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class="entry-title">A Scottish Lawyer, a French Italian Manual and the German Booktrade</h1> </header> <div class="entry-content"> <p>What is a how-to book? Who read them and why?</p> <p>As seasoned readers of this blog will know, early modern how-to books were multifaceted works which contemporary readers used for a wide variety of purposes, and modern-day scholars can approach with an equally broad range of methods.</p> <p>Analysis of the texts themselves, and of reader responses demonstrated by handwritten marginal notes in the books, are undoubtedly key concerns. But a wider array of evidence around these texts, including manuscript sources, can help us learn more about the owners and users of how-to books and what these individuals hoped to gain from the instructional texts they purchased.</p> <p>One example is a library catalogue of the eighteenth-century Scottish judge James Veitch, Lord Elliock (1712–93), which now resides in the National Records of Scotland, Edinburgh. As this manuscript reveals, Veitch boasted a formidable array of scholarly and cultural interests which fuelled prolific book buying, including the acquisition of some how-to books. And fittingly for the purposes of our <a href="https://howtobook.eu/">Scotto-German project</a>, Veitch’s catalogue contains an extensive list of books bought in Germany.</p> <figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-large"><img decoding="async" width="343" height="500" class="wp-image-3174" src="https://howtobook.hypotheses.org/files/2025/02/Portrait_of_James_Veitch._Lord_Eliock_Henry_Raeburnpage_155_crop-343x500.jpg" alt="" srcset="https://howtobook.hypotheses.org/files/2025/02/Portrait_of_James_Veitch._Lord_Eliock_Henry_Raeburnpage_155_crop-343x500.jpg 343w, https://howtobook.hypotheses.org/files/2025/02/Portrait_of_James_Veitch._Lord_Eliock_Henry_Raeburnpage_155_crop-206x300.jpg 206w, https://howtobook.hypotheses.org/files/2025/02/Portrait_of_James_Veitch._Lord_Eliock_Henry_Raeburnpage_155_crop.jpg 412w" sizes="(max-width: 343px) 100vw, 343px" /> <figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Portrait of James Veitch by Sir Henry Raeburn, c.1776</figcaption> </figure> <p><strong>A continental man of letters</strong></p> <p>Veitch was educated at the University of Edinburgh and like so many Scots legal students, he also studied at Leiden. After being called to the bar in February 1738, he continued his European education with time spent in the Netherlands and the Holy Roman Empire. His affable personality and broad intellectual concerns brought him into contact with the crown prince of Prussia, later known as Frederick the Great, with whom he maintained correspondence for years to come.</p> <p>Veitch’s avid book buying evidently predated his travels abroad and his catalogue lists books acquired in the late 1720s and early 1730s. These included a number of how-to books, particularly of a mathematical flavour, including the 1714 edition of John Harris’s <a href="https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9opIJGvPwV8C&pg=PP5&dq=Harris+trigonometry+London+1714&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjK-O779sCLAxUQQkEAHQ4HFTYQ6AF6BAgGEAM#v=onepage&q=Harris%20trigonometry%20London%201714&f=false"><em>Elements of Plain and Spherical Trigonometry</em></a>, bought for three shillings, and <a href="https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=EbEY0QEACAAJ&dq=Leybourn+dialling&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiAzoyx98CLAxUKVUEAHb2UABMQ6AF6BAgFEAE"><em>Leybourn’s Dialling Improv’d</em></a> (1721), an expanded version of William Leybourn’s classic 1669 text on the use of sundials, for four shillings.</p> <p>He also purchased a copy of the second edition of John Wilson’s <a href="https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=JsgAZag6w1gC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Wilson+trigonometry&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi1_Zjw98CLAxXMWUEAHUJEG8oQ6AF6BAgNEAM#v=onepage&q=Wilson%20trigonometry&f=false"><em>Trigonometry</em></a>, printed in Edinburgh in 1724, costing five shillings and sixpence, and the 1719 third edition of John Ward’s popular textbook <a href="https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8dY2AAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Ward%E2%80%99s+mathematics&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjE34rI98CLAxWSV0EAHUU7C6wQ6AF6BAgKEAM#v=onepage&q=Ward%E2%80%99s%20mathematics&f=false"><em>The Young Mathematician’s Guide</em></a> for the same price. James Atkinson’s <em>Epitome of the Art of Navigation</em> (1718) is scored out of the manuscript, suggesting it had been discarded from the collection.</p> <p>The more interesting section of the catalogue is a separate gathering enclosed within the volume listing ‘Books bought in Germany’, which seems to have been compiled sometime after 1738. Foreign travel and book buying was an important step for eighteenth-century Scottish lawyers, and Veitch likely attended the great book fairs of Frankfurt or Leipzig, following contemporaries such as fellow judge and book collector <a href="https://brill.com/display/title/33017?language=en">Charles Areskine</a>.</p> <figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-large"><img decoding="async" width="404" height="500" class="wp-image-3180" src="https://howtobook.hypotheses.org/files/2025/02/Picture1-1-404x500.png" alt="" srcset="https://howtobook.hypotheses.org/files/2025/02/Picture1-1-404x500.png 404w, https://howtobook.hypotheses.org/files/2025/02/Picture1-1-242x300.png 242w, https://howtobook.hypotheses.org/files/2025/02/Picture1-1.png 421w" sizes="(max-width: 404px) 100vw, 404px" /> <figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Veitch’s list of ‘Books bought in Germany’, National Records of Scotland, JC53/7.