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</ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Summary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Summary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Summary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Summary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inbreeding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inbreeding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Inbreeding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inbreeding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Incest</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 84 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-84" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">84 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloedskande" title="Bloedskande – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Bloedskande" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inzest" title="Inzest – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Inzest" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%85" title="زنا المحارم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="زنا المحارم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incestu" title="Incestu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Incestu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0nsest" title="İnsest – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İnsest" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="অজাচার – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অজাচার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lo%C4%81n-l%C3%BBn" title="Loān-lûn – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Loān-lûn" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8D%D1%81%D1%82" title="Інцэст – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Інцэст" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%8C%D0%BC%D1%8F%D1%88%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Кровазьмяшэньне – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Кровазьмяшэньне" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insesto" title="Insesto – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Insesto" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8A%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Кръвосмешение – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кръвосмешение" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%89%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%9A%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%86%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%A6%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%96%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BC%8D" title="གཉེན་ཚན་བར་ཆགས་སྦྱོར་བྱེད་པ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="གཉེན་ཚན་བར་ཆགས་སྦྱོར་བྱེད་པ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incest" title="Incest – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Incest" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwadorged" title="Gwadorged – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Gwadorged" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incest" title="Incest – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Incest" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incest" title="Incest – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Incest" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makunakuna" title="Makunakuna – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Makunakuna" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llosgach" title="Llosgach – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Llosgach" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incest" title="Incest – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Incest" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inzest" title="Inzest – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Inzest" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intsest" title="Intsest – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Intsest" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%B9%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BE%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Αιμομιξία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αιμομιξία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incest" title="Incest – English" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Incest" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incesto" title="Incesto – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Incesto" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incesto" title="Incesto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Incesto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intzestu" title="Intzestu – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Intzestu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D8%A7_%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%85" title="زنا با محارم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زنا با محارم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inceste" title="Inceste – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Inceste" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ynsest" title="Ynsest – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Ynsest" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croiaght" title="Croiaght – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Croiaght" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incesto" title="Incesto – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Incesto" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B7%BC%EC%B9%9C%EC%83%81%EA%B0%84" title="근친상간 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="근친상간" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D5%B6%D6%81%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%BF" title="Ինցեստ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ինցեստ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8" title="अगम्यगमन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अगम्यगमन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incest" title="Incest – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Incest" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incesto" title="Incesto – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Incesto" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inses" title="Inses – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Inses" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incesto" title="Incesto – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Incesto" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sifjaspell" title="Sifjaspell – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Sifjaspell" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incesto" title="Incesto – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Incesto" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%99_%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA" title="גילוי עריות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גילוי עריות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AA%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="ინცესტი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ინცესტი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82" title="Инцест – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Инцест" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Ensest" title="Însest – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Însest" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82" title="Инцест – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Инцест" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asinsgr%C4%93ks" title="Asinsgrēks – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Asinsgrēks" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraujomai%C5%A1a" title="Kraujomaiša – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kraujomaiša" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incest" title="Incest – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Incest" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A9rfert%C5%91z%C3%A9s" title="Vérfertőzés – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Vérfertőzés" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82" title="Инцест – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Инцест" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%85" title="زنا المحارم – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="زنا المحارم" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumbang_mahram" title="Sumbang mahram – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sumbang mahram" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incest" title="Incest – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Incest" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80" title="हाडनाता करणी – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="हाडनाता करणी" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BF%91%E8%A6%AA%E7%9B%B8%E5%A7%A6" title="近親相姦 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="近親相姦" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incest" title="Incest – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Incest" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incest" title="Incest – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Incest" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazirodztwo" title="Kazirodztwo – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kazirodztwo" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incesto" title="Incesto – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Incesto" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incest" title="Incest – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Incest" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muquy" title="Muquy – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Muquy" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82" title="Инцест – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Инцест" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incesti" title="Incesti – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Incesti" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B7%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%A0%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%BA" title="ව්‍යාභිචාරය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ව්‍යාභිචාරය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incest" title="Incest – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Incest" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incest" title="Incest – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Incest" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7_%D9%84%DB%95%DA%AF%DB%95%DA%B5_%D9%85%DB%95%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%85" title="زینا لەگەڵ مەحاریم – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زینا لەگەڵ مەحاریم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%99%D0%B5%D1%9A%D0%B5" title="Родоскврнављење – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Родоскврнављење" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incest" title="Incest – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Incest" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insesti" title="Insesti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Insesti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incest" title="Incest – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Incest" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insesto" title="Insesto – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Insesto" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81" title="தகாப் பாலுறவு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தகாப் பாலுறவு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81" title="అగమ్యాగమనము – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="అగమ్యాగమనము" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97" title="การร่วมประเวณีกับญาติสนิท – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การร่วมประเวณีกับญาติสนิท" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensest" title="Ensest – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ensest" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82" title="Інцест – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Інцест" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%92_%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%85" title="زنائے محرم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="زنائے محرم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lo%E1%BA%A1n_lu%C3%A2n" title="Loạn luân – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Loạn luân" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BF%91%E4%BA%B2%E6%80%A7%E4%BA%A4" title="近亲性交 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="近亲性交" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%99_%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA" title="גילוי עריות – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="גילוי עריות" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%82%E5%80%AB" title="亂倫 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="亂倫" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensest" title="Ensest – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Ensest" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BF%91%E8%A6%AA%E6%80%A7%E4%BA%A4" title="近親性交 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="近親性交" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q127683#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Change links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet 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lang="en" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jan_Massys-Loth_et_ses_filles_IMG_1419.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Jan_Massys-Loth_et_ses_filles_IMG_1419.JPG/220px-Jan_Massys-Loth_et_ses_filles_IMG_1419.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Jan_Massys-Loth_et_ses_filles_IMG_1419.JPG/330px-Jan_Massys-Loth_et_ses_filles_IMG_1419.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Jan_Massys-Loth_et_ses_filles_IMG_1419.JPG/440px-Jan_Massys-Loth_et_ses_filles_IMG_1419.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3046" data-file-height="2214" /></a><figcaption>Lot and his daughters, by <a href="/wiki/Jan_Massys" title="Jan Massys">Jan Massys</a>, 16th century</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_II_of_Spain.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Charles_II_of_Spain.jpg/220px-Charles_II_of_Spain.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Charles_II_of_Spain.jpg/330px-Charles_II_of_Spain.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Charles_II_of_Spain.jpg/440px-Charles_II_of_Spain.jpg 2x" data-file-width="481" data-file-height="579" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_II_of_Spain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles II of Spain (not yet started)">Charles II of Spain</a>, portrait, as a child, avbout 1666, by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Juan_Carre%C3%B1o_de_Miranda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Juan Carreño de Miranda (not yet started)">Juan Carreño de Miranda</a>. Charles only learned to speak at age four, and started to walk at age eight. As a result of incest, he was likely handicapped. He was the last <a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">Habsburg</a> on the Spanish throne.