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class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Tapak"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Kandungan" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Kandungan</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Permulaan</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etimologi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etimologi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Etimologi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etimologi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sejarah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sejarah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Sejarah</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sejarah-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Togol subbahagian Sejarah</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sejarah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dunia_purba" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dunia_purba"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Dunia purba</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dunia_purba-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zaman_Pertengahan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zaman_Pertengahan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Zaman Pertengahan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zaman_Pertengahan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Astrolab_dan_Jam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Astrolab_dan_Jam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Astrolab dan Jam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Astrolab_dan_Jam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Penghasilan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Penghasilan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Penghasilan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Penghasilan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Catatan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catatan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Catatan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catatan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rujukan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rujukan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Rujukan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rujukan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pautan_luar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pautan_luar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Pautan luar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pautan_luar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Kandungan" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Togol isi kandungan" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Togol isi kandungan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Astrolab</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke rencana dalam bahasa lain. Tersedia dalam 72 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-72" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">72 bahasa</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrolabium" title="Astrolabium – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Astrolabium" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%B7%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="أسطرلاب – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أسطرلاب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrolabiu" title="Astrolabiu – Asturia" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Astrolabiu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrolyabiya" title="Astrolyabiya – Azerbaijan" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Astrolyabiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="اوسطورلاب – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اوسطورلاب" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrolab" title="Astrolab – Indonesia" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Astrolab" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC" title="অ্যাস্ট্রোল্যাব – Benggali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অ্যাস্ট্রোল্যাব" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Benggali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Астралябія – Belarus" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Астралябія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrolab" title="Astrolab – Bosnia" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Astrolab" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Астролабия – Bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Астролабия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrolabi" title="Astrolabi – Catalonia" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Astrolabi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrol%C3%A1b" title="Astroláb – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Astroláb" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrolabium" title="Astrolabium – Denmark" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Astrolabium" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Denmark" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrolabium" title="Astrolabium – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Astrolabium" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrolaab" title="Astrolaab – Estonia" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Astrolaab" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%83%CF%84%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%AC%CE%B2%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Αστρολάβος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αστρολάβος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrolabe" title="Astrolabe – Inggeris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Astrolabe" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggeris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrolabio" title="Astrolabio – Sepanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Astrolabio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Sepanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrolabo" title="Astrolabo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Astrolabo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrolabio" title="Astrolabio – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Astrolabio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%B7%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="اسطرلاب – Parsi" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اسطرلاب" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Parsi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrolabe" title="Astrolabe – Perancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Astrolabe" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Perancis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astral%C3%A1ib" title="Astraláib – Ireland" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Astraláib" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Ireland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrolabio" title="Astrolabio – Galicia" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Astrolabio" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galicia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%B1%EB%B0%98_(%EC%B2%9C%EB%AC%B8%ED%95%99)" title="성반 (천문학) – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="성반 (천문학)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%A2" title="Աստրոլաբ – Armenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Աստրոլաբ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7" title="तारेक्ष – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="तारेक्ष" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrolab" title="Astrolab – Croatia" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Astrolab" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrolabo" title="Astrolabo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Astrolabo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrolabe" title="Astrolabe – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Astrolabe" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrolabio" title="Astrolabio – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Astrolabio" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-Astrolabe" title="I-Astrolabe – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="I-Astrolabe" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrolabio" title="Astrolabio – Itali" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Astrolabio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Itali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A6%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%91" title="אצטרולב – Ibrani" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אצטרולב" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Ibrani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ასტროლაბი – Georgia" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ასტროლაბი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Астролябия – Kazakhstan" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Астролябия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakhstan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrolab" title="Astrolab – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Astrolab" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrolabs" title="Astrolabs – Latvia" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Astrolabs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrolab" title="Astrolab – Luxembourg" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Astrolab" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astroliabija" title="Astroliabija – Lithuania" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Astroliabija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asztrol%C3%A1bium" title="Asztrolábium – Hungary" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Asztrolábium" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungary" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B1" title="Астролаб – Macedonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Астролаб" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%86%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D" title="ആസ്ട്രോലാബ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ആസ്ട്രോലാബ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrolabium" title="Astrolabium – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Astrolabium" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%AD%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%99" title="アストロラーベ – Jepun" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アストロラーベ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrolabium" title="Astrolabium – Bokmal Norway" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Astrolabium" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Bokmal Norway" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrolabium" title="Astrolabium – Nynorsk Norway" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Astrolabium" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nynorsk Norway" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrolabi" title="Astrolabi – Occitania" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Astrolabi" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrolyabiya" title="Astrolyabiya – Uzbekistan" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Astrolyabiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbekistan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%B7%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="اسطرلاب – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="اسطرلاب" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrolabium" title="Astrolabium – Poland" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Astrolabium" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Poland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrol%C3%A1bio" title="Astrolábio – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Astrolábio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrolab" title="Astrolab – Romania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Astrolab" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Астролябия – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Астролябия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrolabe" title="Astrolabe – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Astrolabe" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrol%C3%A1b" title="Astroláb – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Astroláb" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrolab" title="Astrolab – Slovenia" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Astrolab" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="ئیسترلاب – Kurdi Tengah" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئیسترلاب" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Kurdi Tengah" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B1" title="Астролаб – Serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Астролаб" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrolab" title="Astrolab – SerboCroatia" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Astrolab" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="SerboCroatia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrolabi" title="Astrolabi – Finland" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Astrolabi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrolabium" title="Astrolabium – Sweden" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Astrolabium" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Sweden" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%9A" title="แอสโตรเลบ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แอสโตรเลบ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc_tr%E1%BA%AFc_tinh" title="Thước trắc tinh – Vietnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thước trắc tinh" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B1" title="Устурлоб – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Устурлоб" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usturlap" title="Usturlap – Turki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Usturlap" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Астролябія – Ukraine" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Астролябія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraine" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%B7%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="اسطرلاب – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اسطرلاب" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrolabyo" title="Astrolabyo – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Astrolabyo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%98%9F%E7%9B%98" title="星盘 – Cina Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="星盘" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Cina Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%98%9F%E7%9B%A4" title="星盤 – Kantonis" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="星盤" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kantonis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%98%9F%E7%9B%98" title="星盘 – Cina" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="星盘" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Cina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q164992#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Sunting pautan antara bahasa" class="wbc-editpage">Sunting pautan</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Ruang nama"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Astrolab" title="Lihat laman kandungan [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Rencana</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Perbincangan:Astrolab" rel="discussion" title="Perbincangan mengenai laman kandungan [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Perbincangan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tukar kelainan bahasa" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Bahasa Melayu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Rupa"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Astrolab"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astrolab&veaction=edit" title="Sunting laman ini [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Sunting</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astrolab&action=edit" title="Sunting kod sumber untuk laman ini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Sunting sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astrolab&action=history" title="Semakan terdahulu bagi laman ini [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Lihat sejarah</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Alatan laman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Peralatan" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Peralatan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Peralatan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Lagi pilihan" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tindakan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Astrolab"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astrolab&veaction=edit" title="Sunting laman ini [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Sunting</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astrolab&action=edit" title="Sunting kod sumber untuk laman ini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Sunting sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astrolab&action=history"><span>Lihat sejarah</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Umum </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Pautan_ke_sini/Astrolab" title="Senarai semua laman wiki yang mengandungi pautan ke laman ini [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Pautan ke laman ini</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Perubahan_berkaitan/Astrolab" rel="nofollow" title="Perubahan terkini bagi laman yang dipaut dari laman ini [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Perubahan berkaitan</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=ms" title="Muat naik fail [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Muat naik fail</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Laman_khas" title="Senarai semua laman khas [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Laman khas</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astrolab&oldid=5215724" title="Pautan kekal ke semakan laman ini"><span>Pautan kekal</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astrolab&action=info" title="Maklumat lanjut mengenai laman ini"><span>Maklumat laman</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Petik_laman_ini&page=Astrolab&id=5215724&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Maklumat tentang cara memetik laman ini"><span>Petik laman ini</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fms.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAstrolab"><span>Dapatkan URL pendek</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fms.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAstrolab"><span>Muat turun kod QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Cetak/eksport </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Buku&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Astrolab"><span>Cipta buku</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:DownloadAsPdf&page=Astrolab&action=show-download-screen"><span>Muat turun sebagai PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astrolab&printable=yes" title="Versi boleh cetak bagi laman ini [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versi boleh cetak</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dalam projek lain </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Astrolabes" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q164992" title="Pautan ke item repositori data yang bersambung [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Butir Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Alatan laman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Penampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Penampilan</div> <button 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Iranian_Astrolabe_14.jpg/220px-Iranian_Astrolabe_14.