Basic pancreatic lesions: Radiologic-pathologic correlation

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta http-equiv="x-ua-compatible" content="ie=edge"> <title>Basic pancreatic lesions: Radiologic-pathologic correlation</title>  <link rel="preload" href="/assets/fonts/montserrat-v15-latin-ext_cyrillic-ext-regular.woff2" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin="anonymous"> <link rel="preload" href="/assets/fonts/montserrat-v25-latin-ext_cyrillic-ext-500.woff2" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin="anonymous"> <link rel="preload" href="/assets/fonts/montserrat-v15-latin-ext_cyrillic-ext-700.woff2" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin="anonymous">  <link rel="preload" href="/assets/fonts/merriweather-v30-latin-ext_cyrillic-ext-300.woff2" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin="anonymous"> <link rel="preload" href="/assets/fonts/merriweather-v22-latin-ext_cyrillic-ext-regular.woff2" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin="anonymous"> <link rel="preload" href="/assets/fonts/merriweather-v22-latin-ext_cyrillic-ext-700.woff2" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin="anonymous">  <link rel="preload" href="/assets/stylesheets/fontawesome.woff2" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin="anonymous"> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href='/assets/stylesheets/02f295d1f6a8e9c282e7831cd493e8ff-bootstrap.purged.min.css' /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href='/assets/stylesheets/5337b0511e7530e28f005276f70cde44-main.min.css' /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href='/assets/stylesheets/13761c60ba5201f465803f3005ccd7ef-fontawesome-codes.css' /> <link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/x-icon" href='/assets/images/ec7d7606b4e2f3f921b5e1700948efb6-favicon.ico' /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.2478/jtim-2022-0003/html?lang=en" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="de" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.2478/jtim-2022-0003/html?lang=de" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.2478/jtim-2022-0003/html" />  <link rel="schema.dcterms" href="http://purl.org/dc/terms/"> <meta name="dcterms.rightsHolder" content="Walter de Gruyter GmbH"> <meta name="dcterms.rights" content="De Gruyter expressly reserves the right to use all content for commercial text and data mining within the meaning of Section 44b of the German Copyright Act."> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://www.google-analytics.com" /> <meta name="google" content="notranslate" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" /> <meta name="description" content="The basic pancreatic lesions include location, size, shape, number, capsule, calcification/calculi, hemorrhage, cystic degeneration, fibrosis, pancreatic duct alterations, and microvessel. One or more basic lesions form a kind of pancreatic disease. As recognizing the characteristic imaging features of pancreatic basic lesions and their relationships with pathology aids in differentiating the variety of pancreatic diseases. The purpose of this study is to review the pathological and imaging features of the basic pancreatic lesions."/> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.2478/jtim-2022-0003/html"/><meta property="og:site_name" content="De Gruyter"/><meta property="og:title" content="Basic pancreatic lesions: Radiologic-pathologic correlation"/><meta property="og:type" content="article"/><meta property="og:locale" content="en"/><meta property="og:image" content="https://www.degruyter.com/document/cover/journal_key/JTIM/product"/><meta property="og:image:type" content="image/jpeg"/><meta property="og:description" content="The basic pancreatic lesions include location, size, shape, number, capsule, calcification/calculi, hemorrhage, cystic degeneration, fibrosis, pancreatic duct alterations, and microvessel. One or more basic lesions form a kind of pancreatic disease. As recognizing the characteristic imaging features of pancreatic basic lesions and their relationships with pathology aids in differentiating the variety of pancreatic diseases. The purpose of this study is to review the pathological and imaging features of the basic pancreatic lesions."/><meta property="og:locale:alternate" content="de"/><meta property="article:author" content="Yun Bian"/><meta property="article:author" content="Hui Jiang"/><meta property="article:author" content="Jianming Zheng"/><meta property="article:author" content="Chengwei Shao"/><meta property="article:author" content="Jianping Lu"/><meta property="article:tag" content="pancreatic diseases"/><meta property="article:tag" content="pancreatic neoplasms"/><meta property="article:tag" content="pancreatitis"/><meta property="article:tag" content="pancreatic ducts"/><meta property="article:tag" content="magnetic resonance imaging"/><meta property="article:tag" content="computed tomography"/><meta property="article:tag" content="radiology"/><meta property="article:tag" content="pathology"/><meta property="article:published_time" content="2022-03-01"/><meta property="article:section" content="Journal of Translational Internal Medicine"/> <meta name="citation_firstpage" content="18" /> <meta name="citation_lastpage" content="27" /> <meta name="citation_issue" content="1" /> <meta name="citation_issn" content="2224-4018" /> <meta name="citation_language" content='en' /> <meta name="citation_volume" content="10" /> <meta name="citation_publisher" content='De Gruyter' /> <meta name="citation_pdf_url" content="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.2478/jtim-2022-0003/pdf" /> <meta name="citation_keywords" content='pancreatic diseases; pancreatic neoplasms; pancreatitis; pancreatic ducts; magnetic resonance imaging; computed tomography; radiology; pathology' /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Yun Bian" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Hui Jiang" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Jianming Zheng" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Chengwei Shao" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Jianping Lu" /> <meta name="citation_title" content='Basic pancreatic lesions: Radiologic-pathologic correlation' /> <meta name="citation_xml_url" content="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.2478/jtim-2022-0003/xml" /> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="Journal of Translational Internal Medicine" /> <meta name="citation_publication_date" content='2022/03/01' /> <meta name="citation_doi" content="10.2478/jtim-2022-0003" /> <meta name="citation_fulltext_world_readable" content="" /> <script type="application/ld+json">{"author":[{"@type":"Person","name":"Yun Bian"},{"@type":"Person","name":"Hui Jiang"},{"@type":"Person","name":"Jianming Zheng"},{"@type":"Person","name":"Chengwei Shao"},{"@type":"Person","name":"Jianping Lu"}],"editor":[],"audience":null,"datePublished":"2022-03-01","headline":"","keywords":"keyword,keyword,keyword,keyword,keyword,keyword,keyword,keyword","isAccessibleForFree":true,"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"De Gruyter"},"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Basic pancreatic lesions: Radiologic-pathologic correlation","image":"https://www.degruyter.com/document/cover/journal_key/JTIM/thumbnail","url":"https://doi.org/10.2478/jtim-2022-0003"}</script> <script nonce="UqdhW8mFEkTMtbscWyW7Dw=="> // Define dataLayer and the gtag function. window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} function getCookieValue(name){ const regex = new RegExp(`(^| )${name}=([^;]+)`) const match = document.cookie.match(regex) if (match) { return match[2] } } // Set default consent to 'denied' as a placeholder // Determine actual values based on your own requirements const acceptCookies = getCookieValue('acceptcookies') === "true"; const defaultSettings = (acceptCookies) => ({ 'ad_storage': acceptCookies ? 