CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="no-js" lang="en-US"> <head>  <script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-T3KLDF7');</script>   <script type="text/javascript" src="https://cdn.cookielaw.org/consent/022812f4-959c-461b-bfd1-6370c0a1b159/OtAutoBlock.js" ></script> <script src="https://cdn.cookielaw.org/scripttemplates/otSDKStub.js" type="text/javascript" charset="UTF-8" data-domain-script="022812f4-959c-461b-bfd1-6370c0a1b159" ></script> <script type="text/javascript"> function OptanonWrapper() { function parseOTGroupIDs(ids) { var parsed_ids = ids.split(','); return parsed_ids.filter(Boolean); } var active_group_ids = parseOTGroupIDs(OnetrustActiveGroups); var all_group_ids = []; var all_group_objects = JSON.parse(JSON.stringify(Optanon.GetDomainData().Groups)); for(var i = 0; i < all_group_objects.length; i++) { var group_id = all_group_objects[i]['CustomGroupId']; if(active_group_ids.indexOf(group_id) === -1 && all_group_objects[i]['Cookies'].length) { for(var j = 0; j < all_group_objects[i]['Cookies'].length; j++) { eraseCookie(all_group_objects[i]['Cookies'][j]['Name']); } } } //Delete cookie function eraseCookie(name) { var domains = [window.location.hostname]; if(domains.indexOf('fpf.org') === -1) { domains.push('fpf.org'); } for(var i = 0; i < domains.length; i++) { eraseCookieForDomain(name, domains[i]); } //Delete LSO incase LSO being used, cna be commented out. localStorage.removeItem(name); } //Delete cookie for a specific domain function eraseCookieForDomain(name, domainName) { document.cookie = name + '=; Max-Age=-99999999; Path=/;Domain=' + domainName; document.cookie = name + '=; Max-Age=-99999999; Path=/;'; //Check for the current path of the page pathArray = window.location.pathname.split('/'); //Loop through path hierarchy and delete potential cookies at each path. for (var i = 0; i < pathArray.length; i++) { if (pathArray[i]) { //Build the path string from the Path Array e.g /site/login var currentPath = pathArray.slice(0, i + 1).join('/'); document.cookie = name + '=; Max-Age=-99999999; Path=' + currentPath + ';Domain=' + domainName; document.cookie = name + '=; Max-Age=-99999999; Path=' + currentPath + ';'; //Maybe path has a trailing slash! document.cookie = name + '=; Max-Age=-99999999; Path=' + currentPath + '/;Domain=' + domainName; document.cookie = name + '=; Max-Age=-99999999; Path=' + currentPath + '/;'; } } } } </script>  <meta charset="UTF-8"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" > <link rel="profile" href="https://gmpg.org/xfn/11"> <title>Brain-Computer Interfaces: Privacy and Ethical Considerations for the Connected Mind - Future of Privacy Forum</title> <meta name="dc.title" content="Brain-Computer Interfaces: Privacy and Ethical Considerations for the Connected Mind - Future of Privacy Forum"> <meta name="dc.description" content="BCIs are computer-based systems that directly record, process, analyze, or modulate human brain activity in the form of neurodata that is then translated into an output command from human to machine. Neurodata is data generated by the nervous system, composed of the electrical activities between neurons or proxies of this…"> <meta name="dc.relation" content="https://fpf.org/blog/brain-computer-interfaces-privacy-and-ethical-considerations-for-the-connected-mind/"> <meta name="dc.source" content="https://fpf.org/"> <meta name="dc.language" content="en_US"> <meta name="description" content="BCIs are computer-based systems that directly record, process, analyze, or modulate human brain activity in the form of neurodata that is then translated into an output command from human to machine. Neurodata is data generated by the nervous system, composed of the electrical activities between neurons or proxies of this…"> <meta name="robots" content="index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://fpf.org/blog/brain-computer-interfaces-privacy-and-ethical-considerations-for-the-connected-mind/"> <meta property="og:url" content="https://fpf.org/blog/brain-computer-interfaces-privacy-and-ethical-considerations-for-the-connected-mind/"> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Future of Privacy Forum"> <meta property="og:locale" content="en_US"> <meta property="og:type" content="article"> <meta property="article:author" content="https://www.facebook.com/FutureofPrivacy"> <meta property="article:publisher" content="https://www.facebook.com/FutureofPrivacy"> <meta property="article:section" content="Blog"> <meta property="article:tag" content="AI & Machine Learning"> <meta property="article:tag" content="Biometrics"> <meta property="article:tag" content="Immersive Technologies"> <meta property="og:title" content="Brain-Computer Interfaces: Privacy and Ethical Considerations for the Connected Mind - Future of Privacy Forum"> <meta property="og:description" content="BCIs are computer-based systems that directly record, process, analyze, or modulate human brain activity in the form of neurodata that is then translated into an output command from human to machine. Neurodata is data generated by the nervous system, composed of the electrical activities between neurons or proxies of this…"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://fpf.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/artificial-intelligence-4389372_1920-1.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:secure_url" content="https://fpf.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/artificial-intelligence-4389372_1920-1.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1920"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1280"> <meta property="og:image:alt" content="artificial intelligence 4389372 1920 (1)"> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@futureofprivacy"> <meta name="twitter:creator" content="@futureofprivacy"> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Brain-Computer Interfaces: Privacy and Ethical Considerations for the Connected Mind - Future of Privacy Forum"> <meta name="twitter:description" content="BCIs are computer-based systems that directly record, process, analyze, or modulate human brain activity in the form of neurodata that is then translated into an output command from human to machine. Neurodata is data generated by the nervous system, composed of the electrical activities between neurons or proxies of this…"> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://fpf.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/artificial-intelligence-4389372_1920-1-1024x683.jpg"> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//ajax.googleapis.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//cdn.jsdelivr.net' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//use.typekit.net' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//cdnjs.cloudflare.com' /> <script type="text/javascript"> /* <![CDATA[ */ window._wpemojiSettings = {"baseUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/15.0.3\/72x72\/","ext":".png","svgUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/15.0.3\/svg\/","svgExt":".svg","source":{"concatemoji":"https:\/\/fpf.org\/wp-includes\/js\/wp-emoji-release.min.js?ver=6.6.2"}}; /*! This file is auto-generated */ !function(i,n){var o,s,e;function c(e){try{var t={supportTests:e,timestamp:(new Date).valueOf()};sessionStorage.setItem(o,JSON.stringify(t))}catch(e){}}function p(e,t,n){e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(t,0,0);var t=new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data),r=(e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(n,0,0),new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data));return t.every(function(e,t){return e===r[t]})}function u(e,t,n){switch(t){case"flag":return n(e,"\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200d\u26a7\ufe0f","\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200b\u26a7\ufe0f")?!1:!n(e,"\ud83c\uddfa\ud83c\uddf3","\ud83c\uddfa\u200b\ud83c\uddf3")&&!n(e,"\ud83c\udff4\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc62\udb40\udc65\udb40\udc6e\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc7f","\ud83c\udff4\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc62\u200b\udb40\udc65\u200b\udb40\udc6e\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc7f");case"emoji":return!n(e,"\ud83d\udc26\u200d\u2b1b","\ud83d\udc26\u200b\u2b1b")}return!1}function f(e,t,n){var r="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope?new OffscreenCanvas(300,150):i.createElement("canvas"),a=r.getContext("2d",{willReadFrequently:!0}),o=(a.textBaseline="top",a.font="600 32px Arial",{});return e.forEach(function(e){o[e]=t(a,e,n)}),o}function t(e){var t=i.createElement("script");t.src=e,t.defer=!0,i.head.appendChild(t)}"undefined"!=typeof Promise&&(o="wpEmojiSettingsSupports",s=["flag","emoji"],n.supports={everything:!0,everythingExceptFlag:!0},e=new Promise(function(e){i.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",e,{once:!0})}),new Promise(function(t){var n=function(){try{var e=JSON.parse(sessionStorage.getItem(o));if("object"==typeof e&&"number"==typeof e.timestamp&&(new Date).valueOf()<e.timestamp+604800&&"object"==typeof e.supportTests)return e.supportTests}catch(e){}return null}();if(!n){if("undefined"!=typeof Worker&&"undefined"!=typeof OffscreenCanvas&&"undefined"!=typeof URL&&URL.createObjectURL&&"undefined"!=typeof Blob)try{var e="postMessage("+f.toString()+"("+[JSON.stringify(s),u.toString(),p.toString()].join(",")+"));",r=new Blob([e],{type:"text/javascript"}),a=new Worker(URL.createObjectURL(r),{name:"wpTestEmojiSupports"});return void(a.onmessage=function(e){c(n=e.data),a.terminate(),t(n)})}catch(e){}c(n=f(s,u,p))}t(n)}).then(function(e){for(var t in e)n.supports[t]=e[t],n.supports.everything=n.supports.everything&&n.supports[t],"flag"!==t&&(n.supports.everythingExceptFlag=n.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&n.supports[t]);n.supports.everythingExceptFlag=n.