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Iranian_Astrolabe_14.jpg/330px-Iranian_Astrolabe_14.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Iranian_Astrolabe_14.jpg/440px-Iranian_Astrolabe_14.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="3616" /></a><figcaption>Sebuah astrolab moden, dihasilkan di <a href="/wiki/Tabriz" title="Tabriz">Tabriz</a>, Iran pada 2013.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Astrolabe_quadrant_England_1388.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Astrolabe_quadrant_England_1388.jpg/220px-Astrolabe_quadrant_England_1388.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Astrolabe_quadrant_England_1388.jpg/330px-Astrolabe_quadrant_England_1388.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Astrolabe_quadrant_England_1388.jpg/440px-Astrolabe_quadrant_England_1388.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2088" data-file-height="1659" /></a><figcaption>Sukuan astrolab, England, 1388</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Astrolab.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Astrolab.JPG/220px-Astrolab.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Astrolab.JPG/330px-Astrolab.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c9/Astrolab.JPG 2x" data-file-width="338" data-file-height="343" /></a><figcaption>Astrolab abad ke-16 dengan rete <i>tulip</i> dan <a href="/wiki/Pembaris" title="Pembaris">pembaris</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Astrolab</b> (<a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Yunani_Kuno" title="Bahasa Yunani Kuno">Bahasa Yunani Kuno</a>: [ἀστρολάβον <i>astrolabon</i>, "pengambil bintang"] <span style="color:#d33">Error: {{Lang}}: teks mempunyai penanda italik (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategori:Ralat_templat_Lang_dan_lang-xx&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategori:Ralat templat Lang dan lang-xx (laman tidak wujud)">bantuan</a>)</span>)<sup id="cite_ref-oed_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oed-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> merupakan sejenis alat <a href="/w/index.php?title=Inklinometer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inklinometer (laman tidak wujud)">inklinometer</a> penuh perincian yang pernah digunakan oleh ahli <a href="/wiki/Astronomi" title="Astronomi">astronomi</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengemudi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pengemudi (laman tidak wujud)">pengemudi</a>, dan ahli <a href="/wiki/Astrologi" title="Astrologi">astrologi</a>. Antara pelbagai kegunaannya adalah menentukan kedudukan serta meramal kedudukan <a href="/wiki/Matahari" title="Matahari">Matahari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulan" title="Bulan">Bulan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Planet" title="Planet">planet</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Bintang" title="Bintang">bintang</a>, menentukan waktu tempatan berpandukan latitud setempat dan sebaliknya, mengukur, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Penyegitigaan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penyegitigaan (laman tidak wujud)">penyegitigaan</a>, serta menilik <a href="/wiki/Horoskop" title="Horoskop">horoskop</a>. Astrolab digunakan dalam <a href="/wiki/Baharian_klasik" title="Baharian klasik">baharian klasik</a>, termasuk <a href="/wiki/Zaman_Kegemilangan_Islam" title="Zaman Kegemilangan Islam">Zaman Kegemilangan Islam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zaman_Pertengahan" title="Zaman Pertengahan">Zaman Pertengahan</a> Eropah dan <a href="/wiki/Zaman_Pembaharuan" title="Zaman Pembaharuan">Zaman Pembaharuan</a> untuk kesemua tujuan ini. Di dunia Islam, astrolab juga digunakan untuk menghitung arah <a href="/wiki/Kiblat" title="Kiblat">kiblat</a> serta mendapat pasti waktu <a href="/wiki/Solat" title="Solat">solat</a>. </p><p>Biarpun berguna untuk menentukan latitud di daratan, namun astrolab yang biasa kurang sesuai digunakan di atas kapal yang terhuyung-hayang atau dalam angin kuat. Oleh itu, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Astrolab_pelaut&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Astrolab pelaut (laman tidak wujud)">astrolab pelaut</a> direka untuk mengatasi masalah-masalah itu. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etimologi">Etimologi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astrolab&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Sunting bahagian: Etimologi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astrolab&action=edit&section=1" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Etimologi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a> memberikan terjemahan "star-taker" untuk perkataan "astrolabe" dan menyusur galurnya menerusi bahasa Latin Zaman Pertengahan kepada perkataan dalam <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Yunani" title="Bahasa Yunani">bahasa Yunani</a> <i>astrolabos</i><sup id="cite_ref-oed_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oed-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from astron "star" and lambanein "to take".<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dalam dunia Islam Zaman Pertengahan, perkataan "asturlab" (yakni astrolab) diberi pelbagai etimologi. Dalam teks-teks bahasa Arab, perkataan itu diterjemahkan sebagai "akhdh al-kawakib" ("mengambil planet) yang secocok dengan terjemahan perkataan Yunani itu.<sup id="cite_ref-King_1981_44_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-King_1981_44-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Al-Biruni" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Biruni">Al-Biruni</a> memetik dan mengkritik ahli sains Zaman Pertengahan <a href="/w/index.php?title=De&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="De (laman tidak wujud)">de</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hamzah_al-Isfahani:de&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hamzah al-Isfahani:de (laman tidak wujud)">Hamzah al-Isfahani</a>]</span> yang menyatakan:<sup id="cite_ref-King_1981_44_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-King_1981_44-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "asturlab ialah pengaraban frasa bahasa Parsi" (<i>sitara yab</i>, bermaksud "pengambil bintang-bintang").<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dalam sumber-sumber Islam Zaman Pertengahan, terdapat juga etimologi "rekaan" dan popular perkataan itu sebagai "garisan Lab". Dalam etimologi popular ini, "Lab" ialah seorang anak Nabi Idris. Etimologi ini disebutkan oleh ahlli sains kurun ke-10 bernama <a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Qummi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Qummi (laman tidak wujud)">al-Qummi</a> tetapi disanggah oleh <a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Khwarizmi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Khwarizmi (laman tidak wujud)">al-Khwarizmi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Lab" dalam bahasa Arab juga bermaksud "matahari" dan "tempat berbatu hitam"(cf. Dictionary). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sejarah">Sejarah</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astrolab&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Sunting bahagian: Sejarah" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astrolab&action=edit&section=2" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Sejarah"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dunia_purba">Dunia purba</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astrolab&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Sunting bahagian: Dunia purba" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astrolab&action=edit&section=3" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Dunia purba"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Astrolab terawal dicipta di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dunia_Yunani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dunia Yunani (laman tidak wujud)">dunia Yunani</a> pada 150 SM dan sering disandarkan kepada <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hipparchus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hipparchus (laman tidak wujud)">Hipparchus</a>. Merupakan gabungan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Planisfera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Planisfera (laman tidak wujud)">planisfera</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dioptra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dioptra (laman tidak wujud)">dioptra</a>, astrolab sebenarnya adalah sebuah kalkulator analog yang berupaya menyelesaikan pelbagai masalah dalam astronomi sfera. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Theon_dari_Alexandria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theon dari Alexandria (laman tidak wujud)">Theon dari Alexandria</a> menulis karya mendalam mengenai astrolab, dan <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#CITEREFLewis2001">Lewis (2001</a>) berhujah bahawa <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a> menggunakan astrolab untuk melakukan cerapan astronomi yang tercatat di dalam <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetrabiblos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tetrabiblos (laman tidak wujud)">Tetrabiblos</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Astrolab terus digunakan di dunia ber<a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Yunani" title="Bahasa Yunani">bahasa Yunani</a> sepanjang Era <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bizantin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bizantin (laman tidak wujud)">Bizantin</a>. Kira-kira 550 M ahli falsafah Kristian <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Philoponus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Philoponus (laman tidak wujud)">John Philoponus</a> menulis sebuah karya tentang astrolab dalam bahasa Yunani, yang merupakan karya berbahasa Yunani terawal mengenai alat ini yang masih wujud.