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Skaņuplate — Vikipēdija
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class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Saturs" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Pārslēgt satura rādītāju" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Pārslēgt satura rādītāju</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Skaņuplate</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pāriet uz rakstu citā valodā. Pieejams 59 valodās" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-59" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">59 valodas</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammofoonplaat" title="Grammofoonplaat – afrikandu" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Grammofoonplaat" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikandu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%B5_%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86%D9%88%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81" title="قرص فونوغراف – arābu" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قرص فونوغراف" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arābu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%86%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Грамафонная пласцінка – baltkrievu" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Грамафонная пласцінка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="baltkrievu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B0" title="Грамофонна плоча – bulgāru" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Грамофонна плоча" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgāru" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disc_fonogr%C3%A0fic" title="Disc fonogràfic – katalāņu" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Disc fonogràfic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalāņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%86%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D9%81%DB%86%D9%86%DB%86%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81" title="تۆماری فۆنۆگراف – centrālkurdu" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="تۆماری فۆنۆگراف" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="centrālkurdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gramofonov%C3%A1_deska" title="Gramofonová deska – čehu" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Gramofonová deska" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="čehu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammofonplade" title="Grammofonplade – dāņu" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Grammofonplade" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="dāņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="labs raksts"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schallplatte" title="Schallplatte – vācu" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schallplatte" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="vācu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%AF%CF%83%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%86%CF%8E%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%85" title="Δίσκος γραμμοφώνου – grieķu" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δίσκος γραμμοφώνου" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grieķu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonograph_record" title="Phonograph record – angļu" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Phonograph record" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="angļu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gramofondisko" title="Gramofondisko – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Gramofondisko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disco_fonogr%C3%A1fico" title="Disco fonográfico – spāņu" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Disco fonográfico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spāņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliplaat" title="Heliplaat – igauņu" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Heliplaat" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="igauņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disko_fonografiko" title="Disko fonografiko – basku" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Disko fonografiko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basku" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%AD%D9%87_%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86" title="صفحه گرامافون – persiešu" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="صفحه گرامافون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disque_phonographique" title="Disque phonographique – franču" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Disque phonographique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franču" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%98" title="תקליט – ivrits" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תקליט" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ivrits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AB_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8" title="फोनोग्राफ मशीन – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="फोनोग्राफ मशीन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gramofonska_plo%C4%8Da" title="Gramofonska ploča – horvātu" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Gramofonska ploča" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="horvātu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanglemez" title="Hanglemez – ungāru" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hanglemez" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungāru" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%81%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF" title="Ձայնապնակ – armēņu" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ձայնապնակ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armēņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piringan_hitam" title="Piringan