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</div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kleptocratie</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Ga naar een artikel in een andere taal. Beschikbaar in 57 talen" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-57" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">57 talen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleptokrasie" title="Kleptokrasie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kleptokrasie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A8%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="كليبتوقراطية – Arabisch" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كليبتوقراطية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleptocracia" title="Cleptocracia – Asturisch" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Cleptocracia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleptokratiya" title="Kleptokratiya – Azerbeidzjaans" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kleptokratiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbeidzjaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Клептакратыя – Belarussisch" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Клептакратыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarussisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Клептокрация – Bulgaars" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Клептокрация" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0" title="চৌর্যতন্ত্র – Bengaals" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="চৌর্যতন্ত্র" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengaals" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleptocr%C3%A0cia" title="Cleptocràcia – Catalaans" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cleptocràcia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%95%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="چەتەسالاری – Soranî" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="چەتەسالاری" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Soranî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleptokracie" title="Kleptokracie – Tsjechisch" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kleptokracie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tsjechisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleptokrati" title="Kleptokrati – Deens" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kleptokrati" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Deens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleptokratie" title="Kleptokratie – Duits" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kleptokratie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%BB%CE%B5%CF%80%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Κλεπτοκρατία – Grieks" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κλεπτοκρατία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Grieks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleptocracy" title="Kleptocracy – Engels" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Kleptocracy" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleptokratio" title="Kleptokratio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kleptokratio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleptocracia" title="Cleptocracia – Spaans" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cleptocracia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleptokraatia" title="Kleptokraatia – Estisch" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kleptokraatia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleptokrazia" title="Kleptokrazia – Baskisch" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kleptokrazia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B2%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="دزدسالاری – Perzisch" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دزدسالاری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Perzisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleptokratia" title="Kleptokratia – Fins" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kleptokratia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Fins" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleptocratie" title="Kleptocratie – Frans" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Kleptocratie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Frans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleptocracia" title="Cleptocracia – Galicisch" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cleptocracia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galicisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%A4%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%99%D7%94" title="קלפטוקרטיה – Hebreeuws" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קלפטוקרטיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebreeuws" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="चोर-तंत्र – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="चोर-तंत्र" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleptokracija" title="Kleptokracija – Kroatisch" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kleptokracija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroatisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleptokr%C3%A1cia" title="Kleptokrácia – Hongaars" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kleptokrácia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hongaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Ավազակապետություն – Armeens" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ավազակապետություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleptokrasi" title="Kleptokrasi – Indonesisch" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kleptokrasi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Ej%C3%B3fr%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Þjófræði – IJslands" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Þjófræði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="IJslands" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleptocrazia" title="Cleptocrazia – Italiaans" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cleptocrazia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%A5%E6%A3%92%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="泥棒政治 – Japans" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="泥棒政治" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Клептократия – Kazachs" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Клептократия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazachs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8F%84%EB%91%91%EC%A0%95%EC%B9%98" title="도둑정치 – Koreaans" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="도둑정치" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Koreaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleptokratie" title="Kleptokratie – Luxemburgs" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Kleptokratie" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxemburgs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleptokratija" title="Kleptokratija – Litouws" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kleptokratija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Litouws" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Клептократија – Macedonisch" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Клептократија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleptokrasi" title="Kleptokrasi – Maleis" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kleptokrasi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Maleis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="चोरतन्त्र – Nepalees" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="चोरतन्त्र" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepalees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleptokrati" title="Kleptokrati – Noors - Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kleptokrati" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Noors - Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleptokrati" title="Kleptokrati – Noors - Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kleptokrati" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Noors - Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleptokracja" title="Kleptokracja – Pools" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kleptokracja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleptocracia" title="Cleptocracia – Portugees" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cleptocracia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleptocra%C8%9Bie" title="Cleptocrație – Roemeens" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cleptocrație" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Roemeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Клептократия – Russisch" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Клептократия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleptokracija" title="Kleptokracija – Servo-Kroatisch" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kleptokracija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Servo-Kroatisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleptocracy" title="Kleptocracy – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Kleptocracy" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleptokracija" title="Kleptokracija – Sloveens" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kleptokracija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloveens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Клептократија – Servisch" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Клептократија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Servisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleptokrati" title="Kleptokrati – Zweeds" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kleptokrati" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Zweeds" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A2" title="โจราธิปไตย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โจราธิปไตย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleptokrasi" title="Kleptokrasi – Turks" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kleptokrasi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Клептократія – Oekraïens" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Клептократія" data-language-autonym="Українська" 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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">naar zijbalk verplaatsen</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">verbergen</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Uit Wikipedia, de vrije encyclopedie</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="nl" dir="ltr"><p><b>Kleptocratie</b> komt van het Griekse <i>klepto</i> (stelen) en <i>kratein</i> (regeren), en betekent dus "regering door dieven". In tegenstelling tot bijvoorbeeld <a href="/wiki/Democratie" title="Democratie">democratie</a> of <a href="/wiki/Dictatuur" title="Dictatuur">dictatuur</a> is het geen staatsvorm. Het betreft een <a href="/wiki/Pejoratief" title="Pejoratief">pejoratieve</a> term voor (vermeend) zelfverrijkende regeringen en landen. </p><p>Het kan wel tot informele <a href="/wiki/Bestuursvorm" title="Bestuursvorm">bestuursvorm</a> verworden; in dat geval is de mogelijkheid om te stelen en te laten stelen bepalend voor de machtsverhoudingen in het land. </p><p>Een minder negatieve term voor 'kleptocratie' is eveneens de door geld gestuurde '<a href="/wiki/Plutocratie" title="Plutocratie">plutocratie</a>', waar <a href="/wiki/Oligarchie" title="Oligarchie">oligarchen</a>, zoals in <a href="/wiki/Rusland" title="Rusland">Rusland</a> en de voormalige Sovjet-republieken, vaak informeel, de dienst uitmaken. </p><p>Kleptocratieën zijn meestal - maar niet uitsluitend - <a href="/wiki/Dictatuur_(regeringsvorm)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dictatuur (regeringsvorm)">dictaturen</a>. Het wordt vaak geassocieerd met <a href="/wiki/Bananenrepubliek" title="Bananenrepubliek">bananenrepublieken</a>, maar <a href="/wiki/Absolutisme" class="mw-redirect" title="Absolutisme">absolutistische</a> en <a href="/wiki/Kolonie_(staatkundig)" title="Kolonie (staatkundig)">koloniale</a> regeringen worden er soms ook van verdacht kleptocratieën te zijn. Tegenwoordig zijn kleptocratieën vooral <a href="/wiki/Ontwikkelingsland" title="Ontwikkelingsland">derdewereldlanden</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historische_voorbeelden">Historische voorbeelden</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kleptocratie&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Historische voorbeelden" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kleptocratie&action=edit&section=1" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Historische voorbeelden"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In de geschiedenis is het talloze malen voorgekomen dat kringen van intimi rond de machthebbers grote vermogens bijeen roofden. Voorbeelden zijn: </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon I">Napoleon I</a> die als keizer een vermogen vergaarde en toeliet dat zijn maarschalken en generaals dat ook deden. De maarschalk <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Mass%C3%A9na" title="André Masséna">Masséna</a> graaide in Milaan en ook elders zoveel bij elkaar dat Napoleon op Sint Helena opmerkte: "Masséna a bien volé" (Frans: Masséna heeft goed gestolen"). De keizer zelf liet de sieraden van zijn vrouw <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9phine_de_Beauharnais" title="Joséphine de Beauharnais">Joséphine</a> op de begroting van de ambulances van het leger boeken.