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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derechos_humanos_en_Afganist%C3%A1n" title="Derechos humanos en Afganistán – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Derechos humanos en Afganistán" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%88%D9%82_%D8%A8%D8%B4%D8%B1_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="حقوق بشر در افغانستان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="حقوق بشر در افغانستان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Droits_de_l%27homme_en_Afghanistan" title="Droits de l'homme en Afghanistan – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Droits de l'homme en Afghanistan" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diritti_umani_in_Afghanistan" title="Diritti umani in Afghanistan – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Diritti umani in Afghanistan" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98_%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%A6%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98" title="ადამიანის უფლებები ავღანეთში – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ადამიანის უფლებები ავღანეთში" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%88%D9%86%D9%87_%D9%BE%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86_%DA%A9%DB%90" title="بشري حقونه په افغانستان کې – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="بشري حقونه په افغانستان کې" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2_%D0%90%D1%84%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Права человека в Афганистане – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Права человека в Афганистане" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_in_Afghanistan" title="Human rights in Afghanistan – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Human rights in Afghanistan" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a 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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="adr"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Afghanistan" title="Politics of Afghanistan">Politics of Afghanistan</a></div></th></tr><tr><th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_the_Islamic_Emirate_of_Afghanistan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Arms_of_the_Islamic_Emirate_of_Afghanistan.svg/100px-Arms_of_the_Islamic_Emirate_of_Afghanistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Arms_of_the_Islamic_Emirate_of_Afghanistan.svg/150px-Arms_of_the_Islamic_Emirate_of_Afghanistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Arms_of_the_Islamic_Emirate_of_Afghanistan.svg/200px-Arms_of_the_Islamic_Emirate_of_Afghanistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="315" data-file-height="318" /></a></span></th></tr><tr><th style="border-bottom: #aaa 1px solid"></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#F5FFFA;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of Afghanistan">Constitution</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban Islamic Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loya_jirga" class="mw-redirect" title="Loya jirga"><i>Loya jirga</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">("Grand assembly")</span></a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Independent_Human_Rights_Commission" title="Afghan Independent Human Rights Commission">Human Rights Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Afghanistan">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treatment_of_women_by_the_Taliban" title="Treatment of women by the Taliban">Treatment of women by the Taliban</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#F5FFFA;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Afghanistan" title="Government of Afghanistan">Government</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Leader_of_Afghanistan" title="Supreme Leader of Afghanistan">Supreme Leader</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Afghanistan#Non-monarchs" title="List of heads of state of Afghanistan">list</a>) <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Hibatullah_Akhundzada" title="Hibatullah Akhundzada">Hibatullah Akhundzada</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_decrees_by_Hibatullah_Akhundzada" title="List of decrees by Hibatullah Akhundzada">decrees</a>)</dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Afghanistan" title="Prime Minister of Afghanistan">Prime Minister</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Hasan_Akhund" title="Hasan Akhund">Hasan Akhund</a> (acting)</dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Leader_of_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Deputy Leader of Afghanistan">Deputy Leader</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Sirajuddin_Haqqani" title="Sirajuddin Haqqani">Sirajuddin Haqqani</a> (first)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mullah_Yaqoob" title="Mullah Yaqoob">Mullah Yaqoob</a> (second)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Ghani_Baradar" title="Abdul Ghani Baradar">Abdul Ghani Baradar</a> (third)</dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Afghanistan" title="Deputy Prime Minister of Afghanistan">Deputy Prime Minister</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Ghani_Baradar" title="Abdul Ghani Baradar">Abdul Ghani Baradar</a> (acting, first)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Salam_Hanafi" title="Abdul Salam Hanafi">Abdul Salam Hanafi</a> (acting, second)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Kabir" title="Abdul Kabir">Abdul Kabir</a> (acting, third)</dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leadership_Council_of_Afghanistan" title="Leadership Council of Afghanistan">Leadership Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Afghanistan" title="Cabinet of Afghanistan">Cabinet</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#F5FFFA;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Afghanistan" title="Judiciary of Afghanistan">Judiciary</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Afghanistan" title="Law of Afghanistan">Law of Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Afghanistan" title="Supreme Court of Afghanistan">Supreme Court</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Afghanistan" title="Chief Justice of Afghanistan">Chief Justice</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hakim_Haqqani" title="Abdul Hakim Haqqani">Abdul Hakim Haqqani</a></dd></dl></li> <li>Deputy chief justices <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Qasim_Rasikh" title="Mohammad Qasim Rasikh">Mohammad Qasim Rasikh</a> (first)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Abdul_Malik" title="Sheikh Abdul Malik">Sheikh Abdul Malik</a> (second)</dd></dl></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Afghanistan" title="Capital punishment in Afghanistan">Capital punishment</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#F5FFFA;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Afghanistan" title="Law enforcement in Afghanistan">Law enforcement</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_(Afghanistan)" title="Ministry of Justice (Afghanistan)">Ministry of Justice</a> <dl><dd>Minister: <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hakim_Haqqani" title="Abdul Hakim Haqqani">Abdul Hakim Haqqani</a> (acting)</dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Interior_Affairs_(Afghanistan)" title="Ministry of Interior Affairs (Afghanistan)">Ministry of Interior Affairs</a> <dl><dd>Minister: <a href="/wiki/Sirajuddin_Haqqani" title="Sirajuddin Haqqani">Sirajuddin Haqqani</a> (acting)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Afghan_National_Police" title="Afghan National Police">Afghan National Police</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_for_the_Propagation_of_Virtue_and_the_Prevention_of_Vice_(Afghanistan)" title="Ministry for the Propagation of Virtue and the Prevention of Vice (Afghanistan)">Ministry for the Propagation of Virtue and the Prevention of Vice</a> <dl><dd>Minister: <a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Mohammad_Khalid" title="Sheikh Mohammad Khalid">Mohammad Khalid</a> (acting)</dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attorney_General%27s_Office_of_Afghanistan" title="Attorney General's Office of Afghanistan">Attorney General</a> <dl><dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shamsulldin_Shariati&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shamsulldin Shariati (page does not exist)">Shamsulldin Shariati</a> (acting)</dd></dl></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#F5FFFA;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative divisions of Afghanistan">Administrative divisions</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Afghanistan" title="Provinces of Afghanistan">Provinces</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_provincial_governors_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of current provincial governors in Afghanistan">Governors</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Afghanistan" title="Districts of Afghanistan">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subdistricts_of_Afghanistan" title="Subdistricts of Afghanistan">Subdistricts</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#F5FFFA;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Afghanistan" title="Elections in Afghanistan">Elections</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li>Recent elections <dl><dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Presidential: <a href="/wiki/2014_Afghan_presidential_election" title="2014 Afghan presidential election">2014</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2019_Afghan_presidential_election" title="2019 Afghan presidential election">2019</a></li></ul></div></dd> <dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Parliamentary: <a href="/wiki/2010_Afghan_parliamentary_election" title="2010 Afghan parliamentary election">2010</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2018_Afghan_parliamentary_election" title="2018 Afghan parliamentary election">2018</a></li></ul></div></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Afghanistan" title="List