'granted': 'denied', 'analytics_storage': acceptCookies ? 'granted' : 'denied', 'ad_user_data': acceptCookies ? 'granted': 'denied', 'ad_personalization': acceptCookies ? 'granted' : 'denied', }) gtag('consent', 'default', defaultSettings(acceptCookies)) </script> </head> <body data-pagecategory="article" data-foxydomain="checkout.degruyter.com"> <a href="#document-main-content" class="visually-hidden-focusable" id="skip-to-content">Skip to content</a> <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-PMNKTQ5&gtm_auth=JraP3pn8iVUkqNIGYl03AA&gtm_preview=env-2&subjects=MD%7CMD-04%7CMD-04-03%7CMD-04-03-01%7CMD-04-03-02%7CMD-04-03-03%7CMD-04-03-07&publisherCode=DEG&license=open-access&publisher=De+Gruyter&contentName=Basic+pancreatic+lesions%3A+Radiologic-pathologic+correlation&doi=10.2478%2Fjtim-2022-0003&parentIdentifier=JTIM&parentName=Journal+of+Translational+Internal+Medicine&languages=en" title="Google tag manager iframe" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript> <header id="mainHeader"> <div class="position-relative d-none d-md-block z-2"> <ajax-frame src="/login/banner" class="authBannerDesktop"> <div class="authBanner d-flex flex-wrap invisible auth-banner-warning"> <span class="fa fas fa-attention text-warning d-none d-md-inline"></span> <span>Should you have <strong>institutional access?</strong></span> <a href="/how-access-works">Here's how to get it ...</a> </div> </ajax-frame> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-md navbar-dark bg-dark dg-navbar px-md-4 pt-3 align-items-center" aria-label="site"> <a id="homepageLogoLink" class="ga_homepage_logo navbar-brand mx-0 mx-lg-3 pe-4 py-0" href="/" aria-label='De Gruyter logo with link to home page'> <img src='/assets/images/84ad0073fb7b59ebc46b966dbf03a4bb-dg-logo-nav-search.svg' width="32px" height="64px" class="d-none d-sm-inline-block" alt="De Gruyter" /> </a> <div class="d-flex flex-wrap flex-md-nowrap align-items-center w-100"> <div class="mainNavbarSearchContainer w-100 me-md-2 me-lg-5 mt-2 mt-md-0"> <form class="form-inline" action='/search?query='> <div class="input-group flex-grow-1"> <input class="mainNavbarSearchInput form-control input-header rounded-start py-1" type="search" aria-label='Search' name="query" placeholder='Search De Gruyter' value='' /> <div class="input-group-append"> <button class="btn btn-primary rounded-end analyticsButton" aria-label='Search' type="submit"><span class="fa fas fa-search ga_main_search_button"></span></button> </div> </div> </form> </div> <div class='d-flex flex-wrap flex-md-nowrap justify-content-between mt-2 mt-md-0 '> <div class="dropdown d-flex align-items-center font-size-14"> <button class="dropdown-toggle text-white text-decoration-none mainNavbarOptionsBg p-2" data-bs-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false"> <current-currency></current-currency> </button> <div class="mt-2 py-0 dropdown-menu font-size-14" aria-labelledby="currencyPickerLink"> <select-currency currency="EUR"><div class="dropdown-item">€ EUR - Euro</div></select-currency> <select-currency currency="GBP"><div class="dropdown-item">£ GBP - Pound</div></select-currency> <select-currency currency="USD"><div class="dropdown-item">$ USD - Dollar</div></select-currency> </div> </div> <div class="dropdown show d-flex align-items-center font-size-14"> <a class="dropdown-toggle text-white text-decoration-none mainNavbarOptionsBg p-2" href="#" role="button" id="desktopLanguagePickerLink" data-bs-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false"> EN </a> <div class="mt-2 py-2 dropdown-menu font-size-14" id="languageSelector" aria-labelledby="desktopLanguagePickerLink"> <a class="languageSelector_en ga_language_selector dropdown-item" href="/_language/en?uri=%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.2478%2Fjtim-2022-0003%2Fhtml"> English </a> <a class="languageSelector_de ga_language_selector dropdown-item" href="/_language/de?uri=%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.2478%2Fjtim-2022-0003%2Fhtml"> Deutsch </a> </div> </div> <div class="cartSummary d-flex align-items-center"> <a href="" class="mainNavbarOptionsBg pe-2 d-flex align-items-center text-decoration-none"> <span class="fa fas fa-shopping-cart"></span> <span data-fc-id="minicart-quantity" class="shopping-cart-badge badge font-family-standard font-size-12">0</span> </a></div> <div id="currentLoginContent" class="d-flex align-items-center font-size-14"></div> </div> </div> </nav> <nav id="navbar" aria-label="site"> <a href='/publishing/subjects' id='mega-one-subject' aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" > Subjects </a> <div class="d-none" aria-labelledby="mega-one-subject"> <div><a href="#mega-one-for-authors" class="linkAnimation visually-hidden-focusable">Skip section</a></div> <a href='/publishing/subjects' class="fw-bold linkAnimation"> Browse Publications By Subject </a> <div class="col dropdown-divider"></div> <div class="row my-row" id="subjectsSubjects"> <div class="col-4"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> <li> <a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=AD' class="linkAnimation"> Architecture and Design </a> </li> <li> <a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=AR' class="linkAnimation"> Arts </a> </li> <li> <a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=AS' class="linkAnimation"> Asian and Pacific Studies </a> </li> <li> <a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=EC' class="linkAnimation"> Business and Economics </a> </li> <li> <a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=CH' class="linkAnimation"> Chemistry </a> </li> <li> <a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=CL' class="linkAnimation"> Classical and Ancient Near Eastern Studies </a> </li> <li> <a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=CO' class="linkAnimation"> Computer Sciences </a> </li> <li> <a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=CS' class="linkAnimation"> Cultural Studies </a> </li> <li> <a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=EN' class="linkAnimation"> Engineering </a> </li> <li> <a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=GL' class="linkAnimation"> General Interest </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-4"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> <li> <a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=GS' class="linkAnimation"> Geosciences </a> </li> <li> <a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=HI' class="linkAnimation"> History </a> </li> <li> <a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=IC' class="linkAnimation"> Industrial Chemistry </a> </li> <li> <a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=IS' class="linkAnimation"> Islamic and Middle Eastern Studies </a> </li> <li> <a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=JS' class="linkAnimation"> Jewish Studies </a> </li> <li> <a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=LA' class="linkAnimation"> Law </a> </li> <li> <a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=LB' class="linkAnimation"> Library and Information Science, Book Studies </a> </li> <li> <a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=LF' class="linkAnimation"> Life Sciences </a> </li> <li> <a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=LS' class="linkAnimation"> Linguistics and Semiotics </a> </li> <li> <a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=LT' class="linkAnimation"> Literary Studies </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-4"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> <li> <a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=MS' class="linkAnimation"> Materials Sciences </a> </li> <li> <a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=MT' class="linkAnimation"> Mathematics </a> </li> <li> <a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=MD' class="linkAnimation"> Medicine </a> </li> <li> <a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=MU' class="linkAnimation"> Music </a> </li> <li> <a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=PM' class="linkAnimation"> Pharmacy </a> </li> <li> <a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=PL' class="linkAnimation"> Philosophy </a> </li> <li> <a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=PY' class="linkAnimation"> Physics </a> </li> <li> <a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=SN' class="linkAnimation"> Social Sciences </a> </li> <li> <a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=SR' class="linkAnimation"> Sports and Recreation </a> </li> <li> <a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=TL' class="linkAnimation"> Theology and Religion </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <a href='/publishing/for-authors' id='mega-one-for-authors' aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" > For Authors </a> <div class="row d-none" aria-labelledby="mega-one-for-authors"> <div class="col-12"><a href="#mega-one-services" class="linkAnimation visually-hidden-focusable">Skip section</a></div> <div class="col-sm-6 col-lg-4 mb-3 mb-lg-0"> <a href='/publishing/for-authors/for-journal-authors' class="fw-bold linkAnimation"> For Journal Authors </a> <div class="dropdown-divider"></div> <ul class="list-unstyled"> <li><a href='/publishing/for-authors/for-journal-authors/publish-your-article' class='linkAnimation'> Publish your article </a></li> <li><a href='/publishing/for-authors/for-journal-authors/role-of-authors' class='linkAnimation'> The role of authors </a></li> <li><a href='/publishing/for-authors/for-journal-authors/promoting-your-article' class='linkAnimation'> Promoting your article </a></li> <li><a href='/publishing/for-authors/for-journal-authors/abstracting-and-indexing' class='linkAnimation'> Abstracting & indexing </a></li> <li><a href='/publishing/for-authors/for-journal-authors/publishing-ethics' class='linkAnimation'> Publishing Ethics </a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-sm-6 col-lg-4 mb-3 mb-lg-0"> <a href='/publishing/for-authors/for-book-authors' class="fw-bold linkAnimation"> For Book Authors </a> <div class="dropdown-divider"></div> <ul class="list-unstyled"> <li><a href='/publishing/for-authors/for-book-authors/why-publish-with-de-gruyter' class='linkAnimation'> Why publish with De Gruyter </a></li> <li><a href='/publishing/for-authors/for-book-authors/how-to-publish-with-de-gruyter' class='linkAnimation'> How to publish with De Gruyter </a></li> <li><a href='/publishing/for-authors/for-book-authors/our-book-series' class='linkAnimation'> Our book series </a></li> <li><a href='/publishing/for-authors/for-book-authors/our-subject-areas' class='linkAnimation'> Our subject areas </a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-sm-6 col-lg-4"> <a href='/publishing/for-authors/for-database-authors' class="fw-bold linkAnimation"> For Database Authors </a> <div class="dropdown-divider"></div> <ul class="list-unstyled"> <li><a href='/publishing/for-authors/for-database-authors/digital-product' class='linkAnimation'> Your digital product at De Gruyter </a></li> <li><a href='/publishing/for-authors/for-database-authors/contribute-reference-works' class='linkAnimation'> Contribute to our reference works </a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <a href='/publishing/services' id='mega-one-services' aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" > Services </a> <div class="row d-none" aria-labelledby="mega-one-services"> <div class="col-12"><a href="#mega-one-publications" class="linkAnimation visually-hidden-focusable">Skip section</a></div> <div class="col-sm-6 col-lg-4 mb-3 mb-lg-0"> <a href='/publishing/services/for-librarians' class="fw-bold linkAnimation"> For Librarians </a> <div class="dropdown-divider"></div> <ul class="list-unstyled"> <li><a href='/publishing/services/for-librarians/product-information' class='linkAnimation'> Product information </a></li> <li><a href='/publishing/services/for-librarians/tools-resources' class='linkAnimation'> Tools & resources </a></li> <li><a href='/publishing/services/for-librarians/faqs' class='linkAnimation'> FAQs </a></li> <li><a href='/publishing/about-us/contact/sales' class='linkAnimation'> Contacts </a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-sm-6 col-lg-4 mb-3 mb-lg-0"> <a href='/publishing/services/book-sellers-library-suppliers' class="fw-bold linkAnimation"> For Book Sellers & Library Suppliers </a> <div class="dropdown-divider"></div> <ul class="list-unstyled"> <li><a href='/publishing/services/book-sellers-library-suppliers/product-information-marketing-tools' class='linkAnimation'> Product Information </a></li> <li><a href='/publishing/services/book-sellers-library-suppliers/promotional-materials' class='linkAnimation'> Promotional Materials </a></li> <li><a href='/publishing/services/book-sellers-library-suppliers/orders-and-inquiries' class='linkAnimation'> Orders and Inquiries </a></li> <li><a href='/publishing/services/book-sellers-library-suppliers/faq-library-suppliers-and-book-sellers' class='linkAnimation'> FAQ for Library Suppliers and Book Sellers </a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-sm-6 col-lg-4"> <a href='/publishing/services/rights-and-permissions' class="fw-bold linkAnimation"> Rights & Permissions </a> <div class="dropdown-divider"></div> <ul class="list-unstyled"> <li><a href='/publishing/services/rights-and-permissions/repositorypolicy' class='linkAnimation'> Repository Policy </a></li> <li><a href='/publishing/services/rights-and-permissions/freeaccesspolicy' class='linkAnimation'> Free access policy </a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <a href='/publishing/publications' id='mega-one-publications' aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" > Publications </a> <div class="row d-none" aria-labelledby="mega-one-publications"> <div class="col-12"><a href="#mega-one-about" class="linkAnimation visually-hidden-focusable">Skip section</a></div> <div class="col-sm-6 col-lg-2 my-col mb-3 mb-lg-0"> <a href='/publishing/publications/openaccess' class="fw-bold linkAnimation"> Open Access </a> <div class="dropdown-divider"></div> <ul class="list-unstyled"> <li><a href='/publishing/publications/openaccess/open-access-books' class='linkAnimation'> Books </a></li> <li><a href='/publishing/publications/openaccess/open-access-articles' class='linkAnimation'> Articles </a></li> <li><a href='/publishing/publications/openaccess/open-access-agreements' class='linkAnimation'> Open Access agreements </a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-sm-6 col-lg-2 my-col mb-3 mb-lg-0"> <a href='/publishing/publications/publicationtypes' class="fw-bold linkAnimation"> Publication types </a> <div class="dropdown-divider"></div> <ul class="list-unstyled"> <li><a href='/search?query=*&sortBy=mostrecent&documentTypeFacet=book&publisherFacet=De+Gruyter%7EDe+Gruyter+Mouton%7EDe+Gruyter+Oldenbourg%7EDe+Gruyter+Saur%7EBirkh%C3%A4user%7EDeutscher+Kunstverlag%7ED%C3%BCsseldorf+University+Press%7EJovis%7EKlaus+Schwarz+Verlag' class="linkAnimation"> Books </a></li> <li><a href='/search?query=*&sortBy=mostrecent&documentTypeFacet=journal&publisherFacet=De+Gruyter%7EDe+Gruyter+Mouton%7EDe+Gruyter+Oldenbourg%7EDe+Gruyter+Saur%7EBirkh%C3%A4user%7EDeutscher+Kunstverlag%7ED%C3%BCsseldorf+University+Press%7EJovis%7EKlaus+Schwarz+Verlag' class="linkAnimation"> Journals </a></li> <li><a href='/search?query=*&sortBy=relevance&documentTypeFacet=database' class="linkAnimation"> Databases </a></li> <li><a href='/publishing/publications/publicationtypes/database-portals' class='linkAnimation'> Database portals </a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-sm-12 col-lg-8 my-col"> <div class="row my-row"> <div class="col-lg-12 my-col"> <a href='/publishing/subjects' class="fw-bold linkAnimation"> Subjects we publish </a> <div class="dropdown-divider"></div> </div> </div> <div class="row my-row" id="publicationsSubjects"> <div