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id="toc-Galician-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-German" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#German"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>German</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-German-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greek" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greek"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Greek</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greek-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Occitan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Occitan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Occitan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Occitan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Portuguese" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portuguese"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>Portuguese</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portuguese-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spanish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spanish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.10</span> <span>Spanish</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spanish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Welsh" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Welsh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.11</span> <span>Welsh</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Welsh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Diaeresis (diacritic)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 41 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-41" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">41 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%A9" title="فاكة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فاكة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieresi" title="Dieresi – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Dieresi" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di%C3%A9resis" title="Diéresis – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Diéresis" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Трэма – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Трэма" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Трэма – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Трэма" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daouboent" title="Daouboent – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Daouboent" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di%C3%A8resi" title="Dièresi – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Dièresi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trema" title="Trema – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Trema" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didolnod" title="Didolnod – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Didolnod" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di%C3%A4resezeichen" title="Diäresezeichen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Diäresezeichen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BB%CF%85%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AC" title="Διαλυτικά – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Διαλυτικά" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di%C3%A9resis" title="Diéresis – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Diéresis" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tremao" title="Tremao – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Tremao" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieresi_(hizkuntzalaritza)" title="Dieresi (hizkuntzalaritza) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Dieresi (hizkuntzalaritza)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B7%D9%87_(%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%A8%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86)" title="دونقطه (الفبای لاتین) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دونقطه (الفبای لاتین)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%A9ma" title="Tréma – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tréma" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dielteken" title="Dielteken – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Dielteken" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di%C3%A9rese" title="Diérese – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Diérese" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8A%B8%EB%A0%88%EB%A7%88" title="트레마 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="트레마" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tremao" title="Tremao – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Tremao" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaresis" title="Diaresis – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Diaresis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tv%C3%ADdepill" title="Tvídepill – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Tvídepill" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieresi_(segno_diacritico)" title="Dieresi (segno diacritico) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Dieresi (segno diacritico)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%95%D7%98" title="אומלאוט – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אומלאוט" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%A9ma" title="Tréma – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Tréma" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tendro_kambana" title="Tendro kambana – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Tendro kambana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%88%E3%83%AC%E3%83%9E" title="トレマ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="トレマ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%A8ma" title="Trèma – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Trèma" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diereza_(pisownia)" title="Diereza (pisownia) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Diereza (pisownia)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trema" title="Trema – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Trema" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trem%C4%83" title="Tremă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Tremă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Диерезис – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Диерезис" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di%C3%A8resi" title="Dièresi – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Dièresi" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaeresis" title="Diaeresis – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Diaeresis" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dve_bodky" title="Dve bodky – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Dve bodky" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaraesis" title="Diaraesis – Sranan Tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Diaraesis" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="Sranan Tongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sranantongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treema" title="Treema – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Treema" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trema" title="Trema – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Trema" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%96%D1%94%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Дієрезис – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Дієрезис" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%86%E9%9F%B3%E7%AC%A6%E8%99%9F" title="分音符號 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="分音符號" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the use of two dots mark to denote the separation of two consecutive vowels. For other uses of the same mark, see <a href="/wiki/Two_dots_(diacritic)" title="Two dots (diacritic)">Two dots (diacritic)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="max-width:18em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ebebeb; font-size:750%; line-height:1.2; font-weight:bold; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times, 'Nimbus Roman No9 L', 'Liberation Serif', serif, georgia;">◌̈</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><div style="font-size:125%; background:#ebebeb; font-weight:bold; padding:0.1em; line-height:1.2em;">Diaeresis</div></th></tr><tr style="float:left;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style><span class="monospaced">U+0308</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em"><span style="font-family: serif;">◌̈</span></span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">COMBINING DIAERESIS</span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Diaeresis</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ɛr/: 