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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Badianus.jpg/220px-Badianus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Badianus.jpg/330px-Badianus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Badianus.jpg/440px-Badianus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="443" data-file-height="568" /></a><figcaption>A page of the <i>Libellus</i> illustrating the <i>tlahçolteoçacatl, tlayapaloni, axocotl</i> and <i>chicomacatl</i> plants, used to make a remedy for <i>lęsum & male tractatum corpus</i>, "injured and badly treated body"</figcaption></figure> <p>The <i><b>Libellus de Medicinalibus Indorum Herbis</b></i> (<a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> for "Little Book of the Medicinal Herbs of the Indians") is an <a href="/wiki/Aztec" class="mw-redirect" title="Aztec">Aztec</a> herbal <a href="/wiki/Manuscript" title="Manuscript">manuscript</a>, describing the <a href="/wiki/Herbalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbalism">medicinal properties</a> of various plants used by the Aztecs. It was translated into Latin by <a href="/wiki/Juan_Badiano" title="Juan Badiano">Juan Badiano</a>, from a <a href="/wiki/Nahuatl_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nahuatl language">Nahuatl</a> original composed in the <a href="/wiki/Colegio_de_Santa_Cruz_de_Tlatelolco" title="Colegio de Santa Cruz de Tlatelolco">Colegio de Santa Cruz de Tlatelolco</a> in 1552 by Martín de la Cruz that is no longer extant. The <i>Libellus</i> is also known as the <b>Badianus Manuscript</b>, after the translator; the <b>Codex de la Cruz-Badiano</b>, after both the original author and translator; and the <b>Codex Barberini</b>, after <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholicism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal (Catholicism)">Cardinal</a> <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Barberini_(seniore)" class="mw-redirect" title="Francesco Barberini (seniore)">Francesco Barberini</a>, who had possession of the manuscript in the early 17th century. </p><p>The Badianus Manuscript of 1552 is the first illustrated and descriptive scientific text of <a href="/wiki/Nahua_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Nahua peoples">Nahua</a> medicine and botany produced in the Americas. It is a significant text in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_botany" title="History of botany">history of botany</a> and the <a href="/wiki/History_of_medicine" title="History of medicine">history of medicine</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Libellus_de_Medicinalibus_Indorum_Herbis&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1552 Jacobo de Grado, the <a href="/wiki/Friar" title="Friar">friar</a> in charge of the Convent of Tlatelolco and the <a href="/wiki/Colegio_de_Santa_Cruz_de_Tlatelolco" title="Colegio de Santa Cruz de Tlatelolco">College of Santa Cruz</a>, had the herbal created and translated for Don Francisco de Mendoza, son of Don <a href="/wiki/Antonio_de_Mendoza" title="Antonio de Mendoza">Antonio de Mendoza</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Viceroy" title="Viceroy">viceroy</a> of <a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a>. Mendoza sent the Latin manuscript to Spain, where it was deposited into the royal library. There it presumably remained until the early 17th century, when it somehow came into the possession of Diego de Cortavila y Sanabria, <a href="/wiki/Pharmacy" title="Pharmacy">pharmacist</a> to <a href="/wiki/Philip_IV_of_Spain" title="Philip IV of Spain">King Philip IV</a>. From Cortavila it travelled to the Italian Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Barberini_(seniore)" class="mw-redirect" title="Francesco Barberini (seniore)">Francesco Barberini</a>, possibly via intermediate owners. The manuscript remained in the <a href="/wiki/Barberini" class="mw-redirect" title="Barberini">Barberini</a> library until 1902, when the Barberini library became part of the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Library" title="Vatican Library">Vatican Library</a>, and the manuscript along with it. Finally, in 1990 — over four centuries after it was sent to Spain — <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a> returned the <i>Libellus</i> to Mexico, and it is now in the library of the <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Anthropology_and_History" class="mw-redirect" title="National Institute of Anthropology and History">National Institute of Anthropology and History</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Byland_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Byland-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: iii">: iii </span></sup> </p><p>A copy was made in the 17th century by <a href="/wiki/Cassiano_dal_Pozzo" title="Cassiano dal Pozzo">Cassiano dal Pozzo</a>, the secretary of Cardinal Barberini. Dal Pozzo's collection, called his <i>Museo Cartaceo</i> ("Papers Museum"), was sold by his heirs to <a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_XI" title="Pope Clement XI">Pope Clement XI</a>, who sold it to his nephew, Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Albani" title="Alessandro Albani">Alessandro Albani</a>, who himself sold it to <a href="/wiki/George_III_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="George III of the United Kingdom">King George III</a> in 1762. Dal Pozzo's copy is now part of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Library,_Windsor" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Library, Windsor">Royal Library, Windsor</a>. Another copy may have been made by Francesco de' Stelluti, but is now lost. Dal Pozzo and de' Stelluti were both members of the <a href="/wiki/Accademia_dei_Lincei" title="Accademia dei Lincei">Accademia dei Lincei</a>. </p><p>There are several published editions of the manuscript, beginning with the one by <a href="/wiki/William_E._Gates" title="William E. Gates">William E. Gates</a> in 1939, now reissued in an inexpensive edition by Dover Books.