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<span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Nomenclature and common aldoses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nomenclature_and_common_aldoses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stereochemistry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stereochemistry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Stereochemistry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stereochemistry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header 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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Aldose</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 39 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-39" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">39 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldose" title="Aldose – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Aldose" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%B1_%D8%A3%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A" title="سكر ألدهيدي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سكر ألدهيدي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9C" title="অ্যালডোজ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অ্যালডোজ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%8B" title="Альдозы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Альдозы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Алдоза – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Алдоза" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldoza" title="Aldoza – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Aldoza" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldosa" title="Aldosa – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Aldosa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ald%C3%B3zy" title="Aldózy – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Aldózy" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldose" title="Aldose – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Aldose" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldosen" title="Aldosen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Aldosen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldoosid" title="Aldoosid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Aldoosid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BB%CE%B4%CF%8C%CE%B6%CE%B7" title="Αλδόζη – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αλδόζη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldosa" title="Aldosa – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Aldosa" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldozo" title="Aldozo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Aldozo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldosa" title="Aldosa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Aldosa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B2" title="آلدوز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آلدوز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldose" title="Aldose – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Aldose" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldosa" title="Aldosa – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Aldosa" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%8C%EB%8F%84%EC%8A%A4" title="알도스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="알도스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldosa" title="Aldosa – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Aldosa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldosi" title="Aldosi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Aldosi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldosa" title="Aldosa – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Aldosa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldose" title="Aldose – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Aldose" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AB%E3%83%89%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9" title="アルドース – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アルドース" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldose" title="Aldose – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Aldose" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldozalar" title="Aldozalar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Aldozalar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldozy" title="Aldozy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Aldozy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldose" title="Aldose – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Aldose" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldoz%C4%83" title="Aldoză – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Aldoză" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%8B" title="Альдозы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Альдозы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ald%C3%B3za" title="Aldóza – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Aldóza" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5" title="Алдозе – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Алдозе" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldoze" title="Aldoze – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Aldoze" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldosa" title="Aldosa – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Aldosa" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldoosit" title="Aldoosit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Aldoosit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldos" title="Aldos – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Aldos" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldoz" title="Aldoz – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Aldoz" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B8" title="Альдози – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Альдози" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh 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free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Class of monosaccharides</div> <p>An <b>aldose</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Monosaccharide" title="Monosaccharide">monosaccharide</a> (a simple sugar) with a carbon backbone chain with a <a href="/wiki/Carbonyl_group" title="Carbonyl group">carbonyl group</a> on the endmost carbon atom, making it an <a href="/wiki/Aldehyde" title="Aldehyde">aldehyde</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hydroxy_group" title="Hydroxy group">hydroxyl groups</a> connected to all the other carbon atoms. Aldoses can be distinguished from <a href="/wiki/Ketose" title="Ketose">ketoses</a>, which have the carbonyl group away from the end of the molecule, and are therefore <a href="/wiki/Ketone" title="Ketone">ketones</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aldose&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:D-Glyceraldehyde_2D_Fischer.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/D-Glyceraldehyde_2D_Fischer.svg/140px-D-Glyceraldehyde_2D_Fischer.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/D-Glyceraldehyde_2D_Fischer.svg/210px-D-Glyceraldehyde_2D_Fischer.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/D-Glyceraldehyde_2D_Fischer.svg/280px-D-Glyceraldehyde_2D_Fischer.