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&!n.supports.flag,n.DOMReady=!1,n.readyCallback=function(){n.DOMReady=!0}}).then(function(){return e}).then(function(){var e;n.supports.everything||(n.readyCallback(),(e=n.source||{}).concatemoji?t(e.concatemoji):e.wpemoji&&e.twemoji&&(t(e.twemoji),t(e.wpemoji)))}))}((window,document),window._wpemojiSettings); /* ]]> */ </script> <link rel='stylesheet' id='fpf__page-blocks__styles-css' href='https://fpf.org/wp-content/themes/fpf/page-blocks/page-blocks.css?ver=1731841879' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='fpf__page-blocks__styles__reset-css' href='https://fpf.org/wp-content/themes/fpf/page-blocks/page-blocks.reset.css?ver=1731841879' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='fpf__page-blocks__styles__system-css' href='https://fpf.org/wp-content/themes/fpf/page-blocks/page-blocks.system.css?ver=1731841879' type='text/css' media='all' /> <style id='wp-emoji-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'> img.wp-smiley, img.emoji { display: inline !important; border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; height: 1em !important; width: 1em !important; margin: 0 0.07em !important; vertical-align: -0.1em !important; background: none !important; padding: 0 !important; } </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-block-library-css' href='https://fpf.org/wp-includes/css/dist/block-library/style.min.css?ver=6.6.2' type='text/css' media='all' /> <style id='cb-carousel-style-inline-css' type='text/css'> .wp-block-cb-carousel .slick-slide{overflow:hidden;padding-left:7.5px;padding-right:7.5px}.wp-block-cb-carousel .slick-dots li button:not(:hover):not(:active),.wp-block-cb-carousel .slick-next:not(:hover):not(:active),.wp-block-cb-carousel .slick-prev:not(:hover):not(:active){background-color:transparent}.wp-block-cb-carousel .slick-next:before,.wp-block-cb-carousel .slick-prev:before{color:#000}.wp-block-cb-carousel.alignfull .slick-next,.wp-block-cb-carousel.alignfull .slick-prev{z-index:1}.wp-block-cb-carousel.alignfull .slick-prev{left:25px}.wp-block-cb-carousel.alignfull .slick-next{right:25px}.wp-block-cb-carousel .wp-block-cover,.wp-block-cb-carousel .wp-block-image{margin-bottom:0}.wp-block-cb-carousel .wp-block-cover.aligncenter,.wp-block-cb-carousel .wp-block-image.aligncenter{margin-left:auto!important;margin-right:auto!important}.is-layout-flex .wp-block-cb-carousel{width:100%} </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='fpf-training-faculty-member-style-css' href='https://fpf.org/wp-content/themes/fpf/page-blocks/fpf-training-faculty-member/block.css?ver=1731841879' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='fpf-video-link-style-css' href='https://fpf.org/wp-content/themes/fpf/page-blocks/fpf-video-link/block.css?ver=1731841879' type='text/css' media='all' /> <style id='wpseopress-local-business-style-inline-css' type='text/css'> span.wp-block-wpseopress-local-business-field{margin-right:8px} </style> <style id='global-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'> :root{--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--square: 1;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--4-3: 4/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-4: 3/4;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-2: 3/2;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--2-3: 2/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--16-9: 16/9;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--9-16: 9/16;--wp--preset--color--black: #000000;--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray: #abb8c3;--wp--preset--color--white: #ffffff;--wp--preset--color--pale-pink: #f78da7;--wp--preset--color--vivid-red: #cf2e2e;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange: #ff6900;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber: #fcb900;--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan: #7bdcb5;--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan: #00d084;--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue: #8ed1fc;--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue: #0693e3;--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple: #9b51e0;--wp--preset--color--fpf-brand-cyan: #00B8FC;--wp--preset--color--fpf-brand-blue: #004A8B;--wp--preset--color--fpf-brand-black: #231F24;--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(6,147,227,1) 0%,rgb(155,81,224) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(122,220,180) 0%,rgb(0,208,130) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(252,185,0,1) 0%,rgba(255,105,0,1) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(255,105,0,1) 0%,rgb(207,46,46) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(238,238,238) 0%,rgb(169,184,195) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(74,234,220) 0%,rgb(151,120,209) 20%,rgb(207,42,186) 40%,rgb(238,44,130) 60%,rgb(251,105,98) 80%,rgb(254,248,76) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,206,236) 0%,rgb(152,150,240) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(254,205,165) 0%,rgb(254,45,45) 50%,rgb(107,0,62) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,203,112) 0%,rgb(199,81,192) 50%,rgb(65,88,208) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,245,203) 0%,rgb(182,227,212) 50%,rgb(51,167,181) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(202,248,128) 0%,rgb(113,206,126) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--midnight: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(2,3,129) 0%,rgb(40,116,252) 100%);--wp--preset--font-size--small: 13px;--wp--preset--font-size--medium: 20px;--wp--preset--font-size--large: 36px;--wp--preset--font-size--x-large: 42px;--wp--preset--font-family--fpf-base: 'Proxima Nova', sans-serif;--wp--preset--spacing--20: 0.44rem;--wp--preset--spacing--30: 0.67rem;--wp--preset--spacing--40: 1rem;--wp--preset--spacing--50: 1.5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--60: 2.25rem;--wp--preset--spacing--70: 3.38rem;--wp--preset--spacing--80: 5.06rem;--wp--preset--shadow--natural: 6px 6px 9px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--deep: 12px 12px 50px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);--wp--preset--shadow--sharp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--outlined: 6px 6px 0px -3px rgba(255, 255, 255, 1), 6px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);--wp--preset--shadow--crisp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);}:root { --wp--style--global--content-size: 980px;--wp--style--global--wide-size: 980px; }:where(body) { margin: 0; }.wp-site-blocks > .alignleft { float: left; margin-right: 2em; }.wp-site-blocks > .alignright { float: right; margin-left: 2em; }.wp-site-blocks > .aligncenter { justify-content: center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; }:where(.wp-site-blocks) > * { margin-block-start: 0; margin-block-end: 0; }:where(.wp-site-blocks) > :first-child { margin-block-start: 0; }:where(.wp-site-blocks) > :last-child { margin-block-end: 0; }:root { --wp--style--block-gap: 0; }:root :where(.is-layout-flow) > :first-child{margin-block-start: 0;}:root :where(.is-layout-flow) > :last-child{margin-block-end: 0;}:root :where(.is-layout-flow) > *{margin-block-start: 0;margin-block-end: 0;}:root :where(.is-layout-constrained) > :first-child{margin-block-start: 0;}:root :where(.is-layout-constrained) > :last-child{margin-block-end: 0;}:root :where(.is-layout-constrained) > *{margin-block-start: 0;margin-block-end: 0;}:root :where(.is-layout-flex){gap: 0;}:root :where(.is-layout-grid){gap: 0;}.is-layout-flow > .alignleft{float: left;margin-inline-start: 0;margin-inline-end: 2em;}.is-layout-flow > .alignright{float: right;margin-inline-start: 2em;margin-inline-end: 0;}.is-layout-flow > .aligncenter{margin-left: auto !important;margin-right: auto !important;}.is-layout-constrained > .alignleft{float: left;margin-inline-start: 0;margin-inline-end: 2em;}.is-layout-constrained > .alignright{float: right;margin-inline-start: 2em;margin-inline-end: 0;}.is-layout-constrained > .aligncenter{margin-left: auto !important;margin-right: auto !important;}.is-layout-constrained > :where(:not(.alignleft):not(.alignright):not(.alignfull)){max-width: var(--wp--style--global--content-size);margin-left: auto !important;margin-right: auto !important;}.is-layout-constrained > .alignwide{max-width: var(--wp--style--global--wide-size);}body .is-layout-flex{display: flex;}.is-layout-flex{flex-wrap: wrap;align-items: center;}.is-layout-flex > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}body .is-layout-grid{display: grid;}.is-layout-grid > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}body{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--fpf-base);margin: 0;padding: 0;}a:where(:not(.wp-element-button)){color: var(--wp--preset--color--fpf-brand-blue);text-decoration: underline;}:root :where(a:where(:not(.wp-element-button)):hover){color: var(--wp--preset--color--fpf-brand-cyan);}:root :where(.wp-element-button, .wp-block-button__link){background-color: #32373c;border-width: 0;color: #fff;font-family: inherit;font-size: inherit;line-height: inherit;padding: calc(0.667em + 2px) calc(1.333em + 2px);text-decoration: none;}.has-black-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-fpf-brand-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--fpf-brand-cyan) !important;}.has-fpf-brand-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--fpf-brand-blue) !important;}.has-fpf-brand-black-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--fpf-brand-black) !important;}.has-black-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-fpf-brand-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--fpf-brand-cyan) !important;}.has-fpf-brand-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--fpf-brand-blue) !important;}.has-fpf-brand-black-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--fpf-brand-black) !important;}.has-black-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-fpf-brand-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--fpf-brand-cyan) !important;}.has-fpf-brand-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--fpf-brand-blue) !important;}.has-fpf-brand-black-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--fpf-brand-black) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red) !important;}.has-very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-cool-to-warm-spectrum-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum) !important;}.has-blush-light-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple) !important;}.has-blush-bordeaux-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux) !important;}.has-luminous-dusk-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk) !important;}.has-pale-ocean-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean) !important;}.has-electric-grass-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass) !important;}.has-midnight-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--midnight) !important;}.has-small-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--small) !important;}.has-medium-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium) !important;}.has-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--large) !important;}.has-x-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--x-large) !important;}.has-fpf-base-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--fpf-base) !important;} :root :where(.wp-block-pullquote){font-size: 1.5em;line-height: 1.6;} :root :where(p){line-height: 