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gates_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gates-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gates acquired photographs of the manuscript in Latin and water color renderings of the botanical drawings. He published both the original Latin manuscript as well as his translation to English. The reissued edition of Gates's manuscript has a very useful introduction by Bruce Byland, recounting the publication history of the manuscript and subsequent scholarship.<sup id="cite_ref-Byland_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Byland-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: iii–xiii">: iii–xiii </span></sup> </p><p>At the same time Gates was working on this publication, another was being prepared for publication by Emily Walcott Emmart. This resulted in a full-color facsimile publication, transcription, and translation to English, with notes and commentary.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1964, an edition of the manuscript was published in full-color facsimile, with a translation of the Latin to Spanish.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The manuscript has been mainly studied by scholars interested in <a href="/wiki/History_of_medicine" title="History of medicine">history of medicine</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_botany" title="History of botany">history of botany</a>. In history of medicine, there has been some focus on the extent to which the manuscript might be incorporating aspects of European humoral theories of medicine or whether text is purely from the <a href="/wiki/Nahua_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Nahua peoples">Nahua</a> viewpoint.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to a study by Bernard R. Ortiz de Montellano, the Badianus herbal was prepared for the king of Spain to demonstrate the intellectual sophistication of the Nahuas which might have skewed the manuscript to emulating aspects of European culture.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The botanical aspects of the manuscript are significant, showing that the Nahuas had a classification system that was indeed highly sophisticated.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As with Book 11, "The Earthly Things" of the <a href="/wiki/Florentine_Codex" title="Florentine Codex">Florentine Codex</a> by Franciscan <a href="/wiki/Bernardino_de_Sahag%C3%BAn" title="Bernardino de Sahagún">Bernardino de Sahagún</a>, the Badianus manuscript gives the Nahuatl names of plants, an illustration of the example, and the uses for the plant. However, unlike the Florentine Codex, there is little emphasis on supernatural healing characteristics of the plants. The examples in the Badianus manuscript deal solely with the medical conditions and curative aspects of the plants. For example, in the Gates translation, subject headings for plants' curative powers include "Against stupidity of the mind," [against] "Goaty armpits of sick people," "Against lassitude," "Medicine to take away foul and fetid breath."<sup id="cite_ref-Gates_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gates-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For scholars interested in <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_health" title="Women's health">women's health</a>, the Badianus manuscript has a whole chapter on "remedies for recent parturition, the menses, lotion of the internal parts, childbirth, tubercules of the breasts, [and] medicine for increasing milk flow."<sup id="cite_ref-Gates_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gates-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 105">: 105 </span></sup> Various plants listed in the Badianus manuscript have psychoactive properties, examined by anthropologist Peter Furst.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Proposed_connection_with_the_Voynich_Manuscript">Proposed connection with the Voynich Manuscript</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Libellus_de_Medicinalibus_Indorum_Herbis&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Proposed connection with the Voynich Manuscript"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2014, Arthur Tucker and Rexford Talbert published a paper claiming that some of the plant illustrations in the <a href="/wiki/Voynich_Manuscript" class="mw-redirect" title="Voynich Manuscript">Voynich Manuscript</a> match plant illustrations from the <i>Libellus de Medicinalibus Indorum Herbis</i>, suggesting that the <a href="/wiki/Voynich_Manuscript" class="mw-redirect" title="Voynich Manuscript">Voynich Manuscript</a> originated in the <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a>. This analysis has been criticized by noted <a href="/wiki/Voynich_Manuscript" class="mw-redirect" title="Voynich Manuscript">Voynich Manuscript</a> researchers,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who suggest it is just a coincidence, as any large set of fictitious plant illustrations is bound to have several that resemble real plants.