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class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_ro.wikipedia.org&uselang=ro" class=""><span>Donații</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%C3%8Enregistrare&returnto=Azbest" title="Vă încurajăm să vă creați un cont și să vă autentificați; totuși, nu este obligatoriu" class=""><span>Creare cont</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" 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class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Cuprins</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mută în bara laterală</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ascunde</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Început</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Descriere" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Descriere"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Descriere</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Descriere-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Producție" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Producție"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Producție</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Producție-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Producție subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Producție-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Descoperirea_toxicității_azbestului" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Descoperirea_toxicității_azbestului"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Descoperirea toxicității azbestului</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Descoperirea_toxicității_azbestului-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Note" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Note"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Note</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Note-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vezi_și" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vezi_și"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Vezi și</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vezi_și-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legături_externe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legături_externe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Legături externe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legături_externe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Galerie_de_imagini" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Galerie_de_imagini"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Galerie de imagini</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Galerie_de_imagini-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Cuprins" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Comută cuprinsul" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Comută cuprinsul</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Azbest</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Mergeți la un articol în altă limbă. Disponibil în 77 limbi" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-77" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">77 limbi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asbes" title="Asbes – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Asbes" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="أسبست – arabă" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أسبست" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B3" title="اسبستس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اسبستس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asbesto" title="Asbesto – asturiană" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Asbesto" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asbestos" title="Asbestos – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Asbestos" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82" title="Азбест – belarusă" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Азбест" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarusă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82" title="Азбест – bulgară" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Азбест" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgară" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%B8" title="অ্যাসবেসটস – bengaleză" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অ্যাসবেসটস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengaleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiant" title="Amiant – bretonă" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Amiant" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asbest" title="Asbest – catalană" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Asbest" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azbest" title="Azbest – cehă" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Azbest" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="cehă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asbestos" title="Asbestos – galeză" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Asbestos" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="galeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asbest" title="Asbest – daneză" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Asbest" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="daneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asbest" title="Asbest – germană" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Asbest" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="germană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BC%CE%AF%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Αμίαντος – greacă" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αμίαντος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greacă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asbestos" title="Asbestos – engleză" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Asbestos" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asbesto" title="Asbesto – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Asbesto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asbesto" title="Asbesto – spaniolă" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Asbesto" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spaniolă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asbest" title="Asbest – estonă" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Asbest" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asbesto" title="Asbesto – bască" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Asbesto" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="bască" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%87_%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B2" title="پنبه نسوز – persană" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پنبه نسوز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asbesti" title="Asbesti – finlandeză" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Asbesti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiante" title="Amiante – franceză" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Amiante" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franceză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aispeist" title="Aispeist – irlandeză" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Aispeist" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amianto" title="Amianto – galiciană" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Amianto" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiciană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%96%D7%91%D7%A1%D7%98" title="אזבסט – ebraică" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אזבסט" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ebraică" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B9" title="अदह – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अदह" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azbest" title="Azbest – croată" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Azbest" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croată" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azbeszt" title="Azbeszt – maghiară" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Azbeszt" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="maghiară" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%BD%D5%A2%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%BF" title="Ասբեստ – armeană" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ասբեստ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asbestos" title="Asbestos – indoneziană" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Asbestos" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indoneziană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asbestos" title="Asbestos – igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Asbestos" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amianto" title="Amianto – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Amianto" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asbest" title="Asbest – islandeză" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Asbest" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amianto" title="Amianto – italiană" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Amianto" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E7%B6%BF" title="石綿 – japoneză" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="石綿" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Асбес – kazahă" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Асбес" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazahă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%81" title="ಕಲ್ನಾರು – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕಲ್ನಾರು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%9D%EB%A9%B4" title="석면 – coreeană" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="석면" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreeană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82" title="Асбест – kârgâză" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Асбест" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kârgâză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asbestus" title="Asbestus – latină" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Asbestus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latină" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asbes" title="Asbes – limburgheză" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Asbes" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburgheză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asbestas" title="Asbestas – lituaniană" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Asbestas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituaniană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azbests" title="Azbests – letonă" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Azbests" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vatosiraka" title="Vatosiraka – malgașă" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Vatosiraka" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgașă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82" title="Азбест – macedoneană" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Азбест" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedoneană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%86%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="ആസ്ബസ്റ്റോസ് – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ആസ്ബസ്റ്റോസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82" title="Асбест – mongolă" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Асбест" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongolă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asbestos" title="Asbestos – malaeză" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Asbestos" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%82%E1%80%BD%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="ကျောက်ဂွမ်း – birmană" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကျောက်ဂွမ်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birmană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asbest" title="Asbest – neerlandeză" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Asbest" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asbest" title="Asbest – norvegiană nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Asbest" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvegiană nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asbest" title="Asbest – norvegiană bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Asbest" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvegiană bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azbest" title="Azbest – poloneză" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Azbest" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poloneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%88%DA%81_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%DA%86" title="ناسوځ مالوچ – paștună" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ناسوځ مالوچ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="paștună" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amianto" title="Amianto – portugheză" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Amianto" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugheză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82" title="Асбест – rusă" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Асбест" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rusă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asbestos" title="Asbestos – scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Asbestos" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azbest" title="Azbest – sârbo-croată" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Azbest" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="sârbo-croată" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%87%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%90%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%9D%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A" title="ඇස්බැස්ටෝස් – singhaleză" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඇස්බැස්ටෝස්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="singhaleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asbestos" title="Asbestos – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Asbestos" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azbest" title="Azbest – slovacă" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Azbest" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovacă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azbest" title="Azbest – slovenă" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Azbest" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovenă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asbesti" title="Asbesti – albaneză" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Asbesti" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albaneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82" title="Азбест – sârbă" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Азбест" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="sârbă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asb%C3%A9stos" title="Asbéstos – sundaneză" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Asbéstos" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundaneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asbest" title="Asbest – suedeză" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Asbest" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suedeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="கல்நார் – tamilă" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கல்நார்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0" title="రాతినార – telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="రాతినార" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%88%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99" title="แร่ใยหิน – thailandeză" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แร่ใยหิน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asbest" title="Asbest – turcă" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Asbest" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turcă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82" title="Азбест – ucraineană" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Азбест" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraineană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asbest" title="Asbest – uzbecă" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Asbest" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbecă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ami%C4%83ng" title="Amiăng – vietnameză" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Amiăng" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnameză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E6%A3%89" title="石棉 – chineză wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="石棉" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="chineză wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E6%A3%89" title="石棉 – chineză" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="石棉" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chineză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E6%A3%89" title="石棉 – cantoneză" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="石棉" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantoneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q104085#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifică legăturile interlinguale" class="wbc-editpage">Modifică legăturile</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Spații de nume"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Azbest" title="Vedeți conținutul paginii [a]" accesskey="a"><span>Articol</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discu%C8%9Bie:Azbest&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Discuții despre această pagină — pagină inexistentă [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Discuție</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">română</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Vizualizări"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Azbest"><span>Lectură</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Azbest&veaction=edit" title="Modificați această pagină cu EditorulVizual [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modificare</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Azbest&action=edit" title="Modificați codul sursă al acestei pagini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modificare sursă</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Azbest&action=history" title="Versiunile anterioare ale paginii și autorii lor. [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Istoric</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Unelte" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Unelte</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Unelte</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">mută în bara laterală</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">ascunde</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Mai multe opțiuni" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Acțiuni </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Azbest"><span>Lectură</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Azbest&veaction=edit" title="Modificați această pagină cu EditorulVizual [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modificare</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Azbest&action=edit" title="Modificați codul sursă al acestei pagini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modificare sursă</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Azbest&action=history"><span>Istoric</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Ce_se_leag%C4%83_aici/Azbest" title="Lista tuturor paginilor wiki care conduc spre această pagină [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Ce trimite aici</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Modific%C4%83ri_corelate/Azbest" rel="nofollow" title="Schimbări recente în legătură cu această pagină [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Schimbări corelate</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Trimite_fi%C8%99ier" title="Încărcare fișiere [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Trimite fișier</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Pagini_speciale" title="Lista tuturor paginilor speciale [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Pagini speciale</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Azbest&oldid=15799921" title="Legătură permanentă către această versiune a acestei pagini"><span>Legătură permanentă</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Azbest&action=info" title="Mai multe informații despre această pagină"><span>Informații despre pagină</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Citeaz%C4%83&page=Azbest&id=15799921&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informații cu privire la modul de citare a acestei pagini"><span>Citează acest articol</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fro.