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Di samping itu, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Severus_Sebokht&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Severus Sebokht (laman tidak wujud)">Severus Sebokht</a>, seorang <a href="/wiki/Biskop" class="mw-redirect" title="Biskop">biskop</a> yang tinggal di <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>, juga menulis sebuah karya tentang astrolab dalam <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Suryani" title="Bahasa Suryani">bahasa Suryani</a> pada pertengahan kurun ke-7.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Severus Sebokht, di dalam mukadimah karyanya, merujuk pada astrolab sebagai sesuatu yang dibuat daripada loyang, menunjukkan bahawa astrolab logam telah pun dikenali di kalangan Kristian Timur sebelum ia dimajukan di dunia Islam atau Barat Latin.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zaman_Pertengahan">Zaman Pertengahan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astrolab&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Sunting bahagian: Zaman Pertengahan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astrolab&action=edit&section=4" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Zaman Pertengahan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Tusi_manus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Tusi_manus.jpg/220px-Tusi_manus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Tusi_manus.jpg/330px-Tusi_manus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Tusi_manus.jpg/440px-Tusi_manus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533" /></a><figcaption>Sebuah karya yang menerangkan kepentingan astrolab oleh <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nasir_al-Din_al-Tusi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nasir al-Din al-Tusi (laman tidak wujud)">Nasir al-Din al-Tusi</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Jean_Fusoris_planispheric_astrolabe_in_Putnam_Gallery,_2009-11-24.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Jean_Fusoris_planispheric_astrolabe_in_Putnam_Gallery%2C_2009-11-24.jpg/220px-Jean_Fusoris_planispheric_astrolabe_in_Putnam_Gallery%2C_2009-11-24.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Jean_Fusoris_planispheric_astrolabe_in_Putnam_Gallery%2C_2009-11-24.jpg/330px-Jean_Fusoris_planispheric_astrolabe_in_Putnam_Gallery%2C_2009-11-24.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Jean_Fusoris_planispheric_astrolabe_in_Putnam_Gallery%2C_2009-11-24.jpg/440px-Jean_Fusoris_planispheric_astrolabe_in_Putnam_Gallery%2C_2009-11-24.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2439" data-file-height="3046" /></a><figcaption>Astrolab <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fr (laman tidak wujud)">fr</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Fusoris:fr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean Fusoris:fr (laman tidak wujud)">Jean Fusoris</a>]</span>, dihasilkan di <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, 1400</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Astrolabe-Persian-18C.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Astrolabe-Persian-18C.jpg/220px-Astrolabe-Persian-18C.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Astrolabe-Persian-18C.jpg/330px-Astrolabe-Persian-18C.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Astrolabe-Persian-18C.jpg/440px-Astrolabe-Persian-18C.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1061" data-file-height="972" /></a><figcaption>Sebuah astrolab <a href="/wiki/Parsi" title="Parsi">Parsi</a> kurun ke-18</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Astrolabe,_18th_century,_disassembled.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Astrolabe%2C_18th_century%2C_disassembled.jpg/220px-Astrolabe%2C_18th_century%2C_disassembled.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Astrolabe%2C_18th_century%2C_disassembled.jpg/330px-Astrolabe%2C_18th_century%2C_disassembled.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Astrolabe%2C_18th_century%2C_disassembled.jpg/440px-Astrolabe%2C_18th_century%2C_disassembled.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2627" data-file-height="2550" /></a><figcaption>Astrolab kurun ke-18 yang dicerai-ceraikan</figcaption></figure> <p>Astrolab selanjutnya dimajukan di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dunia_Islam_Zaman_Pertengahan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dunia Islam Zaman Pertengahan (laman tidak wujud)">dunia Islam Zaman Pertengahan</a>, tempat <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahli_falak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ahli falak (laman tidak wujud)">ahli falak</a> Muslim memperkenalkan skala sudut kepada astrolab,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> lalu menambah bulatan yang menandakan <a href="/wiki/Azimut" title="Azimut">azimut</a> di atas <a href="/wiki/Ufuk" title="Ufuk">ufuk</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ia digunakan secara meluas di serata dunia Islam, sebahagian besarnya sebagai <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kelengkapan_pandu_arah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kelengkapan pandu arah (laman tidak wujud)">kelengkapan pandu arah</a> dan sebagai cara mencari arah <a href="/wiki/Kiblat" title="Kiblat">kiblat</a>. Orang pertama yang dianggap membuat astrolab di dunia Islam ialah dilaporkan bernama <a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhammad_al-Fazari&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muhammad al-Fazari (laman tidak wujud)">Muhammad al-Fazari</a>, ahli matematik kurun ke-8.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Latar belakang matematik dimantapkan oleh ahli falak Muslim yang bernama <a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhammad_ibn_J%C4%81bir_al-Harr%C4%81n%C4%AB_al-Batt%C4%81n%C4%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muhammad ibn Jābir al-Harrānī al-Battānī (laman tidak wujud)">Muhammad ibn Jābir al-Harrānī al-Battānī</a> di dalam karya beliau <i>Kitab az-Zij</i> (sekitar 920 M), yang diterjemahkan ke <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Latin" title="Bahasa Latin">bahasa Latin</a> oleh <a href="/w/index.php?title=Plato_Tiburtinus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plato Tiburtinus (laman tidak wujud)">Plato Tiburtinus</a> dengan judul <i>De Motu Stellarum</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyofinformation.com/expanded.php?id=2340">Astrolab bertarikh terawal yang masih bertahan</a> bertarikh 315H (927/8 M). Di dunia Islam, astrolab digunakan untuk mengetahui masa matahari terbit dan kemunculan bintang-bintang pegun, untuk membantu menjadualkan sembahyang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Subuh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Subuh (laman tidak wujud)">Subuh</a>. Pada kurun ke-10, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Sufi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Sufi (laman tidak wujud)">al-Sufi</a> pertama kali menggambarkan lebih daripada 1000 kegunaan berbeza bagi astrolab, dalam bidang-bidang seperti <a href="/wiki/Ilmu_falak" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilmu falak">ilmu falak</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ilmu_nujum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ilmu nujum (laman tidak wujud)">ilmu nujum</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengemudian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pengemudian (laman tidak wujud)">pengemudian</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengarasan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pengarasan (laman tidak wujud)">pengarasan</a>, pengiraan waktu, <a href="/wiki/Solat" title="Solat">solat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kiblat" title="Kiblat">kiblat</a> dsb.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Astrolabium_Masha%27allah_Public_Library_Brugge_Ms._522.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Astrolabium_Masha%27allah_Public_Library_Brugge_Ms._522.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Astrolabium_Masha%27allah_Public_Library_Brugge_Ms._522.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Astrolabium_Masha%27allah_Public_Library_Brugge_Ms._522.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Astrolabium_Masha%27allah_Public_Library_Brugge_Ms._522.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Astrolabium_Masha%27allah_Public_Library_Brugge_Ms._522.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Astrolabium_Masha%27allah_Public_Library_Brugge_Ms._522.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2740" data-file-height="3873" /></a><figcaption>Astrolabium Masha'Allah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nl (laman tidak wujud)">nl</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_Library_Bruges:Openbare_Bibliotheek_Brugge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Public Library Bruges:Openbare Bibliotheek Brugge (laman tidak wujud)">Public Library Bruges</a>]</span> Ms. 522</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astrolab_sfera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Astrolab sfera (laman tidak wujud)">Astrolab sfera</a>, satu variasi bagi astrolab dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sfera_armilari&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sfera armilari (laman tidak wujud)">sfera armilari</a>, dicipta semasa <a href="/wiki/Zaman_Pertengahan" title="Zaman Pertengahan">Zaman Pertengahan</a> oleh ahli falak dan perekacipta di dunia Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gambaran terawal astrolab sfera bertarikh pada zaman <a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Nayrizi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Nayrizi (laman tidak wujud)">Al-Nayrizi</a> (aktif 892–902). Pada kurun ke-12, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sharaf_al-D%C4%ABn_al-T%C5%ABs%C4%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sharaf al-Dīn al-Tūsī (laman tidak wujud)">Sharaf al-Dīn al-Tūsī</a> mencipta <i>astrolab lelurus</i>, kadang kala dipanggil "tongkat al-Tusi", yang merupakan "sebatang rod kayu ringkas dengan tanda-tanda darjah tetapi tanpa penglihatan. Ia dilengkapkan dengan tali ladung dan perentas kembar untuk membuat pengiraan sudut dan menjadi penunjuk berlubang."