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Incest</b> means <a href="/wiki/Sexual_intercourse" title="Sexual intercourse">sexual intercourse</a> between people who are closely <a href="https://simple.wiktionary.org/wiki/relation" class="extiw" title="wikt:relation">related</a>. Usually, this means members of the same family. In many societies, it is <a href="https://simple.wiktionary.org/wiki/forbidden" class="extiw" title="wikt:forbidden">forbidden</a> by <a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">law</a> and <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religion</a>. Which relatives it is forbidden to have sex with depends on the law, religion and culture. </p><p>Incest is now regarded as bad for the <a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">genetic</a> health of the offspring, and it is often forbidden by present-day religions and laws.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fundamental reason has to do with <a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">genetics</a>. Incestual societies will have a high rate of <a href="/wiki/Birth_defect" title="Birth defect">birth defects</a>, significant enough for it to be noticed even when little was known about the cause. To some extent this is a surmise, because ancient societies had no knowledge of genetics as such. But they must have noticed some connection between birth defects and the relationship between parents. We think this because widespread bans on closely related persons marrying came long before the understanding of modern genetics. </p><p>In history (as far as we know it) there were societies which allowed incestual marriages and individual acts of incest. Famously, the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Egyptian">ancient Egyptian</a> royal family practised incest, though not exclusively. It is thought that the frequency of early non-trauma deaths (such as <a href="/wiki/Tutankhamun" title="Tutankhamun">Tutankhamun</a>) was due to the effect of incest. We do know that incest was practised in their royal family. <a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_VII" title="Cleopatra VII">Cleopatra</a> was married to her brothers, Ptolemy XIII and Ptolemy XIV. Roman records show that marriages between close siblings were common in Ancient Egypt.<sup id="cite_ref-Shaw_1992_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shaw_1992-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hopkins_1980_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hopkins_1980-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>So, if pregnancy is a risk, there is a reason based on health. Children that result from incest between blood relatives are more likely to have <a href="/wiki/Birth_defect" title="Birth defect">birth defects</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology_and_scope">Terminology and scope</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Incest&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Change section: Terminology and scope" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Incest&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Terminology and scope"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The exact definition of the incest relationship varies. In some societies it is immediate relations, such as parents and their children; or brothers and sisters of the same parents. It sometimes includes extended family like aunts, nephews, nieces and uncles. That way, intercourse between <a href="/wiki/Cousin" title="Cousin">cousins</a> is legally permitted in the large majority of the world, but is disliked in many countries. In some U.S. states, such as <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>, the legal definition of incest includes first cousins, but not second cousins. A person who engages in incest may be called an <i>incestophile</i> or <i>incestualist</i>. </p><p>Other societies define it much more widely, to include all "blood relatives", or all who live in the same <a href="/wiki/Household" title="Household">household</a>, or belong to the same <a href="/wiki/Clan" title="Clan">clan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some religions say that sex between people related by marriage is incest. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> forbids sex between siblings-in-law. In <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, sex between a parent-in-law and child-in-law is illegal. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Incest&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Change section: Types" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Incest&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Types"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are different types of incest: </p> <ul><li><i>Between an adult family member, and a child.</i> This is usually a form of <a href="/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse" title="Child sexual abuse">child sexual abuse</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wolf170_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolf170-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It often involves a form of threat, or the adult abuses his or her position of power. The most commonly-reported form in the Western world is father-daughter incest.<sup id="cite_ref-Herman_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Herman-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This form has been shown to cause one of the worst forms of childhood <a href="/wiki/Trauma" class="mw-disambig" title="Trauma">trauma</a>, a trauma that often causes serious and long-term psychological damage, especially in the case of parental incest.<sup id="cite_ref-Courtois_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Courtois-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stepparents are more likely to abuse stepchildren than biological parents are to abuse their children,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> because people typically care about their own children more than they care about their stepchildren – the <a href="/wiki/Cinderella_effect" title="Cinderella effect">Cinderella effect</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is suggested that the <a href="/wiki/Westermarck_effect" title="Westermarck effect">Westermarck effect</a> prevents a person being attracted to anyone whom he lived in the same house as during his childhood. For this reason, most people are never sexually attracted to their <a href="/wiki/Sibling" title="Sibling">siblings</a> or parents.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Between children who are related.</i> It is thought, that incest between siblings is widespread, but that it is rarely reported.<sup id="cite_ref-Turner2_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Turner2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If one sibling forces the other, or there is no <a href="/wiki/Age_of_consent" title="Age of consent">consent</a>, this is likely the same case as sexual abuse of children.</li> <li><i>Between <a href="/wiki/Age_of_consent" title="Age of consent">consenting</a> adults.</i>Incest between consenting adults is very rare, or rarely reported.