'err' in 'merry'">ɛr</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span>-<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ɪər/: 'ear' in 'near'">ɪər</span></span>-/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">dy-<span style="font-size:90%">ERR</span>-ə-siss, -⁠<span style="font-size:90%">EER</span>-</i></a>)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a name for the <a href="/wiki/Two_dots_(diacritic)" title="Two dots (diacritic)">two dots</a> <a href="/wiki/Diacritical_mark" class="mw-redirect" title="Diacritical mark">diacritical mark</a> (<b><span style="font-family: serif"><span class="nounderlines" style="border: 1px solid var(--border-color-muted,#ddd); color: var(--color-base); background-color: var( --background-color-neutral-subtle, #fdfdfd); padding: 1px 1px;">◌̈</span></span></b>) as used to indicate the separation of two distinct vowel letters in adjacent syllables when an instance of <a href="/wiki/Hiatus_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hiatus (linguistics)">diaeresis (or hiatus)</a> occurs, so as to distinguish from a <a href="/wiki/Digraph_(orthography)" title="Digraph (orthography)">digraph</a> or <a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">diphthong</a>. </p><p>It consists of a two dots diacritic placed over a letter, generally a <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowel</a>; when that letter is an <span class="nowrap">⟨i⟩</span>, the diacritic replaces the <a href="/wiki/Tittle" title="Tittle">tittle</a>: <span class="nowrap">⟨ï⟩</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Unicode5.0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Unicode5.0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The diaeresis diacritic indicates that two adjoining letters that would normally form a <a href="/wiki/Digraph_(orthography)" title="Digraph (orthography)">digraph</a> and be pronounced as one sound, are instead to be read as separate vowels in two syllables. For example, in the spelling "coöperate", the diaeresis reminds the reader that the word has four syllables <i>co-op-er-ate</i>, not three, <i>*coop-er-ate</i>. In British English this usage has been considered obsolete for many years, and in US English, although it persisted for longer, it is now considered archaic as well.<sup id="cite_ref-Shaw-1993_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shaw-1993-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, it is still used by the US magazine <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-curse_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-curse-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In English language texts it is perhaps most familiar in the <a href="/wiki/Loan_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Loan words">loan words</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Na%C3%AFve" class="mw-redirect" title="Naïve">naïve</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Noel_(given_name)" title="Noel (given name)">Noël</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Chlo%C3%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Chloë">Chloë</a></i>, and is also used officially in the name of the island <a href="/wiki/Te%C3%A4n" title="Teän">Teän</a> and of <a href="/wiki/Co%C3%B6s_County,_New_Hampshire" title="Coös County, New Hampshire">Coös County</a>. Languages such as <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galician_language" title="Galician language">Galician</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> make regular use of the diaeresis. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diaeresis_(diacritic)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word <i>diaeresis</i> is from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Greek</a> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">diaíresis</i></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">διαίρεσις</span></span>), meaning "division", "separation", or "distinction".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/trema" class="extiw" title="wikt:trema">trema</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">tréma</i>), used in linguistics and also <a href="/wiki/Classics" title="Classics">classical scholarship</a>, is from the Greek <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">trē̂ma</i></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">τρῆμα</span></span>) and means a "perforation", "orifice", or "pip" (as on <a href="/wiki/Dice" title="Dice">dice</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> thus describing the form of the diacritic rather than its function. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diaeresis_(diacritic)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Greek, two dots, called a <i>trema</i>, were used in the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic period</a> on the letters <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ι</span></span> and <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">υ</span></span>, most often at the beginning of a word, as in <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ϊδων</span></span>, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ϋιος</span></span>, and <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ϋβριν</span></span>, to separate them from a preceding vowel.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> This was needed because writing was <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Scriptio_continua" title="Scriptio continua">scriptio continua</a></i></span>, where spacing was not yet used as a <a href="/wiki/Word_divider" title="Word divider">word divider</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> However, it was also used to indicate that a vowel formed its own syllable (in <a href="/wiki/Hiatus_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hiatus (linguistics)">phonological hiatus</a>), as in <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ηϋ</span></span> and <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Αϊδι</span></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The diaeresis was borrowed for this purpose in several languages of western and southern Europe, among them <a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a>, and (rarely) <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>. As a further extension, some languages began to use a diaeresis whenever a vowel letter was to be pronounced separately. This included vowels that would otherwise form digraphs with consonants or simply be silent. For example, in the orthographies of <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galician_language" title="Galician language">Galician</a> and <a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a>, the graphemes <i>gu</i> and <i>qu</i> normally represent a single sound, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɡ]</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[k]</span>, before the front vowels <i>e</i> and <i>i</i> (or before nearly all vowels in Occitan). In the few exceptions where the <i>u</i> is pronounced, a diaeresis is added to it. </p><p>Examples: </p> <ul><li>Spanish <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">pingüino</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="es-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish" title="Help:IPA/Spanish">[piŋˈɡwino]</a></span> "penguin"</li> <li>Catalan <span title="Catalan-language text"><i lang="ca">aigües</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ca-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Catalan" title="Help:IPA/Catalan">[ˈajɣwəs]</a></span> "waters", <i>qüestió</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ca-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Catalan" title="Help:IPA/Catalan">[kwəstiˈo]</a></span> "matter, question"</li> <li>Occitan <span title="Occitan (post 1500)-language text"><i lang="oc">lingüista</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="oc-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Occitan" title="Help:IPA/Occitan">[liŋˈɡwistɔ]</a></span> "linguist", <span title="Occitan (post 1500)-language text"><i lang="oc">aqüatic</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="oc-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Occitan" title="Help:IPA/Occitan">[aˈkwatik]</a></span> "aquatic"</li> <li>French <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">aiguë</i></span> or <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">aigüe</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[eɡy]</a></span> "acute (fem.)" <dl><dd>Note that the <i>e</i> is silent in most modern accents; without the diacritic, both the <i>e</i> and the <i>u</i> would be silent, or pronounced as a <a href="/wiki/French_phonology#Schwa" title="French phonology">schwa</a> in accents that have conserved all post-consonantal schwas, including in <a href="/wiki/Poetry_recitation" class="mw-redirect" title="Poetry recitation">poetry recitation</a>, as in the proper name <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Aigues-Mortes</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[ɛɡ(ə)mɔʁt(ə)]</a></span>.