<sup id="cite_ref-MacTutor_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacTutor-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Astrolab mekanikal ber<a href="/wiki/Gear" title="Gear">gear</a> pertama kemudiannya dicipta oleh Abu Bakr di <a href="/wiki/Isfahan" class="mw-redirect" title="Isfahan">Isfahan</a> pada tahun 1235.<sup id="cite_ref-Bedini_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bedini-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_of_Maricourt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter of Maricourt (laman tidak wujud)">Peter of Maricourt</a>, pada separuh terakhir kurun ke-13, juga menulis sebuah karya tentang pembuatan dan penggunaan astrolab sejagat (<i>Nova compositio astrolabii particularis</i>). Astrolab sejagat dapat dilihat di Muzium Sejarah Sains di Oxford. </p><p>Pengarang Inggeris <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Chaucer" title="Geoffrey Chaucer">Geoffrey Chaucer</a> (sekitar 1343–1400) menyusun sebuah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Treatise_on_the_Astrolabe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Treatise on the Astrolabe (laman tidak wujud)">karya tentang astrolab</a> untuk anaknya, sebahagian besarnya berdasarkan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mashallah_ibn_Athari&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mashallah ibn Athari (laman tidak wujud)">Messahalla</a>. Sumber yang sama diterjemahkan oleh ahli falak dan ahli nujum Perancis <a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%A9lerin_de_Prusse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pélerin de Prusse (laman tidak wujud)">Pélerin de Prusse</a> dan lain-lain. Buku bercetak yang pertama tentang astrolab ialah <i>Composition and Use of Astrolabe</i> oleh <a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_of_Prachatice&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christian of Prachatice (laman tidak wujud)">Christian of Prachatice</a> yang juga berdasarkan Messahalla, tetapi agak original. </p><p>Pada tahun 1370, karya <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> yang pertama tentang astrolab ditulis oleh ahli falak <a href="/wiki/Jain" class="mw-redirect" title="Jain">Jain</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahendra_Suri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mahendra Suri (laman tidak wujud)">Mahendra Suri</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Astrolab logam yang pertama dikenali di Eropah Barat ialah astrolab Destombes yang dibuat daripada loyang di Sepanyol pada kurun ke-10.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Astrolab logam terlepas daripada ledingan yang mudah terjadi pada astrolab kayu yang besar, lalu membolehkan pembinaan peralatan yang lebih besar dan jadi lebih tepat; bagaimana pun, astrolab logam juga lebih berat daripada peralatan kayu bagi saiz yang sama, lalu membuatkannya sukar diguna sebagai peralatan pandu arah.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Astrolab hampir pasti pertama kali dibawa ke utara Pyrenees oleh Gerbert of Aurillac (kemudiannya <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_Sylvester_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pope Sylvester II (laman tidak wujud)">Pope Sylvester II</a>), di sana ia disepadukan ke dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Quadrivium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quadrivium (laman tidak wujud)">quadrivium</a> di sekolah di Reims, Perancis, suatu ketika sebelum peralihan kurun ke-11.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pada kurun ke-15, pembuat peralatan Perancis <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fr (laman tidak wujud)">fr</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Fusoris:fr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean Fusoris:fr (laman tidak wujud)">Jean Fusoris</a>]</span> (sekitar 1365–1436) juga mula menjual astrolab di kedai di <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, bersama-sama <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jam_suria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jam suria (laman tidak wujud)">jam suria</a> mudah alih dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gajet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gajet (laman tidak wujud)">gajet</a> saintifik lain yang popular pada masa itu. 13 buah astrolabnya masih bertahan sehingga hari ini.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Akhir sekali, satu lagi contoh istimewa ketukangan di Eropah pada awal kurun ke-15 ialah astrolab yang bertarikh 1420, yang direka bentuk oleh Antonius de Pacento dan dihasilkan oleh Dominicus de Lanzano.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pada kurun ke-16, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_St%C3%B6ffler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johannes Stöffler (laman tidak wujud)">Johannes Stöffler</a> menerbitkan <i>Elucidatio fabricae ususque astrolabii</i>, sebuah manual tentang pembinaan dan penggunaan astrolab. Empat buah astrolab kurun ke-16 yang serupa dibuat oleh <a href="/w/index.php?title=Georg_Hartmann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georg Hartmann (laman tidak wujud)">Georg Hartmann</a> memberikan sebahagian bukti terawal bagi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengeluaran_kelompok&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pengeluaran kelompok (laman tidak wujud)">pengeluaran kelompok</a> oleh <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembahagian_kerja&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pembahagian kerja (laman tidak wujud)">pembahagian kerja</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Astrolab_dan_Jam">Astrolab dan Jam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astrolab&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Sunting bahagian: Astrolab dan Jam" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astrolab&action=edit&section=5" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Astrolab dan Jam"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pada mulanya <a href="/wiki/Jam_astronomi" title="Jam astronomi">jam astronomi</a> mekanikal dipengaruhi oleh astrolab; dalam banyak segi ia kelihatan seperti astrolab sawat jam yang direkabentuk untuk menghasilkan paparan berterusan bagi kedudukan semasa matahari, bintang dan planet. Sebagai contoh, jam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_dari_Wallingford&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard dari Wallingford (laman tidak wujud)">Richard dari Wallingford</a> (sekitar 1330) pada asasnya terdiri daripada sebuah peta bintang yang berputar di belakang rete tetap, serupa dengan yang ada pada astrolab.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Banyak jam astronomi, seperti <a href="/w/index.php?title=Prague_Orloj&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prague Orloj (laman tidak wujud)">jam di Prague</a> yang terkenal itu, menggunakan paparan gaya astrolab yang menggunapakai unjuran stereografik satah ekliptik (lihat di bawah). </p><p>Contohnya, pada tahun 1985 pembuat jam <a href="/wiki/Swiss" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss">Swiss</a> Dr. Ludwig Oechslin telah merekabentuk dan menghasilkan sebuah <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ulysse-nardin.ch/en/swiss_watch_manufacturer/Collection/Archive/Astrolabium_G._Galilei.html">jam tangan astrolab</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110102024043/http://www.ulysse-nardin.ch/en/swiss_watch_manufacturer/Collection/Archive/Astrolabium_G._Galilei.html">Diarkibkan</a> 2011-01-02 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> bersempena dengan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulysse_Nardin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ulysse Nardin (laman tidak wujud)">Ulysse Nardin</a>. Pembuat jam <a href="/wiki/Belanda" title="Belanda">Belanda</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.klaauw.com/">Christaan van der Klauuw</a> juga menghasilkan jam astrolab. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Penghasilan">Penghasilan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astrolab&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Sunting bahagian: Penghasilan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astrolab&action=edit&section=6" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Penghasilan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Yale%27s_Hartmann_astrolabe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Yale%27s_Hartmann_astrolabe.jpg/220px-Yale%27s_Hartmann_astrolabe.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Yale%27s_Hartmann_astrolabe.jpg/330px-Yale%27s_Hartmann_astrolabe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Yale%27s_Hartmann_astrolabe.jpg/440px-Yale%27s_Hartmann_astrolabe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2110" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Astrolab <a href="/w/index.php?title=Georg_Hartmann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georg Hartmann (laman tidak wujud)">Hartmann</a> dalam koleksi <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Yale University">Yale</a>. Alat ini mempamerkan rete dan pembarisnya.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Globe_Celeste_Louvre_Asturlabi_DSC_0713.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Globe_Celeste_Louvre_Asturlabi_DSC_0713.JPG/220px-Globe_Celeste_Louvre_Asturlabi_DSC_0713.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Globe_Celeste_Louvre_Asturlabi_DSC_0713.JPG/330px-Globe_Celeste_Louvre_Asturlabi_DSC_0713.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Globe_Celeste_Louvre_Asturlabi_DSC_0713.JPG/440px-Globe_Celeste_Louvre_Asturlabi_DSC_0713.