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Translations">Translations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Libellus_de_Medicinalibus_Indorum_Herbis&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Translations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year</th> <th>Language</th> <th>Title</th> <th>Translator</th> <th>Publisher </th></tr> <tr> <td>1939</td> <td>English</td> <td>The De la Cruz-Badiano Aztec Herbal of 1552</td> <td><a href="/wiki/William_E._Gates" title="William E. Gates">William Gates</a></td> <td>The Maya Society </td></tr> <tr> <td>1940</td> <td>English</td> <td>The Badianus Manuscript (Codex Barberini Latin 241): An Aztec Herbal of 1552</td> <td>Emily Walcott Emmart</td> <td>The Johns Hopkins Press </td></tr> <tr> <td>1952</td> <td>Spanish</td> <td>Libellus de Medicinalibus Indorum Herbis: El manuscrito pictórico mexicano-latino de Martín de la Cruz y Juan Badiano de 1552</td> <td>Francisco Guerra</td> <td>Editorial Vargas Rea y El Diario Español </td></tr> <tr> <td>1964, 1991</td> <td>Spanish</td> <td>Libellus de medicinalibus indorum herbis: Manuscrito Azteca de 1552: versión Española con estudios y comentarios por diversos autores (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/968-16-3607-4" title="Special:BookSources/968-16-3607-4">968-16-3607-4</a>)</td> <td></td> <td>Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social </td></tr> <tr> <td>2000</td> <td>English</td> <td>An Aztec Herbal: The Classic Codex of 1552 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-486-41130-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-486-41130-3">0-486-41130-3</a>)</td> <td>William Gates</td> <td>Dover (republication of 1939 edition) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Libellus_de_Medicinalibus_Indorum_Herbis&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_entheogenic_complex" class="mw-redirect" title="Aztec entheogenic complex">Aztec entheogenic complex</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Libellus_de_Medicinalibus_Indorum_Herbis&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Byland-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Byland_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Byland_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bruce Byland, "Introduction," <i>An Aztec Herbal: The Classic Codex of 1552,</i> Mineola, NY: Dover Publications, 2000.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William Gates, <i>The de la Cruz-Badiano Aztec Herbal of 1552.</i> Baltimore: The Maya Society, Publication No. 22, 1939.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gates-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gates_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gates_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gates_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">William Gates, <i>An Aztec Herbal: The Classic Codex of 1552.</i> Mineola, NY: Dover Books 2000.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Emily Walcott Emmart, <i>The Badianus Manuscript (Codex Barberini Latin 241): An Aztec Herbal of 1552</i>. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1940.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martín de la Cruz, <i>Libellus de medicinalibus indorum herbis: Manuscrito Azteca de 1552: versión española con estudios y comentarios por diversos autores</i>. Mexico: Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social 1964.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Debra Hassig, "Transplanted medicine: Colonial Mexican Herbals of the sixteenth century." RES: The journal of anthropology and aesthetics 17/18. Spring/Autumn 1989, pp. 30-53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bernard R. Ortiz de Montellano, <i>Aztec Medicine, health, and nutrition,</i> New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press 1990.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Faustino Miranda and Javier Valdés, "Comentarios botánicos," in <i>Libellus de Medicnialibus Indorum</i> by Martin de la Cruz. Mexico, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, 1964, pp. 243-284.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Blas P. Reko, "Nombres botaánicos del Manuscrito Badiano," Sociedad Botánico de México, Vol. V: 23-43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter Furst, "This Little Books of Herbs: Psychoactive plants as therapeutic agents in the Badianus Manuscript of 1552." In R. Schultes and S. von Reis, eds. <i>Ethnobotany: Evolution of the Discipline.</i> Portland, OR: Discorides Press 1995, pp. 108-130.