150%;} :root :where(.wp-block-list){line-height: 162.50%;} </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='pb-accordion-blocks-style-css' href='https://fpf.org/wp-content/plugins/accordion-blocks/build/index.css?ver=1.5.0' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='typekit-css' href='https://use.typekit.net/kxf6fpd.css?ver=6.6.2' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='fpf-add-css' href='https://fpf.org/wp-content/themes/fpf/css/addition/addition.css?ver=1.0.1' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='fpf-pop-up-css' href='https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/fancyapps/fancybox@3.5.7/dist/jquery.fancybox.min.css' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='fpf-font-icon-css' href='https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/font-awesome/6.5.2/css/all.min.css' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='fpf-costume-css' href='https://fpf.org/wp-content/themes/fpf/css/style.css?ver=6.3.1' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='fpf-css' href='https://fpf.org/wp-content/themes/fpf/style.css?ver=1.8.2' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='searchwp-forms-css' href='https://fpf.org/wp-content/plugins/searchwp/assets/css/frontend/search-forms.css?ver=4.3.17' type='text/css' media='all' /> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/3.4.1/jquery.min.js?ver=3.4.1" id="jquery-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://fpf.org/wp-content/themes/fpf/assets/js/fpf-auto-submit.js?ver=6.6.2" id="fpf-auto-submit-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="fpf-authored-posts-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var fap_data = {"ajax_url":"https:\/\/fpf.org\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://fpf.org/wp-content/themes/fpf/assets/js/fpf-authored-posts.js?ver=6.6.2" id="fpf-authored-posts-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://fpf.org/wp-content/themes/fpf/page-blocks/fpf-training-faculty-member/block.js?ver=1731841879" id="fpf-training-faculty-member-script-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://fpf.org/wp-content/themes/fpf/assets/js/fpf-facet-labels.js?ver=6.6.2" id="facet-labels-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/fancyapps/fancybox@3.5.7/dist/jquery.fancybox.min.js?ver=6.6.2" id="jquery-pop-up-js"></script> <link rel="https://api.w.org/" href="https://fpf.org/wp-json/" /><link rel="alternate" title="JSON" type="application/json" href="https://fpf.org/wp-json/wp/v2/posts/127403" /><link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" title="RSD" href="https://fpf.org/xmlrpc.php?rsd" /> <meta name="generator" content="WordPress 6.6.2" /> <link rel='shortlink' href='https://fpf.org/?p=127403' /> <link rel="alternate" title="oEmbed (JSON)" type="application/json+oembed" href="https://fpf.org/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Ffpf.org%2Fblog%2Fbrain-computer-interfaces-privacy-and-ethical-considerations-for-the-connected-mind%2F" /> <link rel="alternate" title="oEmbed (XML)" type="text/xml+oembed" href="https://fpf.org/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Ffpf.org%2Fblog%2Fbrain-computer-interfaces-privacy-and-ethical-considerations-for-the-connected-mind%2F&format=xml" /> <style id='wp-fonts-local' type='text/css'> @font-face{font-family:"Proxima Nova";font-style:normal;font-weight:400;font-display:fallback;src:url('https://fpf.org/wp-content/themes/fpf/fonts/ProximaNova-Regular.woff2') format('woff2'), url('https://fpf.org/wp-content/themes/fpf/fonts/ProximaNova-Regular.woff') format('woff');font-stretch:normal;} @font-face{font-family:"Proxima Nova";font-style:normal;font-weight:500;font-display:fallback;src:url('https://fpf.org/wp-content/themes/fpf/fonts/ProximaNova-Medium.woff2') format('woff2'), url('https://fpf.org/wp-content/themes/fpf/fonts/ProximaNova-Medium.woff') format('woff');font-stretch:normal;} @font-face{font-family:"Proxima Nova";font-style:normal;font-weight:600;font-display:fallback;src:url('https://fpf.org/wp-content/themes/fpf/fonts/ProximaNova-Bold.woff2') format('woff2'), url('https://fpf.org/wp-content/themes/fpf/fonts/ProximaNova-Bold.woff') format('woff');font-stretch:normal;} @font-face{font-family:"Proxima Nova";font-style:normal;font-weight:700;font-display:fallback;src:url('https://fpf.org/wp-content/themes/fpf/fonts/ProximaNova-Bold.woff2') format('woff2'), url('https://fpf.org/wp-content/themes/fpf/fonts/ProximaNova-Bold.woff') format('woff');font-stretch:normal;} </style> <style id="uagb-style-conditional-extension">@media (min-width: 1025px){body .uag-hide-desktop.uagb-google-map__wrap,body .uag-hide-desktop{display:none !important}}@media (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 1024px){body .uag-hide-tab.uagb-google-map__wrap,body .uag-hide-tab{display:none !important}}@media (max-width: 767px){body .uag-hide-mob.uagb-google-map__wrap,body .uag-hide-mob{display:none !important}}</style><link rel="icon" href="https://fpf.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/favicon.ico" sizes="32x32" /> <link rel="icon" href="https://fpf.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/favicon.ico" sizes="192x192" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://fpf.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/favicon.ico" /> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="https://fpf.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/favicon.ico" /> <style type="text/css" id="wp-custom-css"> /* Auto avatar for staff pages */ a.team__img.ibg, .portrait.basic-content__img.ibg { background-image: url(https://fpf.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/img-avatar-2.svg); } p { margin: 10px 0; } .footer__social .instagram a::before { content: "\f16d"; } /* Homepage hero @media (max-width: 992px){ .featured-content__wrap::before { background-color: rgba(255,255,255,1) !important; } } */ /* Member Portal nav link */ .header__menu { width:100%; } .member-portal a:before { font-family:"Font Awesome 5 Free"; font-size:12px; content:"\f023"; margin-right:5px; } ul#menu-utility { display: flex; flex-direction: row; flex-wrap: wrap; } ul#menu-utility > li { white-space:nowrap; } @media screen and (max-width: 640px) { ul#menu-utility > li { margin-bottom:15px; } } /* FPF events styles */ .event-headline a { color:#000 !important; font-size:22px; } .event-categories a { margin:15px 15px 0 0; color:#004a8b; text-decoration:underline; text-transform:uppercase; letter-spacing:1px; font-weight:600; font-size:15px; } button.filter-reset { background-color:#01b8fc; color:#fff; padding:13px 30px; margin-top:40px; border:0; font-weight:700; letter-spacing:1px; } button.filter-reset:hover { color:#004a8b; } .event-past { font-size:12px; font-weight:800; text-transform:uppercase; background-color:#939598; padding:4px 6px; letter-spacing:1px; color:#fff; margin-right:10px; } .event-upcoming { font-size:12px; font-weight:800; text-transform:uppercase; background-color:#01b8fc; padding:4px 6px; letter-spacing:1px; color:#fff; margin-right:10px; } .facetwp-radio { font-weight:800; background-image:none !important; background:none; padding:5px 0 5px 5px !important; letter-spacing:1px; } .facetwp-radio.checked { padding-left:0; margin:0; padding:6px 4px; background-color:#01b8fc; color:#004a8b; } .event-listing-thumb { width:200px; height:200px; background-size:cover; float:right; margin-left:30px; } a div.navbutttons { color:#fff; text-transform:uppercase; font-weight:800; letter-spacing:1px; padding:10px 40px; margin-right:20px; } a div.navbutttons:hover { background-color:#000 !important; } a.navlink, a.navlink:hover {text-decoration:none;} .content-basic ul {line-height:1.5;} a.navlink, a.navlink:hover {border:0;} .page-template-page-fpf-events .facet-label {display:none;} @media screen and (max-width:480px) { .event-listing-thumb { display:none; } a div.navbutttons { font-size:12px; padding:5px 10px; margin-right:10px; } } h2.gform_submission_error { font-weight: normal!important; font-size: 1em!important; line-height: initial!important; text-transform: initial!important; padding: initial!important; margin: initial!important; } .sidebar .facet-wrap .facet-label { display: none; } .sidebar .facetwp-toggle { color: #fff; } .wp-block-image figcaption { text-align: center; font-size: 0.8em; } .single-post .content-basic p { margin-bottom:16px; margin-top:0; padding: 0; } .single-post .basic-content .wp-block-image { padding-top:unset; margin:0; } .facetwp-load-more, .main-btn, #gform_submit_button_2, #gform_submit_button_1 { display: inline-block; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 700; letter-spacing: 1px; color: #01b8fc !important; background-color: transparent !important; text-transform: uppercase; padding: 18px 21px; border: 2px solid #01b8fc; -webkit-transition: 0.3s; -o-transition: 0.3s; transition: 0.3s; cursor: pointer; -webkit-appearance: none; -moz-appearance: none; appearance: none; text-decoration: none !important; } /* Header fixes */ .header .sub-menu { z-index:10; } /* Old content repsonsive fix */ .content-sidebar .content-left .aligncenter { width:100% !important; } .wp-block-image .aligncenter { text-align:center; } /* Training button hover and tag display fix */ .content-event a.has-cyan-background-color:hover { background-color:#004a8b; color:#fff; } .single-uddf-event .event-categories a { color:#fff; opacity:.75; } /* Form fixes */ .subscribe-form #gform_submit_button_1 { display: -webkit-box; display: -ms-flexbox; display: flex; -webkit-box-align: center; -ms-flex-align: center; align-items: center; -webkit-box-pack: center; -ms-flex-pack: center; justify-content: center; font-weight: 700; padding: 0 43px; letter-spacing: 1px; border: 4px solid #fff; cursor: pointer; -webkit-transition: 0.3s; -o-transition: 0.3s; transition: 0.3s; margin: 0 !important; -webkit-appearance: none; -moz-appearance: none; appearance: none; text-transform: uppercase; padding: 0 55px 0 43px !important; color:#fff !important; } .subscribe-form #gform_submit_button_1:hover { background-color: #fff !important; color: #01b8fc !important; } /* Home page promo block updates */ .home .featured-content .container-fluid { max-width:unset; } .featured-content .container-fluid .featured-content__item h1 { line-height:1; } .home .featured-content .container-fluid .featured-content__item p { max-width:500px; font-size: 20px; font-weight: 500; } .home .featured-content .container-fluid .featured-content__item p, .latest-blogs__text p { line-height:1.4; } @media (max-width: 992px) { .home .featured-content .featured-content__wrap::before { background-color: rgba(255,255,255,.9); } } @media (max-width: 960px) { .featured-content .container-fluid .featured-content__item h1 { font-size:50px; } } @media (max-width: 420px) { .featured-content .container-fluid .featured-content__item h1 { font-size:35px; } .home .featured-content .container-fluid .featured-content__item p { font-size:16px; } } .content-left { max-width: 100%; } .centered-group { max-width: 800px; margin: 0 auto; } /* Fix for Author Details not fitting in box */ .single-post .fpf-authors .author__name { font-size: 16px; } .single-post .fpf-authors .author__links a { font-size: 10px; line-height: unset; } .single-post .fpf-authors .author__job-title { font-size: 12px; } .single-post .fpf-authors .author__img { flex: 0 0 30%; padding-bottom: 30%; } .single-post .fpf-authors .author__wrap { padding: 20px; } #schedule span.reg-button { display: block; } /* Fix for faculty bios showing borders beneath links */ .content-basic .fpf__block__training-faculty-profile a { border-bottom: none; } /* Extending accordion CSS to all pages */ .c-accordion__title:after { color:#004a8b; font-size:50px; border-left:2px solid #004a8b; padding:15px 0 15px 30px; } .is-open>.c-accordion__title:after { content:"\00D7"; } .c-accordion__content {padding-top:20px} .wp-block-pb-accordion-item { background-color:#f8f8f9; padding:30px; margin-bottom:10px; } .wp-block-pb-accordion-item h2 { font-size:26px !important; line-height:30px; text-transform:none; font-weight:normal !important; color:#004a8b; padding-right:70px; } @media screen and (max-width:760px) { .wp-block-pb-accordion-item h2 { font-size:20px !important; } .wp-block-pb-accordion-item { padding:20px; } .c-accordion__title:after { font-size:30px; border-left:1px solid #004a8b; } } .spotlight__colum--post.resource .spotlight__img { background-size: contain; background-position: top; padding-bottom: 35%; } .wp-block-group.subscribe-form { max-width: 90%; } .press-releases-most-recent { display: flex; gap: 20px; } .press-releases-most-recent a.press-release.item { font-size: 18px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.5; color: black; padding: 20px 0; border-bottom: none; } .press-releases-most-recent a.press-release.item:hover { color: #004a8b; } .press-releases-most-recent a.press-release.item:hover .read-more { color: black; text-decoration: none; } .press-releases-most-recent a.press-release.item .read-more { display: block; text-transform: uppercase; text-decoration: underline; margin-top: 12px; } .content-basic a.main-btn { border-bottom: 2px solid #01b8fc; } @media (max-width: 900px) { .press-releases-most-recent { flex-direction: column; } } .wp-container-core-group-layout-1.wp-container-core-group-layout-1 > .fpf-attribution.contact-sidebar { margin-left: 20px !important; } /* Updated the Twitter social media icon in the footer */ .x-twitter { padding-top: 3px; } .x-twitter a svg { height: 19px; } /* Adjusted max width for author inserts on blog posts */ .fpf-authors { max-width: 40%; } @media (max-width: 600px) { .fpf-authors { max-width: 100%; } } ol.wp-block-footnotes { font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--small) !important; line-height: 1.5; list-style: numeral; } /* Override to force the slideshow arrows to always show */ .fpf-featured-posts-block .splide__arrows { opacity: 1; } .social-icons .twitter::before { content: "" !important; } /****************************** * Training Program landing page * styles added by Aaron Bolton on * behalf of Incite Creative, Inc. * * aaron@incitecreativeinc.com * * Dated edited: 05/06/2014 * ****************************/ .training-h2, .training-h2 *{ font-size: 47px; } .training-blue-bg{ background-color: #01b8fc; } .training-light-gray-bg{ background-color: #f0f0f0; } .training-ul{ list-style: none !important; } .training-ul li{ background-image: url('https://fpf.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/blue-chevron.png'); background-size: 11px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: left 5px; padding-left: 20px; } .training-testimonials .uagb-tm__desc{ background-image: url('https://fpf.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/green-quote-left.png'); background-size: 32px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: top center; padding-top: 40px; } .training-testimonials.quote-left .uagb-tm__desc{ background-position: top left; } .max-width-1600{ max-width: 1600px; } /****************************** * End Training Program styles. * ****************************/ .scrollable-in-mobile { width: 100%; overflow-x: auto; } body.parent-pageid-239391 .page-content, body.parent-pageid-241801 .page-content{ max-width: 100%; padding: 0; } body.parent-pageid-239391 .title-page, body.parent-pageid-241801 .title-page, body.page-id-240364 .title-page, body.page-id-239391 .title-page { display: none; } @media (max-width: 800px) { .page-id-239391 .spectra-image-gallery__media.spectra-image-gallery__media--carousel img { height: 100px; width: auto; margin: 0 auto; } } /* * The eventbrite registration button colors was being overridden by UAGB block CSS. */ .eventbrite-content button { background-color: #004a8b!important; color: #ffffff!important; border: 1px solid #004a8b!important; } .eventbrite-content button:hover { background-color: white!important; color: #004a8b!important; } /* sponsorship form */ body.page-id-237386 .gform_wrapper { width: 90%; max-width: 900px; } </style> </head> <body class="post-template-default single single-post postid-127403 single-format-standard">  <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-T3KLDF7" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript>  <header class="header"> <div class="container header__container"> <div class="header__logo"> <a href="/"> <img src="https://fpf.org/wp-content/themes/fpf/img/logo.svg" alt="FPF"> </a> </div> <div class="header__menu"> <div class="header__menu--top" data-da="header__menu--main,0,640"> <ul id="menu-utility" class="header__menu--top-list"><li id="menu-item-201310" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-201310"><a href="https://fpf.org/media/">Media</a></li> <li id="menu-item-14" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-14"><a href="/fpf-events/upcoming/">Events</a></li> <li id="menu-item-215714" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-215714"><a href="/training">Training</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-241922" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-241922"><a href="/training">FPF Training Program</a></li> <li id="menu-item-241814" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-241814"><a href="/training-private">Private Trainings</a></li> <li id="menu-item-241815" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-241815"><a href="/training/faculty">FPF Training Faculty</a></li> <li id="menu-item-242907" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-242907"><a href="https://fpf.org/fpf-training-program-2024-faqs/">FPF Training Program FAQs</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-127207" class="member-portal menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-127207"><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://engage.fpf.org/home">FPF Portal</a></li> <li id="menu-item-15" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-15"><a href="/contact">Contact</a></li> <li id="menu-item-16" class="search menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-16"><a href="/?s=" data-src="#search">Search</a></li> </ul> </div> <nav class="header__menu--main"> <ul id="menu-primary" class="header__menu--main-list"><li id="menu-item-17" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-17"><a href="/about">About</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-58430" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-58430"><a href="https://fpf.org/about/">About</a></li> <li id="menu-item-58625" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-58625"><a href="https://fpf.org/about/board-of-directors/">Board of Directors</a></li> <li id="menu-item-525" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-525"><a href="/about/the-team">Staff</a></li> <li id="menu-item-239940" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-239940"><a href="/membership/advisory-board/">Advisory Board</a></li> <li id="menu-item-237594" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-237594"><a href="https://fpf.org/sponsorship-offerings-at-fpf/">Sponsorships</a></li> <li id="menu-item-58488" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-58488"><a href="https://fpf.org/about/career-opportunities/">Careers</a></li> <li id="menu-item-241792" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-241792"><a href="https://fpf.org/global/">Global</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-18" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-18"><a href="/cornerstone-issues">Issues</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-57523" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-issue menu-item-57523"><a href="https://fpf.org/issue/ad-tech-guidance/">Ad Tech</a></li> <li id="menu-item-56080" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-issue current-post-ancestor current-menu-parent current-post-parent menu-item-56080"><a href="https://fpf.org/issue/ai-ml/">Artificial Intelligence</a></li> <li id="menu-item-240410" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-240410"><a href="/global/asia-pacific/">Asia-Pacific</a></li> <li id="menu-item-526" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-issue current-post-ancestor current-menu-parent current-post-parent menu-item-526"><a href="https://fpf.org/issue/biometrics/">Biometrics</a></li> <li id="menu-item-240985" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-240985"><a href="https://fpf.org/issue/cybersecurity/">Cybersecurity</a></li> <li id="menu-item-58489" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-58489"><a href="/global/europe">Europe</a></li> <li id="menu-item-57527" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-issue current-post-ancestor current-menu-parent current-post-parent menu-item-57527"><a href="https://fpf.org/issue/health-data/">Health</a></li> <li id="menu-item-181740" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-181740"><a href="https://fpf.org/issue/immersive-technologies/">Immersive Technologies</a></li> <li id="menu-item-57529" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-issue menu-item-57529"><a href="https://fpf.org/issue/mobility-location/">Mobility & Location</a></li> <li id="menu-item-233337" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-233337"><a href="https://fpf.org/issue/open-banking/">Open Banking</a></li> <li id="menu-item-241665" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-241665"><a