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Glob Cakerawala, Isfahan (?), Iran 1144. Dipamerkan di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Louvre_Museum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Louvre Museum (laman tidak wujud)">Louvre Museum</a>, glob ini adalah yang ketiga tertua yang masih bertahan di dunia</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Planispheric_astrolabe.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Planispheric_astrolabe.png/220px-Planispheric_astrolabe.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Planispheric_astrolabe.png/330px-Planispheric_astrolabe.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Planispheric_astrolabe.png/440px-Planispheric_astrolabe.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="918" /></a><figcaption>Astrolab planisferik janaan komputer</figcaption></figure> <p>Astrolab terdiri daripada cakera yang dipanggil <i>mater</i> (induk), yang cukup dalam untuk memegang satu atau lebih plat rata yang dipanggil <i>tympans</i>, atau <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clime&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clime (laman tidak wujud)">climate</a></i>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tympan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tympan (laman tidak wujud)">Tympan</a> dibuat bagi <a href="/wiki/Latitud" title="Latitud">latitud</a> tertentu dan diukir dengan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Unjuran_stereografik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Unjuran stereografik (laman tidak wujud)">unjuran stereografik</a> bulatan yang menandakan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Azimuth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Azimuth (laman tidak wujud)">azimuth</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Altitud" title="Altitud">altitud</a> dan mewakili bahagian <a href="/wiki/Sfera_cakerawala" title="Sfera cakerawala">sfera cakerawala</a> di atas ufuk tempatan. Rim mater biasanya dibahagikan kepada <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jam_(masa)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jam (masa) (laman tidak wujud)">jam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Darjah_(sudut)" title="Darjah (sudut)"> darjah arc</a> atau kedua-duanya. Di atas mater dan tympan, <i>rete</i>, sebuah rangka yang menunjukkan unjuran satah <a href="/wiki/Ekliptik" title="Ekliptik">ekliptik</a> dan beberapa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Penunjuk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penunjuk (laman tidak wujud)">penunjuk</a> yang menunjukkan kedudukan <a href="/wiki/Bintang" title="Bintang">bintang</a>-bintang yang paling terang, bebas berputar. Penunjuk-penunjuk ini selalunya cuma hujung yang mudah, tetapi bergantung pada kemahiran si tukang ia mampu menjadi berhias dan artistik. Terdapat contoh-contoh astrolab dengan penunjuk artistik dalam bentuk bebola, bintang, ular, tangan, kepala anjing dan dedaun, antaranya.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sesetengah astrolab mempunyai <i><a href="/wiki/Pembaris" title="Pembaris">pembaris</a></i> atau <i>label</i> yang berputar di atas rete, dan mungkin ditandakan dengan skala <a href="/wiki/Keserongan" title="Keserongan">keserongan</a>. </p><p>Rete, yang mewakili <a href="/wiki/Langit" title="Langit">langit</a>, berfungsi sebagai <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carta_bintang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carta bintang (laman tidak wujud)">carta bintang</a>. Apabila ia diputarkan, bintang dan <a href="/wiki/Ekliptik" title="Ekliptik">ekliptik</a> bergerak di atas unjuran koordinat di atas tympan. Satu putaran lengkap bersamaan dengan berlalunya satu hari. Jadi astrolab adalah pelopor <a href="/w/index.php?title=Planisfera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Planisfera (laman tidak wujud)">planisfera</a> moden. </p><p>Pada belakang maater biasanya terukir sejumlah skala yang berguna bagi pelbagai aplikasi astrolab; ini berbeza-beza mengikut perekabentuk, tetapi mungkin memasukkan lengkung bagi penukaran masa, <a href="/wiki/Kalendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalendar">kalendar</a> bagi menukar hari dalam sesuatu bulan kepada kedudukan matahari di atas ekliptik, skala trigonometri, dan senggatan 360 darjah sekeliling hujung bahagian belakang. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alhidade&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alhidade (laman tidak wujud)">Alidade</a></i> dilampirkan pada permukaan bahagian belakang. Alidade dapat dilihat pada ilustrasi bawah kanan bagi astrolab Parsi di atas. Apabila astrolab digantungkan secara menegak, alidade dapat diputarkan dan matahari atau bintang akan dilihat sepanjang kepanjangannya, supaya altitudnya dalam darjah dapat dibaca ("diambil") daripada hujung astrolab yang bersenggat; justeru itu akar perkataan Yunani: "astron" (ἄστρον) = bintang + "lab-" (λαβ-) = mengambil. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Catatan">Catatan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astrolab&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Sunting bahagian: Catatan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astrolab&action=edit&section=7" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Catatan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6173370">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-oed-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-oed_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oed_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.oed.com/cgi/entry/50013806">astrolabe</a>, <i>Oxford English Dictionary</i> 2nd ed. 1989</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/astrolabe?q=astrolabe">Astrolabe</a>, on Oxford Dictionaries</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5110723">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=astrolabe">"Online Etymology Dictionary"</a>. Etymonline.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">2013-11-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.pub=Etymonline.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3Dastrolabe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AAstrolab" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-King_1981_44-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-King_1981_44_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-King_1981_44_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#CITEREFKing1981">King (1981</a>:44)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#CITEREFKing1981">King (1981</a>:51)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#CITEREFKing1981">King (1981</a>:45)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#CITEREFEvans1998">Evans (1998</a>:155) "The astrolabe was in fact an invention of the ancient Greeks."<br /><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#CITEREFKrebsKrebs2003">Krebs & Krebs (2003</a>:56) "It is generally accepted that Greek astrologers, in either the first or second centuries BC, invented the <i>astrolabe</i>, an instrument that measures the altitude of stars and planets above the horizon. Some historians attribute it's invention to Hipparchus"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Modern editions of <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Philoponus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Philoponus (laman tidak wujud)">John Philoponus</a>' treatise on the astrolabe are <i>De usu astrolabii eiusque constructione libellus</i> (On the Use and Construction of the Astrolabe), ed. Heinrich Hase, Bonn: E. Weber, 1839, <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/165707441">165707441</a> (or id. Rheinisches Museum für Philologie 6 (1839): 127–71); repr. and translated into French by Alain Philippe Segonds, <i>Jean Philopon, traité de l'astrolabe,</i> Paris: Librairie Alain Brieux, 1981, <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/10467740">10467740</a>; and translated into English by H.W. Green in R.T. Gunther, <i>The Astrolabes of the World</i>, Vol. 1/2, Oxford, 1932, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Templat:OL&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Templat:OL (laman tidak wujud)">Templat:OL</a> repr. London: Holland Press, 1976, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Templat:OL&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Templat:OL (laman tidak wujud)">Templat:OL</a> pp. 61–81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFO'Leary1948" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=De_Lacy_O%27Leary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="De Lacy O'Leary (laman tidak wujud)">O'Leary, De Lacy</a> (1948). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aina.org/books/hgsptta.htm"><i>How Greek Science passed to the Arabs</i></a>. Routledge and Kegan Paul.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Greek+Science+passed+to+the+Arabs&rft.pub=Routledge+and+Kegan+Paul&rft.date=1948&rft.aulast=O%27Leary&rft.aufirst=De+Lacy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aina.org%2Fbooks%2Fhgsptta.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AAstrolab" class="Z3988"></span> "The most distinguished Syriac scholar of this later period was <a href="/w/index.php?title=Severus_Sebokht&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Severus Sebokht (laman tidak wujud)">Severus Sebokht</a> (d. 666-7), Bishop of Kennesrin. [...] In addition to these works [...] he also wrote on astronomical subjects (Brit. Mus. Add. 14538), and composed a treatise on the astronomical instrument known as the astrolabe, which has been edited and published by F. Nau (Paris, 1899)." <br />Severus' treatise was translated by Jessie Payne Smith Margoliouth in R.T. Gunther, <i>Astrolabes of the World</i>, Oxford, 1932, pp. 82–103.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFSebokht" class="citation web cs1">Sebokht, Severus. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/severus_sebokht_astrolabe_01_trans.htm">"Description of the astrolabe"</a>. Tertullian.