hitam – indonēziešu" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Piringan hitam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonēziešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gramofon-disko" title="Gramofon-disko – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Gramofon-disko" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hlj%C3%B3mplata" title="Hljómplata – islandiešu" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hljómplata" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disco_fonografico" title="Disco fonografico – itāļu" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Disco fonografico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="itāļu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AC%E3%82%B3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89" title="レコード – japāņu" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="レコード" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japāņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90" title="გრამფირფიტა – gruzīnu" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გრამფირფიტა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="gruzīnu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D2%93%D1%8B" title="Граммофон табағы – kazahu" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Граммофон табағы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazahu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B6%95%EC%9D%8C%EA%B8%B0_%EC%9D%8C%EB%B0%98" title="축음기 음반 – korejiešu" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="축음기 음반" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="korejiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonodiscus" title="Phonodiscus – latīņu" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Phonodiscus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latīņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schallplack" title="Schallplack – luksemburgiešu" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Schallplack" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luksemburgiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammofoonplaat" title="Grammofoonplaat – limburgiešu" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Grammofoonplaat" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburgiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B0" title="Грамофонска плоча – maķedoniešu" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Грамофонска плоча" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="maķedoniešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piring_hitam" title="Piring hitam – malajiešu" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Piring hitam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malajiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1" title="ग्रामोफोन रेकर्ड – nepāliešu" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="ग्रामोफोन रेकर्ड" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepāliešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammofoonplaat" title="Grammofoonplaat – holandiešu" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Grammofoonplaat" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="holandiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammofonplate" title="Grammofonplate – jaunnorvēģu" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Grammofonplate" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="jaunnorvēģu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammofonplate" title="Grammofonplate – norvēģu bukmols" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Grammofonplate" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvēģu bukmols" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%82yta_gramofonowa" title="Płyta gramofonowa – poļu" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Płyta gramofonowa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poļu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruqyay_phiruru" title="Ruqyay phiruru – kečvu" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Ruqyay phiruru" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="kečvu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disc_de_gramofon" title="Disc de gramofon – rumāņu" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Disc de gramofon" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumāņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Грампластинка – krievu" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Грампластинка" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="krievu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gramofonska_plo%C4%8Da" title="Gramofonska ploča – serbu–horvātu" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Gramofonska ploča" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbu–horvātu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gramophone_record" title="Gramophone record – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Gramophone record" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gramof%C3%B3nov%C3%A1_plat%C5%88a" title="Gramofónová platňa – slovāku" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Gramofónová platňa" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovāku" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gramofonska_plo%C5%A1%C4%8Da" title="Gramofonska plošča – slovēņu" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Gramofonska plošča" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovēņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B0" title="Грамофонска плоча – serbu" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Грамофонска плоча" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammofonskiva" title="Grammofonskiva – zviedru" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Grammofonskiva" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="zviedru" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AB%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AB%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%8D" title="ఫోనోగ్రాఫ్ రికార్డ్ – telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఫోనోగ్రాఫ్ రికార్డ్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9C%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%87" title="แผ่นเสียง – taju" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แผ่นเสียง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="taju" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plak" title="Plak – turku" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Plak" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turku" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Грамофонна платівка – ukraiņu" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Грамофонна платівка" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukraiņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammofon_plastinkasi" title="Grammofon plastinkasi – uzbeku" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Grammofon plastinkasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbeku" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%C4%A9a_than" title="Đĩa than – vjetnamiešu" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đĩa than" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vjetnamiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E8%83%B6%E5%94%B1%E7%89%87" title="黑胶唱片 – vu ķīniešu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="黑胶唱片" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="vu ķīniešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E8%86%A0%E5%94%B1%E7%89%87" title="黑膠唱片 – ķīniešu" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="黑膠唱片" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="ķīniešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khek-p%C3%B4a%E2%81%BF" title="Khek-pôaⁿ – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Khek-pôaⁿ" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E8%86%A0%E7%A2%9F" title="黑膠碟 – kantoniešu" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" 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href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q16629185" title="Saistītais Vikidatu ieraksts [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Ieraksts Vikidatos</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Lapas rīki"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Izskats"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Izskats</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">pārvietot uz sānjoslu</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">paslēpt</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Vikipēdijas lapa</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="lv" dir="ltr"><p><b>Skaņuplate</b> (saukta arī <b>vinila plate</b> jeb vienkārši <b>plate</b>) ir analogais skaņas nesējs, divpusējs, retāk vienpusējs <a href="/w/index.php?title=Disks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Disks (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">disks</a>, kas izveidots no sintētiskiem materiāliem (sākotnēji no <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0ellaka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Šellaka (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">šellakas</a>), uz kura virsmas vai virsmām iespiesta nepārtraukta viļņaina iedobe jeb celiņš kā <a href="/wiki/Ska%C5%86a" title="Skaņa">skaņas viļņu</a> atveids. <a href="/wiki/19._gadsimts" title="19. gadsimts">19. gadsimta</a> beigās un visu <a href="/wiki/20._gadsimts" title="20. gadsimts">20. gadsimtu</a> skaņuplate bija svarīgākais audio nesējs. Skaņu plates galvenie plusi bija ērta masveida tiražēšanas iespēja ar karstās iespiešanas veidu, skaņuplates neietekmēja elektriskie un magnētiskie lauki. Negatīvās īpašības ir nenoturība pret temperatūras izmaiņām un nodilumu, kad pie biežas skaņuplates klausīšanās pasliktinās tās audio īpašības. Latvijas teritorijā pirmā vinila plate latviešu valodā izdota 1903. gadā.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Skaņuplates_vēsture"><span id="Ska.C5.86uplates_v.C4.93sture"></span>Skaņuplates vēsture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ska%C5%86uplate&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Labot sadaļu: Skaņuplates vēsture" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>labot šo sadaļu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ska%C5%86uplate&action=edit&section=1" title="Labot sadaļas vikikodu: Skaņuplates vēsture"><span>labot pirmkodu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Par pašu primitīvāko skaņuplates pirmsākumu var uzskatīt muzikālo lādīti, kur muzikālās melodijas ieraksta atskaņošanai tiek izmantots metāla disks, kurā ir izveidota dziļa spirālveida iedobe. Noteiktās vietās iedobē tika izveidoti punktveida padziļinājumi, kuru izvietojums ir atkarīgs no melodijas. Disku griež pulksteņa mehānisms, speciāla metāliska adata slīd pa iedobi un "nolasa" izvietoto punktu secību. Adata savienota ar <a href="/w/index.php?title=Meh%C4%81nisk%C4%81_membr%C4%81na&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mehāniskā membrāna (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">membrānu</a>, kura pie katras adatas iekrišanas punktveida padziļinājumā rada skaņu. </p><p>Pašreiz par senāko skaņuplati tiek uzskatīts skaņas ieraksts, kas tika izveidots 1860. gadā. Skaņu ierakstu pētniecības grupas "First Sounds" pētnieki to atrada 2008. gada 1. martā <a href="/wiki/Par%C4%ABze" title="Parīze">Parīzes</a> arhīvā. Viņi spēja atskaņot šo tautasdziesmas skaņu ierakstu, kuru 1860. gadā bija izveidojis <a href="/wiki/Fran%C4%8Di" title="Franči">franču</a> izgudrotājs Eduards Leons Skots de Martenvils ar "fonoautogrāfa" (tā to sauca 1860. gadā) palīdzību. Ierakstā skan 10 sekundes ilgs franču tautasdziesmas fragments. Fonoautogrāfs ieskrāpēja skaņu celiņus papīra lapā, kas apkvēpināta eļļas lampas dūmos.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Att%C4%93ls:EdisonPhonograph.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/EdisonPhonograph.jpg/220px-EdisonPhonograph.