<sup id="cite_ref-Wolf170_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolf170-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Willing incest between adults is a crime in most countries. It is seen by some as a <a href="/wiki/Victimless_crime" title="Victimless crime">victimless crime</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-spiegel_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spiegel-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A reason why it is prohibited is because severely handicapped children are often born to parents who are blood-related. Other reasons for it being illegal are religion and to try to prevent sexual predation.</li></ul> <p>The term is often used to apply to less serious sexual relationships between related people. It is difficult to say how frequent incest is, but researchers have estimated that between 10% and 15% of people have at least one "incest experience" (this means some kind of sexual relationship falling short of actual incest). Less than 2% of these involve <a href="/wiki/Sexual_intercourse" title="Sexual intercourse">intercourse</a> or attempted intercourse.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among women, research by Russell (1986) and Wyatt (1985) has given estimates as high as twenty percent (for such 'incest experience').<sup id="cite_ref-Courtois_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Courtois-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a survey of women in <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>, of those who had grown up with a stepfather, 17% (1 in 6) said that he sexually abused her. In the same study, 2.5% (1 in 40) of the women said that they had been sexually abused by their father.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Summary">Summary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Incest&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Change section: Summary" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Incest&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Summary"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most societies have some form of incest avoidance.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Turner_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Turner-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The incest <a href="/wiki/Taboo" title="Taboo">taboo</a> is and has been one of the most common of all cultural taboos, both in current nations and many past societies,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with legal penalties imposed in some jurisdictions. Most modern societies have legal or social restrictions on closely consanguineous marriages.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in some societies, such as that of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a>, brother–sister, father–daughter, and mother–son relations were practiced among royalty.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Inbreeding">Inbreeding</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Incest&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Change section: Inbreeding" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Incest&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Inbreeding"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many royal houses have suffered inbreeding. This is caused in most cases by apparently natural marriages between persons who are actually closely related. Cases have appeared which are explained, and sometimes even proved, as being dues to <a href="/wiki/Inbreeding" title="Inbreeding">inbreeding</a>. The classic examples are the European royal houses (see <a href="/wiki/Hapsburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Hapsburg">Habsburg</a>) and the Egyptian <a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">pharaohs</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Incest&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Change section: References" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Incest&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: References"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9724317">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Levesque, Roger J.R. 1999. <i>Sexual abuse of children: a human rights perspective</i>. Indiana University Press. pp. 1, 5–6, 176–180. <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780253334718" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 9780253334718</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child. 1989. Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shaw_1992-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Shaw_1992_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Brent D. Shaw: <i>Explaining Incest: Brother-Sister Marriage in Graeco-Roman Egypt.</i> In: <i>Man.</i> New Series, Volume 27, Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, London 1992, pp. 267–299</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hopkins_1980-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Hopkins_1980_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Keith Hopkins: <i>Brother-Sister Marriage in Roman Egypt.</i> In: <i>Comparative Studies in Society and History.</i> Volume 22, Issue 3, Society for Comparative Studies in Society and History, London New York Juli 1980, pp. 303–354 (<a href="//doi.org/10.1017/S0010417500009385" class="extiw" title="doi:10.1017/S0010417500009385">doi:10.1017/S0010417500009385</a>). also see<i>:</i> Sofie Remijsen, Willy Clarysse: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lirias.kuleuven.be/bitstream/123456789/208733/2/Journal"><i>Incest or Adoption? Brother-Sister Marriage in Roman Egypt Revisited.</i></a> (PDF; 86 kB; 8 Seiten) In: <i>JRS 98 (2008), pp. 53–61.</i> Leuwen 2008 accessed 8th of July 2013).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Claude Lévi-Strauss. <i>Elementary structures Of kinship</i>. (tr. 1971)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wolf170-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Wolf170_6-0">6.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Wolf170_6-1">6.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9724332">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWolfWilliam_H._Durham2004" class="citation book cs1">Wolf, Arthur P.; William H. Durham (2004). <i>Inbreeding, incest, and the incest taboo: the state of knowledge at the turn of the century</i>. Stanford University Press. pp. 170–172. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-5141-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8047-5141-2"><bdi>0-8047-5141-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inbreeding%2C+incest%2C+and+the+incest+taboo%3A+the+state+of+knowledge+at+the+turn+of+the+century&rft.pages=170-172&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-8047-5141-2&rft.aulast=Wolf&rft.aufirst=Arthur+P.&rft.au=William+H.+Durham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AIncest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Herman-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Herman_7-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFHerman1981" class="citation book cs1">Herman, Judith (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fatherdaughterin00herm_0"><i>Father-daughter incest</i></a>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fatherdaughterin00herm_0/page/282">282</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-29506-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-29506-4"><bdi>0-674-29506-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Father-daughter+incest&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=282&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=0-674-29506-4&rft.aulast=Herman&rft.aufirst=Judith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffatherdaughterin00herm_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AIncest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Courtois-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Courtois_8-0">8.