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Description+of+the+astrolabe&rft.pub=Tertullian.org&rft.aulast=Sebokht&rft.aufirst=Severus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tertullian.org%2Ffathers%2Fseverus_sebokht_astrolabe_01_trans.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AAstrolab" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See p. 289 of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFMartin1923" class="citation cs2">Martin, L. C. (1923), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iopscience.iop.org/1475-4878/24/5/302/">"Surveying and navigational instruments from the historical standpoint"</a>, <i>Transactions of the Optical Society</i>, <b>24</b> (5): 289–303, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1923TrOS...24..289M">1923TrOS...24..289M</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1475-4878%2F24%2F5%2F302">10.1088/1475-4878/24/5/302</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Siri_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Siri Piawai Antarabangsa">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1475-4878">1475-4878</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+Optical+Society&rft.atitle=Surveying+and+navigational+instruments+from+the+historical+standpoint&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=289-303&rft.date=1923&rft.issn=1475-4878&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F1475-4878%2F24%2F5%2F302&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1923TrOS...24..289M&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=L.+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fiopscience.iop.org%2F1475-4878%2F24%2F5%2F302%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AAstrolab" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFVictor_J._Katz_&_Annette_Imhausen2007" class="citation cs2">Victor J. Katz & Annette Imhausen (2007), <i>The Mathematics of Egypt, Mesopotamia, China, India, and Islam: a Sourcebook</i>, <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>, m/s. 519, <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/0-691-11485-4" title="Khas:Sumber buku/0-691-11485-4"><bdi>0-691-11485-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mathematics+of+Egypt%2C+Mesopotamia%2C+China%2C+India%2C+and+Islam%3A+a+Sourcebook&rft.pages=519&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=0-691-11485-4&rft.au=Victor+J.+Katz+%26+Annette+Imhausen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AAstrolab" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Nelson_Frye&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard Nelson Frye (laman tidak wujud)">Richard Nelson Frye</a>: <i>Golden Age of Persia</i>. p. 163</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dr. Emily Winterburn (<a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Maritime_Museum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Maritime Museum (laman tidak wujud)">National Maritime Museum</a>), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.muslimheritage.com/topics/default.cfm?ArticleID=529">Using an Astrolabe</a>, Foundation for Science Technology and Civilisation, 2005.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFLachièz-ReyLuminet2001" class="citation book cs1">Lachièz-Rey, Marc; Luminet, Jean-Pierre (2001). <i>Celestial Treasury: From the Music of Spheres to the Conquest of Space</i>. Trans. Joe Laredo. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. m/s. 74. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-0-521-80040-2" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-0-521-80040-2"><bdi>978-0-521-80040-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Celestial+Treasury%3A+From+the+Music+of+Spheres+to+the+Conquest+of+Space&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pages=74&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-521-80040-2&rft.aulast=Lachi%C3%A8z-Rey&rft.aufirst=Marc&rft.au=Luminet%2C+Jean-Pierre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AAstrolab" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Emilie Savage-Smith (1993). "Book Reviews", <i>Journal of Islamic Studies</i> <b>4</b> (2), pp. 296–299. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6366573">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 50px;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.5em;padding-top:1.0em;margin-top:0}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"There is no evidence for the Hellenistic origin of the spherical astrolabe, but rather evidence so far available suggests that it may have been an early but distinctly Islamic development with no Greek antecedents."</p></blockquote></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MacTutor-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MacTutor_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/John_J._O%27Connor_(ahli_matematik)" class="mw-redirect" title="John J. O'Connor (ahli matematik)">O'Connor, John J.</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmund_F._Robertson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edmund F. Robertson (laman tidak wujud)">Robertson, Edmund F.</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Al-Tusi_Sharaf.html">"Sharaf al-Din al-Muzaffar al-Tusi"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Arkib_MacTutor_History_of_Mathematics" title="Arkib MacTutor History of Mathematics">arkib <i>MacTutor History of Mathematics</i></a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Universiti_St_Andrews" title="Universiti St Andrews">Universiti St Andrews</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sharaf+al-Din+al-Muzaffar+al-Tusi&rft.btitle=arkib+MacTutor+History+of+Mathematics&rft.pub=Universiti+St+Andrews&rft.aulast=O%27Connor&rft.aufirst=John+J.&rft.au=Robertson%2C+Edmund+F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk%2FBiographies%2FAl-Tusi_Sharaf.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AAstrolab" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bedini-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bedini_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silvio_Bedini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silvio Bedini (laman tidak wujud)">Silvio A. Bedini</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_Maddison&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francis Maddison (laman tidak wujud)">Francis R. Maddison</a> (1966). "Mechanical Universe: The Astrarium of Giovanni de' Dondi", <i>Transactions of the American Philosophical Society</i> <b>56</b> (5), pp. 1–69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFGlick,_eds.2005" class="citation cs2">Glick, eds.; dll. (2005), <i>Medieval Science, Technology, and Medicine: An Encyclopedia</i>, Routledge, m/s. 464, <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/0-415-96930-1" title="Khas:Sumber buku/0-415-96930-1"><bdi>0-415-96930-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Science%2C+Technology%2C+and+Medicine%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=464&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-415-96930-1&rft.au=Glick%2C+eds.&rft.au=%3CPlease+add+first+missing+authors+to+populate+metadata.%3E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AAstrolab" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1_maint:_extra_text:_authors_list" title="Kategori:CS1 maint: extra text: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.qantara-med.org/qantara4/public/show_document.php?do_id=1379&lang=en">"Qantara - 'Carolingian' astrolabe"</a>. Qantara-med.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">2013-11-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Qantara+-+%E2%80%98Carolingian%E2%80%99+astrolabe&rft.pub=Qantara-med.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.qantara-med.org%2Fqantara4%2Fpublic%2Fshow_document.php%3Fdo_id%3D1379%26lang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AAstrolab" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nancy Marie Brown (2010), "The Abacus and the Cross". Page 140. Basic Books. <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/9780465009503" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-465-00950-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFBoyle2011" class="citation book cs1">Boyle, David (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x92SNeDpKqsC&pg=PA253"><i>Toward the Setting Sun: Columbus, Cabot, Vespucci, and the Race for America</i></a>. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. m/s. 253. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/9780802779786" title="Khas:Sumber buku/9780802779786"><bdi>9780802779786</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Toward+the+Setting+Sun%3A+Columbus%2C+Cabot%2C+Vespucci%2C+and+the+Race+for+America&rft.pages=253&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing+USA&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780802779786&rft.aulast=Boyle&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dx92SNeDpKqsC%26pg%3DPA253&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AAstrolab" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nancy Marie Brown (2010), "The Abacus and the Cross". Page 143. basic Books. <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/9780465009503" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-465-00950-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFHockey2009" class="citation book cs1">Hockey, Thomas (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.springerreference.com/docs/html/chapterdbid/58493.html"><i>The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers</i></a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Springer_Publishing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Springer Publishing (laman tidak wujud)">Springer Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-0-387-31022-0" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-0-387-31022-0"><bdi>978-0-387-31022-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">August 22,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Biographical+Encyclopedia+of+Astronomers&rft.pub=Springer+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-387-31022-0&rft.aulast=Hockey&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerreference.com%2Fdocs%2Fhtml%2Fchapterdbid%2F58493.