</dd></dl></li> <li>Galician <span title="Galician-language text"><i lang="gl">mingüei</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="gl-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Galician" title="Help:IPA/Galician">[miŋˈɡwej]</a></span> "I shrank", <i>saïamos</i> "we went out/used to go out"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Luxembourgish language">Luxembourgish</a> <span title="Luxembourgish-language text"><i lang="lb">Chance</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="lb-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Luxembourgish" title="Help:IPA/Luxembourgish">[ˈʃɑ̃ːs]</a></span> "opportunity", <i>Chancë</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="lb-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Luxembourgish" title="Help:IPA/Luxembourgish">[ˈʃɑ̃ːsə]</a></span> (before a consonant) "opportunities"</li> <li>Afrikaans <span title="Afrikaans-language text"><i lang="af">Hoër</i></span> "Higher"</li></ul> <p>This has been extended to <a href="/wiki/Luganda" title="Luganda">Ganda</a>, where a diaeresis separates <i>y</i> from <i>n</i>: <i>anya</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[aɲa]</a></span>, <i>anÿa</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[aɲja]</a></span>. </p><p>'Ÿ' is sometimes used in transcribed <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>, where it represents the Greek letter <a href="/wiki/%CE%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="Υ">υ</a> (upsilon) in <a href="/wiki/Hiatus_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hiatus (linguistics)">hiatus</a> with <a href="/wiki/%CE%91" class="mw-redirect" title="Α">α</a>. For example, it can be seen in the transcription <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Artaÿctes</i></span> of the Persian name <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Ἀρταΰκτης</span></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">Artaüktēs</i></span>) at the very end of <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a>, or the name of <a href="/wiki/Taygetus" title="Taygetus">Mount Taÿgetus</a> on the southern Peloponnesus peninsula, which in modern Greek is spelled <span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">Ταΰγετος</span></span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_usage">Modern usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diaeresis_(diacritic)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Modern usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Catalan">Catalan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diaeresis_(diacritic)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Catalan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a>, the digraphs <i>ai</i>, <i>ei</i>, <i>oi</i>, <i>au</i>, <i>eu</i>, and <i>iu</i> are normally read as diphthongs. To indicate exceptions to this rule (<a href="/wiki/Hiatus_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hiatus (linguistics)">hiatus</a>), a diaeresis mark is placed on the second vowel: without this the words <span title="Occitan (post 1500)-language text"><i lang="oc">raïm</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[rəˈim]</span> ("grape") and <span title="Occitan (post 1500)-language text"><i lang="oc">diürn</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[diˈurn]</span> ("diurnal") would be read *<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈrajm]</span> and *<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈdiwrn]</span>, respectively. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dutch">Dutch</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diaeresis_(diacritic)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Dutch"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>, spellings such as <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">coëfficiënt</i></span> are necessary because the digraphs <i>oe</i> and <i>ie</i> normally represent the simple vowels <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[u]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[i]</span>, respectively. However, hyphenation is now preferred for compound words so that <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">zeeëend</i></span> (sea duck) is now spelled <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">zee-eend</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="English">English</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diaeresis_(diacritic)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: English"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="In_English"></span> In Modern <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, the diaeresis, the <a href="/wiki/Grave_accent" title="Grave accent">grave accent</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Acute_accent" title="Acute accent">acute accent</a> are the <a href="/wiki/English_terms_with_diacritical_marks#Native_English_words" title="English terms with diacritical marks">only diacritics used</a> apart from <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loanwords</a>. It may be used optionally for words that do not have a morphological break at the diaeresis point, such as "<a href="/wiki/Na%C3%AFve" class="mw-redirect" title="Naïve">naïve</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Bo%C3%B6tes" title="Boötes">Boötes</a>", and "Noël". It was previously used in words such as "coöperate" and "reënter"<sup id="cite_ref-Fowler_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fowler-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but this usage is considered by prescriptive writing guides to be largely <a href="/wiki/Archaism" title="Archaism">archaic</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In such cases, the diaeresis has been replaced by the use of a hyphen ("co-operate", "re-enter"), particularly in British English, or by no indication at all ("cooperate", "reenter"), as in American English. The use of the diaeresis persists in a few publications, notably <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-curse_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-curse-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i><a href="/wiki/MIT_Technology_Review" title="MIT Technology Review">MIT Technology Review</a></i> under <a href="/wiki/Jason_Pontin" title="Jason Pontin">Jason Pontin</a>. The diaeresis mark is sometimes used in English personal first and last names to indicate that two adjacent vowels should be pronounced separately, rather than as a diphthong. Examples include the given names <i>Chloë</i> and <i>Zoë</i>, which otherwise might be pronounced with a silent <i>e</i>. To discourage a similar mispronunciation, the mark is also used in the surname <i><a href="/wiki/Bront%C3%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Brontë">Brontë</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (See also <a href="/wiki/Umlaut_(diacritic)#Use_of_the_umlaut_for_special_effect" title="Umlaut (diacritic)">Umlaut (diacritic) § Use of the umlaut for special effect</a>.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="French">French</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diaeresis_(diacritic)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: French"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="In_French"></span> In <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, the diaeresis is referred to as a <i>tréma</i>. Some diphthongs that were written with pairs of vowel letters were later reduced to <a href="/wiki/Monophthong" title="Monophthong">monophthongs</a>, which led to an extension of the value of this diacritic. It often now indicates that the second vowel letter is to be pronounced separately from the first, rather than merge with it into a single sound. For example, the French words <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">maïs</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ma.is]</span> and <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">naïve</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[na.iv]</span> would be pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*[mɛ]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*[nɛv]</span>, respectively, without the diaeresis mark, since the <a href="/wiki/Digraph_(orthography)" title="Digraph (orthography)">digraph</a> <i>ai</i> is pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɛ]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The English spelling of <i>Noël</i> meaning "<a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a>" (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Noël</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[nɔ.