of political parties in Afghanistan">Political parties</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#F5FFFA;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Afghanistan" title="Foreign relations of Afghanistan">Foreign relations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Afghanistan)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Afghanistan)">Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a> <dl><dd><span class="nowrap">Acting Minister: <a href="/wiki/Amir_Khan_Muttaqi" title="Amir Khan Muttaqi">Amir Khan Muttaqi</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_Amir_Khan_Muttaqi_as_Acting_Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_of_Afghanistan" title="List of international trips made by Amir Khan Muttaqi as Acting Minister of Foreign Affairs of Afghanistan">trips</a>)</span></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_Afghanistan" title="List of ambassadors of Afghanistan">Ambassadors</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_Afghanistan" title="List of diplomatic missions of Afghanistan">Diplomatic missions of</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_Afghanistan" title="List of diplomatic missions in Afghanistan">in Afghanistan</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_nationality_law" title="Afghan nationality law">Nationality law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_passport" title="Afghan passport">Passport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_requirements_for_Afghan_citizens" title="Visa requirements for Afghan citizens">Visa requirements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_Afghanistan" title="Visa policy of Afghanistan">Visa policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recognition_of_the_Islamic_Emirate_of_Afghanistan" title="Recognition of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan">Recognition of the Islamic Emirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan_and_the_United_Nations" title="Afghanistan and the United Nations">Afghanistan and the United Nations</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Afghanistan" title="Portal:Afghanistan">Afghanistan portal</a> <div class="hlist" style="text-align:center;font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#Politics_by_region" title="Outline of political science">Other countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article's <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute">factual accuracy</a> may be compromised due to out-of-date information</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2021</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Human rights in Afghanistan</b> under the <a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a> regime are severely restricted and considered among the worst in the world. Women's rights and freedom are <a href="/wiki/Treatment_of_women_by_the_Taliban" title="Treatment of women by the Taliban">severely restricted</a>, as they are banned from most public spaces and employment. Afghanistan is the only country in the world to ban education for women over the age of eleven. Taliban's policies towards women are usually termed as <a href="/wiki/Gender_apartheid" title="Gender apartheid">gender apartheid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Minority groups such as <a href="/wiki/Hazaras" title="Hazaras">Hazaras</a> face persecution and eviction from their lands. Authorities have used physical violence, raids, arbitrary arrests and detention, torture, enforced disappearances of activists and political opponents.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The media is tightly controlled with almost to no freedom, with intrusive and strict monitoring in play. According to a 2024 report by <a href="/wiki/Freedom_House" title="Freedom House">Freedom House</a>, Political Freedom is rated a 1 out of 40 with Civil Liberties at 5 out of 60, with the overall score of 6 out of 100.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under the monarchy of <a href="/wiki/Zahir_Shah" class="mw-redirect" title="Zahir Shah">Zahir Shah</a>, human rights were usually respected.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 1949, the Afghan Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Shah_Mahmud_Khan" title="Shah Mahmud Khan">Shah Mahmud Khan</a>, increased press freedom, but these moves were soon reversed. The Press Law which was implemented in July 1965, gave considerable freedom to the press for the first time.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the press was mostly free, in some cases the King closed down media from dissidents that were considered threatening. The communist <a href="/wiki/Khalq" title="Khalq">Khalq</a> republic that governed Afghanistan after the <a href="/wiki/Saur_Revolution" title="Saur Revolution">Saur Revolution</a> in 1978 was brutal, vigorously suppressing opposition. The government abducted and executed thousands of prisoners, rural civilian dissidents.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 1987, Afghanistan ratified the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_against_Torture" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Convention against Torture">United Nations Convention against Torture</a> (CAT), which prevents the state from inflicting <a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">torture</a> on any individual. New leader <a href="/wiki/Babrak_Karmal" title="Babrak Karmal">Babrak Karmal</a> promised to end the Khalq's brutality, which it partly did, but human rights abuses still continued. The government along with the <a href="/wiki/Soviet" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet">Soviets</a> (during the <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a>) intentionally targeted civilian settlements in rural areas. Under President <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Najibullah" title="Mohammad Najibullah">Mohammad Najibullah</a>'s reforms, freedom of expression was further improved but human rights overall remained restricted.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1990s, many atrocities were committed by various militias against civilians. Indiscriminate rocket attacks during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kabul_(1992%E2%80%9396)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Kabul (1992–96)">Battle of Kabul</a>, especially those by <a href="/wiki/Gulbuddin_Hekmatyar" title="Gulbuddin Hekmatyar">Gulbuddin Hekmatyar</a>'s militia, killed thousands of civilians. The <a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a>, in power from 1996, imposed strong restrictions on women, performed public executions, and prevented international aid from entering the country for starving civilians.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The presidential government of the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Afghanistan" title="Islamic Republic of Afghanistan">Islamic Republic of Afghanistan</a>, which previously ruled Afghanistan, from 2004 until the Taliban overthrew it in 2021, had a strong human rights framework in its constitution. A bill of rights was enshrined in chapter two of the <a href="/wiki/2004_Constitution_of_Afghanistan" title="2004 Constitution of Afghanistan">2004 Constitution of Afghanistan</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Right_to_life" title="Right to life">right to life</a> and liberty were constitutionally protected, as were the <a href="/wiki/Right_to_a_fair_trial" title="Right to a fair trial">right to a fair trial</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Presumption_of_innocence" title="Presumption of innocence">presumption of innocence</a> for all persons. That gave the Islamic Republic a strong human rights framework that was guaranteed to all citizens. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: 21st century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Afghans_at_Ghazi_Stadium_in_2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Afghans_at_Ghazi_Stadium_in_2011.jpg/220px-Afghans_at_Ghazi_Stadium_in_2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Afghans_at_Ghazi_Stadium_in_2011.jpg/330px-Afghans_at_Ghazi_Stadium_in_2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Afghans_at_Ghazi_Stadium_in_2011.jpg/440px-Afghans_at_Ghazi_Stadium_in_2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2640" data-file-height="1760" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Football_in_Afghanistan" title="Football in Afghanistan">Football</a> fans inside the <a href="/wiki/Ghazi_Stadium" title="Ghazi Stadium">Ghazi Stadium</a> in the capital of <a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a>, which is <a href="/wiki/Multiethnic_society" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiethnic society">multi-ethnic</a> and the largest city of Afghanistan.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Bonn_Agreement_(Afghanistan)" title="Bonn Agreement (Afghanistan)">Bonn Agreement</a> of 2001 established the <a href="/wiki/Afghan_Independent_Human_Rights_Commission" title="Afghan Independent Human Rights Commission">Afghan Independent Human Rights Commission</a> (AIHRC) as a <a href="/wiki/National_human_rights_institutions" class="mw-redirect" title="National human rights institutions">national human rights institution</a> to protect and promote human rights and to investigate <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a> abuses and <a href="/wiki/War_crimes" class="mw-redirect" title="War crimes">war crimes</a>. The Afghanistan Constitution of 2004 entrenched the existence of the AIHRC. While the ongoing turmoil, violence and reconstruction efforts often make it difficult to get an accurate sense of what is going on, various reports from <a href="/wiki/NGO" class="mw-redirect" title="NGO">NGOs</a> have accused various branches of the Afghan government of engaging in human rights violations.<sup id="cite_ref-Afghan_abuse_sentence_'lenient'_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Afghan_abuse_sentence_'lenient'-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There have also been various human rights abuses by American soldiers on Afghan civilians, most notably in the Baghram prisons where innocent civilians endured torture, humiliating conditions, and inhumane treatment. The United States was heavily criticized for lenient sentencing for the soldiers responsible.