href="https://fpf.org/issue/privacy-enhancing-technologies/">Privacy Enhancing Technologies</a></li> <li id="menu-item-125570" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-125570"><a href="https://fpf.org/issue/research-and-ethics/">Research & Ethics</a></li> <li id="menu-item-126938" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-126938"><a href="https://fpf.org/issue/us-legislation/">U.S. Legislation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-57525" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-issue menu-item-57525"><a href="https://fpf.org/issue/education/">Youth & Education Privacy</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-58478" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category current-post-ancestor current-menu-parent current-post-parent menu-item-58478"><a href="https://fpf.org/./blog/">Blog</a></li> <li id="menu-item-19" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom current-post-parent menu-item-19"><a href="/resources">Resources</a></li> <li id="menu-item-236462" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-236462"><a href="https://fpf.org/membership/">Membership</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-236467" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-236467"><a href="https://fpf.org/membership/become-a-member/">Become a Member</a></li> <li id="menu-item-236466" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-236466"><a href="https://fpf.org/membership/our-members/">Our Members</a></li> <li id="menu-item-236465" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-236465"><a href="https://fpf.org/membership/advisory-board/">Advisory Board</a></li> <li id="menu-item-236464" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-236464"><a href="https://fpf.org/membership/annual-meeting/">Annual Meeting</a></li> <li id="menu-item-236463" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-236463"><a href="https://fpf.org/membership/member-portal/">Member Portal</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-21" class="cta-active menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-21"><a href="/subscribe">Subscribe</a></li> </ul> </nav> <div class="burder__menu"> <span></span> <span></span> <span></span> </div> </div> </div> </header><main class="main"> <div class="title-page"> <div class="container"> <h1 class="title-page__title"> Brain-Computer Interfaces: Privacy and Ethical Considerations for the Connected Mind </h1> </div> </div> <div class="basic-content"> <div class="container"> <div class="content-basic content-sidebar"> <div class="content-left"> <div class="sidebar__btn"><a href="">FILTER <i class="fas fa-bars"></i><i class="fas fa-times"></i></a></div> <div class="single-header__date"> September 21, 2021 </div> <div class="social-media-shares social-icons"> <a target="_blank" class="facebook" href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Ffpf.org%2Fblog%2Fbrain-computer-interfaces-privacy-and-ethical-considerations-for-the-connected-mind%2F"> Share on Facebook </a> <a target="_blank" class="linkedin" href="https://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?mini=true&url=https%3A%2F%2Ffpf.org%2Fblog%2Fbrain-computer-interfaces-privacy-and-ethical-considerations-for-the-connected-mind%2F&title=Brain-Computer+Interfaces%3A+Privacy+and+Ethical+Considerations+for+the+Connected+Mind&summary=BCIs+are+computer-based+systems+that+directly+record%2C+process%2C+analyze%2C+or+modulate+human+brain+activity+in+the+form+of+neurodata+that+is+then+translated+into+an+output+command+from+human+to+machine.+Neurodata+is+data+generated+by+the+nervous+system%2C+composed+of+the+electrical+activities+between+neurons+or+proxies+of+this+activity.+When+neurodata+is+linked%2C+or+reasonably+linkable%2C+to+an+individual%2C+it+is+personal+neurodata.%C2%A0&source=https://fpf.org"> Share on LinkedIn </a> <a target="_blank" class="twitter" href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?text=Brain-Computer+Interfaces%3A+Privacy+and+Ethical+Considerations+for+the+Connected+Mind&url=https%3A%2F%2Ffpf.org%2Fblog%2Fbrain-computer-interfaces-privacy-and-ethical-considerations-for-the-connected-mind%2F"> Share on Twitter </a>  <a target="_blank" class="email" href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#201f5355424a4543541d625241494e0d634f4d50555445520b694e54455246414345530513610b705249564143590b414e440b6554484943414c0b634f4e53494445524154494f4e530b464f520b5448450b634f4e4e45435445440b6d494e4406414d501b424f44591d48545450530513610512660512664650460e4f5247051266424c4f47051266425241494e0d434f4d50555445520d494e54455246414345530d505249564143590d414e440d4554484943414c0d434f4e53494445524154494f4e530d464f520d5448450d434f4e4e45435445440d4d494e44051266"> Share through Email </a> </div> <div class="fpf-authors"> <div class="author"> <div class="author__wrap"> <div class="author__img ibg" style="background-image: url(https://fpf.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/JeremyGreenberg_Headshot.jpg);"></div> <div class="author__body"> <div class="author__name">Jeremy Greenberg</div> <div class="author__job-title"></div> <div class="author__links"> <div class="author__about-link"> <a href="https://fpf.org/person/jeremy-greenberg/">About Jeremy</a> </div> <div class="author__blog-link"><a href="https://fpf.org/person/jeremy-greenberg/#blog">Blogs by Jeremy</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div></div> <p></p> <p><em>A forthcoming FPF and IBM report focusing on BCI privacy and ethics will be published in November 2021.</em></p> <p><em>FPF-curated educational resources, policy & regulatory documents, academic papers, thought pieces, and technical analyses regarding brain-computer interfaces are available </em><a href="https://sites.google.com/fpf.org/future-of-privacy-forum-bci/bci-resources"><em>here</em></a><em>.</em></p> <figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><img fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" width="960" height="457" src="https://fpf.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/network-6511448_960_720.jpeg" alt="network 6511448 960 720" class="wp-image-162485" srcset="https://fpf.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/network-6511448_960_720.jpeg 960w, https://fpf.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/network-6511448_960_720-300x143.jpeg 300w, https://fpf.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/network-6511448_960_720-768x366.jpeg 768w" sizes="(max-width: 960px) 100vw, 960px" /></figure> <p></p> <p><strong>Introduction</strong></p> <p>Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) are a prime example of an emerging technology that is spawning new avenues of human-machine interaction. Communication interfaces have developed from the keyboard and mouse to touchscreens, voice commands, and gesture interactions. As computers become more integrated into the human experience, new ways of commanding computer systems and experiencing digital realities have trended in popularity, with novel uses ranging from gaming to education. </p> <p><strong>Defining BCIs and Neurodata</strong></p> <p>BCIs are computer-based systems that directly record, process, analyze, or modulate human brain activity in the form of neurodata that is then translated into an output command from human to machine. Neurodata is data generated by the nervous system, composed of the electrical activities between neurons or proxies of this activity. When neurodata is linked, or reasonably linkable, to an individual, it is personal neurodata. </p> <p>BCI devices can be either invasive or non-invasive. Invasive BCIs are installed directly into—or on top of—the wearer’s brain through a surgical procedure. Today, invasive BCIs are mainly used in the health context. Non-invasive BCIs rely on external electrodes and other sensors or equipment connected to the external surface of the head or body, for collecting and modulating neural signals. Consumer-facing BCIs primarily use various non-invasive methods, including headbands.</p> <p><strong>Key Applications and Top-of-Mind Privacy and Ethical Challenges</strong></p> <p>Some BCI implementations raise few, if any, privacy issues. For example, individuals using BCIs to control computer cursors might not not reveal any more personal information than typical mouse users, provided BCI systems promptly discard cursor data. However, some uses of BCI technologies raise important questions about how laws, policies, and technical controls can safeguard inferences about individuals’ brain functions, intents, or emotional states. These questions are increasingly salient in light of the expanded use of BCIs in:</p> <ul class="wp-block-list"><li><strong>Health and Wellness</strong> – where BCIs <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/347966443_EEG-based_Brain-Computer_Interfaces_BCIs_A_Survey_of_Recent_Studies_on_Signal_Sensing_Technologies_and_Computational_Intelligence_Approaches_and_their_Applications">monitor</a> fatigue, <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5772598/">diagnose</a> medical conditions, <a href="https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/44909">stimulate or modulate</a> brain activity, and <a href="https://aabme.asme.org/posts/brain-computer-interface-the-most-investigated-areas-in-health-care-hold-a-promising-future">control</a> prosthetics and devices like wheelchairs. </li><li><strong>Gaming</strong> – where BCIs <a href="https://variety.com/2018/gaming/features/brain-computer-interface-neurable-1203036143/">augment </a>existing gaming platforms and offer players new ways to play using devices that record and interpret their neural signals. </li><li><strong>Employment </strong>– where BCIs <a href="https://www.technologyreview.com/2018/04/30/143155/with-brain-scanning-hats-china-signals-it-has-no-interest-in-workers-privacy/">monitor</a> workers’ engagement to improve safety during high-risk tasks, <a href="http://www.smartcaptech.com/.">alert</a> workers or supervisors of dangerous situations, <a href="https://caputron.com">modulate</a> workers’ brain activity to improve performance, and provide tools to more efficiently complete tasks.