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id="toc-Portrayals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Military awards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > 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Kimmel</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 26 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-26" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">26 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Husband_Kimmel" title="Husband Kimmel – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Husband Kimmel" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Husband_E._Kimmel" title="Husband E. Kimmel – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Husband E. Kimmel" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Husband_Kimmel" title="Husband Kimmel – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Husband Kimmel" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Husband_Kimmel" title="Husband Kimmel – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Husband Kimmel" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Husband_E._Kimmel" title="Husband E. Kimmel – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Husband E. Kimmel" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Husband_E._Kimmel" title="Husband E. Kimmel – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Husband E. Kimmel" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%AF_%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%84" title="هازبند کیمل – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هازبند کیمل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Husband_E._Kimmel" title="Husband E. Kimmel – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Husband E. Kimmel" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%97%88%EC%A6%88%EB%B2%88%EB%93%9C_E._%ED%82%A4%EB%A9%80" title="허즈번드 E. 키멀 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="허즈번드 E. 키멀" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Husband_E._Kimmel" title="Husband E. Kimmel – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Husband E. Kimmel" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Husband_Kimmel" title="Husband Kimmel – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Husband Kimmel" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Husband_Edward_Kimmel" title="Husband Edward Kimmel – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Husband Edward Kimmel" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Husband_Kimmel" title="Husband Kimmel – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Husband Kimmel" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8F%E3%82%BA%E3%83%90%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AD%E3%83%B3%E3%83%A1%E3%83%AB" title="ハズバンド・キンメル – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ハズバンド・キンメル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BB,_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Киммел, Хазбенд – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Киммел, Хазбенд" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Husband_E._Kimmel" title="Husband E. Kimmel – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Husband E. Kimmel" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Husband_E._Kimmel" title="Husband E. Kimmel – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Husband E. Kimmel" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Husband_Edward_Kimmel" title="Husband Edward Kimmel – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Husband Edward Kimmel" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Husband_E._Kimmel" title="Husband E. Kimmel – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Husband E. Kimmel" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Husband_E._Kimmel" title="Husband E. Kimmel – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Husband E. Kimmel" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BB,_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Киммел, Хазбенд – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Киммел, Хазбенд" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Husband_E._Kimmel" title="Husband E. Kimmel – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Husband E. Kimmel" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Husband_Kimmel" title="Husband Kimmel – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Husband Kimmel" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Husband_Kimmel" title="Husband Kimmel – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Husband Kimmel" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D0%9A%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Газбенд Кіммел – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Газбенд Кіммел" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%93%88%E6%96%AF%E6%9C%AC%C2%B7%E9%87%91%E6%A2%85%E7%88%BE" title="哈斯本·金梅爾 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="哈斯本·金梅爾" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q353110#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%; background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div style="display:inline-block" class="fn">Husband E. Kimmel</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;; line-height: 1.5em"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Admiral_Husband_E._Kimmel,_USN.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Admiral_Husband_E._Kimmel%2C_USN.jpg/220px-Admiral_Husband_E._Kimmel%2C_USN.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Admiral_Husband_E._Kimmel%2C_USN.jpg/330px-Admiral_Husband_E._Kimmel%2C_USN.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Admiral_Husband_E._Kimmel%2C_USN.jpg/440px-Admiral_Husband_E._Kimmel%2C_USN.jpg 2x" data-file-width="456" data-file-height="629" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="font-size: 100%">Admiral Husband E. Kimmel in 1941</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Birth name</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">Husband Edward Kimmel</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Nickname(s)</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">"Kim", "Hubbie", and "Mustafa"</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">February 26, 1882<br /><a href="/wiki/Henderson,_Kentucky" title="Henderson, Kentucky">Henderson, Kentucky</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">May 14, 1968<span style="display:none">(1968-05-14)</span> (aged 86)<br /><a href="/wiki/Groton,_Connecticut" title="Groton, Connecticut">Groton, Connecticut</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States of America</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Service <wbr />/ branch</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Infantry_battalion_flag_of_the_United_States_Navy.svg/23px-Infantry_battalion_flag_of_the_United_States_Navy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Infantry_battalion_flag_of_the_United_States_Navy.svg/35px-Infantry_battalion_flag_of_the_United_States_Navy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Infantry_battalion_flag_of_the_United_States_Navy.svg/46px-Infantry_battalion_flag_of_the_United_States_Navy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="780" data-file-height="615" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1904–1942</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:US-O8_insignia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/US-O8_insignia.svg/35px-US-O8_insignia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/US-O8_insignia.svg/53px-US-O8_insignia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/US-O8_insignia.svg/70px-US-O8_insignia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1252" data-file-height="583" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Rear_Admiral_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rear Admiral (United States)">Rear Admiral</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Commands</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/USS_New_York_(BB-34)" title="USS New York (BB-34)">USS <i>New York</i></a><br />Cruiser Division 7<br />Cruisers, Battle Force<br /><a href="/wiki/United_States_Pacific_Fleet" title="United States Pacific Fleet">United States Pacific Fleet</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Battles / wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Revolution" title="Mexican Revolution">Mexican Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_Veracruz" class="mw-redirect" title="United States occupation of Veracruz">United States