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<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD HTML//EN"> <html> <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1"> <meta name="GENERATOR" content="Microsoft FrontPage 3.0"> <title>Devlopment</title> <meta name="Microsoft Theme" content="rmnsque 111"> <meta name="Microsoft Border" content="tlb, default"> </head> <body background="_themes/rmnsque/romtextb.jpg" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#663300" link="#660000" vlink="#999900" alink="#006600"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%"><tr><td> <img src="_derived/dev_cat.htm_cmp_rmnsque110_bnr.gif" width="600" height="60" border="0" alt="Devlopment"> <img src="_derived/dev_cat.htm_cmp_rmnsque110_hbtn_p.gif" width="140" height="45" border="0" alt="Devlopment" align="middle"> <script language="JavaScript"></script><script language="JavaScript"></script><a href="mgmt_cat.htm" language="JavaScript" onmouseover="if(MSFPhover) document['MSFPnav1'].src=MSFPnav1h.src" onmouseout="if(MSFPhover) document['MSFPnav1'].src=MSFPnav1n.src"><img src="_derived/mgmt_cat.htm_cmp_rmnsque110_hbtn.gif" width="140" height="45" border="0" alt="Management" align="middle" name="MSFPnav1"></a> <script language="JavaScript"></script><a href="arch_cat.htm" language="JavaScript" onmouseover="if(MSFPhover) document['MSFPnav2'].src=MSFPnav2h.src" onmouseout="if(MSFPhover) document['MSFPnav2'].src=MSFPnav2n.src"><img src="_derived/arch_cat.htm_cmp_rmnsque110_hbtn.gif" width="140" height="45" border="0" alt="Architecture" align="middle" name="MSFPnav2"></a>   </td></tr></table><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%"><tr><td valign="top" width="1%"> <script language="JavaScript"></script><a href="lavaflow.htm" language="JavaScript" onmouseover="if(MSFPhover) document['MSFPnav3'].src=MSFPnav3h.src" onmouseout="if(MSFPhover) document['MSFPnav3'].src=MSFPnav3n.src"><img src="_derived/lavaflow.htm_cmp_rmnsque110_vbtn.gif" width="140" height="45" border="0" alt="Lava Flow" name="MSFPnav3"></a> </td><td valign="top" width="24"></td><td valign="top"> <h1>What are Development AntiPatterns?</h1> (for a quick example, see the website's featured Development AntiPattern, <a href="lavaflow.htm">Lava Flow</a>) Our first exposure to software development AntiPatterns was through the presentations of Mike Akroyd, a hands-on software consultant to Motorola and other major firms [Akroyd 96].  The Akroyd AntiPatterns define classic problems in object-oriented software design.  Some of the development AntiPatterns in this book are extensions of his concepts (see references).  One attractive feature of all Akroyd AntiPatterns is the inclusion of a refactored solution, the incorporation of which gives AntiPatterns a valuable purpose: Not only to they point out trouble, but they also tell you how to get out of it. Proper AntiPatterns define a migration (or refactoring) from negative solutions to positive solutions.  AntiPatterns that describe only the negative solution are called pseudo-AntiPatterns (or more typically, complaints -- think of pseudo-AntiPatterns as flaming e-mail diatribes).  After working with the Akroyd AntiPatterns, we discovered examples of AntiPatterns and pseudo-AntiPatterns on the Internet.  The Pattern Languages of Program Design (PLoP) conference also discussed some AntiPattern-related papers, such as the "Big Ball of Mud" [Foote 97]. <h2>Software Refactoring</h2> A key goal of development AntiPatterns is to describe useful forms of software refactoring.  Software refactoring is a form of code modification, used to improve the software structure in support of subsequent extension and long-term maintenance.   In most cases, the goal is to transform code without impacting correctness. Good software architecture is essential for system extension and maintenance.   Software development is a chaotic activity, therefore the implemented structure of systems tends to stray from the planned structure as determined by the architecture, analysis and design.  Software refactoring is an effective approach for improving software structure.  The resulting structure does not have to resemble the original planned structure.  The structure changes because programmers learn constraints and approaches that alter the context of the coded solutions.  When used properly, refactoring is a natural activity in the programming process.  For example, the solution for the Spaghetti Code AntiPattern discussed in this book defines a software development process that incorporates refactoring. Refactoring is strongly recommended prior to performance optimization.   Optimizations often involve compromises to program structure.  Ideally, optimizations affect only small portions of a program.  Prior refactoring helps to partition optimized code from the majority of the software. Read more about refactoring, and formal refactoring transformations in our book in chapter five. <table border="0" cellpadding="9" cellspacing="1" width="100%"> <tr> <td width="107">AntiPattern</td> <td width="268">Synopsis</td> <td colspan="2" width="327">Refactored Solution</td> </tr> <tr> <td width="107">Ambiguous Viewpoint</td> <td colspan="2" width="274">Lack of clarification of the modeling viewpoint leads to problematic ambiguities in object models.</td> <td width="321">Always clarify which of the 3 essential viewpoints is modeled: business, specification, or implementation.