<sup id="cite_ref-Afghan_abuse_sentence_'lenient'_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Afghan_abuse_sentence_'lenient'-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Former Afghan warlords and political strongmen supported by the US during the ousting of the Taliban were responsible for numerous human rights violations in 2003 including kidnapping, rape, robbery, and extortion.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some members of the <a href="/wiki/Afghan_National_Security_Forces" title="Afghan National Security Forces">Afghan National Security Forces</a> were involved in killing civilians in ground operations as well as in air strikes.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pajhwok_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pajhwok-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Torture_agreement">Torture agreement</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Torture agreement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In March 2002, <i>ABC News</i> claimed top officials at the CIA authorized controversial, harsh interrogation techniques.<sup id="cite_ref-abc_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abc-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The possible interrogation techniques included shaking and slapping, shackling prisoners in a standing position, keeping the prisoner in a cold cell and dousing them with water, and <a href="/wiki/Water_boarding" class="mw-redirect" title="Water boarding">water boarding</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-abc_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abc-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A United Nations study in 2011 reported on interviews with 379 detainees. It found those held by police or intelligence services were subjected to beatings, removal of toenails and electric shocks.<sup id="cite_ref-guardian_systematically_tortured_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardian_systematically_tortured-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Elections_during_combat">Elections during combat</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Elections during combat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Afghanistan" title="Elections in Afghanistan">Elections in Afghanistan</a></div> <p>Several elections have been held in Afghanistan since 2001. The most recent election was held on 18 September 2010, for the National Assembly with a reported 2,499 candidates competing for 250 seats. During the elections<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Taliban attacked many of those involved, killing 11 civilians and 3 Afghan National Policemen in over 300 attacks on the polls.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The low death toll at the hands of the Taliban can be attributed to stepped up operations specifically targeting the leaders of insurgents planning attacks in the days leading up to the elections,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which captured hundreds of insurgents and explosives. Turnout at the election was 40%. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Justice_system">Justice system</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Justice system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Afghanistan" title="Supreme Court of Afghanistan">Supreme Court of Afghanistan</a></div> <p>Afghanistan has two dominant justice systems: the formal state system and the informal traditional system.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the existence of ordinary judicial system e.g. Supreme Court, National Security Court (dealing with terrorism-related cases), first and second instance courts, "jirga" and "shura"-traditional institutions are operating. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Law_and_order">Law and order</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Law and order"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Law_of_Afghanistan" title="Law of Afghanistan">Law of Afghanistan</a></div> <p>Some members of Afghanistan's <a href="/wiki/National_Directorate_of_Security" title="National Directorate of Security">National Directorate of Security</a> (NDS) have been accused of running their own prisons, torturing suspects, and harassing journalists. They have also been accused of deliberately killing civilians during government raids.<sup id="cite_ref-Pajhwok_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pajhwok-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The security forces of local militias, which also have their own prisons, have been accused of torture and arbitrary killings. <a href="/wiki/Warlord" title="Warlord">Warlords</a> in the north have used property destruction, rape, and murder to discourage displaced <a href="/wiki/Pashtuns" title="Pashtuns">Pashtuns</a> from reclaiming their homes. <a href="/wiki/Child_labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Child labor">Child labor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking" title="Human trafficking">human trafficking</a> remain common outside <a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a>. Civilians have been killed frequently in battles between warlord forces. Poor conditions in overcrowded prisons have contributed to illness and death among prisoners. To stop it, a prison rehabilitation program had begun in 2003. </p><p>In the absence of an effective national judicial system, the right to judicial protection has been compromised as uneven local standards have prevailed in criminal trials. Fair trial principles are enshrined in the Afghan constitution and the criminal procedure but frequently violated for various reasons, including the lack of well-educated, professional staff (especially defence lawyers), lack of material resources, <a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Afghanistan" title="Corruption in Afghanistan">corruption</a> and unlawful interference by warlords and politicians.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several thousands of people in Afghanistan have been victims of <a href="/wiki/Enforced_disappearance" title="Enforced disappearance">enforced disappearance</a> over the past four decades.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 27 June 2020, two human rights defenders associated with <a href="/wiki/Afghan_Independent_Human_Rights_Commission" title="Afghan Independent Human Rights Commission">Afghanistan Independent Human Rights Commission</a> (AIHRC) were killed in a bomb attack. They died after an explosive device attached to their vehicle detonated. The attack came less than a week after two prosecutors and three other employees from the attorney general's office were shot dead by gunmen in Kabul.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On August 14, 2020, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> experts demanded the Afghanistan government take an early decisive action to prevent the killing of human rights defenders. Nine human rights defenders have been killed since the start of 2020. The number has already surpassed 2019's figure.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 2021, when the Taliban established the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, 100 former government officials and affiliates have been killed.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Human rights activists, civil rights activists and media workers are under "constant attack" (threats and intimidation) under this new government.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Freedom_of_speech_and_the_media">Freedom of speech and the media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Freedom of speech and the media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Afghanistan" title="Mass media in Afghanistan">Mass media in Afghanistan</a></div> <p>Article 34 of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of Afghanistan">Afghan Constitution</a> allows <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">freedom of speech</a> and press, though there are restrictions on media that may invoke <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Islamic law</a> or be offensive to other sects. However, there has been harassment and threats targeting journalists and legal experts, especially outside Kabul. Freedom of the press was guaranteed by interim President <a href="/wiki/Hamid_Karzai" title="Hamid Karzai">Hamid Karzai</a> in February 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 2004 Media Law was signed by Karzai in 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2008, documentary filmmaker Nasir Fayaz was arrested for criticising politicians from the President's cabinet on his weekly show on <a href="/wiki/Ariana_TV" class="mw-redirect" title="Ariana TV">Ariana TV</a>. The arrest caused an outcry from journalists and it violated Article 34 which reads "Freedom of expression shall be inviolable".<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Afghanistan ranks 122nd in the 2020 dropping by 2 points from 120th rank in 2017 according to <a href="/wiki/Press_Freedom_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Press Freedom Index">Press Freedom Index</a>. But still, it stands in a better position than all its neighbors.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Journalists in Afghanistan face threats from both the security forces and insurgents. Journalists are threatened, assaulted and killed by Afghan officials, warlords and insurgents to stop them from reporting. Furthermore, <a href="/wiki/Human_Right_Watch" class="mw-redirect" title="Human Right Watch">Human Right Watch</a> report claims that many Afghan journalists self-censor by steering clear of reporting on sensitive issues.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Afghan Journalists Safety Committee (AJSC) in 2017 claim that Afghan government accounted for 46% of the attacks on Afghans journalist. While insurgents were responsible for the rest of the attacks.