occupation of Veracruz</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> </p> <hr /> <p><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Attack on Pearl Harbor</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Service_Medal" title="Mexican Service Medal">Mexican Service Medal</a><br /><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_Victory_Medal_(United_States)" title="World War I Victory Medal (United States)">World War I Victory Medal</a><br /><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_Victory_Medal_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="World War II Victory Medal (United States)">World War II Victory Medal</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Husband Edward Kimmel</b> (February 26, 1882 – May 14, 1968) was a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a> <a href="/wiki/Four-star_rank" class="mw-redirect" title="Four-star rank">four-star</a> <a href="/wiki/Admiral_(United_States)" title="Admiral (United States)">admiral</a> who was the <a href="/wiki/Commander_in_chief" class="mw-redirect" title="Commander in chief">commander in chief</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Pacific_Fleet" title="United States Pacific Fleet">United States Pacific Fleet</a> (CINCPACFLT) during the Japanese <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">attack on Pearl Harbor</a>. He was removed from that command after the attack, in December 1941, and was reverted to his permanent two-star rank of <a href="/wiki/Rear_admiral_(United_States)" title="Rear admiral (United States)">rear admiral</a> due to no longer holding a four-star assignment. He retired from the Navy in early 1942. The United States Senate voted to restore Kimmel's permanent rank to four stars in 1999, but President Clinton did not act on the resolution, and neither have any of his successors. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life_and_career">Life and career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Husband_E._Kimmel&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life and career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life">Early life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Husband_E._Kimmel&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Husband Kimmel was born in <a href="/wiki/Henderson,_Kentucky" title="Henderson, Kentucky">Henderson, Kentucky</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Axelrod_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Axelrod-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on February 26, 1882, to Sibella "Sibbie" Lambert Kimmel (1846–1919) and Major <a href="/wiki/Manning_M._Kimmel" title="Manning M. Kimmel">Manning Marius Kimmel</a> (1832–1916), a graduate of <a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy" title="United States Military Academy">West Point</a> who fought with the <a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a> side during the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> before switching allegiance to the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Army" title="Confederate States Army">Confederate States Army</a> to fight alongside his neighbors.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESummersSwan201629_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESummersSwan201629-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kimmel was a descendant of <a href="/wiki/Herman_Husband" title="Herman Husband">Herman Husband</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kimmel was known by various <a href="/wiki/List_of_military_figures_by_nickname" title="List of military figures by nickname">nicknames</a> throughout his life: "Kim" and "Hubbie", contractions of his given and family names, and later, "Mustafa", the last being a reference to <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Mustafa Kemal Atatürk</a>, due to the similar sounding (<a href="/wiki/Homophone" title="Homophone">homophony</a>) "Kimmel" and "Kemal".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESummersSwan201629,_43_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESummersSwan201629,_43-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He married Dorothy Kinkaid (1890–1975), sister of Admiral <a href="/wiki/Thomas_C._Kinkaid" title="Thomas C. Kinkaid">Thomas C. Kinkaid</a>, with whom he had three sons: <a href="/wiki/Manning_Kimmel" title="Manning Kimmel">Manning</a>, Thomas K. Kimmel and Edward R. Kimmel.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESummersSwan201637ff_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESummersSwan201637ff-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Naval_career">Naval career</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Husband_E._Kimmel&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Naval career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kimmel graduated in 1904 from the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Academy" title="United States Naval Academy">United States Naval Academy</a> in <a href="/wiki/Annapolis" class="mw-redirect" title="Annapolis">Annapolis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Axelrod_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Axelrod-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of his classmates was future <a href="/wiki/Fleet_admiral_(United_States)" title="Fleet admiral (United States)">fleet admiral</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Halsey_Jr." title="William Halsey Jr.">Willam Halsey</a>. From 1906 to 1907 he served on several battleships in the Caribbean.<sup id="cite_ref-Axelrod_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Axelrod-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1907 he was assigned to the <a href="/wiki/USS_Georgia_(BB-15)" title="USS Georgia (BB-15)">USS <i>Georgia</i></a> during its participation in the around-the-world cruise of the <a href="/wiki/Great_White_Fleet" title="Great White Fleet">Great White Fleet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Axelrod_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Axelrod-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kimmel then served in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_Veracruz" class="mw-redirect" title="United States occupation of Veracruz">United States occupation of Veracruz</a>, Mexico, during which he was wounded in April 1914.<sup id="cite_ref-Axelrod_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Axelrod-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1915 he was briefly appointed as an aide to <a href="/wiki/Assistant_Secretary_of_the_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="Assistant Secretary of the Navy">Assistant Secretary of the Navy</a> <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Axelrod_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Axelrod-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, Kimmel served as a <a href="/wiki/Gunnery_sergeant" title="Gunnery sergeant">squadron gunnery officer</a> in <a href="/wiki/United_States_Battleship_Division_Nine_(World_War_I)" title="United States Battleship Division Nine (World War I)">U.S. Battleship Division Nine</a> which served as the <a href="/wiki/6th_Battle_Squadron" title="6th Battle Squadron">Sixth Battle Squadron</a> of the British <a href="/wiki/Grand_Fleet" title="Grand Fleet">Grand Fleet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Axelrod_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Axelrod-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the war he served as <a href="/wiki/Executive_officer#United_States_Navy_and_United_States_Coast_Guard" title="Executive officer">Executive Officer</a> aboard the <a href="/wiki/Battleship" title="Battleship">battleship</a> <a href="/wiki/USS_Arkansas_(BB-33)" title="USS Arkansas (BB-33)">USS <i>Arkansas</i></a>, then in Washington, D.C., and the <a href="/wiki/Insular_Government_of_the_Philippine_Islands" title="Insular Government of the Philippine Islands">Philippines</a>, as well as commanding two <a href="/wiki/Destroyer_division" class="mw-redirect" title="Destroyer division">destroyer divisions</a> before attaining the rank of <a href="/wiki/Captain_(United_States_O-6)" title="Captain (United States O-6)">captain</a> in 1926 upon completion of the senior course at the <a href="/wiki/Naval_War_College" title="Naval War College">Naval War College</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Axelrod_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Axelrod-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1926 to 1937 Kimmel held a number of positions in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Navy" title="United States Department of the Navy">Navy Department</a>, as well as the command of a <a href="/wiki/Destroyer" title="Destroyer">destroyer</a> <a href="/wiki/Squadron_(naval)" title="Squadron (naval)">squadron</a> and of the battleship <a href="/wiki/USS_New_York_(BB-34)" title="USS New York (BB-34)">USS <i>New York</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Axelrod_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Axelrod-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1937 he was promoted to the <a href="/wiki/Flag_rank" class="mw-redirect" title="Flag rank">flag rank</a> of <a href="/wiki/Rear_admiral_(United_States)" title="Rear admiral (United States)">rear admiral</a>. In this capacity he commanded <a href="/wiki/Cruiser" title="Cruiser">Cruiser</a> Division Seven on a diplomatic cruise to <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a> and in 1939 became Commander of <a href="/wiki/Battle_Fleet" title="Battle Fleet">Battle Force</a> Cruisers.