class="col-4"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> <li><a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=AD' class="linkAnimation">Architecture and Design</a></li> <li><a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=AR' class="linkAnimation">Arts</a></li> <li><a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=AS' class="linkAnimation">Asian and Pacific Studies</a></li> <li><a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=EC' class="linkAnimation">Business and Economics</a></li> <li><a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=CH' class="linkAnimation">Chemistry</a></li> <li><a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=CL' class="linkAnimation">Classical and Ancient Near Eastern Studies</a></li> <li><a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=CO' class="linkAnimation">Computer Sciences</a></li> <li><a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=CS' class="linkAnimation">Cultural Studies</a></li> <li><a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=EN' class="linkAnimation">Engineering</a></li> <li><a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=GL' class="linkAnimation">General Interest</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-4"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> <li><a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=GS' class="linkAnimation">Geosciences</a></li> <li><a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=HI' class="linkAnimation">History</a></li> <li><a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=IC' class="linkAnimation">Industrial Chemistry</a></li> <li><a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=IS' class="linkAnimation">Islamic and Middle Eastern Studies</a></li> <li><a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=JS' class="linkAnimation">Jewish Studies</a></li> <li><a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=LA' class="linkAnimation">Law</a></li> <li><a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=LB' class="linkAnimation">Library and Information Science, Book Studies</a></li> <li><a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=LF' class="linkAnimation">Life Sciences</a></li> <li><a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=LS' class="linkAnimation">Linguistics and Semiotics</a></li> <li><a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=LT' class="linkAnimation">Literary Studies</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-4"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> <li><a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=MS' class="linkAnimation">Materials Sciences</a></li> <li><a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=MT' class="linkAnimation">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=MD' class="linkAnimation">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=MU' class="linkAnimation">Music</a></li> <li><a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=PM' class="linkAnimation">Pharmacy</a></li> <li><a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=PL' class="linkAnimation">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=PY' class="linkAnimation">Physics</a></li> <li><a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=SN' class="linkAnimation">Social Sciences</a></li> <li><a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=SR' class="linkAnimation">Sports and Recreation</a></li> <li><a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=TL' class="linkAnimation">Theology and Religion</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> <a href='/publishing/about-us' id='mega-one-about' aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" > About </a> <div class="row d-none" aria-labelledby="mega-one-about"> <div class="col-12"><a href="#main" class="linkAnimation visually-hidden-focusable">Skip section</a></div> <div class="col-lg-6 my-col mb-3 mb-lg-0"> <div class="row my-row"> <div class="col-lg-12 my-col justify-content-start"> <a href='/publishing/about-us/contact' class="fw-bold linkAnimation"> Contact </a> <div class="dropdown-divider"></div> </div> </div> <div class="row my-row"> <div class="col-6 my-col"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> <li><a href='/publishing/about-us/contact/contact-for-authors' class='linkAnimation'> For Authors </a></li> <li><a href='/publishing/about-us/contact/contact-customer-services' class='linkAnimation'> Customer service </a></li> <li><a href='/publishing/about-us/contact/contact-hr' class='linkAnimation'> People + Culture </a></li> <li><a href='/publishing/about-us/press' class='linkAnimation'> Press </a></li> <li><a href='/publishing/about-us/contact/sales' class='linkAnimation'> Sales </a></li> <li><a href='/publishing/about-us/contact/journal-management' class='linkAnimation'> Journal Management </a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-6 my-col"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> <li><a href='/publishing/about-us/contact/partner-publishers' class='linkAnimation'> Partner Publishers </a></li> <li><a href='/publishing/about-us/contact/contact-openaccess' class='linkAnimation'> Open Access </a></li> <li><a href='/publishing/about-us/contact/advertising' class='linkAnimation'> Advertising </a></li> <li><a href='/publishing/about-us/contact/review-copies' class='linkAnimation'> Review Copies </a></li> <li><a href='/publishing/about-us/contact/inspection-copies' class='linkAnimation'> Inspection Copies </a></li> <li><a href='/publishing/about-us/contact/legal' class='linkAnimation'> Legal </a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-4 col-lg-2 my-col"> <a href='/publishing/about-us/careers' class="fw-bold linkAnimation">Career</a> <div class="dropdown-divider"></div> <ul class="list-unstyled"> <li><a href='/publishing/about-us/careers/how-to-join' class='linkAnimation'> How to join us </a></li> <li><a href='/publishing/about-us/careers/vacancies' class='linkAnimation'> Vacancies </a></li> <li><a href='/publishing/about-us/careers/working-at-dg' class='linkAnimation'> Working at De Gruyter </a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-sm-4 col-lg-2 my-col"> <a href='/publishing/about-us/about-dg' class="fw-bold linkAnimation"> About De Gruyter </a> <div class="dropdown-divider"></div> <ul class="list-unstyled"> <li><a href='/publishing/about-us/about-dg/vision-mission' class='linkAnimation'> Mission & Vision </a></li> <li><a href='/publishing/about-us/about-dg/our-imprints' class='linkAnimation'> Imprints </a></li> <li><a href='/publishing/about-us/about-dg/history' class='linkAnimation'> History </a></li> <li><a href='/publishing/about-us/about-dg/dg-foundation' class='linkAnimation'> De Gruyter Foundation </a></li> <li><a href='/publishing/about-us/about-dg/degruyter-ebound' class='linkAnimation'> De Gruyter Ebound </a></li> <li><a href='/publishing/about-us/about-dg/locations' class='linkAnimation'> Locations </a></li> <li><a href='/publishing/about-us/our-responsibility' class='linkAnimation'> Our Responsibility </a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-sm-4 col-lg-2 my-col"> <a href='/publishing/about-us/publisher-partners' class="fw-bold linkAnimation"> Partnerships </a> <div class="dropdown-divider"></div> <ul class="list-unstyled"> <li><a href='/publishing/about-us/publisher-partners' class='linkAnimation'> Partner publishers </a></li> <li><a href='/publishing/about-us/press' class='fw-bold linkAnimation'> Press </a></li> <li><a href='/publishing/about-us/faqs' class='fw-bold linkAnimation'> FAQs </a></li> <li><a href='/publishing/subscribe-newsletter' class='fw-bold linkAnimation'> Newsletter </a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div class="position-relative d-md-none d-block z-2"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-md navbar-dark bg-dark dg-navbar p-3 align-items-center" aria-label="site"> <span class="pe-2"> <dg-toggle target="megaMenu" state="open"> <button type="button" class="navbar-toggler border-0 px-1 