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPelling2014" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nick_Pelling" title="Nick Pelling">Pelling, Nick</a> (14 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ciphermysteries.com/2014/01/21/brand-new-new-world-nahuatl-voynich-manuscript-theory">"A Brand New New World / Nahuatl Voynich Manuscript Theory…"</a>. <i>Cipher Mysteries</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cipher+Mysteries&rft.atitle=A+Brand+New+New+World+%2F+Nahuatl+Voynich+Manuscript+Theory%E2%80%A6&rft.date=2014-01-14&rft.aulast=Pelling&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ciphermysteries.com%2F2014%2F01%2F21%2Fbrand-new-new-world-nahuatl-voynich-manuscript-theory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibellus+de+Medicinalibus+Indorum+Herbis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrossman2014" class="citation web cs1">Grossman, Lisa (February 3, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn24987-mexican-plants-could-break-code-on-gibberish-manuscript.html">"Mexican plants could break code on gibberish manuscript"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_Scientist" title="New Scientist">New Scientist</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-02-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Scientist&rft.atitle=Mexican+plants+could+break+code+on+gibberish+manuscript&rft.date=2014-02-03&rft.aulast=Grossman&rft.aufirst=Lisa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Farticle%2Fdn24987-mexican-plants-could-break-code-on-gibberish-manuscript.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibellus+de+Medicinalibus+Indorum+Herbis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Libellus_de_Medicinalibus_Indorum_Herbis&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Codex_de_la_Cruz-Badiano" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Codex de la Cruz-Badiano">Codex de la Cruz-Badiano</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:The_De_la_Cruz-Badiano_Aztec_Herbal_of_1552.pdf" title="File:The De la Cruz-Badiano Aztec Herbal of 1552.pdf">PDF of William Gates' English translation</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Aztec_mythology" title="Template:Aztec mythology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Aztec_mythology" title="Template talk:Aztec mythology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Aztec_mythology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Aztec mythology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Aztec_mythology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Aztec_mythology" title="Aztec mythology">Aztec mythology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Primordials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cmete%C5%8Dtl" title="Ōmeteōtl">Ōmeteōtl</a>: Ometēcuthli and Omecihuātl (or <a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dnac%C4%81t%C4%93cuhtli" title="Tōnacātēcuhtli">Tōnacātēcuhtli</a> and <a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dnac%C4%81cihu%C4%81tl" title="Tōnacācihuātl">Tōnacācihuātl</a>)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Quetzalcoatl.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Quetzalcoatl.svg/90px-Quetzalcoatl.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Quetzalcoatl.svg/135px-Quetzalcoatl.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Quetzalcoatl.svg/180px-Quetzalcoatl.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="575" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aztec_creator_gods" title="Aztec creator gods">Creator gods</a><br /><small>(Four Tezcatlipocas)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hu%C4%ABtzil%C5%8Dp%C5%8Dchtli" title="Huītzilōpōchtli">Huītzilōpōchtli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quetzalcoatl" class="mw-redirect" title="Quetzalcoatl">Quetzalcoatl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tezcatlipoca" title="Tezcatlipoca">Tezcatlipoca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xipe_Totec" title="Xipe Totec">Xipe Totec</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Camaxtle" class="mw-redirect" title="Camaxtle">Camaxtle</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Aztec_gods_and_supernatural_beings" title="List of Aztec gods and supernatural beings">Deities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lords_of_the_Night" title="Lords of the Night">Lords of the Night</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cente%C5%8Dtl" title="Centeōtl">Centeōtl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalchiuhtlicue" title="Chalchiuhtlicue">Chalchiuhtlicue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinteotl" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinteotl">Cinteotl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mictl%C4%81nt%C4%93cutli" title="Mictlāntēcutli">Mictlāntēcutli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piltzintecuhtli" title="Piltzintecuhtli">Piltzintecuhtli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tep%C4%93y%C5%8Dll%C5%8Dtl" title="Tepēyōllōtl">Tepēyōllōtl</a></li> <li>Tezcatlipoca (see <i>Creator gods</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tl%C3%A1loc" title="Tláloc">Tláloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tlaz%C5%8Dlte%C5%8Dtl" title="Tlazōlteōtl">Tlazōlteōtl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiuhtecuhtli" title="Xiuhtecuhtli">Xiuhtecuhtli</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lords_of_the_Day" title="Lords of the Day">Lords of the Day</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citl%C4%81licue" title="Citlālicue">Citlālicue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mict%C4%93cacihu%C4%81tl" title="Mictēcacihuātl">Mictēcacihuātl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanahuatzin" title="Nanahuatzin">Nanahuatzin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tl%C4%81huizcalpantecuhtli" title="Tlāhuizcalpantecuhtli">Tlāhuizcalpantecuhtli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tlaltecuhtli" title="Tlaltecuhtli">Tlaltecuhtli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dnatiuh" title="Tōnatiuh">Tōnatiuh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acolnahuacatl_(god)" class="mw-redirect" title="Acolnahuacatl (god)">Acolnahuacatl</a></li> <li>Acuecueyotl (see <i>Chalchiuhtlicue</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlahua" title="Atlahua">Atlahua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlacoya" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlacoya">Atlacoya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalchiuhtotolin" title="Chalchiuhtotolin">Chalchiuhtotolin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chantico" title="Chantico">Chantico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicomec%C5%8D%C4%81tl" title="Chicomecōātl">Chicomecōātl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C4%ABmalm%C4%81" title="Chīmalmā">Chīmalmā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cihuac%C5%8D%C4%81tl" title="Cihuacōātl">Cihuacōātl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cihuatecayotl" title="Cihuatecayotl">Cihuatecayotl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cipactonal" title="Cipactonal">Cipactonal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C5%8D%C4%81tl%C4%ABcue" title="Cōātlīcue">Cōātlīcue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coyolx%C4%81uhqui" title="Coyolxāuhqui">Coyolxāuhqui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ehecatl" title="Ehecatl">Ehecatl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu%C4%93huecoy%C5%8Dtl" title="Huēhuecoyōtl">Huēhuecoyōtl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huitztlampaehecatl" title="Huitztlampaehecatl">Huitztlampaehecatl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huixtocihuatl" title="Huixtocihuatl">Huixtocihuatl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilamatecuhtli" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilamatecuhtli">Ilamatecuhtli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%AAtzp%C4%81p%C4%81l%C5%8Dtl" title="Ītzpāpālōtl">Ītzpāpālōtl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itzpapalotlcihuatl" class="mw-redirect" title="Itzpapalotlcihuatl">Itzpapalotlcihuatl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itzpapalotltotec" class="mw-redirect" title="Itzpapalotltotec">Itzpapalotltotec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itztlacoliuhqui" title="Itztlacoliuhqui">Itztlacoliuhqui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ixtlilton" title="Ixtlilton">Ixtlilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macuiltochtli" title="Macuiltochtli">Macuiltochtli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macuilxochitl" class="mw-redirect" title="Macuilxochitl">Macuilxochitl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malinalxochitl" title="Malinalxochitl">Malinalxochitl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayahuel" title="Mayahuel">Mayahuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metztli" title="Metztli">Metztli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mictlanpachecatl" title="Mictlanpachecatl">Mictlanpachecatl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixcoatl" title="Mixcoatl">Mixcoatl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opochtli" title="Opochtli">Opochtli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxomoco" title="Oxomoco">Oxomoco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Painal" title="Painal">Painal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patecatl" title="Patecatl">Patecatl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C4%93ccizt%C4%93catl" title="Tēcciztēcatl">Tēcciztēcatl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temazcalteci" title="Temazcalteci">Temazcalteci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tepozt%C4%93catl" title="Tepoztēcatl">Tepoztēcatl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tlacotzontli" title="Tlacotzontli">Tlacotzontli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tlalocayotl" title="Tlalocayotl">Tlalocayotl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tlilhua" title="Tlilhua">Tlilhua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toci" title="Toci">Toci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toltecatl" title="Toltecatl">Toltecatl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonantzin" title="Tonantzin">Tonantzin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicomec%C5%8D%C4%81tl" title="Chicomecōātl">Xilonen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X%C5%8Dchipilli" title="Xōchipilli">Xōchipilli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X%C5%8Dchiquetzal" title="Xōchiquetzal">Xōchiquetzal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xochitlicue" title="Xochitlicue">Xochitlicue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xocotl_(Aztec_god)" title="Xocotl (Aztec god)">Xocotl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xolotl" title="Xolotl">Xolotl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yacatecuhtli" title="Yacatecuhtli">Yacatecuhtli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zacatzontli" title="Zacatzontli">Zacatzontli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahuiateteo" title="Ahuiateteo">Ahuiateteo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centzonm%C4%ABmixc%C5%8Da" title="Centzonmīmixcōa">Centzonmīmixcōa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centzonhu%C4%ABtzn%C4%81hua" title="Centzonhuītznāhua">Centzonhuītznāhua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centzon_T%C5%8Dt%C5%8Dchtin" title="Centzon