<sup id="cite_ref-Axelrod_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Axelrod-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ww2db.com_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ww2db.com-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESummersSwan201638ff_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESummersSwan201638ff-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pearl_Harbor">Pearl Harbor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Husband_E._Kimmel&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Pearl Harbor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NH_57100_Admiral_Husband_E._Kimmel,_USN,_Commander_in_Chief,_U.S._Fleet_and_Pacific_Fleet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/NH_57100_Admiral_Husband_E._Kimmel%2C_USN%2C_Commander_in_Chief%2C_U.S._Fleet_and_Pacific_Fleet.jpg/220px-NH_57100_Admiral_Husband_E._Kimmel%2C_USN%2C_Commander_in_Chief%2C_U.S._Fleet_and_Pacific_Fleet.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/NH_57100_Admiral_Husband_E._Kimmel%2C_USN%2C_Commander_in_Chief%2C_U.S._Fleet_and_Pacific_Fleet.jpg/330px-NH_57100_Admiral_Husband_E._Kimmel%2C_USN%2C_Commander_in_Chief%2C_U.S._Fleet_and_Pacific_Fleet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/NH_57100_Admiral_Husband_E._Kimmel%2C_USN%2C_Commander_in_Chief%2C_U.S._Fleet_and_Pacific_Fleet.jpg/440px-NH_57100_Admiral_Husband_E._Kimmel%2C_USN%2C_Commander_in_Chief%2C_U.S._Fleet_and_Pacific_Fleet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5302" data-file-height="4242" /></a><figcaption>Kimmel (center) confers with his chief of staff, <a href="/wiki/William_W._Smith_(admiral)" title="William W. Smith (admiral)">William "Poco" Smith</a>; and operations officer and assistant chief of staff, Captain <a href="/wiki/Walter_S._DeLany" title="Walter S. DeLany">Walter S. DeLany</a> (left), at Pearl Harbor, 1941.</figcaption></figure> <p>After Admiral <a href="/wiki/James_O._Richardson" title="James O. Richardson">James O. Richardson</a> was relieved of command in February 1941, in part for protesting that the Pacific Fleet if based in <a href="/wiki/Pearl_Harbor" title="Pearl Harbor">Pearl Harbor</a>, Hawaii, would be the logical first target in the event of war with Japan, Kimmel was appointed in his place as <a href="/wiki/Commander_in_Chief" class="mw-redirect" title="Commander in Chief">Commander in Chief</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Fleet" title="United States Fleet">United States Fleet</a> (CINCUS). Kimmel was also appointed Commander in Chief, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Pacific_Fleet" title="United States Pacific Fleet">United States Pacific Fleet</a> (CINCPACFLT), a position reestablished on February 1, 1941, when General Order 143 was issued, and Kimmel assumed command with the temporary rank of <a href="/wiki/Admiral_(United_States)" title="Admiral (United States)">admiral</a> starting on that date.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kimmel earned a reputation as a hard worker who inspired subordinates, but some later criticized him for over-attention to detail, claiming it portrayed a lack of self-confidence. These critics asserted that Kimmel constantly revisited minute tasks he had done previously when he could have delegated the work to others.<sup id="cite_ref-ww2db.com_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ww2db.com-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the other hand, Kimmel's fleet gunnery officer <a href="/wiki/Willard_A._Kitts" title="Willard A. Kitts">Willard Kitts</a> later testified that under Kimmel's leadership, "the efficiency and training of the Fleet was at its highest level."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESummersSwan201666_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESummersSwan201666-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/William_Halsey_Jr." title="William Halsey Jr.">William "Bull" Halsey</a>, who in 1941 commanded one of the Pacific Fleet's carrier task forces and rose during the war to <a href="/wiki/Fleet_admiral_(United_States)" title="Fleet admiral (United States)">five-star fleet admiral</a>, described Kimmel as "the ideal man for the job."<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The base for the fleet had been moved from its traditional home at <a href="/wiki/San_Diego" title="San Diego">San Diego</a>, California, to <a href="/wiki/Pearl_Harbor" title="Pearl Harbor">Pearl Harbor</a>, Hawaii, in May 1940. Richardson had been relieved of command for his vocal opposition to this move and concerns about the fleet's vulnerability.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On February 18, 1941, Kimmel wrote to the <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Naval_Operations" title="Chief of Naval Operations">Chief of Naval Operations</a> (CNO), Admiral <a href="/wiki/Harold_Raynsford_Stark" title="Harold Raynsford Stark">Harold Raynsford Stark</a>: </p> <blockquote><p>I feel that a surprise attack (<a href="/wiki/Submarine" title="Submarine">submarine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Airstrike" title="Airstrike">air</a>, or combined) on Pearl Harbor is a possibility, and we are taking immediate practical steps to minimize the damage inflicted and to ensure that the attacking force will pay.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>On April 18, 1941, Kimmel wrote to the CNO requesting additional resources for base construction at <a href="/wiki/Wake_Island" title="Wake Island">Wake Island</a> and for a <a href="/wiki/Marines" title="Marines">Marine Corps</a> <a href="/wiki/Marine_defense_battalions" title="Marine defense battalions">defense battalion</a> to be stationed there.<sup id="cite_ref-ww2db.com_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ww2db.com-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On August 19 the first permanent Marine garrison was assigned. <a href="/wiki/Naval_Air_Facility_Midway_Island" title="Naval Air Facility Midway Island">Naval Air Station Midway</a> was commissioned in August after the completion of runways and support structures, and a Marine garrison assigned shortly afterwards.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In November Kimmel ordered <a href="/wiki/USS_Enterprise_(CV-6)" title="USS Enterprise (CV-6)">USS <i>Enterprise</i></a> to ferry Marine fighters and pilots to Wake Island to reinforce the garrison, and for <a href="/wiki/USS_Lexington_(CV-2)" title="USS Lexington (CV-2)">USS <i>Lexington</i></a> to depart Pearl Harbor on December 5 to ferry Marine <a href="/wiki/Dive_bomber" title="Dive bomber">dive bombers</a> to Midway. Because of these missions, neither <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_carrier" title="Aircraft carrier">aircraft carrier</a> was in Pearl Harbor during the later Japanese attack. </p><p>Japan's <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">attack on Pearl Harbor</a> occurred in an air raid on December 7, 1941, and caused the deaths of 2,403 U.S. military personnel and civilians. <a href="/wiki/Edwin_T._Layton" title="Edwin T. Layton">Edwin T. Layton</a> related that during the attack: </p> <blockquote> <p>Kimmel stood by the window of his office at the <a href="/wiki/Submarine_base" title="Submarine base">submarine base</a>, his jaw set in stony anguish. As he watched the disaster across the harbor unfold with terrible fury, a spent <a href="/wiki/.50_BMG" title=".50 BMG">.50 caliber machine gun</a> bullet crashed through the glass. It brushed the admiral before it clanged to the floor. It cut his white jacket and raised a welt on his chest. "It would have been merciful had it killed me," Kimmel murmured to his <a href="/wiki/Military_communications" title="Military communications">communications officer</a>, Commander <a href="/wiki/Maurice_E._Curts" title="Maurice E. Curts">Maurice "Germany" Curts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Leckie_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leckie-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p>In <i><a href="/wiki/The_World_at_War" title="The World at War">The World at War</a></i>, a naval serviceman—who had been alongside Admiral Kimmel during the attack—recalled that as Kimmel watched the destruction of the fleet, he tore off his four-star <a href="/wiki/Shoulder_mark#United_States" title="Shoulder mark">shoulder boards</a> in apparent recognition of the impending end of his command.