus" title="Niçard exodus">Niçard exodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_of_the_Thousand" title="Expedition of the Thousand">Expedition of the Thousand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy">Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Third Italian War of Independence">Third War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Rome" title="Capture of Rome">Capture of Rome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_(1861%E2%80%931946)" title="History of the Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)">Monarchy and the World Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">Colonial Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_I" title="Military history of Italy during World War I">World War I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Italian entry into World War I">Fourth War of Independence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy" title="Fascist Italy">Fascist Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Italy during World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Fascist_regime_in_Italy" title="Fall of the Fascist regime in Italy">Fall of the Fascist regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Resistance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Social Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Civil_War" title="Italian Civil War">Civil War</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Italian_Republic" title="History of the Italian Republic">Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1946_Italian_institutional_referendum" title="1946 Italian institutional referendum">Institutional referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istrian%E2%80%93Dalmatian_exodus" title="Istrian–Dalmatian exodus">Istrian–Dalmatian exodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_economic_miracle" title="Italian economic miracle">Economic Boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Years_of_Lead_(Italy)" title="Years of Lead (Italy)">Years of Lead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxi_Trial" title="Maxi Trial">Maxi Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mani_pulite" title="Mani pulite">Mani pulite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Italy" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Italy">Coronavirus pandemic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Italy" title="Geography of Italy">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italy_(geographical_region)" title="Italy (geographical region)">Italian geographical region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Peninsula">Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Italy" title="Climate of Italy">Climate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Italy" title="Climate change in Italy">Climate change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Italy" title="Geology of Italy">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Italy" title="Fauna of Italy">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Italy" title="Flora of Italy">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Italy" title="List of mountains in Italy">Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_foothills" title="Alpine foothills">Prealps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apennine_Mountains" title="Apennine Mountains">Apennines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanism_of_Italy" title="Volcanism of Italy">Volcanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Italy" title="List of volcanoes in Italy">Volcanoes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_beaches_in_Italy" title="List of beaches in Italy">Beaches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_canals_in_Italy" title="List of canals in Italy">Canals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_caves_in_Italy" title="List of caves in Italy">Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Italy" title="List of earthquakes in Italy">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Italy" title="List of islands of Italy">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Italy" title="List of lakes of Italy">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Marine_Protected_Areas_of_Italy" title="List of Marine Protected Areas of Italy">Marine protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Italy" title="List of national parks of Italy">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regional_parks_of_Italy" title="List of regional parks of Italy">Regional parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Italy" title="List of rivers of Italy">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_valleys_of_Italy" title="List of valleys of Italy">Valleys</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Italy" title="Politics of Italy">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Italy" title="Constitution of Italy">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Italy" title="Elections in Italy">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Italy" title="Foreign relations of Italy">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Italy" title="Government of Italy">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Italy" title="Human rights in Italy">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Italy">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Italy" title="Judiciary of Italy">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Italy" title="Law of Italy">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Italy" title="Law enforcement in Italy">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Armed_Forces" title="Italian Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_nationality_law" title="Italian nationality law">Nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Parliament" title="Italian Parliament">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Italy" title="List of political parties in Italy">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Italy" title="President of Italy">President</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Italy" title="List of presidents of Italy">List</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Italy" title="Prime Minister of Italy">Prime Minister</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Italy" title="List of prime ministers of Italy">List</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_(Italy)" title="Council of Ministers (Italy)">Council of Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Italy" title="Regions of Italy">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Italy" title="Provinces of Italy">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_cities_of_Italy" title="Metropolitan cities of Italy">Metropolitan cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Italy" title="List of cities in Italy">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comune" title="Comune">Comune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_of_Italy" title="List of municipalities of Italy">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_intelligence_agencies" title="Italian intelligence agencies">Security and intelligence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Italy" title="Economy of Italy">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Italy" title="Economy of Italy">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_regions_by_GDP" title="List of Italian regions by GDP">Italian regions by GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Italy" title="Agriculture in Italy">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Italy" title="Automotive industry in Italy">Automotive industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Italy" title="Banking in Italy">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Italy" title="List of banks in Italy">Banks</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Central Bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_brands" title="List of Italian brands">Brands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Italy" title="List of companies of Italy">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Italy" title="Energy in Italy">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exports_of_Italy" title="List of exports of Italy">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Italy" title="Science and technology in Italy">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_question" title="Southern question">Southern question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borsa_Italiana" title="Borsa Italiana">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Italy" title="Taxation in Italy">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Italy" title="Telecommunications in Italy">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Italy" title="Tourism in Italy">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_trade_unions_in_Italy" title="List of trade unions in Italy">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Italy" title="Transport in Italy">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Italy" title="List of airports in Italy">air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Italy" title="Rail transport in Italy">rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_Italy" title="Roads in Italy">road</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_welfare_state" title="Italian welfare state">Welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_wine" title="Italian wine">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Italy" title="Category:Society of Italy">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nobility_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobility of Italy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Italy" title="Censorship in Italy">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Italy" title="Corruption in Italy">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Italy" title="Crime in Italy">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Italy" title="Demographics of Italy">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Italy" title="Education in Italy">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_diaspora" title="Italian diaspora">Emigration and diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_Italy" title="Gambling in Italy">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Italy" title="Health in Italy">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Italy" title="Healthcare in Italy">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Italy" title="Immigration to Italy">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Italian inventions and discoveries">Inventions and discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italians" title="Italians">Italians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Italy" title="List of people from Italy">People</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Italy" title="Languages of Italy">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Italian" title="Regional Italian">Regional</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_provinces_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Italian provinces by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_Italy" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of Italy">Orders, decorations, and medals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Italy" title="Poverty in Italy">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Italy" title="Prostitution in Italy">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_public_administration" title="Italian public administration">Public administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Italy" title="Racism in Italy">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Italy" title="Religion in Italy">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Italy" 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aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q806176#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q806176#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q806176#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ko2011625844&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007257996005171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058519290206706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA02626239?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div 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