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>De onmetelijke schatten van de <a href="/wiki/Rooms-katholieke_Kerk" class="mw-redirect" title="Rooms-katholieke Kerk">Katholieke kerk</a> in <a href="/wiki/Engeland" title="Engeland">Engeland</a> werden door <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_VIII_van_Engeland" title="Hendrik VIII van Engeland">Hendrik VIII</a> geconfisqueerd en verdeeld tussen de kroon en de grote edellieden rond de koning. Dit is de basis van veel van de grote adellijke vermogens in Groot-Brittannië.</li></ol> <p>De Duitse organisatie <a href="/wiki/Transparency_International" title="Transparency International">Transparency International</a> publiceerde in <a href="/wiki/2004" title="2004">2004</a> een lijst met leiders die het meeste geld uit de staatskas voor privédoeleinden hebben aangewend: </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Soeharto" title="Soeharto">Muhammad Soeharto</a> (<a href="/wiki/Indonesi%C3%AB" title="Indonesië">Indonesië</a> <a href="/wiki/1967" title="1967">1967</a>-<a href="/wiki/1998" title="1998">1998</a>) 15 tot 35 miljard US$</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Ferdinand Marcos">Ferdinand Marcos</a> (<a href="/wiki/Filipijnen" title="Filipijnen">Filipijnen</a> <a href="/wiki/1965" title="1965">1965</a>-<a href="/wiki/1986" title="1986">1986</a>) 5 tot 10 miljard</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobutu_Sese_Seko" title="Mobutu Sese Seko">Mobutu Sese Seko</a> (<a href="/wiki/Democratische_Republiek_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratische Republiek Congo">Zaïre</a> <a href="/wiki/1965" title="1965">1965</a>-<a href="/wiki/1997" title="1997">1997</a>) 5 miljard</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sani_Abacha" title="Sani Abacha">Sani Abacha</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nigeria_(land)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nigeria (land)">Nigeria</a> <a href="/wiki/1993" title="1993">1993</a>-<a href="/wiki/1998" title="1998">1998</a>) 1 miljard</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87" title="Slobodan Milošević">Slobodan Milošević</a> (<a href="/wiki/Joegoslavi%C3%AB" title="Joegoslavië">Joegoslavië</a> <a href="/wiki/1989" title="1989">1989</a>-<a href="/wiki/2000" title="2000">2000</a>) 1 miljard</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Claude_Duvalier" title="Jean-Claude Duvalier">Jean-Claude "Baby Doc" Duvalier</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ha%C3%AFti" title="Haïti">Haïti</a> <a href="/wiki/1971" title="1971">1971</a>-<a href="/wiki/1986" title="1986">1986</a>) 300 tot 800 miljoen</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Fujimori" title="Alberto Fujimori">Alberto Fujimori</a> (<a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> <a href="/wiki/1990" title="1990">1990</a>-<a href="/wiki/2000" title="2000">2000</a>) 600 miljoen</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pavlo_Lazarenko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pavlo Lazarenko (de pagina bestaat niet)">Pavlo Lazarenko</a> (<a href="/wiki/Oekra%C3%AFne" title="Oekraïne">Oekraïne</a> <a href="/wiki/1996" title="1996">1996</a>-<a href="/wiki/1997" title="1997">1997</a>) 114 tot 120 miljoen</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnoldo_Alem%C3%A1n" title="Arnoldo Alemán">Arnoldo Alemán</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a> <a href="/wiki/1997" title="1997">1997</a>-<a href="/wiki/2002" title="2002">2002</a>) 100 miljoen</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Estrada" title="Joseph Estrada">Joseph Estrada</a> (Filipijnen <a href="/wiki/1998" title="1998">1998</a>-<a href="/wiki/2001" title="2001">2001</a>) 78 tot 80 miljoen.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Westerse_democratieën"><span id="Westerse_democratie.C3.ABn"></span>Westerse democratieën</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kleptocratie&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Westerse democratieën" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kleptocratie&action=edit&section=2" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Westerse democratieën"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In de Westerse democratieën, zoals <a href="/wiki/West-Europa" title="West-Europa">West-Europa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Noord-Amerika" title="Noord-Amerika">Noord-Amerika</a> en <a href="/wiki/Australi%C3%AB_(land)" title="Australië (land)">Australië</a> is de kleptocratie, als brede vorm van misbruik door een regering niet bekend. In voorkomende gevallen van individuele corruptie, zelfverrijking, en dergelijke zijn parlementaire controle en juridische strafvervolging effectieve sancties. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Zie_ook">Zie ook</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kleptocratie&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Zie ook" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kleptocratie&action=edit&section=3" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Zie ook"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Groep_van_Staten_tegen_Corruptie" title="Groep van Staten tegen Corruptie">Groep van Staten tegen Corruptie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transparency_International" title="Transparency International">Transparency International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verdrag_van_de_Verenigde_Naties_tegen_corruptie" title="Verdrag van de Verenigde Naties tegen corruptie">Verdrag van de Verenigde Naties tegen corruptie</a></li></ul> <div class="toccolours appendix" role="presentation" style="font-size:90%; margin:1em 0 -0.5em; clear:both;"> <div><span style="font-weight:bold">Bronnen, noten en/of referenties</span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Prof.Dr. J.Presser, "NAPOLEON: Historie en legende". Amsterdam 1946. Over Masséna: Emmanuel Graaf De Las Cases, Het "Mémorial de Saint Hélène". Verslag van Napoleons woorden tijdens zijn ballingschap. Parijs Edit Pléiades 1961.