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religious_freedom">Religious freedom</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Religious freedom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religious_freedom_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious freedom in Afghanistan">Religious freedom in Afghanistan</a></div> <p>No registration of religious groups is required; minority religious groups are able to freely practice their religions but they are not allowed to proselytize them. <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> is the official religion; all laws must be compatible with Islamic morality, and the President and Vice President must both be <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslims</a>. Officially, <a href="/wiki/Apostasy" title="Apostasy">Apostasy</a> remains punishable by death, per the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of Afghanistan">Constitution of Afghanistan</a>. In 2006, <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Rahman_(convert)" title="Abdul Rahman (convert)">Abdul Rahman</a>, an Afghan Muslim who had been arrested for converting to <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, was granted presidential permission to leave the country, and he moved to <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, where he was granted asylum. In 2014, an Afghan Muslim who had renounced Islam and had become an <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">atheist</a> was granted asylum in the United Kingdom, on the grounds that he could face death if he returned to his country of origin.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2022, Freedom House rated Afghanistan's religious freedom as 1 out of 4.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Women's_rights"><span id="Women.27s_rights"></span>Women's rights</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Women's rights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Women_in_Afghanistan" title="Women in Afghanistan">Women in Afghanistan</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Women_of_Afghanistan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Women_of_Afghanistan.jpg/200px-Women_of_Afghanistan.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Women_of_Afghanistan.jpg/300px-Women_of_Afghanistan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Women_of_Afghanistan.jpg/400px-Women_of_Afghanistan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1918" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>Women had equal rights to men under the <a href="/wiki/2004_Constitution_of_Afghanistan" title="2004 Constitution of Afghanistan">2004 Constitution of Afghanistan</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/2004_Constitution_of_Afghanistan" title="2004 Constitution of Afghanistan">2004 Constitution of Afghanistan</a> promised equal rights for men and women, including women being permitted to work outside the home, to engage in political activity, and a requirement for each political party to nominate a certain number of female candidates. </p><p>During the first period of Taliban rule, women had virtually all their rights taken away. Matters ranging from wearing nail polish to job opportunities were severely restricted. By keeping women indoors, the Taliban claimed to be keeping them safe from harm. </p><p>In late March 2009, Afghan President <a href="/wiki/Hamid_Karzai" title="Hamid Karzai">Hamid Karzai</a> signed into law an internationally condemned "<a href="/wiki/Shia_Family_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia Family Law">Shia Family Law</a>" which condones apparent <a href="/wiki/Spousal_rape" class="mw-redirect" title="Spousal rape">spousal rape</a> (in Article 132), <a href="/wiki/Child_marriage" title="Child marriage">child marriage</a> and imposes <a href="/wiki/Purdah" title="Purdah">purdah</a> on married Afghan women. Although the offending legislation is said to have been dormant for a year, President Karzai was trying to gain the support of Afghan northern Shia legislators and the neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Republic of Iran">Islamic Republic of Iran</a>, which is Shia-dominated. According to Britain's <i>Independent</i> newspaper, the 'family code' was not read in the Upper House/Senate, and also enshrines gender discrimination in inheritance law and divorce against women.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite various promises from the government to implement <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1325" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325">United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325</a>, the law could not be implemented. The Kabul peace talks that took place in June 2017, included only two women among 47 government and international representatives.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 18 September 2020, President <a href="/wiki/Ashraf_Ghani" title="Ashraf Ghani">Ashraf Ghani</a> signed a new law to include mothers' names on their children's birth certificates and identification cards. Afghan women's rights activists had been campaigning on social media for several years to include the name of both parents, under the hashtag #WhereIsMyName.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 2022, the Taliban's <a href="/wiki/Ministry_for_the_Propagation_of_Virtue_and_the_Prevention_of_Vice_(Afghanistan)" title="Ministry for the Propagation of Virtue and the Prevention of Vice (Afghanistan)">Ministry for the Propagation of Virtue and the Prevention of Vice</a> published a decree requiring all women in Afghanistan to wear full-body coverings when in public (either a <a href="/wiki/Burqa" title="Burqa">burqa</a> or an <a href="/wiki/Abaya" title="Abaya">abaya</a> paired with a <a href="/wiki/Niq%C4%81b" title="Niqāb">niqāb</a>, which leaves only the eyes uncovered).<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sexual_orientation">Sexual orientation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Sexual orientation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Afghanistan">LGBT rights in Afghanistan</a></div> <p>Homosexuality and cross-dressing were <a href="/wiki/Capital_crimes" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital crimes">capital crimes</a> under the Taliban; however, the death sentence of old has been replaced by prison terms of one year. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Persecution_of_Hazaras">Persecution of Hazaras</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Persecution of Hazaras"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hazaras" title="Persecution of Hazaras">Persecution of Hazaras</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Hazaras" title="Hazaras">Hazaras</a> are one of the <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Afghanistan" title="Ethnic groups in Afghanistan">ethnic groups in Afghanistan</a>. After the takeover by Taliban, many Hazaras were forcibly evicted from their homes.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A report by <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> said that the Taliban were prosecuting, torturing and unlawfully killing Hazaras.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output 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class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/47px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/62px-P_religion_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg/28px-Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg/42px-Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg/56px-Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:LGBTQ" title="Portal:LGBTQ">LGBTQ portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Icon_Camera.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Icon_Camera.svg/28px-Icon_Camera.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Icon_Camera.svg/42px-Icon_Camera.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Icon_Camera.svg/56px-Icon_Camera.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="55" data-file-height="55" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Media" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Media">Media portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Afghanistan" title="Crime in Afghanistan">Crime in Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Shinwar_shooting" title="2007 Shinwar shooting">2007 Shinwar shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Association_of_the_Women_of_Afghanistan" title="Revolutionary Association of the Women of Afghanistan">Revolutionary Association of the Women of Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayed_Pervez_Kambaksh" title="Sayed Pervez Kambaksh">Sayed Pervez Kambaksh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Afghanistan" title="Freedom of religion in Afghanistan">Freedom of religion in Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Afghan_sentiment" title="Anti-Afghan sentiment">Anti-Afghan sentiment</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon 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.citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKelly2024" class="citation news cs1">Kelly, Annie (2024-10-09). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2024/oct/09/afghan-women-exile-taliban-justice-gender-apartheid-crime-against-humanity">"Afghan women fight to hold Taliban to account over gender apartheid"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-11-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Afghan+women+fight+to+hold+Taliban+to+account+over+gender+apartheid&rft.date=2024-10-09&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Kelly&rft.aufirst=Annie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fglobal-development%2F2024%2Foct%2F09%2Fafghan-women-exile-taliban-justice-gender-apartheid-crime-against-humanity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+Afghanistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cfr.org/in-brief/how-talibans-rule-fueling-movement-end-gender-apartheid">"How the Taliban's Rule Is Fueling the Movement to End Gender Apartheid | Council on Foreign Relations"</a>. <i>www.cfr.