</li><li><strong>Education </strong>– where BCIs can track student <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/335486095_Brain-computer_interfaces_and_education_the_state_of_technology_and_imperatives_for_the_future">attention</a>, identify students’ <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320378280_Brain-Computer_Interfaces_for_Educational_Applications">unique needs</a>, and <a href="https://www.edsurge.com/news/2017-10-26-this-company-wants-to-gather-student-brainwave-data-to-measure-engagement">alert</a> teachers and parents of student learning progress. </li><li><strong>Smart Cities </strong>– where BCIs could provide <a href="https://investor.trimble.com/news-releases/news-release-details/neurable-and-trimble-partner-explore-use-brain-computer">new avenues of communication</a> for construction teams and safety workers and enable potential new methods for <a href="https://www.tu-auto.com/hyundai-claims-brainwave-in-driver-health-monitoring/">connected vehicle control</a>. </li><li><strong>Neuromarketing</strong> – where marketers <a href="https://hbr.org/2019/01/neuromarketing-what-you-need-to-know#:~:text=%E2%80%9CNeuromarketing%E2%80%9D%20loosely%20refers%20to%20the,pricing%2C%20and%20other%20marketing%20areas">incorporate</a> the use of BCIs to intuit consumers’ moods, and to gauge product and service interest.</li><li><strong>Military </strong>– where governments are researching the potential of BCIs to help <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnins.2018.00696/full">rehabilitate</a> soldiers’ injuries and enhance <a href="https://www.darpa.mil/attachments/(2G7)%20Global%20Nav%20-%20About%20Us%20-%20Budget%20-%20Budget%20Entries%20-%20FY2010%20(Approved).pdf">communication</a>.</li></ul> <p>It is important for stakeholders in this space to delineate between the current and near future uses and the far-distant notions depicted by science fiction creators. The realistic view of capabilities is necessary to credibly identify urgent concerns and prioritize meaningful policy initiatives. While the potential uses of BCIs are numerous, BCIs cannot at present or in the near future “read a person’s complete thoughts,” serve as an accurate lie detector, or pump information directly into the brain. </p> <p>As BCIs evolve and are more commercially available across numerous sectors, it is paramount to understand the real risks such technologies pose. BCIs raise many of the same risks posed by home assistants, medical devices, and wearables, but implicate new and heightened risks associated with privacy of thought, resulting from recording, using, and sharing a variety of neural signals. Risks include, but are not limited to: </p> <ul class="wp-block-list"><li>Collecting, and potentially sharing, sensitive information related to individuals’ private emotions, psychology, or intent;</li><li>Combining neurodata with other personal information to build increasingly granular and sensitive profiles about users for invasive or exploitative uses, including behavioural advertising;</li><li>Making decisions that significantly impact patients, employees, or students based on information drawn from neurodata (with potential but distinct risks if the conclusions are accurately, or inaccurately drawn);</li><li>Security breaches compromising patient health and individual safety and privacy;</li><li>A lack of meaningful transparency and personal control over individuals’ neurodata; and</li><li>Surveilling individuals based on the collection of sensitive neurodata, especially from historically and heavily surveilled communities.</li></ul> <p>These technologies also raise important ethical questions around fairness, justice, human rights, autonomy, and personal dignity.</p> <p><strong>A Mix of Technical and Policy Solutions Is Best for Maximizing Benefits While Mitigating Risks</strong></p> <p>To promote privacy-protective and ethical uses of BCIs, stakeholders should adopt technical measures including but not limited to:</p> <ul class="wp-block-list"><li>Providing hard on/off controls whenever possible;</li><li>Providing granular user controls on devices and in companion apps for managing the collection, use, and sharing of personal neurodata;</li><li>Operationalizing best practices for security and privacy when storing, sharing, and processing neurodata including:<ul><li>Employing appropriate privacy enhancing technologies;</li><li>Encrypting sensitive personal neurodata in transit and at rest; and</li><li>Embracing appropriate security measures to combat bad actors.</li></ul></li></ul> <p>Stakeholders should also adopt policy safeguards including but not limited to:</p> <ul class="wp-block-list"><li>Rethinking transparency, notice, terms of use, and consent frameworks to empower users with a baseline of BCI literacy around the collection, use, sharing, and retention of their neurodata;</li><li>Engaging IRBs, corporate review boards, ethical oversight, and other independent review mechanisms to identify and mitigate risks;</li><li>Facilitating participatory and inclusive community input prior to and during BCI development and rollout;</li><li>Creating dynamic technical, policy, and employee training standards to account for the gaps in current regulation; and</li><li>Promoting an open and inclusive research ecosystem by encouraging the adoption, where possible, of open standards for the collection and analysis of neurodata and the sharing of research data under open licenses and with appropriate safeguards in place. </li></ul> <p><strong>Conclusion</strong></p> <p>Because the neurotechnology space is especially future-facing, developers, researchers, and policymakers will have to create best practices and policies that consider existing concerns and strategically prioritize future risks in ways that balance the need for proactive solutions while mitigating misinformation and hype. BCIs will likely augment and complicate many existing technologies that are currently on the market, and privacy professionals will have to stay abreast of recent developments to protect this quickly growing space.</p> <p><em>*Image courtesy of Gerd Altmann</em><em> from Pixabay</em><em> </em></p> <div class="single-footer"> <div class="single-footer__date"> <span>Published: </span> <span>Last Updated: October 26, 2022</span> </div> <div class="single-footer__tags post-tags"> Tags: <a href="https://fpf.org/tag/ai-and-machine-learning/" rel="tag">AI & Machine Learning</a>, <a href="https://fpf.org/tag/biometrics/" rel="tag">Biometrics</a>, <a href="https://fpf.org/tag/immersive-technologies/" rel="tag">Immersive Technologies</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sidebar"> <h2>Explore</h2> <div class='facetwp-template' style='display: none;'> <h2>U.S. Legislative Trends in AI-Generated Content: 2024 and Beyond</h2><h2>Processing of Personal Data for AI Training in Brazil: Takeaways from ANPD’s Preliminary Decisions in the Meta Case</h2><h2>Do LLMs Contain Personal Information? California AB 1008 Highlights Evolving, Complex Techno-Legal Debate</h2><h2>Future of Privacy Forum Convenes Over 200 State Lawmakers in AI Policy Working Group Focused on 2025 Legislative Sessions</h2><h2>Synthetic Content: Exploring the Risks, Technical Approaches, and Regulatory Responses</h2><h2>Out, Not Outed: Privacy for Sexual Health, Orientations, and Gender Identities</h2><h2>FPF Analysis of New Requirements for Generative AI Use by Healthcare Entities in Patient Communications </h2><h2>FPF Submits Comments to Inform New York Children’s Privacy Rulemaking Processes</h2><h2>Regulatory Strategies of Data Protection Authorities in the Asia-Pacific Region: 2024, and Beyond</h2><h2>Updated FPF Infographic Explores Data in Connected Vehicles</h2></div> <div class="facetwp-facet facetwp-facet-search facetwp-type-search" data-name="search" data-type="search"></div> <h4>Issues</h4> <div class="facetwp-facet facetwp-facet-issues facetwp-type-checkboxes" data-name="issues" data-type="checkboxes"></div> <h4>authors</h4> <div class="facetwp-facet facetwp-facet-authors facetwp-type-checkboxes" data-name="authors" data-type="checkboxes"></div> <h4>dates</h4> <div class="facetwp-facet facetwp-facet-dates facetwp-type-checkboxes" data-name="dates" data-type="checkboxes"></div> <button class="fwp-submit main-btn" data-href="https://fpf.org/./blog/" style="display: none;">Submit</button>  </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="fpf-authored-posts container" data-author-id="302" data-page="1" id="blog"> <h2>Posts by Jeremy</h2> <div class="authored-posts-list fpf-authored-posts__list"> <div class="authored-post"> <a href="https://fpf.org/blog/the-future-is-open-the-u-s-turns-to-open-banking/" class="authored-post__img"> <img width="300" height="251" src="https://fpf.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/Screen-Shot-2021-10-15-at-1.37.07-PM-300x251.png" class="attachment-medium size-medium wp-post-image" alt="screen shot 2021 10 15 at 1.37.07 pm" decoding="async" srcset="https://fpf.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/Screen-Shot-2021-10-15-at-1.37.07-PM-300x251.png 300w, https://fpf.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/Screen-Shot-2021-10-15-at-1.37.07-PM-768x643.png 768w, https://fpf.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/Screen-Shot-2021-10-15-at-1.37.07-PM.png 872w" sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" /> </a> <div class="authored-post__title"> <a href="https://fpf.org/blog/the-future-is-open-the-u-s-turns-to-open-banking/">The Future is Open: The U.S. Turns to Open Banking</a> </div> <a href="https://fpf.org/blog/the-future-is-open-the-u-s-turns-to-open-banking/" class="authored-post__more">Read More</a> </div> <div class="authored-post"> <a href="https://fpf.org/blog/brain-computer-interfaces-privacy-and-ethical-considerations-for-the-connected-mind/" class="authored-post__img"> <img width="300" height="200" src="https://fpf.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/artificial-intelligence-4389372_1920-1-300x200.jpg" class="attachment-medium size-medium wp-post-image" alt="artificial intelligence 4389372 1920 (1)" decoding="async" srcset="https://fpf.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/artificial-intelligence-4389372_1920-1-300x200.jpg 300w, https://fpf.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/artificial-intelligence-4389372_1920-1-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https://fpf.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/artificial-intelligence-4389372_1920-1-768x512.jpg 768w, https://fpf.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/artificial-intelligence-4389372_1920-1-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://fpf.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/artificial-intelligence-4389372_1920-1.jpg 1920w" sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" /> </a> <div class="authored-post__title"> <a href="https://fpf.org/blog/brain-computer-interfaces-privacy-and-ethical-considerations-for-the-connected-mind/">Brain-Computer Interfaces: Privacy and Ethical Considerations for the Connected Mind</a> </div> <a href="https://fpf.org/blog/brain-computer-interfaces-privacy-and-ethical-considerations-for-the-connected-mind/" class="authored-post__more">Read More</a> </div> <div class="authored-post"> <a href="https://fpf.org/resource/fpf-report-outlines-opportunities-to-mitigate-the-privacy-risks-of-ar-vr-technologies/" class="authored-post__img"> <img width="300" height="158" src="https://fpf.