ml--1" aria-controls="megaMenu" aria-label='Display site navigation, currency and language options'> <span class="fa fas fa-hamburger-icon text-white hamburgerIcon"></span> </button> </dg-toggle> </span> <span class="flex-grow-2"> <a id="homepageLogoLinkMobile" class="ga_homepage_logo navbar-brand mx-0 py-0" href="/" aria-label='De Gruyter logo with link to home page'> <img src='/assets/images/b8fcea517b20e08ecf20a1c14e8b5dfb-dg-logo-nav-small.svg' alt="De Gruyter" /> </a> </span> <span> <div class="cartSummary d-inline-block"> <a href="" class="mainNavbarOptionsBg pe-2 d-flex align-items-center text-decoration-none"> <span class="fa fas fa-shopping-cart"></span> <span data-fc-id="minicart-quantity" class="shopping-cart-badge badge font-family-standard font-size-12">0</span> </a></div> <button id="navbarProfileBtn" class="navbar-toggler border-0 px-1 collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#navbarProfile" aria-controls="navbarProfile" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Toggle navigation"> <span class="fa fas fa-solid fa-user text-white"></span> <span class="fa fas fa-solid fa-close-icon text-white"></span> </button> </span> <div class="mainNavbarSearchContainer w-100 me-md-2 me-lg-5 mt-2 mt-md-0"> <form class="form-inline" action='/search?query='> <div class="input-group flex-grow-1"> <input class="mainNavbarSearchInput form-control input-header rounded-start py-1" type="search" aria-label='Search' name="query" placeholder='Search De Gruyter' value='' /> <div class="input-group-append"> <button class="btn btn-primary rounded-end analyticsButton" aria-label='Search' type="submit"><span class="fa fas fa-search ga_main_search_button"></span></button> </div> </div> </form> </div> <div id="wrap"> <div class="accordion-collapse collapse accordion navbar-collapse" data-bs-parent="#wrap" id="navbarProfile"> <div id="mobileLoginContent" class="mt-3"></div> <ajax-frame src="/login/banner" class="authBannerMobile mb-3"></ajax-frame> </div> </div> </nav> </div>  <mega-menu id="megaMenu" tabindex="-1" class="d-md-none"> <div class="modal-dialog"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header"> <img class="logo" src="/assets/images/dg-logo-nav-small.svg" alt="De Gruyter"> <dg-toggle target="megaMenu" state="close"> <button class="btn-close" aria-label='Close Navigation Menu'></button> </dg-toggle> </div> <div class="modal-body scrollWatch"> <div class="accordion accordion-flush mega-menu-accordion" data-bs-parent="#wrap" id="mobileCorpMenu"> <div class="accordion-item"> <div class="accordion-header" id="mobileCorpMenu-headingOne"> <button class="accordion-button collapsed lvl1" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#mobileCorpMenu-collapseOne" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="mobileCorpMenu-collapseOne"> <div class="button-text"> SUBJECTS </div> </button> </div> <div id="mobileCorpMenu-collapseOne" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="mobileCorpMenu-headingOne" data-bs-parent="#mobileCorpMenu"> <div class="accordion-body"> <a class="lvl2"href='/publishing/subjects' > Browse Publications By Subject </a> <ul class="list-unstyled subsection"> <li> <a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=AD' class="linkAnimation"> Architecture and Design </a> </li> <li> <a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=AR' class="linkAnimation"> Arts </a> </li> <li> <a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=AS' class="linkAnimation"> Asian and Pacific Studies </a> </li> <li> <a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=EC' class="linkAnimation"> Business and Economics </a> </li> <li> <a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=CH' class="linkAnimation"> Chemistry </a> </li> <li> <a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=CL' class="linkAnimation"> Classical and Ancient Near Eastern Studies </a> </li> <li> <a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=CO' class="linkAnimation"> Computer Sciences </a> </li> <li> <a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=CS' class="linkAnimation"> Cultural Studies </a> </li> <li> <a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=EN' class="linkAnimation"> Engineering </a> </li> <li> <a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=GL' class="linkAnimation"> General Interest </a> </li> <li> <a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=GS' class="linkAnimation"> Geosciences </a> </li> <li> <a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=HI' class="linkAnimation"> History </a> </li> <li> <a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=IC' class="linkAnimation"> Industrial Chemistry </a> </li> <li> <a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=IS' class="linkAnimation"> Islamic and Middle Eastern Studies </a> </li> <li> <a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=JS' class="linkAnimation"> Jewish Studies </a> </li> <li> <a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=LA' class="linkAnimation"> Law </a> </li> <li> <a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=LB' class="linkAnimation"> Library and Information Science, Book Studies </a> </li> <li> <a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=LF' class="linkAnimation"> Life Sciences </a> </li> <li> <a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=LS' class="linkAnimation"> Linguistics and Semiotics </a> </li> <li> <a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=LT' class="linkAnimation"> Literary Studies </a> </li> <li> <a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=MS' class="linkAnimation"> Materials Sciences </a> </li> <li> <a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=MT' class="linkAnimation"> Mathematics </a> </li> <li> <a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=MD' class="linkAnimation"> Medicine </a> </li> <li> <a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=MU' class="linkAnimation"> Music </a> </li> <li> <a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=PM' class="linkAnimation"> Pharmacy </a> </li> <li> <a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=PL' class="linkAnimation"> Philosophy </a> </li> <li> <a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=PY' class="linkAnimation"> Physics </a> </li> <li> <a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=SN' class="linkAnimation"> Social Sciences </a> </li> <li> <a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=SR' class="linkAnimation"> Sports and Recreation </a> </li> <li> <a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=TL' class="linkAnimation"> Theology and Religion </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <div class="accordion-header" id="mobileCorpMenu-headingTwo"> <button class="accordion-button collapsed lvl1" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#mobileCorpMenu-collapseTwo" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="mobileCorpMenu-collapseTwo"> FOR AUTHORS </button> </div> <div id="mobileCorpMenu-collapseTwo" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="mobileCorpMenu-headingTwo" data-bs-parent="#mobileCorpMenu"> <div class="accordion-body mvertical"> <div class="accordion accordion-flush" id="services-accordion"> <a class="lvl2 linkAnimation" href='/publishing/for-authors/for-journal-authors'> For Journal Authors </a> <ul class="list-unstyled subsection"> <li><a href='/publishing/for-authors/for-journal-authors/publish-your-article' class='linkAnimation'> Publish your article </a></li> <li><a href='/publishing/for-authors/for-journal-authors/role-of-authors' class='linkAnimation'> The role of authors </a></li> <li><a href='/publishing/for-authors/for-journal-authors/promoting-your-article' class='linkAnimation'> Promoting your article </a></li> <li><a href='/publishing/for-authors/for-journal-authors/abstracting-and-indexing' class='linkAnimation'> Abstracting & indexing </a></li> <li><a href='/publishing/for-authors/for-journal-authors/publishing-ethics' class='linkAnimation'> Publishing