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="After_Pearl_Harbor">After Pearl Harbor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Husband_E._Kimmel&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: After Pearl Harbor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kimmel was relieved of his command ten days after the attack. At the time he was planning and executing retaliatory moves, including an effort to relieve and reinforce Wake Island that could have led to an early clash between American and <a href="/wiki/1st_Air_Fleet_(Imperial_Japanese_Navy)" class="mw-redirect" title="1st Air Fleet (Imperial Japanese Navy)">Japanese</a> carrier forces. <a href="/wiki/Vice_admiral_(United_States)" title="Vice admiral (United States)">Vice Admiral </a> <a href="/wiki/William_S._Pye" title="William S. Pye">William S. Pye</a> (Commander, Battle Force, Pacific Fleet) became acting CINCPACFLT on December 17. He had reservations about Kimmel's plan and decided the Wake Island operation was too risky, recalling the relief force. Admiral <a href="/wiki/Chester_W._Nimitz" title="Chester W. Nimitz">Chester W. Nimitz</a> took over as CINCPACFLT on December 31 and by that time Wake Island had been invaded and occupied by the Japanese. Kimmel's CINCUS command was reassigned to Admiral <a href="/wiki/Ernest_J._King" title="Ernest J. King">Ernest J. King</a> (at that time Commander in Chief, <a href="/wiki/Commander,_U.S._Fleet_Forces_Command" title="Commander, U.S. Fleet Forces Command">U.S. Atlantic Fleet</a> [CINCLANTFLT]) in a wartime expanded role of Commander in Chief, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Fleet" title="United States Fleet">United States Fleet</a> (with the new acronym of COMINCH), which would also be combined with King's subsequent appointment as the <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Naval_Operations" title="Chief of Naval Operations">Chief of Naval Operations</a>. </p><p>In 1942, the <a href="/wiki/Roberts_Commissions#First_Roberts_Commission" title="Roberts Commissions">Roberts Commission</a>, appointed by President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> to investigate the attack, determined that Kimmel and his counterpart, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">Army</a> <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_General_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant General (United States)">Lieutenant General</a> <a href="/wiki/Walter_Short" title="Walter Short">Walter Short</a>, were guilty of errors of judgment and <a href="/wiki/Dereliction_of_duty" class="mw-redirect" title="Dereliction of duty">dereliction of duty</a> in the events leading up to the attack. Kimmel defended his decisions at several hearings, testifying that important information had not been made available to him. </p><p>Following the death of Secretary Knox in April 1944, his successor <a href="/wiki/James_V._Forrestal" class="mw-redirect" title="James V. Forrestal">James V. Forrestal</a> ordered that a <a href="/wiki/Naval_Board_of_Inquiry" title="Naval Board of Inquiry">Naval Court of Inquiry</a> be convened to investigate the facts surrounding the Japanese <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">attack on Pearl Harbor</a> and to assess any culpability borne by members of the Navy. The court consisted of Admiral <a href="/wiki/Adolphus_Andrews" title="Adolphus Andrews">Adolphus Andrews</a>; Admiral <a href="/wiki/Orin_G._Murfin" title="Orin G. Murfin">Orin G. Murfin</a>, who served as President of the Court, and Admiral <a href="/wiki/Edward_C._Kalbfus" title="Edward C. Kalbfus">Edward C. Kalbfus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Naval_History_and_Heritage_Command2_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Naval_History_and_Heritage_Command2-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Santa_Cruz_Sentinel,_Volume_89,_Number_168,_15_July_1944_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Santa_Cruz_Sentinel,_Volume_89,_Number_168,_15_July_1944-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The court convened on July 24, 1944, and held daily sessions in Washington, D.C., San Francisco, and Pearl Harbor. After interviewing numerous witnesses, it completed its work on October 19, 1944. Its report to the Navy Department largely exonerated Kimmel. The court found that Kimmel's decisions had been correct given the limited information available to him, but criticized then-<a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Naval_Operations" title="Chief of Naval Operations">Chief of Naval Operations</a> <a href="/wiki/Harold_R._Stark" class="mw-redirect" title="Harold R. Stark">Harold R. Stark</a> for failing to warn Kimmel that war was imminent. The court concluded that "based upon the facts established, the Court is of the opinion that no offenses have been committed nor serious blame incurred on the part of any person or persons in the naval service."<sup id="cite_ref-court_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-court-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because the court's findings implicitly revealed that <a href="/wiki/Magic_(cryptography)" title="Magic (cryptography)">American cryptographers</a> had broken the Japanese codes, a critical wartime secret, the court's report was not made public until after the end of the war. </p><p>Upon reviewing the report, Forrestal felt that the court had been too lenient in assigning blame for the disaster. The court had found that the Army and Navy had adequately cooperated in the defense of Pearl Harbor; that there had been no information indicating that Japanese carriers were on their way to attack Pearl Harbor; and that the attack had succeeded principally because of the <a href="/wiki/Aerial_torpedo" title="Aerial torpedo">aerial torpedo</a>, a secret weapon whose use could not have been predicted. Forrestal disapproved of all of these findings, judging that Kimmel could have done more with the information he had had to prevent or mitigate the attack. Forrestal concluded that both Kimmel and Stark had "failed to demonstrate the superior judgment necessary for exercising command commensurate with their rank and their assigned duties."<sup id="cite_ref-secnav_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-secnav-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kimmel retired in early 1942, and worked for the military contractor <a href="/wiki/Frederic_R._Harris" title="Frederic R. Harris">Frederic R. Harris, Inc.</a> after the war. In retirement, Kimmel lived in <a href="/wiki/Groton,_Connecticut" title="Groton, Connecticut">Groton, Connecticut</a>, where he died on May 14, 1968.<sup id="cite_ref-ww2db.com_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ww2db.com-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His son, <a href="/wiki/Manning_Kimmel" title="Manning Kimmel">Manning</a>, died after the submarine he commanded, the <a href="/wiki/USS_Robalo" title="USS Robalo">USS <i>Robalo</i></a>, was sunk near <a href="/wiki/Palawan" title="Palawan">Palawan</a> on or around July 26, 1944. The Kimmel family at the time was informed that Manning had gone down with his ship. Though it was widely believed that Manning Kimmel died on board his boat, several sources (including Admiral <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Christie" title="Ralph Waldo Christie">Ralph Waldo Christie</a>, commander of submarine operations at <a href="/wiki/Fremantle" title="Fremantle">Fremantle</a> at the time) stated after the war that Manning was one of a handful of survivors from his submarine, having been swept overboard as the boat sank after hitting a mine. According to these sources, Manning was captured by Japanese forces, and along with several other survivors from the USS <i>Robalo</i> was pushed into a ditch, doused with gasoline and burned alive by his captors, who were enraged over a recent American air attack.