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/FPF-ARVR-Report-SocialGraphics_FB-3-300x158.jpg" class="attachment-medium size-medium wp-post-image" alt="fpf arvr report socialgraphics fb 3" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://fpf.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/FPF-ARVR-Report-SocialGraphics_FB-3-300x158.jpg 300w, https://fpf.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/FPF-ARVR-Report-SocialGraphics_FB-3-1024x538.jpg 1024w, https://fpf.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/FPF-ARVR-Report-SocialGraphics_FB-3-768x403.jpg 768w, https://fpf.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/FPF-ARVR-Report-SocialGraphics_FB-3.jpg 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" /> </a> <div class="authored-post__title"> <a href="https://fpf.org/resource/fpf-report-outlines-opportunities-to-mitigate-the-privacy-risks-of-ar-vr-technologies/">Augmented Reality + Virtual Reality: Privacy & Autonomy Considerations in Emerging, Immersive Digital Worlds Report</a> </div> <a href="https://fpf.org/resource/fpf-report-outlines-opportunities-to-mitigate-the-privacy-risks-of-ar-vr-technologies/" class="authored-post__more">Read More</a> </div> </div> <a href="#" class="view-more main-btn">View More</a> </div> </main> <section class="subscribe-form" id="subscribe"> <div class="subscribe-form__wrap container-fluid ibg _wrap-bg" style="background-color: #01b8fc; background-image: url(https://fpf.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/photo-1525770041010-2a1233dd8152-e1608756295791.jpg);"> <div class="container"> <div class="subscribe-form__item "> <div class="gf_browser_chrome gform_wrapper" id="gform_wrapper_1"><form method="get" enctype="multipart/form-data" id="gform_1" action="/subscribe"> <div class="gform_heading"> <h3 class="gform_title">Stay Up to Date</h3> <span class="gform_description"><p>Subscribe to receive our monthly newsletter and information about upcoming events</p> </span> </div> <div class="gform_body"> <ul id="gform_fields_1" class="gform_fields top_label form_sublabel_below description_below"> <li id="field_1_1" class="gfield field_sublabel_below field_description_below hidden_label gfield_visibility_visible"> <label class="gfield_label" for="input_1_1">Email</label> <div class="ginput_container ginput_container_email"> <input name="email" id="input_1_1" type="text" value="" class="medium" aria-invalid="false"> </div> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="gform_footer top_label"> <input type="submit" id="gform_submit_button_1" class="gform_button button" value="Let's Go"> </div> </form></div> </div> </div> </div> </section>  <footer class="footer"> <div class="container footer__container"> <div class="related-sites"> <div class="related-sites__title"> Related Sites </div> <ul id="menu-related-sites" class="related-sites__links"><li id="menu-item-26" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-26"><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://techpolicy.org.il/">Israel Tech Policy Institute</a></li> <li id="menu-item-25" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-25"><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://studentprivacycompass.org/">Student Privacy Compass</a></li> <li id="menu-item-237301" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-237301"><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://studentprivacypledge.org/">Student Privacy Pledge</a></li> </ul> </div> <ul id="menu-social" class="footer__social"><li id="menu-item-30" class="x-twitter menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-30"><a title="X" target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://twitter.com/futureofprivacy"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512" fill="currentColor"><path d="M389.2 48h70.6L305.6 224.2 487 464H345L233.7 318.6 106.5 464H35.8L200.7 275.5 26.8 48H172.4L272.9 180.9 389.2 48zM364.4 421.8h39.1L151.1 88h-42L364.4 421.8z"/></svg></a></li> <li id="menu-item-31" class="youtube menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-31"><a title="Youtube" target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://www.youtube.com/futureofprivacy">Youtube</a></li> <li id="menu-item-32" class="linkedin menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-32"><a title="LinkedIn" target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/the-future-of-privacy-forum">LinkedIn</a></li> <li id="menu-item-233398" class="instagram menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-233398"><a title="Instagram" target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://www.instagram.com/futureofprivacy/">Instagram</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="container footer__container"> <div class="footer__logo"> <a href="">  <img src="https://fpf.org/wp-content/themes/fpf/img/logo-footer-15th-anniversary.png" alt="FPF"> </a> </div> <ul id="menu-footer" class="footer__links"><li id="menu-item-33" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-33"><a href="/privacy-policy/">Privacy Policy</a></li> <li id="menu-item-124581" class="optanon-show-settings menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-124581"><a>Cookie Preferences</a></li> <li id="menu-item-35" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-35"><a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution</a></li> </ul> </div> </footer> <div class="modal-search" id="search"> <div class="modal-search__wrap"> <form action="/" class="subscribe-form__form modal-search__form"> <input type="hidden" name="s"> <input type="text" name="_search" placeholder="Search" value=""> <button type="submit"><i class="fa fa-search" aria-hidden="true"></i></button> </form> </div> </div> <script data-cfasync="false" src="/cdn-cgi/scripts/5c5dd728/cloudflare-static/email-decode.min.js"></script><script type="text/javascript"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var _paq = window._paq = window._paq || []; _paq.push(['trackPageView']);_paq.push(['enableLinkTracking']);_paq.push(['alwaysUseSendBeacon']);_paq.push(['setTrackerUrl', "\/\/fpf.org\/wp-json\/matomo\/v1\/hit\/"]);_paq.push(['setSiteId', '1']);var d=document, g=d.createElement('script'), s=d.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; g.type='text/javascript'; g.async=true; g.src="\/\/fpf.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/matomo\/matomo.js"; s.parentNode.insertBefore(g,s); /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://fpf.org/wp-content/plugins/accordion-blocks/js/accordion-blocks.min.js?ver=1.5.0" id="pb-accordion-blocks-frontend-script-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://fpf.org/wp-content/themes/fpf/js/script.js?ver=1.0.0" id="fpf-costume-js"></script> <link href="https://fpf.org/wp-content/plugins/facetwp/assets/css/front.css?ver=4.3.3" rel="stylesheet"> <script src="https://fpf.org/wp-content/plugins/facetwp/assets/js/dist/front.min.js?ver=4.3.3"></script> <script src="https://fpf.org/wp-content/plugins/facetwp-submit/facetwp-submit.js?ver=4.3.3"></script> <script> window.FWP_JSON = {"prefix":"_","no_results_text":"No results found","ajaxurl":"https:\/\/fpf.org\/wp-json\/facetwp\/v1\/refresh","nonce":"161ffba1ed","preload_data":{"facets":{"search":"<span class=\"facetwp-input-wrap\"><i class=\"facetwp-icon\"><\/i><input type=\"text\" class=\"facetwp-search\" value=\"\" placeholder=\"Enter keywords\" autocomplete=\"off\" \/><\/span>","issues":"<div class=\"facetwp-checkbox\" data-value=\"global\"><span class=\"facetwp-display-value\">Global<\/span><span class=\"facetwp-counter\">(215)<\/span><\/div><div class=\"facetwp-checkbox\" data-value=\"education\"><span class=\"facetwp-display-value\">Youth & Education Privacy<\/span><span class=\"facetwp-counter\">(140)<\/span><\/div><div class=\"facetwp-checkbox\" data-value=\"us-legislation\"><span class=\"facetwp-display-value\">U.S. Legislation<\/span><span class=\"facetwp-counter\">(138)<\/span><\/div><div class=\"facetwp-checkbox\" data-value=\"ai-ml\"><span class=\"facetwp-display-value\">Artificial Intelligence<\/span><span class=\"facetwp-counter\">(108)<\/span><\/div><div class=\"facetwp-checkbox\" data-value=\"research-and-ethics\"><span class=\"facetwp-display-value\">Research & Ethics<\/span><span class=\"facetwp-counter\">(96)<\/span><\/div><div class=\"facetwp-overflow facetwp-hidden\"><div class=\"facetwp-checkbox\" data-value=\"smart-communities\"><span class=\"facetwp-display-value\">Smart Communities<\/span><span class=\"facetwp-counter\">(74)<\/span><\/div><div class=\"facetwp-checkbox\" data-value=\"mobility-location\"><span class=\"facetwp-display-value\">Mobility & Location<\/span><span class=\"facetwp-counter\">(53)<\/span><\/div><div class=\"facetwp-checkbox\" data-value=\"health-data\"><span class=\"facetwp-display-value\">Health<\/span><span class=\"facetwp-counter\">(50)<\/span><\/div><div class=\"facetwp-checkbox\" data-value=\"ad-tech-guidance\"><span class=\"facetwp-display-value\">Ad Tech<\/span><span class=\"facetwp-counter\">(48)<\/span><\/div><div class=\"facetwp-checkbox\" data-value=\"deid\"><span class=\"facetwp-display-value\">De-Identification<\/span><span class=\"facetwp-counter\">(31)<\/span><\/div><div class=\"facetwp-checkbox\" data-value=\"cybersecurity\"><span class=\"facetwp-display-value\">Cybersecurity<\/span><span class=\"facetwp-counter\">(30)<\/span><\/div><div class=\"facetwp-checkbox\" data-value=\"biometrics\"><span class=\"facetwp-display-value\">Biometrics<\/span><span class=\"facetwp-counter\">(23)<\/span><\/div><div class=\"facetwp-checkbox\" data-value=\"immersive-technologies\"><span class=\"facetwp-display-value\">Immersive Technologies<\/span><span class=\"facetwp-counter\">(20)<\/span><\/div><div class=\"facetwp-checkbox\" data-value=\"privacy-enhancing-technologies\"><span class=\"facetwp-display-value\">Privacy Enhancing Technologies<\/span><span class=\"facetwp-counter\">(6)<\/span><\/div><div class=\"facetwp-checkbox\" data-value=\"africa\"><span class=\"facetwp-display-value\">Africa<\/span><span class=\"facetwp-counter\">(5)<\/span><\/div><div class=\"facetwp-checkbox\" data-value=\"global-legislation\"><span class=\"facetwp-display-value\">Global Legislation<\/span><span class=\"facetwp-counter\">(5)<\/span><\/div><div class=\"facetwp-checkbox\" data-value=\"latam\"><span class=\"facetwp-display-value\">Latin America<\/span><span class=\"facetwp-counter\">(5)<\/span><\/div><div