Ethics </a></li> </ul> <a class="lvl2 linkAnimation" href='/publishing/for-authors/for-book-authors'> For Book Authors </a> <ul class="list-unstyled subsection"> <li><a href='/publishing/for-authors/for-book-authors/why-publish-with-de-gruyter' class='linkAnimation'> Why publish with De Gruyter </a></li> <li><a href='/publishing/for-authors/for-book-authors/how-to-publish-with-de-gruyter' class='linkAnimation'> How to publish with De Gruyter </a></li> <li><a href='/publishing/for-authors/for-book-authors/our-book-series' class='linkAnimation'> Our book series </a></li> <li><a href='/publishing/for-authors/for-book-authors/our-subject-areas' class='linkAnimation'> Our subject areas </a></li> </ul> <a class="lvl2 linkAnimation" href='/publishing/for-authors/for-database-authors'> For Database Authors </a> <ul class="list-unstyled subsection"> <li><a href='/publishing/for-authors/for-database-authors/digital-product' class='linkAnimation'> Your digital product at De Gruyter </a></li> <li><a href='/publishing/for-authors/for-database-authors/contribute-reference-works' class='linkAnimation'> Contribute to our reference works </a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <div class="accordion-header" id="mobileCorpMenu-headingThree"> <button class="accordion-button collapsed lvl1" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#mobileCorpMenu-collapseThree" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="mobileCorpMenu-collapseThree"> SERVICES </button> </div> <div id="mobileCorpMenu-collapseThree" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="mobileCorpMenu-headingThree" data-bs-parent="#mobileCorpMenu"> <div class="accordion-body mvertical"> <div class="accordion accordion-flush" id="services-accordion"> <a class="lvl2 linkAnimation" href='/publishing/services/for-librarians'> For Librarians </a> <ul class="list-unstyled subsection"> <li><a href='/publishing/services/for-librarians/product-information' class='linkAnimation'> Product information </a></li> <li><a href='/publishing/services/for-librarians/tools-resources' class='linkAnimation'> Tools & resources </a></li> <li><a href='/publishing/services/for-librarians/faqs' class='linkAnimation'> FAQs </a></li> <li><a href='/publishing/about-us/contact/sales' class='linkAnimation'> Contacts </a></li> </ul> <a class="lvl2 linkAnimation" href='/publishing/services/book-sellers-library-suppliers'> For Book Sellers & Library Suppliers </a> <ul class="list-unstyled subsection"> <li><a href='/publishing/services/book-sellers-library-suppliers/product-information-marketing-tools' class='linkAnimation'> Product Information </a></li> <li><a href='/publishing/services/book-sellers-library-suppliers/promotional-materials' class='linkAnimation'> Promotional Materials </a></li> <li><a href='/publishing/services/book-sellers-library-suppliers/orders-and-inquiries' class='linkAnimation'> Orders and Inquiries </a></li> <li><a href='/publishing/services/book-sellers-library-suppliers/faq-library-suppliers-and-book-sellers' class='linkAnimation'> FAQ for Library Suppliers and Book Sellers </a></li> </ul> <a class="lvl2 linkAnimation" href='/publishing/services/rights-and-permissions'> Rights & Permissions </a> <ul class="list-unstyled subsection"> <li><a href='/publishing/services/rights-and-permissions/repositorypolicy' class='linkAnimation'> Repository Policy </a></li> <li><a href='/publishing/services/rights-and-permissions/freeaccesspolicy' class='linkAnimation'> Free access policy </a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <div class="accordion-header" id="mobileCorpMenu-headingFour"> <button class="accordion-button collapsed lvl1" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#mobileCorpMenu-collapseFour" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="mobileCorpMenu-collapseFour"> PUBLICATIONS </button> </div> <div id="mobileCorpMenu-collapseFour" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="mobileCorpMenu-headingFour" data-bs-parent="#mobileCorpMenu"> <div class="accordion-body"> <div class="accordion accordion-flush" id="publications-accordion"> <a href='/publishing/publications/openaccess' class="lvl2 linkAnimation"> Open Access </a> <ul class="list-unstyled subsection"> <li><a href='/publishing/publications/openaccess/open-access-books' class='linkAnimation'> Books </a></li> <li><a href='/publishing/publications/openaccess/open-access-articles' class='linkAnimation'> Articles </a></li> <li><a href='/publishing/publications/openaccess/open-access-agreements' class='linkAnimation'> Open Access agreements </a></li> </ul> <a href='/publishing/publications/publicationtypes' class="lvl2 linkAnimation"> Publication types </a> <ul class="list-unstyled subsection"> <li><a href='/search?query=*&sortBy=mostrecent&documentTypeFacet=book&publisherFacet=De+Gruyter%7EDe+Gruyter+Mouton%7EDe+Gruyter+Oldenbourg%7EDe+Gruyter+Saur%7EBirkh%C3%A4user%7EDeutscher+Kunstverlag%7ED%C3%BCsseldorf+University+Press%7EJovis%7EKlaus+Schwarz+Verlag' class="linkAnimation"> Books </a></li> <li><a href='/search?query=*&sortBy=mostrecent&documentTypeFacet=journal&publisherFacet=De+Gruyter%7EDe+Gruyter+Mouton%7EDe+Gruyter+Oldenbourg%7EDe+Gruyter+Saur%7EBirkh%C3%A4user%7EDeutscher+Kunstverlag%7ED%C3%BCsseldorf+University+Press%7EJovis%7EKlaus+Schwarz+Verlag' class="linkAnimation"> Journals </a></li> <li><a href='/search?query=*&sortBy=relevance&documentTypeFacet=database' class="linkAnimation"> Databases </a></li> <li><a href='/publishing/publications/publicationtypes/database-portals' class='linkAnimation'> Database portals </a></li> </ul> <a href='/publishing/subjects' class="lvl2 linkAnimation"> Subjects we publish </a> <ul class="list-unstyled subsection"> <li><a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=AD' class="linkAnimation">Architecture and Design</a></li> <li><a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=AR' class="linkAnimation">Arts</a></li> <li><a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=AS' class="linkAnimation">Asian and Pacific Studies</a></li> <li><a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=EC' class="linkAnimation">Business and Economics</a></li> <li><a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=CH' class="linkAnimation">Chemistry</a></li> <li><a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=CL' class="linkAnimation">Classical and Ancient Near Eastern Studies</a></li> <li><a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=CO' class="linkAnimation">Computer Sciences</a></li> <li><a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=CS' class="linkAnimation">Cultural Studies</a></li> <li><a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=EN' class="linkAnimation">Engineering</a></li> <li><a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=GL' class="linkAnimation">General Interest</a></li> </ul> <ul class="list-unstyled subsection"> <li><a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=GS' class="linkAnimation">Geosciences</a></li> <li><a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=HI' class="linkAnimation">History</a></li> <li><a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=IC' class="linkAnimation">Industrial Chemistry</a></li> <li><a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=IS' class="linkAnimation">Islamic and Middle Eastern Studies</a></li> <li><a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=JS' class="linkAnimation">Jewish Studies</a></li> <li><a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=LA' class="linkAnimation">Law</a></li> <li><a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=LB' class="linkAnimation">Library and Information Science, Book Studies</a></li> <li><a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=LF' class="linkAnimation">Life Sciences</a></li> <li><a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=LS' class="linkAnimation">Linguistics and Semiotics</a></li> <li><a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=LT' class="linkAnimation">Literary