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="74" data-file-height="83" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fischer_projection" title="Fischer projection">Fischer projection</a> of <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">D</span></span>-<a href="/wiki/Glyceraldehyde" title="Glyceraldehyde">glyceraldehyde</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Like most carbohydrates, simple aldoses have the general <a href="/wiki/Chemical_formula" title="Chemical formula">chemical formula</a> C<sub><i>n</i></sub>(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub><i>n</i></sub>. Because <a href="/wiki/Formaldehyde" title="Formaldehyde">formaldehyde</a> (n=1) and <a href="/wiki/Glycolaldehyde" title="Glycolaldehyde">glycolaldehyde</a> (n=2) are not generally considered to be carbohydrates,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the simplest possible aldose is the <a href="/wiki/Triose" title="Triose">triose</a> <a href="/wiki/Glyceraldehyde" title="Glyceraldehyde">glyceraldehyde</a>, which only contains three <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a> <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atoms</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because they have at least one asymmetric carbon center, all aldoses exhibit <a href="/wiki/Stereoisomerism" title="Stereoisomerism">stereoisomerism</a>. Aldoses can exist in either a <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">D</span></span>- form or <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">L</span></span>- form. The determination is made based on the chirality of the asymmetric carbon furthest from the aldehyde end, namely the second-last carbon in the chain. Aldoses with alcohol groups on the right of the <a href="/wiki/Fischer_projection" title="Fischer projection">Fischer projection</a> are <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">D</span></span>-aldoses, and those with alcohols on the left are <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">L</span></span>-aldoses. <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">D</span></span>-aldoses are more common than <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">L</span></span>-aldoses in nature.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Examples of aldoses include <a href="/wiki/Glyceraldehyde" title="Glyceraldehyde">glyceraldehyde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erythrose" title="Erythrose">erythrose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ribose" title="Ribose">ribose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">glucose</a> and <a href="/wiki/Galactose" title="Galactose">galactose</a>. Ketoses and aldoses can be chemically differentiated through <a href="/wiki/Seliwanoff%27s_test" title="Seliwanoff's test">Seliwanoff's test</a>, where the sample is heated with acid and <a href="/wiki/Resorcinol" title="Resorcinol">resorcinol</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The test relies on the <a href="/wiki/Dehydration_reaction" title="Dehydration reaction">dehydration reaction</a> which occurs more quickly in ketoses, so that while aldoses react slowly, producing a light pink color, ketoses react more quickly and strongly to produce a dark red color. </p><p>Aldoses can <a href="/wiki/Isomer" title="Isomer">isomerize</a> to ketoses through the <a href="/wiki/Lobry-de_Bruyn-van_Ekenstein_transformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Lobry-de Bruyn-van Ekenstein transformation">Lobry-de Bruyn-van Ekenstein transformation</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nomenclature_and_common_aldoses">Nomenclature and common aldoses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aldose&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Nomenclature and common aldoses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Family_tree_aldoses.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Family_tree_aldoses.svg/400px-Family_tree_aldoses.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Family_tree_aldoses.svg/600px-Family_tree_aldoses.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Family_tree_aldoses.svg/800px-Family_tree_aldoses.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="445" data-file-height="320" /></a><figcaption>Family tree of aldoses: (1) <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">D</span></span>-(+)-glyceraldehyde; (2a) <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">D</span></span>-(−)-erythrose; (2b) <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">D</span></span>-(−)-threose; (3a) <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">D</span></span>-(−)-ribose; (3b) <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">D</span></span>-(−)-arabinose; (3c) <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">D</span></span>-(+)-xylose; (3d) <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">D</span></span>-(−)-lyxose; (4a) <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">D</span></span>-(+)-allose; (4b) <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">D</span></span>-(+)-altrose; (4c) <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">D</span></span>-(+)-glucose; (4d) <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">D</span></span>-(+)-mannose; (4e) <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">D</span></span>-(−)-gulose; (4f) <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">D</span></span>-(−)-idose; (4g) <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">D</span></span>-(+)-galactose; (4h) <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">D</span></span>-(+)-talose</figcaption></figure><p>Aldoses are differentiated by the number of carbon atoms in the main chain. The minimum number of carbon atoms in a backbone needed to form a molecule that is still considered a carbohydrate is 3, and carbohydrates with three carbon atoms are called trioses. The only aldotriose is <a href="/wiki/Glyceraldehyde" title="Glyceraldehyde">glyceraldehyde</a>, which has one chiral stereocenter with 2 possible enantiomers, <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">D</span></span>- and <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">L</span></span>-glyceraldehyde. </p><p>Some common aldoses are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Triose" title="Triose">Triose</a>: <a href="/wiki/Glyceraldehyde" title="Glyceraldehyde">glyceraldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrose" title="Tetrose">Tetroses</a>: <a href="/wiki/Erythrose" title="Erythrose">erythrose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Threose" title="Threose">threose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentose" title="Pentose">Pentoses</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ribose" title="Ribose">ribose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabinose" title="Arabinose">arabinose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xylose" title="Xylose">xylose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lyxose" title="Lyxose">lyxose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexose" title="Hexose">Hexoses</a>: <a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">glucose</a></li></ul> <p>The most commonly discussed category of aldoses are those with six carbon atoms, <a href="/wiki/Aldohexose" class="mw-redirect" title="Aldohexose">aldohexoses</a>. Some aldohexoses that are widely called by common names are:<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">D</span></span>-(+)-<a href="/wiki/Allose" title="Allose">Allose</a></li> <li><span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">D</span></span>-(+)-<a href="/wiki/Altrose" title="Altrose">Altrose</a></li> <li><span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">D</span></span>-(+)-<a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">Glucose</a></li> <li><span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">D</span></span>-(+)-<a