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AAstrolab" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ralf Kern (2010), <i>Wissenschaftliche Instrumente in ihrer Zeit</i>. Band 1: Vom Astrolab zum mathematischen Besteck. Cologne, S. 204. <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/9783865608659" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-3-86560-865-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">North (2005)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFStephensonBoltFriedman2000" class="citation book cs1">Stephenson, Bruce; Bolt, Marvin; Friedman, Anna Felicity (2000). <i>The Universe Unveiled: Instruments and Images through History</i>. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. m/s. 108–109. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/0-521-79143-X" title="Khas:Sumber buku/0-521-79143-X"><bdi>0-521-79143-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Universe+Unveiled%3A+Instruments+and+Images+through+History&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pages=108-109&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-521-79143-X&rft.aulast=Stephenson&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft.au=Bolt%2C+Marvin&rft.au=Friedman%2C+Anna+Felicity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AAstrolab" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rujukan">Rujukan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astrolab&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Sunting bahagian: Rujukan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astrolab&action=edit&section=8" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Rujukan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFEvans1998" class="citation cs2">Evans, James (1998), <i>The History and Practice of Ancient Astronomy</i>, Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/0-19-509539-1" title="Khas:Sumber buku/0-19-509539-1"><bdi>0-19-509539-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+and+Practice+of+Ancient+Astronomy&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-19-509539-1&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AAstrolab" class="Z3988"></span>.</li></ul> <ul><li>Alessandro Gunella and John Lamprey, <i>Stoeffler's Elucidatio</i> (translation of Elucidatio fabricae ususque astrolabii into English). Published by John Lamprey, 2007.</li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFKrebsKrebs2003" class="citation cs2">Krebs, Robert E.; Krebs, Carolyn A. (2003), <i>Groundbreaking Scientific Experiments, Inventions, and Discoveries of the Ancient World</i>, Greenwood Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Groundbreaking+Scientific+Experiments%2C+Inventions%2C+and+Discoveries+of+the+Ancient+World&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Krebs&rft.aufirst=Robert+E.&rft.au=Krebs%2C+Carolyn+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AAstrolab" class="Z3988"></span>.</li></ul> <ul><li>Edgar Laird. "Astrolabes and the Construction of Time in the Late Middle Ages." In: <i>Constructions of Time in the Late Middle Ages</i>. Ed. Carol Poster and Richard Utz. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 1997, pp. 51–69.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFKing1981" class="citation cs2">King, D. A (1981), "The Origin of the Astrolabe According to the Medieval Islamic Sources", <i>Journal for the History of Arabic Science</i>, <b>5</b>: 43–83</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+for+the+History+of+Arabic+Science&rft.atitle=The+Origin+of+the+Astrolabe+According+to+the+Medieval+Islamic+Sources&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=43-83&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=D.+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AAstrolab" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFLewis2001" class="citation cs2">Lewis, M. J. T. (2001), <i>Surveying Instruments of Greece and Rome</i>, Cambridge University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Surveying+Instruments+of+Greece+and+Rome&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=M.+J.+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AAstrolab" class="Z3988"></span>.</li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFMorrison2007" class="citation cs2">Morrison, James E (2007), <i>The Astrolabe</i>, Janus, <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-0-939320-30-1" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-0-939320-30-1"><bdi>978-0-939320-30-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Astrolabe&rft.pub=Janus&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-939320-30-1&rft.aulast=Morrison&rft.aufirst=James+E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AAstrolab" class="Z3988"></span>.</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_David_North&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John David North (laman tidak wujud)">John David North</a> (2005), <i>God's Clockmaker: Richard of Wallingford and the Invention of Time</i>, Continuum International Publishing Group, <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/9781852854515" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-1-85285-451-5</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Critical edition of <i> Pélerin de Prusse on the Astrolabe</i> (translation of <i>Practique de Astralabe</i>). Editors Edgar Laird, Robert Fischer. Binghamton, New York, 1995, in <i>Medieval & Renaissance Texts & Studies</i>. <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/0866981322" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-86698-132-2</a></li></ul> <ul><li>King, Henry <i>Geared to the Stars: the Evolution of Planetariums, Orreries, and Astronomical Clocks</i> University of Toronto Press, 1978</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pautan_luar">Pautan luar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astrolab&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Sunting bahagian: Pautan luar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astrolab&action=edit&section=9" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Pautan luar"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle, #f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1);color:inherit"> <tbody><tr> <td class="mbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></td> <td class="mbox-text plainlist"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Laman_Utama" class="extiw" title="commons:Laman Utama">Wikimedia Commons</a> mempunyai media berkaitan: <i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Astrolabe" class="extiw" title="commons:Special:Search/Astrolabe">Astrolab</a></b></i>.</td></tr> </tbody></table> <table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle, #f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1);color:inherit"> <tbody><tr> <td class="mbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></td> <td class="mbox-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikisource">Wikisumber</a> mempunyai teks dari artikel di <a href="/wiki/Ensiklopedia_Britannica_Edisi_Ke-11" title="Ensiklopedia Britannica Edisi Ke-11"><i>Ensiklopedia Britannica</i> 1911</a> <i><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/">Astrolab</a></b></i>.</td></tr> </tbody></table> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eso.org/~ohainaut/bin/astrolabe.cgi">penjana astrolab kertas, daripada ESO</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blip.tv/file/2260323">"Hello World!" for the Astrolabe: The First Computer</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.is/20130113230602/http://blip.tv/file/2260323">Diarkibkan</a> 2013-01-13 di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Archive.today&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Archive.today (laman tidak wujud)">archive.today</a> Video of Howard Covitz's Presentation at Ignite Phoenix, June 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.slideshare.net/hcovitz/the-astrolabe-the-first-computer-or-hello-world-on-the-astrolabe">Slides for Presentation</a> Licensed as <a href="/w/index.php?title=By-nc-nd&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="By-nc-nd (laman tidak wujud)">Creative Commons by-nc-nd</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ted.com/talks/tom_wujec_demos_the_13th_century_astrolabe.html">Video of Tom Wujec demonstrating an astrolabe.</a> Taken at <a href="/w/index.php?title=TEDGlobal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TEDGlobal (laman tidak wujud)">TEDGlobal 2009</a>. Includes clickable transcript. Licensed as <a href="/w/index.php?title=By-nc-nd&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="By-nc-nd (laman tidak wujud)">Creative Commons by-nc-nd</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.astrolabes.org">Astrolab</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170508124755/http://www.astrolabes.org/">Diarkibkan</a> 2017-05-08 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rogivue.com/xoops/modules/news/article.php?storyid=13">A working model of the Dr. Ludwig Oechslin's Astrolabium Galileo Galilei watch</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rogivue.com/xoops/modules/news/article.php?storyid=14">Ulysse Nardin Astrolabium Galilei Galileo: A Detailed Explanation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mhs.ox.ac.uk/astrolabe/">Fully illustrated online catalogue of world's largest collection of astrolabes</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.myastrolabe.org">Mobile astrolabe and horologium</a></li> <li>Medieval equal hour <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/news/2011-11-09/one-man27s-trash-is-another27s-centuries-old-treasure/3654974">horary quadrant</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://astro.berkeley.edu/~mhughes/Teaching_&_Outreach_files/astrolabe.pdf">Panduan bagi pemula tentang asas penghasilan dan penggunaan astrolab</a> (menggunakan pembaris, protaktor dan jangkalukis).</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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