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Posthumous_reputation_and_debate">Posthumous reputation and debate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Husband_E._Kimmel&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Posthumous reputation and debate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Historians agree that the United States was unprepared for the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor at all levels, though this has been challenged by comments from MI6 spy <a href="/wiki/Dick_Ellis" title="Dick Ellis">Colonel Charles Howard 'Dick' Ellis</a>, posthumously quoted in <a href="/wiki/Jesse_Fink" title="Jesse Fink">Jesse Fink</a>'s 2023 biography of Ellis, <i>The Eagle in the Mirror</i>. </p><p>Ellis was deputy to <a href="/wiki/William_Stephenson" title="William Stephenson">William Stephenson</a> at <a href="/wiki/British_Security_Co-ordination" title="British Security Co-ordination">British Security Co-ordination</a> in New York. </p><p>Fink quotes Ellis: ‘[Stephenson] was convinced from the information that was reaching him that this attack was imminent, and through Jimmy Roosevelt, President Roosevelt’s son, he passed this information to the President. Now whether the President at that time had other information which corroborated this... it’s impossible to say.’<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Japanese military forces enjoyed clear superiority in training, equipment, experience and planning over the Americans. The extent to which Kimmel himself bore responsibility for the unreadiness of his Pacific Fleet has been a matter of debate. </p><p>Some, such as submarine <a href="/wiki/Captain_(United_States_O-6)" title="Captain (United States O-6)">Captain</a> <a href="/wiki/Edward_L._Beach,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Edward L. Beach, Jr.">Edward L. "Ned" Beach</a>, concluded that Admiral Kimmel and General Short, who was also dismissed from command, were made <a href="/wiki/Scapegoat" title="Scapegoat">scapegoats</a> for the failures of superiors in Washington. Kimmel's supporters point to a series of bureaucratic foulups and circumstances beyond anyone's control that led to the fleet's lack of preparedness, including poor atmospheric conditions that blocked a radio warning from the War Department to Pearl Harbor of a possible attack, forcing it to be sent as a telegram,<sup id="cite_ref-NSA_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NSA-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which delayed it long enough for the attack to start before Kimmel received it (the telegram messenger was on his way to deliver the message when the attack commenced; he was forced to take cover in a ditch. Kimmel did not get the warning until after the attack ended). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Edwin_T._Layton" title="Edwin T. Layton">Edwin T. Layton</a>, chief <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_officer" title="Intelligence officer">intelligence officer</a> for Kimmel and one of the officers who knew Kimmel best, provided support for Kimmel's position. Layton argued Kimmel had not been provided complete information and that Kimmel deployed the few <a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance" title="Reconnaissance">reconnaissance</a> resources at his disposal in the most logical way, given the available information.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the other hand, Kimmel's critics point out that he had been ordered 10 days prior to the attack to initiate a "defensive deployment" of the fleet. Kimmel, thinking the main threat to the fleet was sabotage, kept much of the fleet in port and did not place the fleet on alert. When his intelligence unit lost track of Japan's <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_carrier" title="Aircraft carrier">aircraft carriers</a>, he did not order long-range air or naval patrols to assess their positions.<sup id="cite_ref-Syracuse_Herald_Journal_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Syracuse_Herald_Journal-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had a poor working arrangement with his Army counterpart, General Short, who was charged with defending the fleet while in port.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (May 2016)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Historians generally recognize that American forces would have fared poorly even if Kimmel had reacted differently. In a 1964 interview, Admiral Chester Nimitz, who took over as commander of the Pacific Fleet three weeks after the attack, concluded that, "It was God's mercy that our fleet was in Pearl Harbor on December 7."<sup id="cite_ref-Mueller_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mueller-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If Kimmel "[had] had advance notice that the Japanese were coming, he most probably would have tried to intercept them. With the difference in speed between Kimmel's battleships and the faster Japanese carriers, the former could not have come within rifle range of the enemy's flattops. As a result, we would have lost many ships in deep water and also thousands more in lives."<sup id="cite_ref-Mueller_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mueller-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead, at Pearl Harbor, the crews were easily rescued, and six of eight front-line battleships ultimately raised.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was also the assessment of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Rochefort" title="Joseph Rochefort">Joseph Rochefort</a>, head of the US Navy's <a href="/wiki/Station_HYPO" title="Station HYPO">Station HYPO</a>, who remarked the attack was cheap at the price.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1994 Kimmel's family, including his grandson, South Carolina broadcaster Manning Kimmel IV, attempted for the third time to have Kimmel's four-star rank reinstated. President <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> denied the request, as had Presidents <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>. A 1995 Pentagon study concluded other high-ranking officers were also responsible for the failure at Pearl Harbor, but did not exonerate Kimmel. </p><p>On May 25, 1999, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a>, by a vote of 52–47, passed a non-binding resolution to exonerate Kimmel and Short and requested that the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> posthumously restore both men to full rank.<sup id="cite_ref-Syracuse_Herald_Journal_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Syracuse_Herald_Journal-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Senator <a href="/wiki/Strom_Thurmond" title="Strom Thurmond">Strom Thurmond</a>, one of the sponsors of the resolution, called Kimmel and Short "the two final victims of Pearl Harbor." The Senate enquiry in 2000 issued a lengthy exoneration of Kimmel's conduct.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> President Clinton did not act on the resolution, nor have any of his successors. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Portrayals">Portrayals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Husband_E._Kimmel&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Portrayals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kimmel has been portrayed by: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franchot_Tone" title="Franchot Tone">Franchot Tone</a> (1965) <i><a href="/wiki/In_Harm%27s_Way" title="In Harm's Way">In Harm's Way</a></i>; Kimmel is portrayed as a victim of unfortunate circumstance.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Balsam" title="Martin Balsam">Martin Balsam</a> (1970) <i><a href="/wiki/Tora!_Tora!_Tora!" title="Tora! Tora! Tora!">Tora! Tora! Tora!</a></i>; Kimmel is portrayed in a sympathetic light: a capable commander operating in an environment plagued by poor communication, inadequate training and systemic unreadiness.