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Courtois_8-1">8.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFCourtois1988" class="citation book cs1">Courtois, Christine A. (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/healingincestwou00cour"><i>Healing the incest wound: adult survivors in therapy</i></a>. Norton. p. 208. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-31356-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-31356-5"><bdi>0-393-31356-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Healing+the+incest+wound%3A+adult+survivors+in+therapy&rft.pages=208&rft.pub=Norton&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-393-31356-5&rft.aulast=Courtois&rft.aufirst=Christine+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhealingincestwou00cour&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AIncest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3427237">59 incestuous stepfathers</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.examiner.com/article/the-cinderella-effect">The Cinderella Effect</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">The Westermarck effect, or reverse sexual imprinting, is a hypothetical psychological effect through which people who live in close domestic proximity during the first few years of their lives become desensitized to sexual attraction. Westermarck, Edvard [1891] 1921. <i>The history of human marriage</i>. 5th ed, London: Macmillan.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Shepher, Joseph 1983. Incest: a biosocial view. In <i>Studies in anthropology</i>. New York: Academic Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-12-639460-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-12-639460-1">0-12-639460-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Turner2-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Turner2_13-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFTurner1996" class="citation book cs1">Turner, Jeffrey S. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofre0000turn/page/92"><i>Encyclopedia of Relationships Across the Lifespan</i></a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofre0000turn/page/92">92</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-29576-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-29576-8"><bdi>978-0-313-29576-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Relationships+Across+the+Lifespan&rft.pages=92&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-313-29576-8&rft.aulast=Turner&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaofre0000turn%2Fpage%2F92&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AIncest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-spiegel-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-spiegel_14-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFHipp,_Dietmar2008" class="citation magazine cs1">Hipp, Dietmar (2008-03-11). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/0,1518,540831,00.html">"German High Court takes a look at incest"</a>. <i>Der Spiegel</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-04-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Der+Spiegel&rft.atitle=German+High+Court+takes+a+look+at+incest&rft.date=2008-03-11&rft.au=Hipp%2C+Dietmar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Finternational%2Fgermany%2F0%2C1518%2C540831%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AIncest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFNemeroff,_Charles_B.;_Craighead,_W._Edward2001" class="citation book cs1">Nemeroff, Charles B.; Craighead, W. Edward (2001). <i>The Corsini encyclopedia of psychology and behavioral science</i>. New York: Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-24096-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-24096-6"><bdi>0-471-24096-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Corsini+encyclopedia+of+psychology+and+behavioral+science&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-471-24096-6&rft.au=Nemeroff%2C+Charles+B.%3B+Craighead%2C+W.+Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AIncest" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0145213484900450">Prevalence and seriousness of incestuous abuse</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown, Donald E., <i>Human Universals</i>. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1991, p. 118-29</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Turner-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Turner_18-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFTurner1996" class="citation book cs1">Turner, Jeffrey S. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofre0000turn"><i>Encyclopedia of relationships across the lifespan</i></a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 92. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-29576-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-29576-X"><bdi>0-313-29576-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+relationships+across+the+lifespan&rft.pages=92&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-313-29576-X&rft.aulast=Turner&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaofre0000turn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AIncest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Incest: the nature and origin of the taboo,</i> by Emile Durkheim (tr.1963)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Kinship, incest, and the dictates of law,</i> by Henry A. Kelly, 14 Am. J. Juris. 69</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Maurice Godelier, Métamorphoses de la parenté, 2004</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newleftreview.org/?view=2592">"New Left Review – Jack Goody: The Labyrinth of Kinship"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-07-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+Left+Review+%E2%80%93+Jack+Goody%3A+The+Labyrinth+of+Kinship&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnewleftreview.org%2F%3Fview%3D2592&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AIncest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Incest&oldid=9784497">https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Incest&oldid=9784497</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:Categories" title="Special:Categories">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Incest" title="Category:Incest">Incest</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sexuality" title="Category:Sexuality">Sexuality</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Marriage" title="Category:Marriage">Marriage</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_the_JsonConfig_extension" title="Category:Pages using the JsonConfig extension">Pages using the JsonConfig extension</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_ISBN_magic_links" title="Category:Pages using ISBN magic links">Pages using ISBN magic links</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last changed on 22 September 2024, at 20:01.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_GNU_Free_Documentation_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the GNU Free Documentation License">GFDL</a>; additional terms may apply. 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