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-11-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cfr.org&rft.atitle=How+the+Taliban%E2%80%99s+Rule+Is+Fueling+the+Movement+to+End+Gender+Apartheid+%7C+Council+on+Foreign+Relations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cfr.org%2Fin-brief%2Fhow-talibans-rule-fueling-movement-end-gender-apartheid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+Afghanistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2022/08/afghanistan-one-year-of-the-talibans-broken-promises-draconian-restrictions-and-violence/">"One year of the Taliban's broken promises, draconian restrictions and violence"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a></i>. 15 August 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230204161214/https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2022/08/afghanistan-one-year-of-the-talibans-broken-promises-draconian-restrictions-and-violence/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 Feb 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Amnesty+International&rft.atitle=One+year+of+the+Taliban%27s+broken+promises%2C+draconian+restrictions+and+violence&rft.date=2022-08-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amnesty.org%2Fen%2Flatest%2Fnews%2F2022%2F08%2Fafghanistan-one-year-of-the-talibans-broken-promises-draconian-restrictions-and-violence%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+Afghanistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFetrat" class="citation web cs1">Fetrat, Sahar. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/03/24/one-year-taliban-still-attacking-girls-right-education">"One Year On, the Taliban Still Attacking Girls' Right to Education"</a>. <i>Human Rights Watch</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230325030259/https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/03/24/one-year-taliban-still-attacking-girls-right-education">Archived</a> from the original on 25 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.atitle=One+Year+On%2C+the+Taliban+Still+Attacking+Girls%27+Right+to+Education&rft.aulast=Fetrat&rft.aufirst=Sahar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fnews%2F2023%2F03%2F24%2Fone-year-taliban-still-attacking-girls-right-education&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+Afghanistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKumar2023" class="citation news cs1">Kumar, Ruchi (29 November 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231129070421/https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2023/nov/29/taliban-could-be-convinced-to-open-girls-schools-says-afghanistan-ex-education-minister">"Taliban could be convinced to open girls' schools, says Afghanistan ex-education minister"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2023/nov/29/taliban-could-be-convinced-to-open-girls-schools-says-afghanistan-ex-education-minister">the original</a> on 29 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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New York. 22 October 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211022034417/https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/10/22/afghanistan-taliban-forcibly-evict-minority-shia">Archived</a> from the original on 22 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.atitle=Afghanistan%3A+Taliban+Forcibly+Evict+Minority+Shia&rft.date=2021-10-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fnews%2F2021%2F10%2F22%2Fafghanistan-taliban-forcibly-evict-minority-shia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+Afghanistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/news/2024/08/16/joint-statement-marking-3-years-taliban-oppression">"Joint Statement: Marking 3 Years of Taliban Oppression | Human Rights Watch"</a>. 2024-08-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781349219483" title="Special:BookSources/9781349219483"><bdi>9781349219483</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Afghanistan+under+Soviet+Domination%2C+1964%E2%80%9391&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2016-07-27&rft.isbn=9781349219483&rft.aulast=Hyman&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnvO-DAAAQBAJ%26q%3Dafghanistan%2Bjapan%2Bgermany%2Bpartition%26pg%3DPA58&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+Afghanistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Derailing Democracy in Afghanistan: Elections in an Unstable Political Landscape</i> by Noah Coburn, Anna Larson.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/reports/1992/WR92/ASW-01.htm">"ASW"</a>. <i>www.hrw.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Here's what the numbers say"</a>. Military Times<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Kabul<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 October</span> 2011</span>. <q>Interviews with 379 people held by police or intelligence services describe beatings, removing toenails and electric shocks</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Afghanistan+officials+%27systematically+tortured%27+detainees%2C+says+UN+report&rft.date=2011-10-10&rft.au=Kelly%2C+Jeremy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2011%2Foct%2F10%2Fafghanistan-torture&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+Afghanistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://afghanistan-journal.com/blog/2010/09/afghan-election-reveals-demons-heroes/">Afghan Journal: Heroes & Demons</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120620151410/http://afghanistan-journal.com/blog/2010/09/afghan-election-reveals-demons-heroes/">Archived</a> 2012-06-20 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> September 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://waronterrornews.typepad.com/home/2010/09/enemy-elects-explosives.html">Afghanistan: Taliban Elect Explosives</a> 18 September 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://waronterrornews.typepad.com/home/2010/09/18-afghanistan-news.html">"War In Afghanistan News"</a>. Waronterrornews.typepad.com. 18 September 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=War+In+Afghanistan+News&rft.pub=Waronterrornews.typepad.com&rft.date=2010-09-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwaronterrornews.typepad.com%2Fhome%2F2010%2F09%2F18-afghanistan-news.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+Afghanistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://waronterrornews.typepad.com/home/2010/09/17-afghanistan-news.html">"War In Afghanistan News 17 September 2010"</a>. Waronterrornews.typepad.com. 17 September 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=War+In+Afghanistan+News+17+September+2010&rft.pub=Waronterrornews.typepad.com&rft.date=2010-09-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwaronterrornews.typepad.com%2Fhome%2F2010%2F09%2F17-afghanistan-news.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+Afghanistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://asiafoundation.org/2009/02/04/afghanistans-justice-system/">"Afghanistan's Justice System - The Asia Foundation"</a>. <i>The Asia Foundation</i>. 2009-02-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=NDS+forces+beaten+up+journalists%2C+smashed+their+cameras&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pajhwok.com%2Fen%2F2018%2F07%2F26%2Fnds-forces-beaten-journalists-smashed-their-cameras&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+Afghanistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/us-had-advance-warning-of-abuse-at-afghan-prisons-officials-say/2011/10/21/gIQA7Dg2VM_story.html">"U.S. had advance warning of abuse at Afghan prisons, officials say"</a>. 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Elliesie, Peter Lang Verlag (Frankfurt am Main) 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/08/29/agony-afghanistans-enforced-disappearances">Agony of Afghanistan's Enforced Disappearances</a>"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jun/27/roadside-bomb-kills-two-human-rights-workers-in-kabul">"Bomb attack kills two human rights workers in Kabul"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. 27 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-09-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Amnesty+International&rft.atitle=Afghanistan%3A+Taliban+torture+and+execute+Hazaras+in+targeted+attack+-+new+investigation&rft.date=2022-09-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amnesty.org%2Fen%2Flatest%2Fnews%2F2022%2F09%2Fafghanistan-taliban-torture-and-execute-hazaras-in-targeted-attack-new-investigation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+in+Afghanistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li>Life Under the Taliban, by Stewart, Gail B.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Human_rights_in_Afghanistan" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Human rights in Afghanistan">Human rights in Afghanistan</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-report-on-international-religious-freedom/afghanistan/">US State Dept 2021 report</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/webcast/unhrc/archive.asp?go=090507">Review of Afghanistan</a> by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Human_Rights_Council" title="United Nations Human Rights Council">United Nations Human Rights Council</a>'s <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Human_Rights_Council#Universal_Periodic_Review_Working_Group" title="United Nations Human Rights Council">Universal Periodic Review</a>, May 7, 2009. (Scroll down past New Zealand.)