ɛl]</span>) comes from this use. <i>Ÿ</i> occurs in French as a variant of <i>ï</i> in a few proper nouns, as in the name of the <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Parisian</a> suburb of <a href="/wiki/L%27Ha%C3%BF-les-Roses" title="L'Haÿ-les-Roses">L'Haÿ-les-Roses</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[la.i<span class="wrap"> </span>le<span class="wrap"> </span>ʁoz]</span> and in the surname of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Cro%C3%BF" title="House of Croÿ">house of Croÿ</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kʁu.i]</span>. In some names, a diaeresis is used to indicate two vowels historically in hiatus, although the second vowel has since fallen silent, as in <a href="/wiki/Camille_Saint-Sa%C3%ABns" title="Camille Saint-Saëns">Saint-Saëns</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[sɛ̃sɑ̃s]</span> and <a href="/wiki/Anne_Louise_Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" class="mw-redirect" title="Anne Louise Germaine de Staël">de Staël</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[də<span class="wrap"> </span>stal]</span>. </p><p>The diaeresis is also used in French when a silent <i>e</i> is added to the sequence <i>gu</i>, to show that it is to be pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɡy]</span> rather than as a digraph for <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɡ]</span>. For example, when the feminine <i>‑e</i> is added to <i>aigu</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[eɡy]</span> "sharp", the pronunciation does not change in most accents:<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>aiguë</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[eɡy]</span> as opposed to the city name <i><a href="/wiki/Aigues-Mortes" title="Aigues-Mortes">Aigues-Mortes</a></i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɛɡ<span class="wrap"> </span>mɔʁt]</span>. Similar is the feminine noun <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">ciguë</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[siɡy]</span> "hemlock"; compare <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">figue</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[fiɡ]</span> "fig". In the ongoing <a href="/wiki/Reforms_of_French_orthography" title="Reforms of French orthography">French spelling reform</a> of 1990, this was moved to the <i>u</i> (<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">aigüe</i></span><i>,</i> <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">cigüe</i></span>). (In <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">canoë</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kanɔ.e]</span> the <i>e</i> is not silent, and so is not affected by the spelling reform.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Galician">Galician</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diaeresis_(diacritic)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Galician"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Galician_language" title="Galician language">Galician</a>, diaeresis is employed to indicate hiatus in the first and second persons of the plural of the <a href="/wiki/Imperfect_tense" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperfect tense">imperfect tense</a> of verbs ended in <i>-aer</i>, <i>-oer</i>, <i>-aír</i> and <i>-oír</i> (<span title="Galician-language text"><i lang="gl">saïamos</i></span>, <span title="Galician-language text"><i lang="gl">caïades</i></span>). This stems from the fact that an unstressed <i>-i-</i> is left between vowels, but constituting its own syllable, which would end with a form identical in writing but different in pronunciation with those of the Present <a href="/wiki/Subjunctive" class="mw-redirect" title="Subjunctive">subjunctive</a> (<span title="Galician-language text"><i lang="gl">saiamos</i></span><i>,</i> <span title="Galician-language text"><i lang="gl">caiades</i></span>), as those have said <i>i</i> forming a diphthong with the following <i>a</i>. </p><p>In addition, identically to Spanish, the diaeresis is used to differentiate the syllables <i>güe</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɡʷe]</span> an <i>güi</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɡʷi]</span> from <i>gue</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɡe]</span> and <i>gui</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɡi]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="German">German</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diaeresis_(diacritic)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: German"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>, in addition to the pervasive use of <a href="/wiki/Umlaut_(diacritic)" title="Umlaut (diacritic)">umlaut diacritics</a> with vowels, diaeresis above <i>e</i> occurs in a few proper names, such as <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Pi%C3%ABch" title="Ferdinand Piëch">Ferdinand Piëch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Ho%C3%ABcker" title="Bernhard Hoëcker">Bernhard Hoëcker</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greek">Greek</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diaeresis_(diacritic)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Greek"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek" title="Modern Greek">Modern Greek</a>, <span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">αϊ</span></span> and <span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">οϊ</span></span> represent the <a href="/wiki/Diphthongs" class="mw-redirect" title="Diphthongs">diphthongs</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ai̯/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/oi̯/</span>, and <span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">εϊ</span></span> the disyllabic sequence <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e.i/</span>, whereas <span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">αι</span></span>, <span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">οι</span></span>, and <span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">ει</span></span> transcribe the simple vowels <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span>, and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span>. The diacritic can be the only one on a vowel, as in <span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">ακαδημαϊκός</span></span> (<span title="Greek-language text"><i lang="el-Latn">akadimaïkós</i></span>, "academic"), or in combination with an <a href="/wiki/Acute_accent" title="Acute accent">acute accent</a>, as in <span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">πρωτεΐνη</span></span> (<span title="Greek-language text"><i lang="el-Latn">proteïni</i></span>, "protein"). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Occitan">Occitan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diaeresis_(diacritic)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Occitan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a> use of diaeresis is very similar to that of Catalan: <i>ai, ei, oi, au, eu, ou</i> are diphthongs consisting of one syllable but <i>aï, eï, oï, aü, eü, oü</i> are groups consisting of two distinct syllables. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Portuguese">Portuguese</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diaeresis_(diacritic)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Portuguese"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>, a diaeresis (<a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>: <i lang="pt">trema</i>) was used in (mainly Brazilian) <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> until the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Language_Orthographic_Agreement_of_1990" title="Portuguese Language Orthographic Agreement of 1990">1990 Orthographic Agreement</a>. It was used in combinations <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">güe/qüe</i></span> and <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">güi/qüi</i></span>, in words like <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">sangüíneo</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="pt-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Portuguese" title="Help:IPA/Portuguese">[sɐ̃ˈɡwinju]</a></span> "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sanguineous" class="extiw" title="wikt:sanguineous">sanguineous</a>". After the implementation of the Orthographic Agreement, it was abolished altogether from all Portuguese words. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spanish">Spanish</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diaeresis_(diacritic)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Spanish"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> uses the diaeresis obligatorily in words such as <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">cigüeña</i></span> and <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">pingüino</i></span>; and optionally in some poetic (or, until 1950, academic) contexts in words like <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">vïuda</i></span>, and <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">süave</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Welsh">Welsh</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diaeresis_(diacritic)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Welsh"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a>, where the diaeresis appears, it is usually on the stressed vowel, and this is most often on the first of the two adjacent vowels; typical examples are <span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">copïo</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kɔ.ˈpi.ɔ]</span> (to copy) contrasted with <span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">mopio</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈmɔ.pjɔ]</span> (to mop). It is also used on the first of two vowels that would otherwise form a diphthong (<span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">crëir</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈkreː.ɪr]</span> ('created') rather than <span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">creir</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈkrəi̯r]</span> ('believed')) and on the first of three vowels to separate it from a following diphthong: <span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">crëwyd</i></span> is pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈkreː.ʊi̯d]</span> rather than <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈkrɛu̯.ɨd]</span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diaeresis_(diacritic)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Two_dots_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Two dots (disambiguation)">Two dots (disambiguation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umlaut_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Umlaut (disambiguation)">Umlaut (disambiguation)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diaeresis_(diacritic)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">also spelled <b>diæresis</b> or <b>dieresis</b>; plural: <b>diaereses</b>, etc.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">mais</i></span> with no diaeresis is the conjunction "but" but <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">maïs</i></span> with one is the cereal "maize" (usually called <i>corn</i> in America) so the distinction is important.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In a some varieties, such as <a href="/wiki/Belgian_French#Phonology" title="Belgian French">Belgian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Swiss_French#Phonology" title="Swiss French">Swiss French</a>, "silent" <i>‑e</i> causes a lengthening of the preceding vowel, so <i>‑guë/‑güe</i> is pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɡyː]</span> in those accents.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diaeresis_(diacritic)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWells2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_C._Wells" title="John C. Wells">Wells, J C</a> (2000). <i>Longman Pronunciation Dictionary</i> (2nd ed.). Harlow, Essex: Pearson Education Limited. p. 219. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-582-36467-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-582-36467-7"><bdi>978-0-582-36467-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Longman+Pronunciation+Dictionary&rft.place=Harlow%2C+Essex&rft.pages=219&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Pearson+Education+Limited&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-582-36467-7&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=J+C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiaeresis+%28diacritic%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Unicode5.0-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Unicode5.0_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The Unicode Standard v 5.0</i>. San Francisco: Addison-Wesley. 2006. p. 228. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-321-48091-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-321-48091-0"><bdi>0-321-48091-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Unicode+Standard+v+5.0&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pages=228&rft.pub=Addison-Wesley&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-321-48091-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiaeresis+%28diacritic%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shaw-1993-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Shaw-1993_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaw1993" class="citation book cs1">Shaw, Harry (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/punctuateitright00shaw_0/page/38">"<i>Accent Marks</i>: Dieresis"</a>. <i>Punctuate It Right!</i> (second ed.). p. 38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-461045-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-461045-4"><bdi>0-06-461045-4</bdi></a>. <q>...it is much less used than formerly, having been largely replaced by the hyphen...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Accent+Marks%3A+Dieresis&rft.btitle=Punctuate+It+Right%21&rft.pages=38&rft.edition=second&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-06-461045-4&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.aufirst=Harry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpunctuateitright00shaw_0%2Fpage%2F38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiaeresis+%28diacritic%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-curse-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-curse_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-curse_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorris2012" class="citation magazine cs1">Norris, Mary (2012-04-26). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/culture/culture-desk/the-curse-of-the-diaeresis">"The Curse of the Diaeresis"</a>. <i>The New Yorker</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-08-07</span></span>. <q>The special tool we use here at The New Yorker for punching out the two dots that we then center carefully over the second vowel in such words as "naïve" and "Laocoön" will be getting a workout this year, as the Democrats coöperate to reëlect the President.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=The+Curse+of+the+Diaeresis&rft.date=2012-04-26&rft.aulast=Norris&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fculture%2Fculture-desk%2Fthe-curse-of-the-diaeresis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiaeresis+%28diacritic%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=diai/resis"><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">διαίρεσις</span></span></a>. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Liddell" title="Henry Liddell">Liddell, Henry George</a>; <a href="/wiki/Robert_Scott_(philologist)" title="Robert Scott (philologist)">Scott, Robert</a>; <i><a href="/wiki/A_Greek%E2%80%93English_Lexicon" title="A Greek–English Lexicon">A Greek–English Lexicon</a></i> at the <a href="/wiki/Perseus_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Perseus Project">Perseus Project</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=trh=ma"><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">τρῆμα</span></span></a>. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Liddell" title="Henry Liddell">Liddell, Henry George</a>; <a href="/wiki/Robert_Scott_(philologist)" title="Robert Scott (philologist)">Scott, Robert</a>; <i><a href="/wiki/A_Greek%E2%80%93English_Lexicon" title="A Greek–English Lexicon">A Greek–English Lexicon</a></i> at the <a href="/wiki/Perseus_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Perseus Project">Perseus Project</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2013" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, William A. (2013). <i>Bookrolls and Scribes in Oxyrhynchus</i>. University of Toronto Press. p. 343.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bookrolls+and+Scribes+in+Oxyrhynchus&rft.pages=343&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=William+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiaeresis+%28diacritic%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBagnall2011" class="citation book cs1">Bagnall, Roger S., ed. (2011). <i>The Oxford Handbook of Papyrology</i>. p. 262. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199843695" title="Special:BookSources/9780199843695"><bdi>9780199843695</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Papyrology&rft.pages=262&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780199843695&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiaeresis+%28diacritic%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://woordenlijst.org/#/?q=zee-eend">"zee-eend"</a>. <i>woordenlijst.