Tōtōchtin">Centzon Tōtōchtin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cint%C4%93teo" title="Cintēteo">Cintēteo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cihuateteo" title="Cihuateteo">Cihuateteo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civateteo" class="mw-redirect" title="Civateteo">Civateteo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ehecatotontli" title="Ehecatotontli">Ehecatotontli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ti%C4%81nquiztli" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiānquiztli">Tiānquiztli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzitzimitl" title="Tzitzimitl">Tzitzimitl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiuhtotontli" title="Xiuhtotontli">Xiuhtotontli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anahuac_(Aztec)" title="Anahuac (Aztec)">Anahuac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztl%C3%A1n" title="Aztlán">Aztlán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cemanahuac" title="Cemanahuac">Cemanahuac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicomoztoc" title="Chicomoztoc">Chicomoztoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Templo_Mayor" title="Templo Mayor">Huēyi Teōcalli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mictl%C4%81n" title="Mictlān">Mictlān</a> (The <i>Underworld</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamoanchan" title="Tamoanchan">Tamoanchan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teotihuacan" title="Teotihuacan">Teotihuacan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Heavens" title="Thirteen Heavens">Thirteen Heavens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tl%C4%81l%C5%8Dc%C4%81n" title="Tlālōcān">Tlālōcān</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tlillan-Tlapallan" title="Tlillan-Tlapallan">Tlillan-Tlapallan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dll%C4%81n" title="Tōllān">Tōllān</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Beliefs and <br />practice</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_Suns" title="Five Suns">Five Suns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Stinking_Corpse" title="The Stinking Corpse">The Stinking Corpse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_use_of_entheogens" title="Aztec use of entheogens">Use of entheogens</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Codices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aubin_Codex" title="Aubin Codex">Aubin Codex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_Codices" title="Mesoamerican Codices">Aubin Manuscript no. 20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aubin_Tonalamatl" title="Aubin Tonalamatl">Aubin Tonalamatl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codex_Azcatitlan" title="Codex Azcatitlan">Codex Azcatitlan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codex_Azoy%C3%BA" title="Codex Azoyú">Codices Azoyú I & II</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Badianus Manuscript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_Codices" title="Mesoamerican Codices">Codices Becker I & II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:The_Boban_Aztec_Calendar_Wheel_WDL6760.png" title="File:The Boban Aztec Calendar Wheel WDL6760.png">Boban Aztec Calendar Wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codex_Bodley" title="Codex Bodley">Codex Bodley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codex_Borbonicus" title="Codex Borbonicus">Codex Borbonicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codex_Borgia" title="Codex Borgia">Codex Borgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codex_Boturini" title="Codex Boturini">Codex Boturini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapa_de_Cuauhtinchan_No._2" title="Mapa de Cuauhtinchan No. 2">Mapas de Cuauhtinchan 1-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimalpahin" title="Chimalpahin">Codex Chimalpahin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codex_Chimalpopoca" title="Codex Chimalpopoca">Codex Chimalpopoca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codex_Colombino" title="Codex Colombino">Codex Colombino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codex_Cospi" title="Codex Cospi">Codex Cospi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_codex" title="Aztec codex">Codex Cozcatzin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dresden_Codex" title="Dresden Codex">Codex Dresden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_Dur%C3%A1n" title="Diego Durán">Codex Durán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codex_Fej%C3%A9rv%C3%A1ry-Mayer" title="Codex Fejérváry-Mayer">Codex Fejérváry-Mayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florentine_Codex" title="Florentine Codex">Codex Florentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codex_Huamantla" title="Codex Huamantla">Codex Huamantla</a></li> <li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B3dice_de_Huichapan" class="extiw" title="es:Códice de Huichapan">Códice de Huichapan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huexotzinco_Codex" title="Huexotzinco Codex">Codex Huexotzinco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_Codices" title="Mesoamerican Codices">Humboldt fragment 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codex_Ixtlilxochitl" title="Codex Ixtlilxochitl">Codex 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