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070705064037/http://www.ands.gov.af/mdgsgroups.asp">Afghanistan's MDG</a> - <a href="/wiki/Millennium_Development_Goals" title="Millennium Development Goals">Millennium Development Goals</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aihrc.org.af/">Afghanistan Independent Human Rights Commission (AIHRC)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.afghanwomensnetwork.org/">Afghan Women's Network</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070619091337/http://www.wraf.ca/">Women's Rights in Afghanistan Fund</a> - funded by <a href="/wiki/Canadian_International_Development_Agency" title="Canadian International Development Agency">Canadian International Development Agency</a> (CIDA)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081226085343/http://www.cahr.info/index_files/page0019.htm">World Observes International Mine Awareness and Assistance Day</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Asia_Health_Review&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central Asia Health Review (page does not exist)">Central Asia Health Review</a>. Apr. 5,2008</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101007000128/http://cahr.info/index_files/page0015.htm">Poor Sanitation Causes Death among Children under Five in Afghanistan</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Asia_Health_Review&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central Asia Health Review (page does not exist)">Central Asia Health Review</a>. Mar. 14,2008</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060217050833/http://www.ifex.org/en/content/view/full/142/">Freedom of expression in Afghanistan</a> - <a href="/wiki/International_Freedom_of_Expression_Exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="International Freedom of Expression Exchange">IFEX</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060516084045/http://www.advocacynet.org/partner_view/partner_38.html">Omid Learning Centers- Educating Young Afghan Girls</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/campaigns/afghanistan/">HRW - Afghan Election Diary</a> - work on Afghanistan from Human Rights Watch</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6149144.stm">BBC News - Afghan women seek death by fire</a> - 15/11/06</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/afghan-leader-accused-of-bid-to-legalise-rape-1658049.html">[1]</a>- Jerome Saxby: "Afghan leader accused of bid to legalise rape" <i>Independent</i> 31.03.09.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.humanrightsme.info">Human Rights Middle East</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091203154727/http://www.humanrightsme.info/">Archived</a> 2009-12-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151208145519/https://t-o-i.org/what-we-do-2/diy-creations/">DIY Creations-Empowering Women in Afghanistan through business startups.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151208145519/https://t-o-i.org/what-we-do-2/diy-creations/">Children rights in Afghanistan. Transition Home for Orphan Boys in Afghanistan.</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Afghanistan_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Afghanistan_topics" title="Template:Afghanistan topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Afghanistan_topics" title="Template talk:Afghanistan topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Afghanistan_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Afghanistan topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Afghanistan_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Afghanistan" title="Outline of Afghanistan">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Afghanistan" title="History of Afghanistan">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history_of_Afghanistan" title="Ancient history of Afghanistan">Pre-Islamic period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Indus Valley civilisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Khorasan" title="Greater Khorasan">Greater Khorasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokhara_Yabghus" title="Tokhara Yabghus">Yabghus of Tokharistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turk_Shahis" title="Turk Shahis">Turk Shahis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_Shahis" title="Hindu Shahis">Hindu Shahis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquests_of_Afghanistan" title="Muslim conquests of Afghanistan">Islamic conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_Central_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol conquest of Central Asia">Mongol invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotak_dynasty" title="Hotak dynasty">Hotak dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kandahar" title="Siege of Kandahar">Siege of Kandahar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Durrani Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Panipat" title="Third Battle of Panipat">Third Battle of Panipat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dost_Mohammad_Khan" title="Dost Mohammad Khan">Dost Mohammad Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Afghanistan" title="Emirate of Afghanistan">Emirate of Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jamrud" title="Battle of Jamrud">Battle of Jamrud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan%E2%80%93Sikh_Wars" title="Afghan–Sikh Wars">Afghan–Sikh Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="First Anglo-Afghan War">First Anglo-Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="Second Anglo-Afghan War">Second Anglo-Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="Third Anglo-Afghan War">Third Anglo-Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Afghanistan" title="Kingdom of Afghanistan">Kingdom of Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1928%E2%80%931929)" title="Afghan Civil War (1928–1929)">Reforms of Amānullāh Khān and civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saqqawists" title="Saqqawists">Saqqawists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Afghanistan_(1929)" title="Emirate of Afghanistan (1929)">Emirate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Afghanistan_(1973%E2%80%931978)" title="Republic of Afghanistan (1973–1978)">Daoud's Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Afghanistan" title="Democratic Republic of Afghanistan">Democratic Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Afghanistan_(1992%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Afghanistan (1992–present)">since 1992</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Afghanistan" title="Islamic State of Afghanistan">Islamic State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Emirate_of_Afghanistan_(1996%E2%80%932001)" title="Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (1996–2001)">First Islamic Emirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Afghanistan" title="United States invasion of Afghanistan">2001 invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War (2001–2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Afghanistan" title="Islamic Republic of Afghanistan">Islamic Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Second Islamic Emirate</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="By_topic" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Afghan_history" title="Timeline of Afghan history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Arabs_in_Afghanistan" title="History of Arabs in Afghanistan">Arabs in Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_influence_in_Afghanistan" title="European influence in Afghanistan">European influence</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Graveyard_of_empires" title="Graveyard of empires">Graveyard of empires</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan" title="War in Afghanistan">Wars in Afghanistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Afghanistan" title="Geography of Afghanistan">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Afghanistan" title="Subdivisions of Afghanistan">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Afghanistan" title="Template:Borders of Afghanistan">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Afghanistan" title="Climate change in Afghanistan">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Afghanistan" title="List of earthquakes in Afghanistan">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Afghanistan" title="Environmental issues in Afghanistan">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Afghanistan" title="Extreme points of Afghanistan">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Afghanistan" title="List of volcanoes in Afghanistan">Volcanoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Afghanistan" title="Wildlife of Afghanistan">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Afghanistan" title="Demographics of Afghanistan">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Afghanistan" title="Ethnic groups in Afghanistan">Ethnic groups in Afghanistan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Arabs_in_Afghanistan" title="History of Arabs in Afghanistan">Arabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baloch_people" title="Baloch people">Baloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farsiwan" title="Farsiwan">Farsiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurjar" title="Gurjar">Gurjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazaras" title="Hazaras">Hazaras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kho_people" title="Kho people">Kho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuristanis" title="Nuristanis">Nuristanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtuns" title="Pashtuns">Pashtuns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qizilbash" title="Qizilbash">Qizilbash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajiks" title="Tajiks">Tajiks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmens" title="Turkmens">Turkmens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbeks" title="Uzbeks">Uzbeks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Afghanistan" title="Health in Afghanistan">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Afghanistan" title="Languages of Afghanistan">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dari" title="Dari">Persian (Dari)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Afghanistan" title="Women in Afghanistan">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Afghanistan" title="Politics of Afghanistan">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Constitution_of_Afghanistan" title="1964 Constitution of Afghanistan">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jirga" title="Jirga">Loya jirga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leadership_Council_of_Afghanistan" title="Leadership Council of