</figcaption> </figure> <p>A continental shopping spree gave Veitch access to new books printed in a wide range of places. Whereas in his initial catalogue, most books are listed as London editions, commonest among his German acquisitions are books printed in Leiden, Amsterdam and Halle, as well as smaller numbers from towns such as Köln, Hamburg and Wittenberg.</p> <p>Sadly, the list does not contain many how-to books. Perhaps unsurprisingly, most purchases were of scholarly and legal works, while classical texts, grammars, travel books and comedic literature also appear frequently. These include large numbers of Latin texts as well as items in French and Italian. German-language books are conspicuously absent, although the very first titles recorded in the catalogue are a French-German dictionary and grammar book, perhaps suggesting that Veitch was not fluent in German, but nonetheless wanted to pick up the language on his travels.</p> <p><strong>Learning languages through books</strong></p> <p>Yet interest in foreign languages did provide the impetus for one purchase of a ‘how-to’ nature: the 1696 edition of French Jansenist monk Claude Lancelot’s <em><a href="https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=V68XcApPjAgC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false">Nouvelle Methode de messieurs de Port Royal, pour apprendre facilement & en peu de temps la langue Italienne</a></em>, which Veitch acquired for eight <em>groschen.</em></p> <p>This was one of a number of important works on language produced by Lancelot in collaboration with Antoine Arnauld at the abbey of Port Royal near Paris. In 1660, the pair had published <em>Grammaire générale et raisonée</em>, a work which greatly influenced the holistic study of language in the following century. Veitch also owned an edition of this text, printed in Amsterdam in 1703.</p> <figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><img decoding="async" width="375" height="493" class="wp-image-3181" src="https://howtobook.hypotheses.org/files/2025/02/Picture1-2.png" alt="" srcset="https://howtobook.hypotheses.org/files/2025/02/Picture1-2.png 375w, https://howtobook.hypotheses.org/files/2025/02/Picture1-2-228x300.png 228w" sizes="(max-width: 375px) 100vw, 375px" /> <figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Claude Lancelot’s <em>Nouvelle Methode de messieurs de Port Royal, pour apprendre facilement & en peu de temps la langue Italienne</em> (4<sup>th</sup> edn., Paris, 1696).</figcaption> </figure> <p>We can only guess at Veitch’s motives for acquiring Lancelot’s <em>Nouvelle Methode</em>, but the presence of some Italian books in his library was likely a source of impetus. As <a href="https://global.oup.com/academic/product/learning-languages-in-early-modern-england-9780192865151?cc=gb&lang=en&">John Gallagher</a> observes, in an era when knowledge of English was not as pervasive as it is today, learning foreign languages was important for English-speakers travelling abroad, as well as for learned individuals with intellectual horizons beyond the Anglosphere.</p> <p>Italian had seen fluctuating fortunes as a desirable language among English readers across the early modern period, with a slump in the mid-seventeenth-century before a resurgence in prestige in the early eighteenth century, occasioned by the growing popularity of Italian opera and growing commercial ties between the countries.</p> <p>Lancelot’s textbook was intended specifically to instruct readers with literary interests. Its preface contained a potted history of Italian language and literature with introductions to canonical authors like Dante, Petrarch and Boccaccio. The substance of the text was divided into three parts, the first two treating Italian grammar and syntax respectively, before a third on poetry.</p> <p>The newly extended fourth edition owned by Veitch offered many extracts of Italian writing allowing readers to put into practice the lessons of previous chapters and work on pronunciation. These included dialogues, ‘<em>historiettes divertissantes</em>’ and passages of poetry.</p> <p>Whether Lancelot’s <em>Nouvelle Methode </em>was, in the strictest sense, a how-to book is debatable. It is less a work of explicit instruction and more a textbook from which readers could draw their own lessons. Nonetheless, this was just the sort of work suitable for someone like Veitch who was not visiting Italy, but had Italian books on the shelf at home and cultural aspirations focussed well beyond Scotland. His catalogue, especially useful for its records of editions and prices as well as book titles, demonstrates the importance of evidence beyond how-to books themselves for understand the circumstances of their use.</p> <hr/><div class="citation"><p><span class="citation-title">OpenEdition suggests that you cite this post as follows:</span><br/>James Fox (February 19, 2025). A Scottish Lawyer, a French Italian Manual and the German Booktrade. <em>How-to</em>. 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href="https://howtobook.hypotheses.org/tag/italian" rel="tag">Italian</a>, <a href="https://howtobook.hypotheses.org/tag/language" rel="tag">language</a>, <a href="https://howtobook.hypotheses.org/tag/manuscripts" rel="tag">Manuscripts</a></span></div> </footer> <div class="author-bio show-avatars"> <img alt='' src='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/f4858b91952c6cb55c126643067712a6?s=85&d=blank&r=g' srcset='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/f4858b91952c6cb55c126643067712a6?s=170&d=blank&r=g 2x' class='avatar avatar-85 photo' height='85' width='85' loading='lazy' decoding='async'/> <div class="author-bio-content"> <h2 class="author-title"> By James Fox </h2> <p class="author-description"> Postdoctoral research associate specialising in numeracy in early modern Britain. 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