Studies</a></li> </ul> <ul class="list-unstyled subsection"> <li><a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=MS' class="linkAnimation">Materials Sciences</a></li> <li><a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=MT' class="linkAnimation">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=MD' class="linkAnimation">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=MU' class="linkAnimation">Music</a></li> <li><a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=PM' class="linkAnimation">Pharmacy</a></li> <li><a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=PL' class="linkAnimation">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=PY' class="linkAnimation">Physics</a></li> <li><a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=SN' class="linkAnimation">Social Sciences</a></li> <li><a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=SR' class="linkAnimation">Sports and Recreation</a></li> <li><a href='/search?query=*&subjectFacet=TL' class="linkAnimation">Theology and Religion</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <div class="accordion-header" id="mobileCorpMenu-headingFive"> <button class="accordion-button collapsed lvl1" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#mobileCorpMenu-collapseFive" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="mobileCorpMenu-collapseFive"> ABOUT </button> </div> <div id="mobileCorpMenu-collapseFive" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="mobileCorpMenu-headingFive" data-bs-parent="#mobileCorpMenu"> <div class="accordion-body"> <div class="accordion accordion-flush" id="aboutAccordion"> <a href='/publishing/about-us/contact' class="lvl2 linkAnimation"> Contact </a> <ul class="list-unstyled subsection"> <li><a href='/publishing/about-us/contact/contact-for-authors' class='linkAnimation'> For Authors </a></li> <li><a href='/publishing/about-us/contact/contact-customer-services' class='linkAnimation'> Customer service </a></li> <li><a href='/publishing/about-us/contact/contact-hr' class='linkAnimation'> People + Culture </a></li> <li><a href='/publishing/about-us/press' class='linkAnimation'> Press </a></li> <li><a href='/publishing/about-us/contact/sales' class='linkAnimation'> Sales </a></li> <li><a href='/publishing/about-us/contact/journal-management' class='linkAnimation'> Journal Management </a></li> </ul> <a href='/publishing/about-us/careers' class="lvl2 linkAnimation"> Career </a> <ul class="list-unstyled subsection"> <li><a href='/publishing/about-us/careers/how-to-join' class='linkAnimation'> How to join us </a></li> <li><a href='/publishing/about-us/careers/vacancies' class='linkAnimation'> Vacancies </a></li> <li><a href='/publishing/about-us/careers/working-at-dg' class='linkAnimation'> Working at De Gruyter </a></li> </ul> <a href='/publishing/about-us/about-dg' class="lvl2 linkAnimation"> About De Gruyter </a> <ul class="subsection list-unstyled"> <li><a href='/publishing/about-us/about-dg/vision-mission' class='linkAnimation'> Mission & Vision </a></li> <li><a href='/publishing/about-us/about-dg/our-imprints' class='linkAnimation'> Imprints </a></li> <li><a href='/publishing/about-us/about-dg/history' class='linkAnimation'> History </a></li> <li><a href='/publishing/about-us/about-dg/dg-foundation' class='linkAnimation'> De Gruyter Foundation </a></li> <li><a href='/publishing/about-us/about-dg/degruyter-ebound' class='linkAnimation'> De Gruyter Ebound </a></li> <li><a href='/publishing/about-us/about-dg/locations' class='linkAnimation'> Locations </a></li> <li><a href='/publishing/about-us/our-responsibility' class='linkAnimation'> Our Responsibility </a></li> </ul> <a href='/publishing/about-us/publisher-partners' class="lvl2 linkAnimation"> Partnerships </a> <ul class="list-unstyled"> <ul class="list-unstyled subsection"> <li><a href='/publishing/about-us/publisher-partners' class='linkAnimation'> Partner publishers </a></li> </ul> <ul class="list-unstyled subsection"> <li><a href='/publishing/about-us/press' class='fw-bold linkAnimation'> Press </a></li> </ul> <ul class="list-unstyled subsection"> <li><a href='/publishing/about-us/faqs' class='fw-bold linkAnimation'> FAQs </a></li> </ul> <ul class="list-unstyled subsection"> <li><a href='/publishing/subscribe-newsletter' class='fw-bold linkAnimation'> Newsletter </a></li> </ul> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mt-3"> <span class="selectorHeader"> Change language </span> <div class="grid-2 mobile-selector mt-2 mb-3"> <a class="languageSelector_en ga_language_selector mobile-option mobile-active" href="/_language/en?uri=%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.2478%2Fjtim-2022-0003%2Fhtml"> <span>English</span> </a> <a class="languageSelector_de ga_language_selector mobile-option " href="/_language/de?uri=%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.2478%2Fjtim-2022-0003%2Fhtml"> <span>Deutsch</span> </a> </div> <span class="selectorHeader"> Change currency </span> <div class="grid-3 mobile-selector mt-2 mb-5"> <select-currency class="mobile-option" selected-class="mobile-active" currency="EUR"><span>€ EUR</span></select-currency> <select-currency class="mobile-option" selected-class="mobile-active" currency="GBP"><span>£ GBP</span></select-currency> <select-currency class="mobile-option" selected-class="mobile-active" currency="USD"><span>$ USD</span></select-currency> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </mega-menu> <div class="accordion-collapse collapse accordion navbar-collapse" data-bs-parent="#wrap" id="navbarSupportedContentnope"> </div> </header>  <div class="modal" id="orderCompleteModal" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-label='Purchase Complete' aria-hidden="true"> <div class="modal-dialog modal-dialog-centered modal-lg" role="document"> <div class="modal-content bg-white"> <div class="modal-body"> <button type="button" class="btn-close float-end btn-modal-close" data-bs-dismiss="modal" aria-label='Close'></button> <p>Your purchase has been completed. Your documents are now available to view.</p> <div id="orderCompleteItemList"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <main id="main" class='language_en min-vh-100 '> <div class="row no-theme-gutter-x g-0 " id="docContent"> <div class='offset-lg-1 col-lg-8 pb-2'> <div class='row g-0 '> <div class="col p-3 pt-5"> <div class="d-flex flex-wrap flex-column flex-md-row justify-content-between"> <div> <div class="mb-2"> <span> <a class="creative-commons-license ga_creative_commons_license text-decoration-none" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/" title='Creative Commons - Some Rights Reserved'> <img src="/assets/images/cc-licenses/by-nc-nd.eu.svg" height="100%" width="100%" alt='BY-NC-ND 3.0 license'/> </a> </span> <span class="fa fas fa-icon-open-access"></span> <span class="accessOpenAccess me-2">Open Access</span> <span class="publisherAndPublicationDate metadataInfoMainContent"> <span class="publisher"> Published by <a class="ga_published_by ga_published_by_header" href='/search?query=*&publisherFacet=De+Gruyter'>De Gruyter</a> </span> <span class="publicationDate">April 2, 2022</span> </span> </div> <div id="mobilePurchaseDiv" class="d-none"> <a class="mobilePurchaseButton" href="#"> Purchase article <svg width="17" height="16" viewBox="0 0 17 16" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M12.75 10.3238L11.4513 9L9.5 11.1469L9.5 1L7.5 1L7.5 11.1473L5.54829 9L4.24962 10.3238L8.49981 15L12.75 10.3238Z" fill="#007596"/> </svg> </a> </div> <h1>Basic pancreatic lesions: Radiologic-pathologic correlation</h1> <ul class="contributors list-unstyled mb-2"> <li class="contributors-AUTHOR mb-2"> <span class="metadataAndContributorsFont"><span class="contributor"> <span class="displayName linkAnimation">Yun Bian</span> <contributor-popdown name="Yun Bian" position="1" email="" affiliations="Department of Radiology, Changhai Hospital, The Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China" > </contributor-popdown> </span><span