Afghanistan">Leadership Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Leader_of_Afghanistan" title="Supreme Leader of Afghanistan">Supreme Leader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Afghanistan" title="Prime Minister of Afghanistan">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Leader_of_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Deputy Leader of Afghanistan">Deputy Leader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Afghanistan" title="Cabinet of Afghanistan">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_provincial_governors_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of current provincial governors in Afghanistan">Current provincial governors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Afghanistan" title="Foreign relations of Afghanistan">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Afghanistan">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treatment_of_women_by_the_Taliban" title="Treatment of women by the Taliban">women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Afghanistan" title="Supreme Court of Afghanistan">Supreme Court</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Afghanistan" title="Chief Justice of Afghanistan">Chief Justice</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Afghanistan" title="Economy of Afghanistan">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_afghani" title="Afghan afghani">Afghani (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Afghanistan" title="Communications in Afghanistan">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Afghanistan" title="Energy in Afghanistan">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Afghanistan" title="Mining in Afghanistan">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opium_production_in_Afghanistan" title="Opium production in Afghanistan">Opium production in Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Afghanistan" title="Taxation in Afghanistan">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommunications in Afghanistan">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Afghanistan" title="Tourism in Afghanistan">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan%E2%80%93Afghanistan%E2%80%93Pakistan%E2%80%93India_Pipeline" title="Turkmenistan–Afghanistan–Pakistan–India Pipeline">Trans-Afghanistan Pipeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Afghanistan" title="Transport in Afghanistan">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Afghanistan" title="Culture of Afghanistan">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_cuisine" title="Afghan cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Afghanistan" title="Education in Afghanistan">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Afghanistan" title="Flag of Afghanistan">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Afghanistan" title="Music of Afghanistan">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Afghanistan" title="Cinema of Afghanistan">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan_at_the_Olympics" title="Afghanistan at the Olympics">Olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtunwali" title="Pashtunwali">Pashtunwali (Pashtun life)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetry_of_Afghanistan" title="Poetry of Afghanistan">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Afghanistan" title="Religion in Afghanistan">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_rugs" class="mw-redirect" title="War rugs">War rugs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Afghanistan" title="Outline of Afghanistan">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Afghanistan" title="Outline of Afghanistan">Index</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Afghanistan" title="Bibliography of Afghanistan">Bibliography</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Afghanistan" title="Category:Afghanistan">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Afghanistan" title="Portal:Afghanistan">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Human_rights_in_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Asia_topic" title="Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asia_topic" title="Template talk:Asia topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asia_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Human_rights_in_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Asia" title="Human rights in Asia">Human rights in Asia </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Armenia" title="Human rights in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Azerbaijan" title="Human rights in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Bahrain" title="Human rights in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Bangladesh" title="Human rights in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Bhutan" title="Human rights in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Brunei" title="Human rights in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Cambodia" title="Human rights in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_China" title="Human rights in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Cyprus" title="Human rights in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_East_Timor" title="Human rights in East Timor">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Egypt" title="Human rights in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Georgia_(country)" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_India" title="Human rights in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Indonesia" title="Human rights in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Iran" title="Human rights in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Iraq" title="Human rights in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Israel" title="Human rights in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Japan" title="Human rights in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Jordan" title="Human rights in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Kazakhstan" title="Human rights in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_North_Korea" title="Human rights in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_South_Korea" title="Human rights in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Kuwait" title="Human rights in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Human rights in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Laos" title="Human rights in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Lebanon" title="Human rights in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Malaysia" title="Human rights in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Maldives" title="Human rights in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Mongolia" title="Human rights in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Myanmar" title="Human rights in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Nepal" title="Human rights in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Oman" title="Human rights in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Pakistan" title="Human rights in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Philippines" title="Human rights in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Qatar" title="Human rights in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Russia" title="Human rights in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Human rights in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Singapore" title="Human rights in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Human rights in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Syria" title="Human rights in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Tajikistan" title="Human rights in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Thailand" title="Human rights in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Turkey" title="Human rights in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Turkmenistan" title="Human rights in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Human rights in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Uzbekistan" title="Human rights in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Vietnam" title="Human rights in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Yemen" title="Human rights in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br />limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Abkhazia" title="Human rights in Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Northern_Cyprus" title="Human rights in Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_State_of_Palestine" title="Human rights in the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_South_Ossetia" title="Human rights in South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Taiwan" title="Human rights in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Human rights in the British Indian Ocean Territory (page does not exist)">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_Christmas_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Human rights in Christmas Island (page does not exist)">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_in_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Human rights in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (page does not exist)">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Hong_Kong" title="Human rights in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Macau" title="Human rights in Macau">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Asia" title="Category:Asia">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Human_rights_in_the_Middle_East" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Human_rights_in_the_Middle_East" title="Template:Human rights in the Middle East"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Human_rights_in_the_Middle_East" title="Template talk:Human rights in the Middle East"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Human_rights_in_the_Middle_East" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Human rights in the Middle East"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Human_rights_in_the_Middle_East" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Middle_East" title="Human