class=\"facetwp-checkbox\" data-value=\"open-banking\"><span class=\"facetwp-display-value\">Open Banking<\/span><span class=\"facetwp-counter\">(5)<\/span><\/div><\/div><a class=\"facetwp-toggle\">See {num} more<\/a><a class=\"facetwp-toggle facetwp-hidden\">See less<\/a>","authors":"<div class=\"facetwp-checkbox\" data-value=\"55648\"><span class=\"facetwp-display-value\">FPF Staff<\/span><span class=\"facetwp-counter\">(494)<\/span><\/div><div class=\"facetwp-checkbox\" data-value=\"210\"><span class=\"facetwp-display-value\">Jules Polonetsky<\/span><span class=\"facetwp-counter\">(142)<\/span><\/div><div class=\"facetwp-checkbox\" data-value=\"55338\"><span class=\"facetwp-display-value\">Brenda Leong<\/span><span class=\"facetwp-counter\">(108)<\/span><\/div><div class=\"facetwp-checkbox\" data-value=\"55690\"><span class=\"facetwp-display-value\">Joseph Jerome<\/span><span class=\"facetwp-counter\">(69)<\/span><\/div><div class=\"facetwp-checkbox\" data-value=\"55320\"><span class=\"facetwp-display-value\">Stacey Gray<\/span><span class=\"facetwp-counter\">(52)<\/span><\/div><div class=\"facetwp-overflow facetwp-hidden\"><div class=\"facetwp-checkbox\" data-value=\"55364\"><span class=\"facetwp-display-value\">Gabriela Zanfir-Fortuna<\/span><span class=\"facetwp-counter\">(37)<\/span><\/div><div class=\"facetwp-checkbox\" data-value=\"55361\"><span class=\"facetwp-display-value\">Amelia Vance<\/span><span class=\"facetwp-counter\">(31)<\/span><\/div><div class=\"facetwp-checkbox\" data-value=\"55687\"><span class=\"facetwp-display-value\">editor<\/span><span class=\"facetwp-counter\">(31)<\/span><\/div><div class=\"facetwp-checkbox\" data-value=\"55463\"><span class=\"facetwp-display-value\">Melanie E. Bates<\/span><span class=\"facetwp-counter\">(25)<\/span><\/div><div class=\"facetwp-checkbox\" data-value=\"161695\"><span class=\"facetwp-display-value\">Dominic Paulger<\/span><span class=\"facetwp-counter\">(22)<\/span><\/div><div class=\"facetwp-checkbox\" data-value=\"142001\"><span class=\"facetwp-display-value\">Keir Lamont<\/span><span class=\"facetwp-counter\">(20)<\/span><\/div><div class=\"facetwp-checkbox\" data-value=\"55358\"><span class=\"facetwp-display-value\">Rob van Eijk<\/span><span class=\"facetwp-counter\">(20)<\/span><\/div><div class=\"facetwp-checkbox\" data-value=\"57612\"><span class=\"facetwp-display-value\">Bailey Sanchez<\/span><span class=\"facetwp-counter\">(18)<\/span><\/div><div class=\"facetwp-checkbox\" data-value=\"76047\"><span class=\"facetwp-display-value\">Nancy Levesque<\/span><span class=\"facetwp-counter\">(18)<\/span><\/div><div class=\"facetwp-checkbox\" data-value=\"127247\"><span class=\"facetwp-display-value\">Daniel Berrick<\/span><span class=\"facetwp-counter\">(17)<\/span><\/div><div class=\"facetwp-checkbox\" data-value=\"55314\"><span class=\"facetwp-display-value\">Kelsey Finch<\/span><span class=\"facetwp-counter\">(17)<\/span><\/div><div class=\"facetwp-checkbox\" data-value=\"55352\"><span class=\"facetwp-display-value\">Pollyanna Sanderson<\/span><span class=\"facetwp-counter\">(17)<\/span><\/div><div class=\"facetwp-checkbox\" data-value=\"142897\"><span class=\"facetwp-display-value\">Tatiana Rice<\/span><span class=\"facetwp-counter\">(17)<\/span><\/div><div class=\"facetwp-checkbox\" data-value=\"55657\"><span class=\"facetwp-display-value\">Marianne Varkiani<\/span><span class=\"facetwp-counter\">(15)<\/span><\/div><div class=\"facetwp-checkbox\" data-value=\"123273\"><span class=\"facetwp-display-value\">Sebasti\u00e3o Barros Vale<\/span><span class=\"facetwp-counter\">(15)<\/span><\/div><\/div><a class=\"facetwp-toggle\">See {num} more<\/a><a class=\"facetwp-toggle facetwp-hidden\">See less<\/a>","dates":"<div class=\"facetwp-checkbox\" data-value=\"2024\"><span class=\"facetwp-display-value\">2024<\/span><span class=\"facetwp-counter\">(87)<\/span><\/div><div class=\"facetwp-checkbox\" data-value=\"2023\"><span class=\"facetwp-display-value\">2023<\/span><span class=\"facetwp-counter\">(83)<\/span><\/div><div class=\"facetwp-checkbox\" data-value=\"2022\"><span class=\"facetwp-display-value\">2022<\/span><span class=\"facetwp-counter\">(104)<\/span><\/div><div class=\"facetwp-checkbox\" data-value=\"2021\"><span class=\"facetwp-display-value\">2021<\/span><span class=\"facetwp-counter\">(78)<\/span><\/div><div class=\"facetwp-checkbox\" data-value=\"2020\"><span class=\"facetwp-display-value\">2020<\/span><span class=\"facetwp-counter\">(119)<\/span><\/div><div class=\"facetwp-overflow facetwp-hidden\"><div class=\"facetwp-checkbox\" data-value=\"2019\"><span class=\"facetwp-display-value\">2019<\/span><span class=\"facetwp-counter\">(79)<\/span><\/div><div class=\"facetwp-checkbox\" data-value=\"2018\"><span class=\"facetwp-display-value\">2018<\/span><span class=\"facetwp-counter\">(75)<\/span><\/div><div class=\"facetwp-checkbox\" data-value=\"2017\"><span class=\"facetwp-display-value\">2017<\/span><span class=\"facetwp-counter\">(99)<\/span><\/div><div class=\"facetwp-checkbox\" data-value=\"2016\"><span class=\"facetwp-display-value\">2016<\/span><span class=\"facetwp-counter\">(95)<\/span><\/div><div class=\"facetwp-checkbox\" data-value=\"2015\"><span class=\"facetwp-display-value\">2015<\/span><span class=\"facetwp-counter\">(54)<\/span><\/div><div class=\"facetwp-checkbox\" data-value=\"2014\"><span class=\"facetwp-display-value\">2014<\/span><span class=\"facetwp-counter\">(70)<\/span><\/div><div class=\"facetwp-checkbox\" data-value=\"2013\"><span class=\"facetwp-display-value\">2013<\/span><span class=\"facetwp-counter\">(55)<\/span><\/div><div class=\"facetwp-checkbox\" data-value=\"2012\"><span class=\"facetwp-display-value\">2012<\/span><span class=\"facetwp-counter\">(83)<\/span><\/div><div class=\"facetwp-checkbox\" data-value=\"2011\"><span class=\"facetwp-display-value\">2011<\/span><span class=\"facetwp-counter\">(89)<\/span><\/div><div class=\"facetwp-checkbox\" data-value=\"2010\"><span class=\"facetwp-display-value\">2010<\/span><span class=\"facetwp-counter\">(106)<\/span><\/div><div class=\"facetwp-checkbox\" data-value=\"2009\"><span class=\"facetwp-display-value\">2009<\/span><span class=\"facetwp-counter\">(173)<\/span><\/div><div class=\"facetwp-checkbox\" data-value=\"2008\"><span class=\"facetwp-display-value\">2008<\/span><span class=\"facetwp-counter\">(18)<\/span><\/div><\/div><a class=\"facetwp-toggle\">See {num} more<\/a><a class=\"facetwp-toggle facetwp-hidden\">See less<\/a>"},"template":"","settings":{"debug":{"query_args":{"post_type":"post","posts_per_page":10,"category_name":"blog","facetwp":true,"error":"","m":"","p":0,"post_parent":"","subpost":"","subpost_id":"","attachment":"","attachment_id":0,"name":"","pagename":"","page_id":0,"second":"","minute":"","hour":"","day":0,"monthnum":0,"year":0,"w":0,"tag":"","cat":"","tag_id":"","author":"","author_name":"","feed":"","tb":"","paged":1,"meta_key":"","meta_value":"","preview":"","s":null,"sentence":"","title":"","fields":"","menu_order":"","embed":"","category__in":[],"category__not_in":[],"category__and":[],"post__in":[],"post__not_in":[],"post_name__in":[],"tag__in":[],"tag__not_in":[],"tag__and":[],"tag_slug__in":[],"tag_slug__and":[],"post_parent__in":[],"post_parent__not_in":[],"author__in":[],"author__not_in":[],"search_columns":[]},"sql":"SELECT SQL_CALC_FOUND_ROWS wp_posts.ID\n\t\t\t\t\t FROM wp_posts LEFT JOIN wp_term_relationships ON (wp_posts.ID = wp_term_relationships.object_id)\n\t\t\t\t\t WHERE 1=1 AND ( \n wp_term_relationships.term_taxonomy_id IN (15,402)\n) AND ((wp_posts.post_type = 'post' AND (wp_posts.post_status = 'publish' OR wp_posts.post_status = 'acf-disabled')))\n\t\t\t\t\t GROUP BY wp_posts.ID\n\t\t\t\t\t ORDER BY wp_posts.post_date DESC\n\t\t\t\t\t LIMIT 0, 10","facets":{"search":{"enable_relevance":"yes","name":"search","label":"Search","type":"search","source":"","search_engine":"swp_default","placeholder":"","auto_refresh":"no","operator":"or","selected_values":""},"issues":{"name":"issues","label":"Issues","type":"checkboxes","source":"tax\/issue","parent_term":"","modifier_type":"off","modifier_values":"Ad Tech\nAI & Machine Learning\nBiometrics\nDe-Identification\nEthics\nGlobal\nHealth\nLegislation\nMobility & Location\nResearch\nSmart Communities\nYouth & Education Privacy","hierarchical":"no","show_expanded":"no","ghosts":"no","preserve_ghosts":"no","operator":"and","orderby":"count","count":"-1","soft_limit":"5","selected_values":[]},"authors":{"name":"authors","label":"Authors","type":"checkboxes","source":"acf\/field_5f02545433024","parent_term":"","modifier_type":"off","modifier_values":"","hierarchical":"no","show_expanded":"no","ghosts":"no","preserve_ghosts":"no","operator":"and","orderby":"count","count":"20","soft_limit":"5","selected_values":[]},"dates":{"name":"dates","label":"Dates","type":"checkboxes","source":"post_date","parent_term":"","modifier_type":"off","modifier_values":"","hierarchical":"no","show_expanded":"no","ghosts":"no","preserve_ghosts":"no","operator":"and","orderby":"display_value","count":"20","soft_limit":"5","selected_values":[]}},"template":{"name":"wp"},"settings":{"thousands_separator":",","decimal_separator":".","prefix":"_","load_jquery":"no","debug_mode":"on"},"last_indexed":"1 year","row_counts":{"authors":1967,"dates":2771,"event_time_since":123,"issues":1453,"new_facet":2771,"post_type":2771,"publication_types":881,"tags":1103},"hooks_used":{"pre_get_posts":["wp-content\/plugins\/wp-seopress-pro\/src\/Actions\/Sitemap\/RenderIndexSitemap.php:51","wp-content\/plugins\/searchwp\/includes\/Native.php:76","wp-content\/plugins\/wp-seopress\/src\/Actions\/Sitemap\/Render.php:72","wp-content\/plugins\/wp-seopress-pro\/src\/Actions\/Sitemap\/RenderNewsSitemap.php:51","wp-content\/plugins\/wp-seopress-pro\/src\/Actions\/Sitemap\/RenderVideoSitemap.php:50","wp-content\/themes\/fpf\/functions.php:145","wp-content\/themes\/fpf\/functions.php:479"],"facetwp_index_row":["wp-content\/themes\/fpf\/functions.php:628"],"facetwp_facet_orderby":["wp-content\/themes\/fpf\/functions.php:698"],"facetwp_preload_url_vars":["wp-content\/themes\/fpf\/functions.php:948"]},"post_types":["fpf-event","fpf_person","fpf_resource","page","post","uddf-event","uddf-topic"]},"pager":{"page":1,"per_page":10,"total_rows":1467,"total_pages":147},"num_choices":{"issues":18,"authors":20,"dates":17},"labels":{"search":"Search","issues":"Issues","authors":"Authors","dates":"Dates"},"search":{"auto_refresh":"no"},"issues":{"show_expanded":"no"},"authors":{"show_expanded":"no"},"dates":{"show_expanded":"no"}}},"expand":"[+]","collapse":"[-]"}; window.FWP_HTTP = {"get":[],"uri":"blog\/brain-computer-interfaces-privacy-and-ethical-considerations-for-the-connected-mind","url_vars":[]}; </script> </body> </html>