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-08-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=woordenlijst.org&rft.atitle=zee-eend&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwoordenlijst.org%2F%23%2F%3Fq%3Dzee-eend&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiaeresis+%28diacritic%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fowler-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fowler_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurchfield1996" class="citation book cs1">Burchfield, R.W. (1996). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newfowlersmodern00fowl/page/210"><i>Fowlers's Modern English Usage</i></a></span> (3 ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 210. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-869126-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-869126-2"><bdi>0-19-869126-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fowlers%27s+Modern+English+Usage&rft.pages=210&rft.edition=3&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-19-869126-2&rft.aulast=Burchfield&rft.aufirst=R.W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewfowlersmodern00fowl%2Fpage%2F210&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiaeresis+%28diacritic%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.randomhouse.com/wotd/index.pperl?date=19981209">diaeresis: December 9, 1998</a>. The Mavens' Word of the Day. <a href="/wiki/Random_House" title="Random House">Random House</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2024" class="citation news cs1">Brown, Mark (26 September 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theguardian.com/uk-news/2024/sep/26/bronte-sisters-dots-names-corrected-westminster-abbey">"Brontë sisters finally get their dots as names corrected at Westminster Abbey"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Bront%C3%AB+sisters+finally+get+their+dots+as+names+corrected+at+Westminster+Abbey&rft.date=2024-09-26&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheguardian.com%2Fuk-news%2F2024%2Fsep%2F26%2Fbronte-sisters-dots-names-corrected-westminster-abbey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiaeresis+%28diacritic%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lingua.gal/c/document_library/get_file?folderId=1647069&name=DLFE-10938.pdf">Normas Ortográficas do Idioma Galego (p.25)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dle.rae.es/di%C3%A9resis">"Diéresis | Diccionario de la lengua española"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Di%C3%A9resis+%26%23124%3B+Diccionario+de+la+lengua+espa%C3%B1ola&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdle.rae.es%2Fdi%25C3%25A9resis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiaeresis+%28diacritic%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aplica.rae.es/orweb/cgi-bin/v.cgi?i=fnrrmgzBLbgwsUQh">"Rae::ortografía"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rae%3A%3Aortograf%C3%ADa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faplica.rae.es%2Forweb%2Fcgi-bin%2Fv.cgi%3Fi%3DfnrrmgzBLbgwsUQh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiaeresis+%28diacritic%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diaeresis_(diacritic)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/diaeresis" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:diaeresis">diaeresis</a></b></i>, <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%C3%A4" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ä">ä</a></b></i>, <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%C3%8B" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Ë">Ë</a></b></i>, <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%C3%AB" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ë">ë</a></b></i>, or <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%C3%B6" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ö">ö</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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title="Diacritic">Diacritics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In Latin, Cyrillic and Greek</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;line-height:185%; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌́ </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̋ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Acute_accent" title="Acute accent">acute</a>, <a href="/wiki/Double_acute_accent" title="Double acute accent">double acute</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌᷄ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_apex" class="mw-redirect" title="Vietnamese apex">apex</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̆ </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̑ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Breve" title="Breve">breve</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inverted_breve" title="Inverted breve">inverted breve</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̌ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Caron" title="Caron">caron, háček</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̧ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Cedilla" title="Cedilla">cedilla</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̂ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Circumflex" title="Circumflex">circumflex</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̈ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">diaeresis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Umlaut_(diacritic)" title="Umlaut (diacritic)">umlaut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Two_dots_(diacritic)" title="Two dots (diacritic)">other</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̇ </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̣ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Dot_(diacritic)" title="Dot (diacritic)">dot</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̀ </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̏ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Grave_accent" title="Grave accent">grave</a>, <a href="/wiki/Double_grave_accent" title="Double grave accent">double grave</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̉ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Hook_above" title="Hook above">hook above</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̡ </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̢ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Palatal_hook" title="Palatal hook">palatal hook</a>, <a href="/wiki/Retroflex_consonant#Transcription" title="Retroflex consonant">retroflex hook</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̛ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Horn_(diacritic)" title="Horn (diacritic)">horn</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌ͅ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Iota_subscript" title="Iota subscript">iota subscript</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̄ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Macron_(diacritic)" title="Macron (diacritic)">macron</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̨ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Ogonek" title="Ogonek">ogonek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nosin%C4%97" class="mw-redirect" title="Nosinė">nosinė</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̊ </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̥ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Ring_(diacritic)#Overring" title="Ring (diacritic)">overring</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ring_(diacritic)#Underring" title="Ring (diacritic)">underring</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌͂ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Greek_diacritics" title="Greek diacritics">perispomene</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌͗ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Sicilicus" title="Sicilicus">sicilicus</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̃ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Tilde" title="Tilde">tilde</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌῾ </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌᾿ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Rough_breathing" title="Rough breathing">rough breathing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smooth_breathing" title="Smooth breathing">smooth breathing</a></span></span> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In <a href="/wiki/Early_Cyrillic_alphabet#Numerals,_diacritics_and_punctuation" title="Early Cyrillic alphabet">Early Cyrillic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;line-height:185%; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌҄ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Kamora_(diacritic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamora (diacritic)">kamora</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌҇ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Pokrytie" title="Pokrytie">pokrytie</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌҃ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Titlo" title="Titlo">titlo</a></span></span> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In <a href="/wiki/Brahmic_scripts" title="Brahmic scripts">Indic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;line-height:185%; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span class="Unicode">ं</span> </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ং</span></span> </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">ଂ</span></span> </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ം</span></span> </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Anusvara" title="Anusvara">anusvara</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span class="Unicode">ऽ</span> </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ঽ</span></span> </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">ଽ</span></span> </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span title="Telugu-language text"><span lang="te">ఽ</span></span> </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">ഽ</span></span> </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span title="Tigrinya-language text"><span lang="ti">྅</span></span> </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Avagraha" title="Avagraha">avagraha</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span class="Unicode">ँ</span>  </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span title="Telugu-language text"><span lang="te">ఁ</span></span> </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span title="Tigrinya-language text"><span lang="ti">ྃ</span></span> </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Chandrabindu" title="Chandrabindu">chandrabindu</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span class="Unicode">़</span> </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Nuqta" title="Nuqta">nuqta</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span class="Unicode">्</span>  </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span title="Malayalam-language text"><span lang="ml">്</span></span>  </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span title="Telugu-language text"><span lang="te">్</span></span>  </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span title="Kannada-language text"><span lang="kn">್</span></span> </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span title="Sinhala-language text"><span lang="si">්</span></span> </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">်</span></span> </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Virama" title="Virama">virama</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span class="Unicode">ः</span> </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span title="Bengali-language text"><span lang="bn">ঃ</span></span> </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">ଃ</span></span> </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">ஃ</span></span> </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Visarga" title="Visarga">visarga</a></span></span> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In other scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;line-height:185%; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_diacritics" title="Arabic diacritics">Arabic diacritics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_diacritics" title="Greek diacritics">Greek diacritics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurmukh%C4%AB_alphabet#Other_signs" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurmukhī alphabet">Gurmukhī diacritics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_diacritics" title="Hebrew diacritics">Hebrew diacritics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet#Diacritics" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">diacritics in IPA</a></li> <li>Japanese <a href="/wiki/Kana#Diacritics" title="Kana">kana diacritics</a> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span style="font-size:75%;"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja" style="font-style: normal;">◌゙</span></span></span> </span> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> <span style="font-size:75%;"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja" style="font-style: normal;">◌゚</span></span></span> </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Dakuten_and_handakuten" title="Dakuten and handakuten">dakuten, handakuten</a></span></span> </li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_alphabet#Diacritics" class="mw-redirect" title="Khmer alphabet">Khmer diacritics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet#Latin_alphabet_and_romanization" title="Syriac alphabet">Syriac diacritics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_alphabet#Other_symbols_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Thai alphabet">Thai diacritics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Marks used as diacritics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;line-height:185%; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌’ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Apostrophe" title="Apostrophe">apostrophe</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌̸ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Bar_(diacritic)" title="Bar (diacritic)">bar</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌: </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Colon_(punctuation)#Diacritical_usage" title="Colon (punctuation)">colon</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌, </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Comma#Diacritical_usage" title="Comma">comma</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌. </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Full_stop" title="Full stop">full stop/period</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌˗ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Hyphen" title="Hyphen">hyphen</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌′ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Prime_(symbol)" title="Prime (symbol)">prime</a></span></span> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-diacritic uses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;line-height:185%; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ^ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Caret_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Caret (computing)">caret (computing)</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ° </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Degree_symbol" title="Degree symbol">degree symbol</a></span></span> </li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ~ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Tilde#Mathematics" title="Tilde">tilde § Mathematics</a></span></span> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;line-height:185%; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"> <span style="background:#efefef; font-size:175%;"> ◌ </span> <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Dotted_circle" title="Dotted circle">dotted circle</a> (placeholder glyph character)</span></span> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combining_character#Unicode_ranges" title="Combining character">combining character § Unicode ranges</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div>See also: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_terms_with_diacritical_marks" title="English terms with diacritical marks">English terms with diacritical marks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metal_umlaut" title="Metal umlaut">Metal umlaut</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punctuation" title="Punctuation">Punctuation marks</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Diacritics" title="Category:Diacritics">Category: Diacritics</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Latin_script" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Latin_script/main" title="Template:Latin script/main"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Latin_script/main" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:Latin script/main"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Latin_script/main" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Latin script/main"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Latin_script" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Latin_script" title="History of the Latin script">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spread_of_the_Latin_script" title="Spread of the Latin script">Spread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization" title="Romanization">Romanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_numerals" title="Roman numerals">Roman numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligature_(writing)#Latin_alphabet" title="Ligature (writing)">Ligatures</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Latin-script_alphabet" title="Latin-script