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Duggan" title="Andrew Duggan">Andrew Duggan</a> (1983) <i><a href="/wiki/The_Winds_of_War_(miniseries)" title="The Winds of War (miniseries)">The Winds of War</a></i> (TV Miniseries)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colm_Feore" title="Colm Feore">Colm Feore</a> (2001) <i><a href="/wiki/Pearl_Harbor_(film)" title="Pearl Harbor (film)">Pearl Harbor</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hewlett" title="David Hewlett">David Hewlett</a> (2019) <i><a href="/wiki/Midway_(2019_film)" title="Midway (2019 film)">Midway</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military_awards">Military awards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Husband_E._Kimmel&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Military awards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="4"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Army_of_Cuban_Pacification_service_ribbon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Army_of_Cuban_Pacification_service_ribbon.png/106px-Army_of_Cuban_Pacification_service_ribbon.png" decoding="async" width="106" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Army_of_Cuban_Pacification_service_ribbon.png/159px-Army_of_Cuban_Pacification_service_ribbon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/Army_of_Cuban_Pacification_service_ribbon.png 2x" data-file-width="212" data-file-height="60" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mexican_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Mexican_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg/106px-Mexican_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="106" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Mexican_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg/159px-Mexican_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Mexican_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg/212px-Mexican_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="106" data-file-height="30" /></a></span><div style="position:relative; width:106px; border:none; line-height:1.5em; display:-moz-inline-stack; display:inline-block; zoom:1; *display:inline;"><div style="position:relative; display:inline-block;"><div style="position: absolute; left: 43px; top: 5px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ribbonstar-bronze.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bronze service star"><img alt="Bronze star" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Ribbonstar-bronze.svg/18px-Ribbonstar-bronze.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Ribbonstar-bronze.svg/27px-Ribbonstar-bronze.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Ribbonstar-bronze.svg/36px-Ribbonstar-bronze.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="214" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:World_War_I_Victory_Medal_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/World_War_I_Victory_Medal_ribbon.svg/106px-World_War_I_Victory_Medal_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="106" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/World_War_I_Victory_Medal_ribbon.svg/159px-World_War_I_Victory_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/World_War_I_Victory_Medal_ribbon.svg/212px-World_War_I_Victory_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="279" /></a></span></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="position:relative; width:106px; border:none; line-height:1.5em; display:-moz-inline-stack; display:inline-block; zoom:1; *display:inline;"><div style="position:relative; display:inline-block;"><div style="position: absolute; left: 43px; top: 5px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ribbonstar-bronze.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bronze service star"><img alt="Bronze star" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Ribbonstar-bronze.svg/18px-Ribbonstar-bronze.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Ribbonstar-bronze.svg/27px-Ribbonstar-bronze.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Ribbonstar-bronze.svg/36px-Ribbonstar-bronze.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="214" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:American_Defense_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/American_Defense_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg/106px-American_Defense_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="106" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/American_Defense_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg/159px-American_Defense_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/American_Defense_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg/212px-American_Defense_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="279" /></a></span></div></div> </td> <td><div style="position:relative; width:106px; border:none; line-height:1.5em; display:-moz-inline-stack; display:inline-block; zoom:1; *display:inline;"><div style="position:relative; display:inline-block;"><div style="position: absolute; left: 43px; top: 5px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ribbonstar-bronze.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bronze service star"><img alt="Bronze star" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Ribbonstar-bronze.svg/18px-Ribbonstar-bronze.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Ribbonstar-bronze.svg/27px-Ribbonstar-bronze.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Ribbonstar-bronze.svg/36px-Ribbonstar-bronze.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="214" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Asiatic-Pacific_Campaign_Medal_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Asiatic-Pacific_Campaign_Medal_ribbon.svg/106px-Asiatic-Pacific_Campaign_Medal_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="106" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Asiatic-Pacific_Campaign_Medal_ribbon.svg/159px-Asiatic-Pacific_Campaign_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Asiatic-Pacific_Campaign_Medal_ribbon.svg/212px-Asiatic-Pacific_Campaign_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="279" /></a></span></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:World_War_II_Victory_Medal_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/World_War_II_Victory_Medal_ribbon.svg/106px-World_War_II_Victory_Medal_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="106" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/World_War_II_Victory_Medal_ribbon.svg/159px-World_War_II_Victory_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/World_War_II_Victory_Medal_ribbon.svg/212px-World_War_II_Victory_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="140" /></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Pacification_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuban Pacification Medal">Cuban Pacification Medal</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Service_Medal" title="Mexican Service Medal">Mexican Service Medal</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_Victory_Medal_(United_States)" title="World War I Victory Medal (United States)">World War I Victory Medal</a> <br />with one campaign star </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/American_Defense_Service_Medal" title="American Defense Service Medal">American Defense Service Medal</a><br />with "BASE" clasp </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Asiatic-Pacific_Campaign_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal">Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal</a> <br />with one campaign star </td> <td><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_Victory_Medal_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="World War II Victory Medal (United States)">World War II Victory Medal</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Husband_E._Kimmel&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Axelrod-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Axelrod_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Axelrod_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Axelrod_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Axelrod_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Axelrod_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Axelrod_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Axelrod_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Axelrod_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Axelrod_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Axelrod_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAxelrod2007" class="citation book cs1">Axelrod, Alan (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LbWFgjW6KX8C"><i>Encyclopedia of World War Two</i></a>. New York: Facts on File. p. 490. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780816060221" title="Special:BookSources/9780816060221"><bdi>9780816060221</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 16,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+World+War+Two&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=490&rft.pub=Facts+on+File&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780816060221&rft.aulast=Axelrod&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLbWFgjW6KX8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHusband+E.+Kimmel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESummersSwan201629-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESummersSwan201629_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSummersSwan2016">Summers & Swan 2016</a>, p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.heraldonline.com/latest-news/article12279821.html">"York Co. grandson battles to clear admiral's name"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=York+Co.+grandson+battles+to+clear+admiral%27s+name&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.heraldonline.com%2Flatest-news%2Farticle12279821.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHusband+E.+Kimmel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTwomey2016" class="citation book cs1">Twomey, Steve (November 1, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Wpg-DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA54"><i>Countdown to Pearl Harbor : the twelve days to the attack</i></a>. Simon and Schuster. p. 54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1476776507" title="Special:BookSources/978-1476776507"><bdi>978-1476776507</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Perennial Library. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/deliveredfromevi00leck/page/340">340–41</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-091535-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-091535-8"><bdi>0-06-091535-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Delivered+from+Evil%3A+The+Saga+of+World+War+II&rft.pages=340-41&rft.pub=Perennial+Library&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-06-091535-8&rft.aulast=Leckie&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdeliveredfromevi00leck%2Fpage%2F340&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHusband+E.+Kimmel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edwin T. Layton, <i>And I Was There: Pearl Harbor and Midway -- Breaking the Secrets</i> (1985), p. 315 (the scene was recreated by Martin Balsam, who played Kimmel in the 1970 film <i><a href="/wiki/Tora!_Tora!_Tora!" title="Tora! Tora! Tora!">Tora! Tora! Tora!</a></i>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnold-Forster2001" class="citation book cs1">Arnold-Forster, Mark (2001). <i>The World at War</i> (3rd ed.). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 27,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pearl+Harbor+Inquiry+ordered+by+Forrestal+%E2%80%93+Santa+Cruz+Sentinel%2C+Volume+89%2C+Number+168%2C+15+July+1944%3B+page+ONE&rft.pub=cdnc.ucr.edu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcdnc.ucr.edu%2F%3Fa%3Dd%26d%3DSCS19440715.1.1%26srpos%3D38%26e%3D-------en--20--21--txt-txIN-Vice%2Badmiral%2BAdolphus%2BAndrews-------1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHusband+E.+Kimmel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-court-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-court_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCongress_of_the_United_States1946" class="citation cs2">Congress of the United States, Seventy-Ninth Congress (1946), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/pha/navy/navy_0.html#9"><i>Report of Navy Court of Inquiry</i></a>, Hearings Before the Joint Committee on the Investigation of the Pearl Harbor Attack, Part 39: Reports, Findings, and Conclusions of Roberts Commission, Army Pearl Harbor Board, Navy Court of Inquiry, and Hewitt Inquiry, With Endorsements, Government Printing Office, pp. 297, <span class="nowrap">318–</span>321</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Report+of+Navy+Court+of+Inquiry&rft.series=Hearings+Before+the+Joint+Committee+on+the+Investigation+of+the+Pearl+Harbor+Attack%2C+Part+39%3A+Reports%2C+Findings%2C+and+Conclusions+of+Roberts+Commission%2C+Army+Pearl+Harbor+Board%2C+Navy+Court+of+Inquiry%2C+and+Hewitt+Inquiry%2C+With+Endorsements&rft.pages=297%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E318-%3C%2Fspan%3E321&rft.pub=Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1946&rft.aulast=Congress+of+the+United+States&rft.aufirst=Seventy-Ninth+Congress&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibiblio.org%2Fpha%2Fpha%2Fnavy%2Fnavy_0.html%239&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHusband+E.+Kimmel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-secnav-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-secnav_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCongress_of_the_United_States1946" class="citation cs2">Congress of the United States, Seventy-Ninth Congress (1946), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/pha/navy/navy_0.html#17"><i>Fourth Endorsement to Record of Proceedings of Pearl Harbor Court of Inquiry</i></a>, Hearings Before the Joint Committee on the Investigation of the Pearl Harbor Attack, Part 39: Reports, Findings, and Conclusions of Roberts Commission, Army Pearl Harbor Board, Navy Court of Inquiry, and Hewitt Inquiry, With Endorsements, Government Printing Office, pp. 373, <span class="nowrap">375–</span>377, <span class="nowrap">381–</span>383</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fourth+Endorsement+to+Record+of+Proceedings+of+Pearl+Harbor+Court+of+Inquiry&rft.series=Hearings+Before+the+Joint+Committee+on+the+Investigation+of+the+Pearl+Harbor+Attack%2C+Part+39%3A+Reports%2C+Findings%2C+and+Conclusions+of+Roberts+Commission%2C+Army+Pearl+Harbor+Board%2C+Navy+Court+of+Inquiry%2C+and+Hewitt+Inquiry%2C+With+Endorsements&rft.pages=373%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E375-%3C%2Fspan%3E377%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E381-%3C%2Fspan%3E383&rft.pub=Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1946&rft.aulast=Congress+of+the+United+States&rft.aufirst=Seventy-Ninth+Congress&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibiblio.org%2Fpha%2Fpha%2Fnavy%2Fnavy_0.html%2317&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHusband+E.+Kimmel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClay_Blair2001" class="citation book cs1">Clay Blair (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KGjfqe6DcrEC"><i>Silent Victory: The U.S. Submarine War Against Japan</i></a>. Naval Institute Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KGjfqe6DcrEC&pg=PA688">688</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55750-217-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55750-217-9"><bdi>978-1-55750-217-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Silent+Victory%3A+The+U.S.+Submarine+War+Against+Japan&rft.pages=688&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-55750-217-9&rft.au=Clay+Blair&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKGjfqe6DcrEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHusband+E.+Kimmel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFink2023" class="citation book cs1">Fink, Jesse (2023). <i>The Eagle in the Mirror</i>. Edinburgh: Black & White Publishing. p. 101. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781785305108" title="Special:BookSources/9781785305108"><bdi>9781785305108</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Eagle+in+the+Mirror&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pages=101&rft.pub=Black+%26+White+Publishing&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=9781785305108&rft.aulast=Fink&rft.aufirst=Jesse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHusband+E.+Kimmel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NSA-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NSA_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nsa.gov/about/cryptologic-heritage/center-cryptologic-history/pearl-harbor-review/pearl-harbor.shtml">"Pearl Harbor Review"</a>. <i>NSA.gov</i>. National Security Agency. May 3, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 8,</span> 2017</span>. <q>Army communications to Hawaii were down due to technical problems, and the warning was sent -- via Western Union telegram!