rights in the Middle East">Human rights in the Middle East</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Bahrain" title="Human rights in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Cyprus" title="Human rights in Cyprus">Cyprus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Northern_Cyprus" title="Human rights in Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Egypt" title="Human rights in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Iran" title="Human rights in Iran">Iran</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Imperial_State_of_Iran" title="Human rights in the Imperial State of Iran">Pahlavi Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" title="Human rights in the Islamic Republic of Iran">Islamic Iran</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Iraq" title="Human rights in Iraq">Iraq</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_pre-Saddam_Iraq" title="Human rights in pre-Saddam Iraq">Pre-Saddam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Ba%27athist_Iraq" title="Human rights in Ba'athist Iraq">Ba'ath era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_post-invasion_Iraq" title="Human rights in post-invasion Iraq">Post-Saddam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Kurdistan_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights in Kurdistan Region">Iraqi Kurdistan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Israel" title="Human rights in Israel">Israel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_violations_against_Palestinians_by_Israel" title="Human rights violations against Palestinians by Israel">Palestinians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Jordan" title="Human rights in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Kuwait" title="Human rights in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Lebanon" title="Human rights in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Oman" title="Human rights in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_State_of_Palestine" title="Human rights in the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Qatar" title="Human rights in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Human rights in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Syria" title="Human rights in Syria">Syria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Rojava" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights in Rojava">Rojava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_violations_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights violations during the Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Turkey" title="Human rights in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Human rights in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Dubai" title="Human rights in Dubai">Dubai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Yemen" title="Human rights in Yemen">Yemen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_the_Yemeni_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%93present)" title="War crimes in the Yemeni civil war (2014–present)">Yemeni civil war</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_freedom_in_the_Middle_East" title="Academic freedom in the Middle East">Academic freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbitrary_arrest_and_detention" title="Arbitrary arrest and detention">Arbitrary arrest and detention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_Middle_East" title="Capital punishment in the Middle East">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity" title="Crimes against humanity">Crimes against humanity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruel,_inhuman,_or_degrading_treatment" class="mw-redirect" title="Cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment">Cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_the_Middle_East" class="mw-redirect" title="Democracy in the Middle East">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_the_Middle_East" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of religion in the Middle East">Freedom of religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_the_Middle_East" title="Irreligion in the Middle East">Irreligion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_right_to_water_and_sanitation" title="Human right to water and sanitation">Human right to water and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_the_Middle_East" title="Human trafficking in the Middle East">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafala_system" title="Kafala system">Kafala system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_Middle_East" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the Middle East">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder" title="Murder">Murder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_Middle_East" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in the Middle East">Racism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Arab_world" title="Antisemitism in the Arab world">Antisemitism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_a_fair_trial" title="Right to a fair trial">Right to a fair trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_development" title="Right to development">Right to development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_health" title="Right to health">Right to health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Arab_societies" class="mw-redirect" title="Women in Arab societies">Status of women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">Torture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_first_women%27s_suffrage_in_majority-Muslim_countries" title="Timeline of first women's suffrage in majority-Muslim countries">Women's suffrage, timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_anti_male-guardianship_campaign" title="Saudi anti male-guardianship campaign">Male guardianship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Non-governmental_organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-governmental organisation">NGOs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Pan-Arab" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pan-Arab</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_Network_for_Human_Rights_Information" title="Arabic Network for Human Rights Information">Arabic Network for Human Rights Information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Commission_for_Human_Rights" title="Arab Commission for Human Rights">Arab Commission for Human Rights</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Human_Rights_Project" title="Kurdish Human Rights Project">Kurdish Human Rights Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Initiative_for_Personal_Rights" title="Egyptian Initiative for Personal Rights">Egyptian Initiative for Personal Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defenders_of_Human_Rights_Center" title="Defenders of Human Rights Center">Defenders of Human Rights Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%27Tselem" title="B'Tselem">B'Tselem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Mezan_Center_for_Human_Rights" title="Al Mezan Center for Human Rights">Al Mezan Center for Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_Najdeh" title="Association Najdeh">Association Najdeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Marsad" title="Al-Marsad">al-Marsad</a></li> <li><i>Saudi Arabia:</i> <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_First_Society" title="Human Rights First Society">HRFS (founded 2002)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_the_Protection_and_Defense_of_Women%27s_Rights_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Association for the Protection and Defense of Women's Rights in Saudi Arabia">APDWRSA (2007)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Civil_and_Political_Rights_Association" title="Saudi Civil and Political Rights Association">ACPRA (2009)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_for_Development_and_Change" title="Society for Development and Change">SDC (2011)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Saudi_Organisation_for_Human_Rights" title="European Saudi Organisation for Human Rights">ESOHR (2013)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALQST" title="ALQST">ALQST (2014)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government-organized_non-governmental_organization" title="Government-organized non-governmental organization">GONGOs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Saudi Arabia:</i> <a href="/wiki/National_Society_for_Human_Rights" title="National Society for Human Rights">NSHR (2004)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collective_punishment" title="Collective punishment">Collective punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaza_humanitarian_crisis_(2023%E2%80%93present)" title="Gaza humanitarian crisis (2023–present)">Humanitarian crisis in Gaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Asia" title="Human rights in Asia">Human rights in Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Muslim-majority_countries" title="Human rights in Muslim-majority countries">Human rights in Muslim-majority countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_violations_against_Palestinians_by_Israel" title="Human rights violations against Palestinians by Israel">Human rights violations against Palestinians by Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel_and_apartheid" class="mw-redirect" title="Israel and apartheid">Israel and apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_Association_of_Victims_of_Grave_Human_Rights_Violations_Committed_by_the_Moroccan_State" title="Sahrawi Association of Victims of Grave Human Rights Violations Committed by the Moroccan State">Sahrawi Association of Victims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_Marocaine_des_Droits_Humaine" class="mw-redirect" title="Association Marocaine des Droits Humaine">Association Marocaine des Droits Humaine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div 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