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAzbest"><span>Obține URL scurtat</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fro.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAzbest"><span>Descărcați codul QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tipărire/exportare </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Carte&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Azbest"><span>Creare carte</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Azbest&action=show-download-screen"><span>Descărcare ca PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Azbest&printable=yes" title="Versiunea de tipărit a acestei pagini [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versiune de tipărit</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> În alte proiecte </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Asbestos" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q104085" title="Legătură către elementul asociat din depozitul de date [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Element Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Aspect"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Aspect</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">mută în bara laterală</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">ascunde</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">De la Wikipedia, enciclopedia liberă</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ro" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Wellasbestdach-233-3354_IMG.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Wellasbestdach-233-3354_IMG.JPG/220px-Wellasbestdach-233-3354_IMG.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Wellasbestdach-233-3354_IMG.JPG/330px-Wellasbestdach-233-3354_IMG.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Wellasbestdach-233-3354_IMG.JPG/440px-Wellasbestdach-233-3354_IMG.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1856" data-file-height="1392" /></a><figcaption>Plăci ondulate de azbest</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Azbestul</b> (grec. ἄσβεστος, asbestos = durabil) este un termen pentru <a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">minerale</a> fibroase din grupa răspândită a silicaților. Este denumită azbest forma fibroasă a Riebeckitului din grupa <a href="/wiki/Amfiboli" title="Amfiboli">amfibolilor</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Blend%C4%83" title="Blendă">blendei</a> (numit „azbest albastru”, a „Chrysotilului” din grupa serpentinelor, (azbest verde) sau „Gruneritul” (azbest brun). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Descriere">Descriere</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Azbest&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifică secțiunea: Descriere" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Azbest&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Descriere"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mineralul este foarte rezistent la temperaturi înalte, la acțiunea acizilor, fiind un izolator excelent, folosit în trecut pe scară largă în industria de construcții, în producerea izolatoarelor electrice și termice, în industria navală, în industria cauciucului. </p><p>Datorită descoperirii ulterioare a pericolului pe care-l prezintă pentru <a href="/wiki/S%C4%83n%C4%83tate" title="Sănătate">sănătatea</a> <a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">omului</a>, și anume a efectului cancerigen al fibrelor de azbest, folosirea lui a fost interzisă în unele țări și în întreaga <a href="/wiki/Uniunea_European%C4%83" title="Uniunea Europeană">UE</a>, această măsură cauzând probleme financiare la îndepărtarea lui completă. </p><p>Mineritul de azbest a apărut acum 4000 de ani, dar exploatarea pe scară largă a început în secolul 19, când manufacturile și constructorii au realizat proprietățile sale fizice speciale, fiind un excelent izolator fonic, rezistent la întindere, ușor de exploatat, ignifug, bun izolator termic și electric. </p><p>Aceste proprietăți cumulate într-un singur material, extrem de atrăgătoare pentru industria producătoare, au făcut ca azbestul să fie folosit pe scară largă. Exploatarea industrială a continuat vertiginos și pe parcursul secolului 20, până când s-au făcut cunoscute pericolele și bolile grave cauzate de azbest, folosirea acestuia fiind interzisă prin sentințe judecătorești și prin legiferare. </p><p>Inhalarea fibrelor de azbest poate cauza boli grave și incurabile, precum <a href="/wiki/Cancer_pulmonar" title="Cancer pulmonar">cancer pulmonar</a>, mezoteliomă pleurală, și azbestozită (un tip de <a href="/wiki/Pneumoconioz%C4%83" title="Pneumoconioză">pneumoconioză</a>). Primele cercetări referitoare la bolile cauzate de azbest au început în jurul anilor 1900 și au răbufnit în anii 1920 și 1930. În anii ‘80 și mai apoi ‘90 comerțul și utilizarea azbestosului au fost treptat fie interzise, restrânse sau reglementate în majoritatea țărilor. </p><p>În ciuda severității consecințelor și a bolilor mortale pe care le cauzează, azbestul este folosit încă pe scară largă într-o multitudine de țări care încă nu și-au adus modificări în legislație. Printre aceste țări se numără și România. </p><p>Continuarea utilizării azbestosului mult după ce efectele sale nocive s-au fost public cunoscute sau doar bănuite uneori, apariția tardivă a bolilor - chiar și la zeci de ani distanță de la expunere - face ca procesele aferente intentate ulterior de cei afectați, să fie cele mai lungi și mai costisitoare litigii în masă cu care se confruntă tribunalele în Statele Unite; cu toate acestea, în multe alte țări, litigiile fie nu au luat întotdeauna forma proceselor civile, fie sumele acordate ca despăgubiri au fost mult mai mici. </p><p>La data de 12 iulie 2018 un tribunal din Missouri a obligat Johnson & Johnson să plătească o sumă record de 4.69 miliarde dolari ca despăgubiri în favoarea a 22 de femei care au susținut că produsele pe bază de talc ale companiei, inclusiv pudra pentru bebeluși, le-au cauzat cancer ovarian. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Producție"><span id="Produc.C8.9Bie"></span>Producție</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Azbest&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifică secțiunea: Producție" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Azbest&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Producție"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>În 2009, aproximativ 9% din producția mondială era deținută de Canada. La sfârșitul anului 2011, ultimele două mine de azbest din Canada, ambele din Quebec, au încetat activitatea. În septembrie 2012, guvernul din Quebec a încetat mineritul de azbest. </p><p>În 2015, 2 milioane de tone de azbest încă se extrăgeau la nivel mondial. Rusia era cel mai mare producător cu o pondere de 55% din total, urmată de China (20%), Brazilia (15.6%), și Kazakhstan (10.8%). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Descoperirea_toxicității_azbestului"><span id="Descoperirea_toxicit.C4.83.C8.9Bii_azbestului"></span>Descoperirea toxicității azbestului</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Azbest&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifică secțiunea: Descoperirea toxicității azbestului" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Azbest&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Descoperirea toxicității azbestului"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La începutul anilor 1900, cercetătorii au început să observe o incidență foarte mare a deceselor la vârste relativ tinere, precum și un număr neobișnuit de mare al bolilor de plămâni în localitățile miniere în care se exploata azbestul. Primul astfel de studiu a fost condus de H. Montague Murray la Charing Cross Hospital din Londra în 1900, în urma unei investigații a decesului unui tânăr care a murit de fibroză pulmonară, asta după ce lucrase timp de 14 zile într-o fabrică de textile din fibre de azbest; tânărului i s-au găsit urme de azbest în plămâni. Adelaide Anderson, Inspectorul Fabricilor din Marea Britanie, a inclus azbestul pe lista substanțelor industriale periculoase în 1902. Investigații similare au avut loc în Franța și Italia, în 1906 și respectiv în 1908. </p><p>Prima diagnoză de azbestosită a fost făcută în Marea Britanie în 1924. Nellie Kershaw era angajată la Turner Brothers Asbestos din Manchester încă din 1917, ca filatoare de fibre din azbest. Moartea ei în 1924 a condus la o anchetă formală, în urma căreia patologii au depus mărturie că moartea s-a datorat unei mai vechi, inițial vindecate, infecții tuberculoase, și a unei fibroze pulmonare, în care erau vizibile “particule de materie minerală, ..., de diferite forme, dar majoritatea prezentând muchii tăioase”. “Comparând aceste particule cu mostre de praf de azbest prezentate de S.A Henry, Inspector Regal al Fabricilor, s-a concluzionat că acestea proveneau din azbest și au fost, fără nicio urmă de îndoială, cauza principală a fibrozei pulmonare și implicit a morții” </p><p>Unele controverse recente au corelat conținutul de azbest al unor produse de largă utilizare, cu bolile oncologice. Exemplul pudrei de talc pentru bebeluși a companiei Johnson & Johnson, care a trebuit să conducă propriile studii privind siguranța compoziției produsului, pentru a combate alegațiile.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Următoarele minerale apar sub variante fibroase, fiind numite azbest: </p> <ul><li>Din grupa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Serpentine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serpentine — pagină inexistentă">serpentinelor</a> (Mg,Fe,Ni)<sub>3</sub>Si<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>(OH)<sub>4</sub></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grunerit" title="Grunerit">Grunerit</a> Fe<sub>7</sub>Si<sub>8</sub>O<sub>22</sub>(OH)<sub>2</sub></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mysorit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mysorit — pagină inexistentă">Mysorit</a> (Azbest brun)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riebeckit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Riebeckit — pagină inexistentă">Riebeckit</a> Na<sub>2</sub>Fe<sup>2+</sup><sub>3</sub>Fe<sup>3+</sup><sub>2</sub>Si<sub>8</sub>O<sub>22</sub>(OH)<sub>2</sub></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tremolit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tremolit — pagină inexistentă">Tremolit</a> Ca<sub>2</sub>Mg<sub>5</sub>Si<sub>8</sub>O<sub>22</sub>(OH)<sub>2</sub></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aktinolith&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aktinolith — pagină inexistentă">Aktinolith</a> Ca<sub>2</sub>(Mg, Fe)<sub>5</sub>Si<sub>8</sub>O<sub>22</sub>(OH)<sub>2</sub></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anthophyllit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anthophyllit — pagină inexistentă">Anthophyllit</a> (Mg, Fe)<sub>7</sub>Si<sub>8</sub>O<sub>22</sub>(OH)<sub>2</sub></li></ul> <p>Minereul este extras prin lucrări din subteran sau prin <a href="/wiki/Minerit" title="Minerit">minerit</a> de suprafață. Zăcăminte de azbest se află în <a href="/wiki/America_de_Nord" title="America de Nord">America de Nord</a>, <a href="/wiki/Africa_de_Sud" title="Africa de Sud">Africa de Sud</a>, în <a href="/wiki/Tuva" title="Tuva">Tuva</a> sau <a href="/wiki/Ural_(dezambiguizare)" class="mw-disambig" title="Ural (dezambiguizare)">Ural</a> la Ak-Dovurak în <a href="/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia">Rusia</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Note">Note</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Azbest&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifică secțiunea: Note" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Azbest&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Note"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stireamomentului.com/exista-vreo-corelatie-intre-talc-si-cancer/">Există vreo corelație între talc și cancer?</a><sup>[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Leg%C4%83turi_externe" title="Wikipedia:Legături externe">nefuncțională</a></i>]</sup> în <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stireamomentului.com/">Știrea Momentului</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210205230624/https://stireamomentului.com/">Arhivat</a> în <time datetime="2021-02-05">5 februarie 2021</time>, la <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vezi_și"><span id="Vezi_.C8.99i"></span>Vezi și</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Azbest&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifică secțiunea: Vezi și" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Azbest&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Vezi și"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List%C4%83_de_minerale" title="Listă de minerale">Listă de minerale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumoconioze" class="mw-redirect" title="Pneumoconioze">Pneumoconioze</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legături_externe"><span id="Leg.C4.83turi_externe"></span>Legături externe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Azbest&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modifică secțiunea: Legături externe" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Azbest&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Legături externe"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Materiale media legate de <span class="plainlinks"><b><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Asbestos?uselang=ro">azbest</a></b></span> la <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Galerie_de_imagini">Galerie de imagini</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Azbest&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Modifică secțiunea: Galerie de imagini" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Azbest&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Galerie de imagini"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:White_asbestos_(Chrysotile).