alphabet">Alphabets</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_alphabets" title="List of Latin-script alphabets">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Latin_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Latin alphabet">Classical Latin alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_basic_Latin_alphabet" title="ISO basic Latin alphabet">ISO basic Latin alphabet</a></li> <li>Phonetic alphabets <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-SAMPA" title="X-SAMPA">X-SAMPA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spelling_alphabet" title="Spelling alphabet">Spelling alphabet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Letters (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_letters" title="List of Latin-script letters">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <table style="margin: 0 -0.25em; width: 100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="26"><div style="width:100%; background:#e0e0e0;; text-align:center;">Letters of the <a href="/wiki/ISO_basic_Latin_alphabet" title="ISO basic Latin alphabet">ISO basic Latin alphabet</a></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/A" title="A">Aa</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/B" title="B">Bb</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/C" title="C">Cc</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/D" title="D">Dd</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/E" title="E">Ee</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/F" title="F">Ff</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/G" title="G">Gg</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/H" title="H">Hh</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/I" title="I">Ii</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/J" title="J">Jj</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/K" title="K">Kk</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/L" title="L">Ll</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/M" title="M">Mm </a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/N" title="N">Nn</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/O" title="O">Oo</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/P" title="P">Pp</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/Q" title="Q">Qq</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/R" title="R">Rr</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/S" title="S">Ss</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/T" title="T">Tt</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/U" title="U">Uu</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/V" title="V">Vv</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/W" title="W">Ww</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/X" title="X">Xx</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/Y" title="Y">Yy</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/Z" title="Z">Zz </a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="26"><div style="width:100%; background:#e0e0e0;; text-align:center;">Letters using <a class="mw-selflink selflink">umlaut or diaeresis</a> sign (<span style="font-weight:100; font-size:125%;"> ◌̈, ◌̤ </span>)</div> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%C3%84" title="Ä">Ää </a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/C%CC%88" title="C̈">C̈c̈</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%C3%8B" title="Ë">Ëë </a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="Ḧ">Ḧḧ </a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%C3%8F" title="Ï">Ï ï </a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/N-diaeresis" class="mw-redirect" title="N-diaeresis">N̈n̈ </a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%C3%96" title="Ö">Öö </a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/S%CC%88" title="S̈">S̈s̈ </a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/T%CC%88" title="T̈">T̈ẗ </a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%C3%9C" title="Ü">Üü </a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%E1%B9%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="Ṳ">Ṳṳ </a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BA%84" class="mw-redirect" title="Ẅ">Ẅẅ </a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%E1%BA%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="Ẍ">Ẍẍ </a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"><a href="/wiki/%C5%B8" title="Ÿ">Ÿÿ</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class="nounderlines"></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Latin-script_multigraph" title="Latin-script multigraph">Multigraphs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_digraphs" title="List of Latin-script digraphs">Digraphs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ch_(digraph)" title="Ch (digraph)">Ch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dz_(digraph)" title="Dz (digraph)">Dz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C5%BE" title="Dž">Dž</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gh_(digraph)" title="Gh (digraph)">Gh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IJ_(digraph)" title="IJ (digraph)">IJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lj_(digraph)" title="Lj (digraph)">Lj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ll" title="Ll">Ll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_ly" title="Hungarian ly">Ly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nh_(digraph)" title="Nh (digraph)">Nh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nj_(digraph)" title="Nj (digraph)">Nj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ny_(digraph)" title="Ny (digraph)">Ny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh_(digraph)" title="Sh (digraph)">Sh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sz_(digraph)" title="Sz (digraph)">Sz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th_(digraph)" title="Th (digraph)">Th</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_trigraphs" title="List of Latin-script trigraphs">Trigraphs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_dzs" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian dzs">dzs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eau_(trigraph)" title="Eau (trigraph)">eau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_tetragraphs" title="List of Latin-script tetragraphs">Tetragraphs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ough_(orthography)" title="Ough (orthography)">ough</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_pentagraphs" title="List of Latin-script pentagraphs">Pentagraphs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Tzsch" class="mw-redirect" title="Tzsch">tzsch</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Keyboard layouts (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_keyboard_layouts" title="List of Latin-script keyboard layouts">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/QWERTY" title="QWERTY">QWERTY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QWERTZ" title="QWERTZ">QWERTZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AZERTY" title="AZERTY">AZERTY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvorak_keyboard_layout" title="Dvorak keyboard layout">Dvorak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colemak" title="Colemak">Colemak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%89PO" title="BÉPO">BÉPO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo_(keyboard_layout)" title="Neo (keyboard layout)">Neo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical Standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_646" title="ISO/IEC 646">ISO/IEC 646</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Latin_character_sets_(computing)" title="Western Latin character sets (computing)">Western Latin character sets</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current Standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_script_in_Unicode" title="Latin script in Unicode">Unicode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DIN_91379" title="DIN 91379">DIN 91379: Unicode subset for Europe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_precomposed_Latin_characters_in_Unicode" title="List of precomposed Latin characters in Unicode">Precomposed Latin characters in Unicode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_letters_used_in_mathematics" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin letters used in mathematics">Letters used in mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_typographical_symbols_and_punctuation_marks" title="List of typographical symbols and punctuation marks">List of typographical symbols and punctuation marks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">Diacritics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaeography" title="Palaeography">Palaeography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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