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> </div> <div class="interProject wiktionary mw-list-item" style="display:none;"><a href="https://nl.wiktionary.org/wiki/kleptocratie" class="extiw" title="wikt:kleptocratie">WikiWoordenboek</a></div> <div class="interProjectTemplate interProject-groot toccolours" style="display:flex; gap:1em; align-items:center; clear:both; margin:1em 0 -0.5em 0;"> <div style="min-width:max-content;"><span class="noviewer noresize" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Wiktionary-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/25px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/38px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/50px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="370" 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title="Staatshoofd">Staatshoofd</a>:</b></td><td class="rechts"><a href="/wiki/Aristocratie" title="Aristocratie">aristocratie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Autocratie" title="Autocratie">autocratie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Cesaropapie" title="Cesaropapie">cesaropapie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Dictatuur" title="Dictatuur">dictatuur</a> · <a href="/wiki/Gerontocratie" title="Gerontocratie">gerontocratie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Kakistocratie" title="Kakistocratie">kakistocratie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Monarchie" title="Monarchie">monarchie</a> (<a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchie" title="Absolute monarchie">absolute monarchie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Constitutionele_monarchie" title="Constitutionele monarchie">constitutionele monarchie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Islamitische_monarchie" title="Islamitische monarchie">islamitische monarchie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Kiesmonarchie" title="Kiesmonarchie">kiesmonarchie</a>) · <a href="/wiki/Oligarchie" title="Oligarchie">oligarchie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Plutocratie" title="Plutocratie">plutocratie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Republiek_(hoofdbetekenis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Republiek (hoofdbetekenis)">republiek</a> (<a href="/wiki/Directoriaal_systeem" title="Directoriaal systeem">directoriale republiek</a> · <a href="/wiki/Parlementaire_republiek" title="Parlementaire republiek">parlementaire republiek</a> · <a href="/wiki/Presidentieel_systeem" title="Presidentieel systeem">presidentiële republiek</a> · <a href="/wiki/Semipresidentieel_systeem" title="Semipresidentieel systeem">semipresidentiële republiek</a>) · <a href="/wiki/Theocratie" title="Theocratie">theocratie</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kalifaat" title="Kalifaat">kalifaat</a> · <a href="/wiki/Pontificaat" title="Pontificaat">pontificaat</a>)</td></tr><tr><td class="links"><b><a href="/wiki/Ideologie" title="Ideologie">Ideologie</a>:</b></td><td class="rechts"><a href="/wiki/Bi-nationale_staat" class="mw-redirect" title="Bi-nationale staat">bi-nationale staat</a> · <a href="/wiki/Democratie" title="Democratie">democratie</a> (<a href="/wiki/Directe_democratie" title="Directe democratie">directe democratie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Ochlocratie" title="Ochlocratie">ochlocratie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Parlementaire_democratie" title="Parlementaire democratie">parlementaire democratie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Meerpartijenstelsel" title="Meerpartijenstelsel">meerpartijenstelsel</a>) · <a href="/wiki/Islamitische_republiek" title="Islamitische republiek">islamitische republiek</a> · <a href="/wiki/Meritocratie" title="Meritocratie">meritocratie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Eenpartijstelsel" title="Eenpartijstelsel">eenpartijstaat</a> · <a href="/wiki/Plutocratie" title="Plutocratie">plutocratie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Technocratie" title="Technocratie">technocratie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Volksrepubliek" title="Volksrepubliek">volksrepubliek</a> (<a href="/wiki/Radenrepubliek" title="Radenrepubliek">radenrepubliek</a> · <a href="/wiki/Socialistische_sovjetrepubliek" title="Socialistische sovjetrepubliek">socialistische sovjetrepubliek</a>)</td></tr><tr><td class="links"><b><a href="/wiki/Regeringsvorm" title="Regeringsvorm">Regeringsvorm</a>:</b></td><td class="rechts"><a href="/wiki/Centralisme" title="Centralisme">centralisme</a> · <a href="/wiki/Eenheidsstaat" title="Eenheidsstaat">eenheidsstaat</a> · <a href="/wiki/Federalisme" title="Federalisme">federalisme</a> · <a href="/wiki/Condominium_(staatsvorm)" title="Condominium (staatsvorm)">condominium</a> · <a href="/wiki/Confederatie" title="Confederatie">confederatie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Vazalstaat" title="Vazalstaat">vazalstaat</a> · <a href="/wiki/Natiestaat" title="Natiestaat">natiestaat</a> · <a href="/wiki/Beschavingsstaat" title="Beschavingsstaat">beschavingsstaat</a> · <a href="/wiki/Supranationalisme" title="Supranationalisme">supranationalisme</a> · <a href="/wiki/Superstaat" title="Superstaat">superstaat</a></td></tr><tr><td class="links"><b>Zie ook:</b></td><td class="rechts"><a href="/wiki/Diarchie" title="Diarchie">diarchie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Driemanschap" title="Driemanschap">driemanschap</a> · <a href="/wiki/Tetrarchie" title="Tetrarchie">tetrarchie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Pseudocratie" title="Pseudocratie">pseudocratie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Gerontocratie" title="Gerontocratie">gerontocratie</a> · <a class="mw-selflink selflink">kleptocratie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Personele_unie" title="Personele unie">personele unie</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Overgenomen van "<a dir="ltr" href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kleptocratie&oldid=68375479">https://nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kleptocratie&oldid=68375479</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" 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