</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NSA.gov&rft.atitle=Pearl+Harbor+Review&rft.date=2016-05-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nsa.gov%2Fabout%2Fcryptologic-heritage%2Fcenter-cryptologic-history%2Fpearl-harbor-review%2Fpearl-harbor.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHusband+E.+Kimmel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edwin T. Layton, <i>And I Was There: Pearl Harbor and Midway, Breaking the Secrets</i> (1985), pp. 222–226: "<a href="/wiki/Jaluit_Atoll" title="Jaluit Atoll">Jaluit Atoll</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Islands" title="Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a> lay 2,000 nautical miles (3,700 km) to the southwest and <a href="/wiki/Traffic_analysis" title="Traffic analysis">traffic analysis</a> indicated a powerful submarine force there. It was also thought at least one carrier division was making for Japanese bases in the Marshalls, and <a href="/wiki/Photo_reconnaissance" class="mw-redirect" title="Photo reconnaissance">photo reconnaissance</a> was ordered to settle a difference in analysis..... Kimmel had to make his plans on the assumption that the main danger to Pearl Harbor in the event of war was an enemy task force steaming out to make a surprise attack from the southwest.... At no time did Kimmel receive any intelligence, or hint, that there was any threat to Pearl Harbor from any direction but from the southwest."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Syracuse_Herald_Journal-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Syracuse_Herald_Journal_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Syracuse_Herald_Journal_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Military, lawmakers want Pearl Harbor commanders pardoned". <i><a href="/wiki/Syracuse_Herald-Journal" title="Syracuse Herald-Journal">Syracuse Herald-Journal</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_New_York" title="Syracuse, New York">Syracuse, New York</a>. December 1, 1999. p. A-9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Syracuse+Herald-Journal&rft.atitle=Military%2C+lawmakers+want+Pearl+Harbor+commanders+pardoned&rft.pages=A-9&rft.date=1999-12-01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHusband+E.+Kimmel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Prange, Gordon W., Goldstein, Donald M., & Dillon, Katherine V. <i>December 7, 1941: The Day the Japanese Attacked Pearl Harbor</i> (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1988).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mueller-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mueller_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mueller_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMueller1991" class="citation journal cs1">Mueller, John (1991). "Pearl Harbor: Military Inconvenience, Political Disaster". <i>International Security</i>. <b>16</b> (3 (Winter, 1991–1992)). The MIT Press: <span class="nowrap">176–</span>177. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2539091">10.2307/2539091</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2539091">2539091</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153949177">153949177</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Security&rft.atitle=Pearl+Harbor%3A+Military+Inconvenience%2C+Political+Disaster&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=3+%28Winter%2C+1991%E2%80%931992%29&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E176-%3C%2Fspan%3E177&rft.date=1991&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153949177%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2539091%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2539091&rft.aulast=Mueller&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHusband+E.+Kimmel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Prange" title="Gordon Prange">Gordon Prange</a>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miracle_at_Midway&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Miracle at Midway (page does not exist)">Miracle at Midway</a></i>, 1983, paperback, p. 9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holmes, W. J. <i>Double-Edged Secrets</i><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (July 2012)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z6E993ZslkAC&pg=PA9991">Congressional Record, V. 146, Pt. 7, May 24, 2000 to June 12, 2000</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Husband_E._Kimmel&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSummersSwan2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Summers" title="Anthony Summers">Summers, Anthony</a>; Swan, Robbyn (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.harpercollins.com/9780062497017/a-matter-of-honor&source=gbs_navlinks_s"><i>A Matter of Honor: Pearl Harbor, Betrayal, Blame and a Family's Quest for Justice</i></a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Harper_(publisher)" title="Harper (publisher)">Harper</a>. p. 29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 21,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Matter+of+Honor%3A+Pearl+Harbor%2C+Betrayal%2C+Blame+and+a+Family%27s+Quest+for+Justice&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=Harper&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Summers&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft.au=Swan%2C+Robbyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.harpercollins.com%2F9780062497017%2Fa-matter-of-honor%26source%3Dgbs_navlinks_s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHusband+E.+Kimmel" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Husband_E._Kimmel&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Husband_E._Kimmel" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Husband E. Kimmel">Husband E. Kimmel</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/41px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/55px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.navy.mil/our-collections/photography/us-people/k/kimmel-husband-e.html">History.navy.mil biography of Kimmel</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kimmelfamily.net/Husband.htm">Admiral Kimmel's Story</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100819075856/http://www.kimmelfamily.net/Husband.htm">Archived</a> August 19, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>A film clip <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/1946-01-14_Adm_Kimmel_Testifies_On_Pearl_Harbor">Adm. Kimmel Testifies On Pearl Harbor, 1946/01/14 (1946)</a> is available for viewing at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/7018519">Husband E. Kimmel</a> at <a href="/wiki/Find_a_Grave" title="Find a Grave">Find a Grave</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pearlharbor911attacks.com/tom-kimmels-bio">Website of Thomas K. Kimmel, Jr. Admiral Kimmel's grandson.</a> Contains much material on Pearl Harbor and Admiral Kimmel.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/009574">Newspaper clippings about Husband E. Kimmel</a> in the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archiveswest.orbiscascade.org/ark:/80444/xv498009/op=fstyle.aspx?t=k&q=kimmel&f_repo=wyuah">Husband Edward Kimmel Papers</a> at the <a href="/wiki/American_Heritage_Center" title="American Heritage Center">American Heritage Center</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcollections.uwyo.edu/luna/servlet/uwydbuwy~83~83">Digital collection of Husband E. Kimmel papers</a> at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcollections.uwyo.edu/luna/servlet/allCollections">AHC digital collections</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ahcwyo.org/2017/12/07/admiral-husband-e-kimmel-bungler-or-fall-guy/">Husband E. Kimmel: Bunglar or Fall Guy?</a> at the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ahcwyo.org/">AHC blog</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #CF9C65;">Military offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/James_O._Richardson" title="James O. Richardson">James O. Richardson</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Commander in Chief of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Pacific_Fleet" title="United States Pacific Fleet">United States Pacific Fleet</a> </b><br />1941 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_S._Pye" title="William S. Pye">William S. 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id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>26 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button 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