href="/wiki/Mannose" title="Mannose">Mannose</a></li> <li><span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">D</span></span>-(−)-<a href="/wiki/Gulose" title="Gulose">Gulose</a></li> <li><span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">D</span></span>-(+)-<a href="/wiki/Idose" title="Idose">Idose</a></li> <li><span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">D</span></span>-(+)-<a href="/wiki/Galactose" title="Galactose">Galactose</a></li> <li><span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">D</span></span>-(+)-<a href="/wiki/Talose" title="Talose">Talose</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Stereochemistry">Stereochemistry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aldose&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Stereochemistry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aldoses are commonly referred to by names specific to one stereoisomer of the compound. This distinction is especially vital in biochemistry, as many systems can only use one enantiomer of the carbohydrate and not the other. However, aldoses are not locked into any one conformation: they can and do fluctuate between different forms. </p><p>Aldoses can <a href="/wiki/Tautomer" title="Tautomer">tautomerize</a> to ketoses in a dynamic process with an <a href="/wiki/Enol" title="Enol">enol</a> intermediate (more specifically, an enediol).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This process is reversible, so aldoses and ketoses can be thought of as being in equilibrium with each other. However, aldehydes and ketones are almost always more stable than the corresponding enol forms, so the aldo- and keto- forms normally predominate. This process, with its enol intermediate, also allows stereoisomerization. Basic solutions accelerate the interconversion of isomers. </p><p>Carbohydrates with more than four carbon atoms exist in an equilibrium between the closed ring, or cyclic form, and the open-chain form. Cyclic aldoses are usually drawn as <a href="/wiki/Haworth_projection" title="Haworth projection">Haworth projections</a>, and open chain forms are commonly drawn as <a href="/wiki/Fischer_projection" title="Fischer projection">Fischer projections</a>, both of which represent important stereochemical information about the forms they depict.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aldose&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMathews2000" class="citation book cs1">Mathews, Christopher K. (2000). <i>Biochemistry</i>. Van Holde, K. E. (Kensal Edward), 1928-, Ahern, Kevin G. (3rd ed.). San Francisco, Calif.: Benjamin Cummings. pp. 280–293. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0805330666" title="Special:BookSources/0805330666"><bdi>0805330666</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/42290721">42290721</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biochemistry&rft.place=San+Francisco%2C+Calif.&rft.pages=280-293&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Benjamin+Cummings&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F42290721&rft.isbn=0805330666&rft.aulast=Mathews&rft.aufirst=Christopher+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAldose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerg2006" class="citation book cs1">Berg, J.M. (2006). <i>Biochemistry</i> (6th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman and Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biochemistry&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=W.+H.+Freeman+and+Company&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Berg&rft.aufirst=J.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAldose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171216032307/http://www.harpercollege.edu/tm-ps/chm/100/dgodambe/thedisk/carbo/seli/seli.htm">"Seliwanoff's Test"</a>. Harper College. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.harpercollege.edu/tm-ps/chm/100/dgodambe/thedisk/carbo/seli/seli.htm">the original</a> on 2017-12-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-07-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Seliwanoff%27s+Test&rft.pub=Harper+College&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.harpercollege.edu%2Ftm-ps%2Fchm%2F100%2Fdgodambe%2Fthedisk%2Fcarbo%2Fseli%2Fseli.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAldose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSolomons2008" class="citation book cs1">Solomons, T.W. Graham (2008). <i>Organic Chemistry</i>. John Wiley & Sons Inc. p. 1044.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Organic+Chemistry&rft.pages=1044&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons+Inc.&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Solomons&rft.aufirst=T.W.+Graham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAldose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Types_of_carbohydrates" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Carbohydrates" title="Template:Carbohydrates"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Carbohydrates" title="Template talk:Carbohydrates"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Carbohydrates" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Carbohydrates"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Types_of_carbohydrates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Types of <a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">carbohydrates</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Aldose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketose" title="Ketose">Ketose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furanose" title="Furanose">Furanose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyranose" title="Pyranose">Pyranose</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geometry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anomer" title="Anomer">Anomer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclohexane_conformation" title="Cyclohexane conformation">Cyclohexane conformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epimer" title="Epimer">Epimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutarotation" title="Mutarotation">Mutarotation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monosaccharide" title="Monosaccharide">Monosaccharides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diose" title="Diose">Dioses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Aldodiose <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glycolaldehyde" title="Glycolaldehyde">Glycolaldehyde</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Triose" title="Triose">Trioses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Aldotriose <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glyceraldehyde" title="Glyceraldehyde">Glyceraldehyde</a></li></ul></li> <li>Ketotriose <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dihydroxyacetone" title="Dihydroxyacetone">Dihydroxyacetone</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tetrose" title="Tetrose">Tetroses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Aldotetroses <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erythrose" title="Erythrose">Erythrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threose" title="Threose">Threose</a></li></ul></li> <li>Ketotetrose <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erythrulose" title="Erythrulose">Erythrulose</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pentose" title="Pentose">Pentoses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Aldopentoses <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabinose" title="Arabinose">Arabinose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyxose" title="Lyxose">Lyxose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribose" title="Ribose">Ribose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xylose" title="Xylose">Xylose</a></li></ul></li> <li>Ketopentoses <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ribulose" title="Ribulose">Ribulose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xylulose" title="Xylulose">Xylulose</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deoxy_sugar" title="Deoxy sugar">Deoxy sugars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deoxyribose" title="Deoxyribose">Deoxyribose</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hexose" title="Hexose">Hexoses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aldohexose" class="mw-redirect" title="Aldohexose">Aldohexoses</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allose" title="Allose">Allose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altrose" title="Altrose">Altrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactose" title="Galactose">Galactose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">Glucose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulose" title="Gulose">Gulose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idose" title="Idose">Idose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mannose" title="Mannose">Mannose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talose" title="Talose">Talose</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketohexose" class="mw-redirect" title="Ketohexose">Ketohexoses</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fructose" title="Fructose">Fructose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psicose" title="Psicose">Psicose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorbose" title="Sorbose">Sorbose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagatose" title="Tagatose">Tagatose</a></li></ul></li> <li>Deoxy sugars <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fucose" title="Fucose">Fucose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuculose" title="Fuculose">Fuculose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhamnose" title="Rhamnose">Rhamnose</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Heptose" title="Heptose">Heptoses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Ketoheptoses <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mannoheptulose" title="Mannoheptulose">Mannoheptulose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedoheptulose" title="Sedoheptulose">Sedoheptulose</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Above 7</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Octose" title="Octose">Octoses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonose" title="Nonose">Nonoses</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neuraminic_acid" title="Neuraminic acid">Neuraminic acid</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Multiple</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Disaccharide" title="Disaccharide">Disaccharides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cellobiose" title="Cellobiose">Cellobiose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isomaltose" title="Isomaltose">Isomaltose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isomaltulose" title="Isomaltulose">Isomaltulose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactose" title="Lactose">Lactose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactulose" title="Lactulose">Lactulose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltose" title="Maltose">Maltose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sucrose" title="Sucrose">Sucrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trehalose" title="Trehalose">Trehalose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turanose" title="Turanose">Turanose</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Trisaccharide" title="Trisaccharide">Trisaccharides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maltotriose" title="Maltotriose">Maltotriose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melezitose" title="Melezitose">Melezitose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raffinose" title="Raffinose">Raffinose</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tetrasaccharide" title="Tetrasaccharide">Tetrasaccharides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stachyose" title="Stachyose">Stachyose</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other<br /> <a href="/wiki/Oligosaccharide" title="Oligosaccharide">oligosaccharides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acarbose" title="Acarbose">Acarbose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fructooligosaccharide" title="Fructooligosaccharide">Fructooligosaccharide</a> (FOS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactooligosaccharide" title="Galactooligosaccharide">Galactooligosaccharide</a> (GOS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isomaltooligosaccharide" title="Isomaltooligosaccharide">Isomaltooligosaccharide</a> (IMO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltodextrin" title="Maltodextrin">Maltodextrin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polysaccharide" title="Polysaccharide">Polysaccharides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beta-glucan" title="Beta-glucan">Beta-glucan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oat_beta-glucan" title="Oat beta-glucan">Oat beta-glucan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lentinan" title="Lentinan">Lentinan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schizophyllan" title="Schizophyllan">Sizofiran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zymosan" title="Zymosan">Zymosan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose">Cellulose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chitin" title="Chitin">Chitin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chitosan" title="Chitosan">Chitosan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dextrin" title="Dextrin">Dextrin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Dextran" title="Dextran">Dextran</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fructose" title="Fructose">Fructose</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fructan" title="Fructan">Fructan</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inulin" title="Inulin">Inulin</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Galactose" title="Galactose">Galactose</a> / <a href="/wiki/Galactose" title="Galactose">Galactan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">Glucose</a> / <a href="/wiki/Glucan" title="Glucan">Glucan</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glycogen" title="Glycogen">Glycogen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemicellulose" title="Hemicellulose">Hemicellulose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levan_polysaccharide" title="Levan polysaccharide">Levan beta 2→6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lignin" title="Lignin">Lignin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mannans" title="Mannans">Mannan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pectin" title="Pectin">Pectin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starch" title="Starch">Starch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amylopectin" title="Amylopectin">Amylopectin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amylose" title="Amylose">Amylose</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xanthan_gum" title="Xanthan gum">Xanthan gum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Carbohydrates" title="Category:Carbohydrates">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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