</td> </tr> <tr> <td width="107">Boat Anchor</td> <td colspan="2" width="274">A costly technology is purchased by a systems development project that goes unused.</td> <td width="321">Send competent engineers to the product training course, in order to evaluate, before you buy the product.</td> </tr> <tr> <td width="107">Continuous Obsolescence</td> <td colspan="2" width="274">Internet-time technology releases surpasses our ability to keep up and keep other technologies synchronized.</td> <td width="321">Depend upon stable technologies and interfaces that you control. Open systems standards provide stability.</td> </tr> <tr> <td width="107">Cut and Paste Programming</td> <td width="268">Code reused by copying source statements leads to significant maintenance problems.</td> <td colspan="2" width="327">Black Box reuse reduces maintenance issues by having a common source code, testing, and documentation for multiple reuses.</td> </tr> <tr> <td width="107">Dead End</td> <td colspan="2" width="274">Direct modification of commercial software or reusable software creates significant maintenance burdens for a software system.</td> <td width="321">Avoid modification of supported software. Choose mainstream, supported products and platforms whenever possible.</td> </tr> <tr> <td width="107">Fire Drill</td> <td colspan="2" width="274">Management waits until the last possible moment to allow developers to proceed with design and implementation; then they want results almost immediately.</td> <td width="321">Proactive design and prototyping are often warranted; even if customers and management staff are not completely on-board.</td> </tr> <tr> <td width="107">Functional Decomposition</td> <td width="268">Non-OO design (possibly from legacy) is coded in OO language and notation.</td> <td colspan="2" width="327">Since there is no straightforward way to refactor: redesign using OO principles.</td> </tr> <tr> <td width="107">Golden Hammer</td> <td width="268">A familiar technology or concept is applied obsessively to many problems.</td> <td colspan="2" width="327">Expanding the knowledge of developers through education, training, and book study groups exposes developers to new solutions.</td> </tr> <tr> <td width="107">Input Kludge</td> <td colspan="2" width="274">Custom-programmed input algorithms contain many bugs which are easily encountered by users and testers.</td> <td width="321">Utilize production-quality input processing techniques, including lexical analysis, parser generators, and features matrices.</td> </tr> <tr> <td width="107"><a href="lavaflow.htm">Lava Flow</a></td> <td width="268">Dead code and forgotten design information is frozen in an ever-changing design.</td> <td colspan="2" width="327">Configuration control processes that eliminate dead code and evolve/refactor design towards increasing quality.</td> </tr> <tr> <td width="107">Mushroom Management</td> <td colspan="2" width="274">Keep the developers in dark and feed them fertilizer. End-user interaction prohibited.</td> <td width="321">Risk-driven development includes frequent user-interaction to maximize usability and acceptance.</td> </tr> <tr> <td width="107">Poltergeists</td> <td width="268">Classes with a very limited roles and lifecycles, often starting processes for other objects.</td> <td colspan="2" width="327">Allocate the responsibility to longer-lived objects and eliminate the poltergeists.</td> </tr> <tr> <td width="107">The Blob</td> <td width="268">Procedural-style design leads to one object with numerous responsibilities and most other objects only holding data.</td> <td colspan="2" width="327">Refactor the design to distributed responsibilities more uniformly and isolate the effect of changes.</td> </tr> <tr> <td width="107">Walking Through a Mine Field</td> <td colspan="2" width="274">Software technology is much less robust than people imagine; bugs are pervasive and potentially catastrophic.</td> <td width="321">Proper investment in software testing and inspection is needed to reduce the frequency and density of software defects.</td> </tr> </table>  </td></tr></table><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%"><tr><td> <img src="_themes/rmnsque/romhorsa.gif" width="600" height="10"> <script language="JavaScript"></script><a href="./" language="JavaScript" onmouseover="if(MSFPhover) document['MSFPnav4'].src=MSFPnav4h.src" onmouseout="if(MSFPhover) document['MSFPnav4'].src=MSFPnav4n.src"><img src="_derived/home_cmp_rmnsque110_home.gif" width="100" height="20" border="0" alt="Home" align="middle" name="MSFPnav4"></a> <script language="JavaScript"></script><a href="catalog.htm" language="JavaScript" onmouseover="if(MSFPhover) document['MSFPnav5'].src=MSFPnav5h.src" onmouseout="if(MSFPhover) document['MSFPnav5'].src=MSFPnav5n.src"><img src="_derived/up_cmp_rmnsque110_up.gif" width="100" height="20" border="0" alt="Up" align="middle" name="MSFPnav5"></a> <script language="JavaScript"></script><a href="mgmt_cat.htm" language="JavaScript" onmouseover="if(MSFPhover) document['MSFPnav6'].src=MSFPnav6h.src" onmouseout="if(MSFPhover) document['MSFPnav6'].src=MSFPnav6n.src"><img src="_derived/next_cmp_rmnsque110_next.gif" width="100" height="20" border="0" alt="Next" align="middle" name="MSFPnav6"></a> � Copyright 2017 William Brown, Raphael Malveau, Hays McCormick, Thomas Mowbray, and Scott W. Thomas.  All rights reserved. For problems or questions regarding this web contact <a href="mailto:skip@antipatterns.com">[Web Master]</a>. Last updated: April 2, 2017 </td></tr></table></body> </html>