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/EdisonPhonograph.jpg/330px-EdisonPhonograph.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/EdisonPhonograph.jpg/440px-EdisonPhonograph.jpg 2x" data-file-width="552" data-file-height="540" /></a><figcaption>Tomasa Edisona fonogrāfs, 1899. gads</figcaption></figure> <p>1877. gadā franču zinātnieks <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0arls_Kro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Šarls Kro (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Šarls Kro</a> pirmo reizi zinātniski pamatoja skaņas ierakstu uz diska un tā atskaņošanas principus. Tā paša gada vidū jaunais <a href="/wiki/Amerik%C4%81%C5%86i_(n%C4%81cija)" class="mw-redirect" title="Amerikāņi (nācija)">amerikāņu</a> izgudrotājs <a href="/wiki/Tomass_Edisons" title="Tomass Edisons">Tomass Edisons</a> izgudroja un patentēja <a href="/wiki/Fonogr%C4%81fs" title="Fonogrāfs">fonogrāfu</a>, kurā skaņa tiek ierakstīta uz cilindriskas vārpstas, kas ietīta <a href="/wiki/Alum%C4%ABnijs" title="Alumīnijs">alumīnija</a> folijā (vai papīra lentā, kas pārklāta ar <a href="/wiki/Vaski" title="Vaski">vaska</a> kārtu) ar adatas (griežņa) palīdzību, kas saistīts ar membrānu; adata iegravē folijas virsmā vītņveidīgu dažāda dziļuma iedobi. Šis fonogrāfs ar vaska vārpstu neguva plašu pielietojumu grūtās ierakstu kopēšanas funkcijas, ātrās vārpstu nodilšanas un sliktās atskaņošanas kvalitātes dēļ. </p><p>1887. gadā <a href="/wiki/V%C4%81cija" title="Vācija">vācu</a> inženieris <a href="/wiki/Em%C4%ABls_Berliners" title="Emīls Berliners">Emīls Berliners</a> piedāvāja izmantot diska formas ieraksta nesēju. Strādājot pie savas idejas, Berliners iesākumā uztaisīja un izmēģināja Šarla Kro pirms 20 gadiem izgudroto ierīci, izmantojot <a href="/wiki/Hroms" title="Hroms">hroma</a> plates vietā <a href="/wiki/Cinks" title="Cinks">cinka</a> plati. Emīls Berliners aizvietoja vārpstas ar diskiem (metāliskām matricām), no kurām varēja tiražēt kopijas. Ar to palīdzību presēja gramofonu plates. Viena matrica ļāva iespiest veselu tirāžu - ne mazāk par 500 platēm, kas ievērojami samazināja ražošanas izdevumus un produkcijas cenu. Atšķirībā no Edisona fonogrāfa, Berliners skaņas ierakstīšanai izveidoja speciālu iekārtu — rekorderu, bet ierakstu atskaņošanai izveidoja citu ierīci — gramofonu, kuru patentēja 1887. gada 26. septembrī.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 20. gadsimtā membrāna tika aizvietota ar <a href="/wiki/Mikrofons" title="Mikrofons">mikrofonu</a>, kas pārvērta skaņas svārstības elektriskajās svārstībās. </p><p>1892. gadā tika izstrādāta galvaniskā tiražēšanas metode ar cinka diska pozitīvu, kā arī skaņuplašu presēšanas tehnoloģija no <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ebon%C4%ABts&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ebonīts (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">ebonīta</a> ar tērauda preses matrici. Bet ebonīts bija dārgs izejmateriāls un drīzumā tika aizvietots ar kompozītmasu uz šellakas bāzes. Plates kļuva kvalitatīvākas un lētākas, tātad, pieejamākas, bet to galvenā nepilnība bija zema mehāniskā izturība — pēc stingrības tās līdzinājās stiklam. Šellakas skaņuplates ražoja līdz 20. gadsimta vidum, kamēr tās neaizvietoja ar vēl lētākām platēm no <a href="/wiki/Polivinilhlor%C4%ABds" title="Polivinilhlorīds">polivinilhlorīda</a> jeb vinila.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Raksturīpašības"><span id="Rakstur.C4.ABpa.C5.A1.C4.ABbas"></span>Raksturīpašības</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ska%C5%86uplate&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Labot sadaļu: Raksturīpašības" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>labot šo sadaļu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ska%C5%86uplate&action=edit&section=2" title="Labot sadaļas vikikodu: Raksturīpašības"><span>labot pirmkodu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pašu pirmo skaņuplašu <a href="/wiki/Diametrs" title="Diametrs">diametrs</a> bija 6,89 <a href="/wiki/Colla" title="Colla">collas</a> un tās tika sauktas par 7 collu vai 175 <a href="/wiki/Milimetrs" title="Milimetrs">milimetru</a> platēm. Šis senākais standarts parādījās jau 1890. gadu sākumā. Skaņuplates tika apzīmētas ar 7″, kur ″ ir diametra izmērs collās. Savas evolūcijas iesākumā skaņuplatēm bija liels griešanās ātrums un liels celiņa biezums, kas zīmīgi samazināja skanēšanas ilgumu — tikai 2 minūtes viena plates puse. Divpusējās skaņuplates parādījās 1903. gadā. Šajā pašā gadā parādījās pirmās 11,89 jeb 12 collu (12″) skaņuplates ar 300 milimetru diametru. Līdz 20. gadsimta 10. gadiem uz tām pārsvarā izlaida mūzikas klasiķu skaņdarbu fragmentus, jo uz plates varēja izvietot aptuveni 5 minūtes garus skaņdarbus. </p><p>Trešais no populārākajiem kļuva 10 collu (10") vai 250 milimetru izmērs, uz šīm skaņuplatēm varēja izvietot pusotru reizi vairāk materiālu, nekā standarta 7 collu skaņuplatēs. Šo skaņuplašu kalpošanas mūžs nebija ilgs, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ska%C5%86as_no%C5%86%C4%93m%C4%93js&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Skaņas noņēmējs (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">skaņas noņēmējs</a> svēra vairāk nekā 100 <a href="/wiki/Grams" title="Grams">gramus</a>, bet tērauda adatas nācās mainīt pēc katras skaņuplates puses atskaņošanas. </p><p>20. gadsimta 20. gadu beigās notika pirmā skaņuplašu ierakstu pasaules revolūcija, kad skaņas ierakstīšanu caur <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rupors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rupors (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">ruporu</a> aizvietoja ar elektroakustisko - mikrofonu. 30. gados jau ražoja skaņuplates ar vienu skaņdarbu uz vienas puses, bieži viena izpildītāja koncertieraksts tika pārdots vairākos skaņuplašu komplektos, pārsvarā kartona, retāk ādas iepakojumu kārbās. Kārbu ārējās līdzības ar foto albumiem dēļ tās sāka saukt par <i>record albums</i> jeb ierakstu albumiem. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Otrā_revolūcija"><span id="Otr.C4.81_revol.C5.ABcija"></span>Otrā revolūcija</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ska%C5%86uplate&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Labot sadaļu: Otrā revolūcija" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>labot šo sadaļu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ska%C5%86uplate&action=edit&section=3" title="Labot sadaļas vikikodu: Otrā revolūcija"><span>labot pirmkodu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Att%C4%93ls:45rpm.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/45rpm.jpg/220px-45rpm.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/45rpm.jpg/330px-45rpm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/45rpm.jpg/440px-45rpm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2265" data-file-height="2258" /></a><figcaption>Singls, kas ierakstīts skaņuplatē ar griešanās ātrumu 45 apgr/min</figcaption></figure> <p>1948. gadā to laiku viens no vecākajiem skaņu ierakstu uzņēmumiem <a href="/wiki/Amerikas_Savienot%C4%81s_Valstis" title="Amerikas Savienotās Valstis">ASV</a> "<i>Columbia</i>" pirmais izlaida tā saucamo <a href="/wiki/LP_ieraksts" title="LP ieraksts">ilgspēlējošo skaņuplati</a> jeb <i>Long Play</i> (LP). Ilgspēlējošās skaņuplates izdošanu stimulēja <a href="/wiki/Konkurence" title="Konkurence">konkurences</a> cīņa ar magnētiskajiem audio nesējiem, kas tobrīd bija magnetofona lenšu spoles. Lai varētu konkurēt ar lenšu cenām un nezaudētu skaņas kvalitāti, tika izgudrots jauns materiāls — vinils. Ilgspēlējošās skaņuplates ir paredzētas elektroakustiskajai atskaņošanai ar elektrisko skaņuplašu atskaņotāju, elektrofonu, kā arī kompakto <a href="/w/index.php?title=Radiola&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radiola (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">radiolu</a> palīdzību. Šis izgudrojums ļāva nozīmīgi palielināt ierakstāmo frekvenču joslu no 50 līdz 16000 <a href="/wiki/Hercs" title="Hercs">Hz</a>, pilnībā saglabāt skaņas <a href="/wiki/Tembrs" title="Tembrs">tembru</a>, kā arī palielināt ieraksta dinamisko diapazonu līdz 50-57 <a href="/wiki/Decibels" title="Decibels">dB</a>, samazināt trokšņu līmeni, paaugstināt skanējuma kvalitāti. Elektrisko skaņas noņēmēju, kas darbojās ar pastiprinātāju, izgudrošana ļāva atvieglot adatu un veidot to daudz smalkāku, tādēļ samazinājās arī skaņuplates iedobes platums un diska griešanās ātrums. </p><p>Atkarībā no 45 apgr/min skaņuplates satura tiek izmantoti nosaukumi <i>Single</i>, <i>Maxi-Single</i> jeb <i>Extended Play</i> (EP). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Atsauces">Atsauces</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ska%C5%86uplate&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Labot sadaļu: Atsauces" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>labot šo sadaļu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ska%C5%86uplate&action=edit&section=4" title="Labot sadaļas vikikodu: Atsauces"><span>labot pirmkodu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="references-small" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Atis Gunvaldis Bērziņš „Latviešu skaņuplašu vēsture” — Laika grāmata, Rīga 2015. (1. daļa) <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9934511193" title="Special:BookSources/9934511193">ISBN 9934511193</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://science.compulenta.ru/352721/">Pats senākais skaņas ieraksts tika veikts 1860. gadā</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080607204427/http://science.compulenta.ru/352721/">Arhivēts</a> 2008. gada 7. jūnijā, <i><a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i> vietnē., Михаил Карпов, "Компьюлента" <span style="font-size:0.95em; color:#555;">(krieviski)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nanoscopy.org/tutorial/nanoscopy_course/pirogova/history_of_cantelever_1.htm">1877</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rt.mipt.ru/misc/radio/index9.html">Mehāniskās skaņu ierakstīšanas vēsture.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081029110752/http://www.rt.mipt.ru/misc/radio/index9.html">Arhivēts</a> 2008. gada 29. oktobrī, <i><a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i> vietnē., rt.mipt.ru <span style="font-size:0.95em; color:#555;">(krieviski)</span></span> </li> </ol></div> <table cellspacing="0" class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:2px;"><table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Autoritat%C4%ABv%C4%81_vad%C4%ABba" title="Autoritatīvā vadība">Autoritatīvā vadība</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> <ul><li>GND: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4052032-8">4052032-8</a></span></li> <li>NDL: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00569383">00569383</a></span></li> <li>NKC: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=fd186718&CON_LNG=ENG">fd186718</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐74dc4d995d‐ghb26 Cached time: 20241103114540 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.082 seconds Real time usage: 0.126 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 458/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 3457/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 175/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 23/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 2418/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.027/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 1194047/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 99.849 1 -total 51.10% 51.027 1 Veidne:Atsauces 35.40% 35.351 1 Veidne:Autoritatīvā_vadība 31.36% 31.314 1 Veidne:ISBN 15.43% 15.402 1 Veidne:Main_other 13.59% 13.573 3 Veidne:Dat 10.57% 10.553 3 Veidne:Diena.mēnesis-saite 9.37% 9.360 2 Veidne:Webarchive 7.66% 7.645 3 Veidne:Diena.mēnesis_nbsp 3.81% 3.808 3 Veidne:Mēnesis-locījumā --> <!-- Saved in parser cache with key lvwiki:pcache:idhash:113935-0!canonical and timestamp 20241103114540 and revision id 3966121. 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