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chrysotilasbest"><img alt="Chrysotilasbest" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/White_asbestos_%28Chrysotile%29.jpg/120px-White_asbestos_%28Chrysotile%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/White_asbestos_%28Chrysotile%29.jpg/180px-White_asbestos_%28Chrysotile%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/White_asbestos_%28Chrysotile%29.jpg/240px-White_asbestos_%28Chrysotile%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="275" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Chrysotilasbest</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:AsbestmineOrtsbrust.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ortsbrust mină de azbest"><img alt="Ortsbrust mină de azbest" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/AsbestmineOrtsbrust.jpg/120px-AsbestmineOrtsbrust.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/AsbestmineOrtsbrust.jpg/180px-AsbestmineOrtsbrust.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/AsbestmineOrtsbrust.jpg/240px-AsbestmineOrtsbrust.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1640" data-file-height="1057" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ortsbrust mină de azbest</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Anthophyllite_asbestos_SEM.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Amfiboli, forma fibroasă"><img alt="Amfiboli, forma fibroasă" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Anthophyllite_asbestos_SEM.jpg/120px-Anthophyllite_asbestos_SEM.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Anthophyllite_asbestos_SEM.jpg/180px-Anthophyllite_asbestos_SEM.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Anthophyllite_asbestos_SEM.jpg/240px-Anthophyllite_asbestos_SEM.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Amfiboli" title="Amfiboli">Amfiboli</a>, forma fibroasă</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Asbestos_with_muscovite.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Azbest cu muscovit"><img alt="Azbest cu muscovit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Asbestos_with_muscovite.jpg/102px-Asbestos_with_muscovite.jpg" decoding="async" width="102" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Asbestos_with_muscovite.jpg/152px-Asbestos_with_muscovite.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Asbestos_with_muscovite.jpg/203px-Asbestos_with_muscovite.jpg 2x" data-file-width="455" data-file-height="537" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Azbest cu muscovit</div> </li> </ul> <p><br /> </p> <table class="navbox" cellspacing="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:2px;"> <table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks collapsible" style="width:100%;background:transparent;color:inherit;;"> <tbody><tr> <th style=";" colspan="2" class="navbox-title"><div style="float:left; width:6em;text-align:left;"><div class="noprint plainlinks" style="padding:0; font-size:xx-small; color:var(--color-base, #000); white-space:nowrap; ;"><span style=";;border:none;"><a href="/wiki/Format:Minerale" title="Format:Minerale"><span title="Vizualizare format" style=";;border:none;;">v</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Discu%C8%9Bie_Format:Minerale&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Discuție Format:Minerale — pagină inexistentă"><span title="Discuție format" style=";;border:none;;">d</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Format:Minerale&action=edit"><span title="Acest format se poate modifica. Folosiți butonul de previzualizare înainte de a salva." style=";;border:none;;">m</span></a></span></div></div><span class="" style="font-size: 110%;">Minerale, roci, soluri și zăcăminte</span> </th></tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">Minerale</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <div> <p><a href="/wiki/Abelsonit" title="Abelsonit">Abelsonit</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Acvamarin" title="Acvamarin">Acvamarin</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Adamit" title="Adamit">Adamit</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a href="/wiki/Adular" title="Adular">Adular</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a href="/wiki/Agat" title="Agat">Agat</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a href="/wiki/Aguilarit" title="Aguilarit">Aguilarit</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a href="/wiki/Ajoit" title="Ajoit">Ajoit</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Alabastru" title="Alabastru">Alabastru</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a href="/wiki/Albit" title="Albit">Albit</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a href="/wiki/Allanit" title="Allanit">Allanit</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a href="/wiki/Almandin" title="Almandin">Almandin</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a href="/wiki/Altait" title="Altait">Altait</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a href="/wiki/Aluminit" title="Aluminit">Aluminit</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a href="/wiki/Amazonit" title="Amazonit">Amazonit</a>  <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a href="/wiki/Ametist" title="Ametist">Ametist</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a href="/wiki/Ametrin" title="Ametrin">Ametrin</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Amfiboli" title="Amfiboli">Amfiboli</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Andaluzit" title="Andaluzit">Andaluzit</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Anhidrit" title="Anhidrit">Anhidrit</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a href="/wiki/Anortit" title="Anortit">Anortit</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a href="/wiki/Apatit" title="Apatit">Apatit</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Aragonit" title="Aragonit">Aragonit</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a href="/wiki/Argentit" title="Argentit">Argentit</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a href="/wiki/Arsenopirit%C4%83" title="Arsenopirită">Arsenopirită</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a href="/wiki/Auricalcit" title="Auricalcit">Auricalcit</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a href="/wiki/Auripigment" title="Auripigment">Auripigment</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Autunit" title="Autunit">Autunit</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Azbest</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Azurit" title="Azurit">Azurit</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Baritin%C4%83" title="Baritină">Baritină</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Beril" title="Beril">Beril</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Biotit" title="Biotit">Biotit</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Blend%C4%83" title="Blendă">Blendă</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Boracit" title="Boracit">Boracit</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Borax" title="Borax">Borax</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Brochantit" title="Brochantit">Brochantit</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Calcedonie" title="Calcedonie">Calcedonie</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Calcit" title="Calcit">Calcit</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Calcopirit%C4%83" title="Calcopirită">Calcopirită</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Carneol" title="Carneol">Carneol</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Cinabru" title="Cinabru">Cinabru</a>  <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Citrin" title="Citrin">Citrin</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Clorur%C4%83_de_amoniu" title="Clorură de amoniu">Clorură de amoniu</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Coffinit" title="Coffinit">Coffinit</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Corindon" title="Corindon">Corindon</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Cristobalit" title="Cristobalit">Cristobalit</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Cuar%C8%9B" title="Cuarț">Cuarț</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Diamant" title="Diamant">Diamant</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Diopsid" title="Diopsid">Diopsid</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Dolomit_(mineral)" title="Dolomit (mineral)">Dolomit</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Dumortierit" title="Dumortierit">Dumortierit</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Epidot" title="Epidot">Epidot</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Feldspat" title="Feldspat">Feldspat</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Fluorin%C4%83" title="Fluorină">Fluorină</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Galen%C4%83" title="Galenă">Galenă</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Gips" class="mw-redirect" title="Gips">Gips</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Goetit" title="Goetit">Goetit</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Grafit" title="Grafit">Grafit</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Granat" title="Granat">Granat</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Hematit" title="Hematit">Hematit</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Hidroboracit" title="Hidroboracit">Hidroboracit</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Ilmenit" title="Ilmenit">Ilmenit</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Jasp" title="Jasp">Jasp</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a href="/wiki/Labradorit" title="Labradorit">Labradorit</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Limonit" title="Limonit">Limonit</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Magnetit" title="Magnetit">Magnetit</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Magnezit" title="Magnezit">Magnezit</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Malachit" title="Malachit">Malachit</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Marcasit%C4%83" title="Marcasită">Marcasită</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Mic%C4%83" title="Mică">Mică</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a href="/wiki/Moldavit" title="Moldavit">Moldavit</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span> <a href="/wiki/Monazit" title="Monazit">Monazit</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Nobleit" title="Nobleit">Nobleit</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Ochi_de_tigru" title="Ochi de tigru">Ochi de tigru</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Olivin%C4%83" title="Olivină">Olivină</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Onix" title="Onix">Onix</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Opal" title="Opal">Opal</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Pirit%C4%83" title="Pirită">Pirită</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Piroxeni" title="Piroxeni">Piroxeni</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Realgar" title="Realgar">Realgar</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Rodocrozit" title="Rodocrozit">Rodocrozit</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Rubin" title="Rubin">Rubin</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Rutil" title="Rutil">Rutil</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Safir" title="Safir">Safir</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Sare_gem%C4%83" title="Sare gemă">Sare gemă</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Silvin%C4%83" title="Silvină">Silvină</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Smarald" title="Smarald">Smarald</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Carbonat_de_sodiu" title="Carbonat de sodiu">Sodă</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Spessartin" title="Spessartin">Spessartin</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Spinel" title="Spinel">Spinel</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Stibin%C4%83_(mineral)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stibină (mineral)">Stibină</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Talc" title="Talc">Talc</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Tanzanit" title="Tanzanit">Tanzanit</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Titanit" title="Titanit">Titanit</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Topaz" title="Topaz">Topaz</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Turmalin%C4%83" title="Turmalină">Turmalină</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Vanadinit" title="Vanadinit">Vanadinit</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Vivianit" title="Vivianit">Vivianit</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Wolastonit" title="Wolastonit">Wolastonit</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Wolframit" title="Wolframit">Wolframit</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Zircon" title="Zircon">Zircon</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Zoisit" title="Zoisit">Zoisit</a> </p> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="/wiki/Roc%C4%83" title="Rocă">Roci</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <div> <p><a href="/wiki/Andezit" title="Andezit">Andezit</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Argil%C4%83" title="Argilă">Argilă</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Bauxit%C4%83" title="Bauxită">Bauxită</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Bazalt" title="Bazalt">Bazalt</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Bentonit" title="Bentonit">Bentonit</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Calcar" title="Calcar">Calcar</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Caolin" title="Caolin">Caolin</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Caolinit" title="Caolinit">Caolinit</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Conglomerat" title="Conglomerat">Conglomerat</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Dacit" title="Dacit">Dacit</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Diabaz" title="Diabaz">Diabaz</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Diatomit" title="Diatomit">Diatomit</a> <span style="font-weight:bold;">·</span>  <a href="/wiki/Diorit" title="Diorit">Diorit</a> <span 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