class="comma">, </span><span class="contributor"> <span class="displayName linkAnimation">Hui Jiang</span> <contributor-popdown name="Hui Jiang" position="2" email="" affiliations="Department of Pathology, Changhai Hospital, The Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China" > </contributor-popdown> </span><span class="comma">, </span><span class="contributor"> <span class="displayName linkAnimation">Jianming Zheng</span> <contributor-popdown name="Jianming Zheng" position="3" email="" affiliations="Department of Pathology, Changhai Hospital, The Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China" > </contributor-popdown> </span><span class="comma">, </span><span class="contributor"> <span class="displayName linkAnimation">Chengwei Shao</span> <contributor-popdown name="Chengwei Shao" position="4" email="" affiliations="Department of Radiology, Changhai Hospital, The Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China" > </contributor-popdown> </span> and <span class="contributor"> <span class="displayName linkAnimation">Jianping Lu</span> <contributor-popdown name="Jianping Lu" position="5" email="cjr.lujianping@vip.163.com" affiliations="Department of Radiology, Changhai Hospital, The Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China" > </contributor-popdown> <a href="mailto:cjr.lujianping@vip.163.com"> <img alt="EMAIL logo" src='/assets/images/db2546a9d03b905bae083962a41791e1-mail.svg' width="16" height="12" /> </a> </span></span> </li> </ul> <div class="subTitleInfoProductPage">From the journal <a class="ga_parent ga_parent_journal" href="/journal/key/jtim/html">Journal of Translational Internal Medicine</a></div> <div class="doi"><a href="https://doi.org/10.2478/jtim-2022-0003" class="linkWithoutStyle subTitleInfoProductPage ga_doi" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.2478/jtim-2022-0003</a></div> </div> <div class="d-sm-none pt-3 pb-3 border-bottom"> <div class="alternateForms d-none"> <a href="/document/doi/10.2478/jtim-2022-0003/pdf?licenseType=open-access" data-doi="10.2478/jtim-2022-0003" class="ga_download_button_pdf_article downloadCompletePdfArticle downloadPdf btn btn-primary fw-bold py-2 w-100 vgwort-click"> <span>Download article (PDF)</span> <span class="fa fas fa-download-button"></span> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="d-flex align-items-center flex-wrap px-4 px-lg-2 "> <button id='citationsModalButton' type="button" class="btn btn-main-content ga_cite_this me-2" href='#citationsModal' data-bs-toggle="modal" data-bs-target="#citationsModal" data-doi="10.2478/jtim-2022-0003" aria-controls='citationsModal'> Cite this </button> <button id="socialModalButton" type="button" class="btn btn-main-content ga_share_this me-2" href="#socialModal" data-bs-toggle="modal" data-bs-target="#socialModal" aria-controls="socialModal"> Share this </button> <div class="dimensions __dimensions_badge_embed__ ga_dimensions_citation me-2" data-doi="10.2478/jtim-2022-0003" data-hide-zero-citations="true" data-legend="never" data-style="large_rectangle"></div> </div> <div id="div-document-progress-bar" class="sticky-top d-none"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12"> <div class="progress progress-bar-toolbar"> <div id="document-progress-bar" class="progress-bar bg-primary" role="progressbar" aria-label="Document progress bar" aria-valuenow="0" aria-valuemin="0" aria-valuemax="100"></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="document-main-content" class='row'> <div class="container-fluid px-3 px-lg-0 py-2"> <div class="col"> <div class="d-none analyticsHolder" data-subjects='MD|MD-04|MD-04-03|MD-04-03-01|MD-04-03-02|MD-04-03-03|MD-04-03-07' data-publisherCode='DEG' data-license='open-access' data-publisher='De Gruyter' data-contentName='Basic pancreatic lesions: Radiologic-pathologic correlation' data-doi='10.2478/jtim-2022-0003' data-parentIdentifier='JTIM' data-parentName='Journal of Translational Internal Medicine' data-languages='en' ></div> <div id="documentContent" class="content py-2" data-doi='10.2478/jtim-2022-0003' data-accessrestricted="false" data-countertype="document"> <div class="px-2"> <div id="text-container"> <div xmlns:dgdoi="http://degruyter.com/resources/doi-from-crossref" xmlns:dgpm="http://degruyter.com/resources/fetched-pubmed-id" class="contentWrapper"><div class="article" lang="en"><div class="abstract"> <h2 class="subheading">Abstract</h2> <p>The basic pancreatic lesions include location, size, shape, number, capsule, calcification/calculi, hemorrhage, cystic degeneration, fibrosis, pancreatic duct alterations, and microvessel. One or more basic lesions form a kind of pancreatic disease. As recognizing the characteristic imaging features of pancreatic basic lesions and their relationships with pathology aids in differentiating the variety of pancreatic diseases. The purpose of this study is to review the pathological and imaging features of the basic pancreatic lesions.</p></div><div class="keywords mb-3">Key words: <a href="/search?query=keywordValues%3A%28%22pancreatic%20diseases%22%29%20AND%20journalKey%3A%28%22JTIM%22%29&documentVisibility=all&documentTypeFacet=article" class="ga_keyword">pancreatic diseases</a>; <a href="/search?query=keywordValues%3A%28%22pancreatic%20neoplasms%22%29%20AND%20journalKey%3A%28%22JTIM%22%29&documentVisibility=all&documentTypeFacet=article" class="ga_keyword">pancreatic neoplasms</a>; <a href="/search?query=keywordValues%3A%28%22pancreatitis%22%29%20AND%20journalKey%3A%28%22JTIM%22%29&documentVisibility=all&documentTypeFacet=article" class="ga_keyword">pancreatitis</a>; <a href="/search?query=keywordValues%3A%28%22pancreatic%20ducts%22%29%20AND%20journalKey%3A%28%22JTIM%22%29&documentVisibility=all&documentTypeFacet=article" class="ga_keyword">pancreatic ducts</a>; <a href="/search?query=keywordValues%3A%28%22magnetic%20resonance%20imaging%22%29%20AND%20journalKey%3A%28%22JTIM%22%29&documentVisibility=all&documentTypeFacet=article" class="ga_keyword">magnetic resonance imaging</a>; <a href="/search?query=keywordValues%3A%28%22computed%20tomography%22%29%20AND%20journalKey%3A%28%22JTIM%22%29&documentVisibility=all&documentTypeFacet=article" class="ga_keyword">computed tomography</a>; <a href="/search?query=keywordValues%3A%28%22radiology%22%29%20AND%20journalKey%3A%28%22JTIM%22%29&documentVisibility=all&documentTypeFacet=article" class="ga_keyword">radiology</a>; <a href="/search?query=keywordValues%3A%28%22pathology%22%29%20AND%20journalKey%3A%28%22JTIM%22%29&documentVisibility=all&documentTypeFacet=article" class="ga_keyword">pathology</a></div><div class="body"> <section id="j_jtim-2022-0003_s_001"><h2 class="subheading">Introduction</h2> <p>The pancreas is an important organ in the human body, consisting of two organs in one: an exocrine gland and an endocrine gland.<sup>[<a href="#j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_001" class="link link-bibr" data-bs-target="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_001" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="1 Leung PS. Overview of the pancreas. Adv Exp Med Biol 2010;690:3-12.10.1007/978-90-481-9060-7_1Search in Google Scholar">1</a>]</sup> Pathological characteristics of basic pancreatic lesions include location, size, shape, number, capsule, calcification/ calculi, cystic degeneration, fibrosis, duct alterations, and microvessel.<sup>[<a href="#j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_002" class="link link-bibr" data-bs-target="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_002" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="2 Al-Hawary MM, Francis IR, Chari ST, Fishman EK, Hough DM, Lu DS, et al. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma radiology reporting template: consensus statement of the Society of Abdominal Radiology and the American Pancreatic Association. Gastroenterology 2014;146:291-304. e1.10.1053/j.gastro.2013.11.004Search in Google Scholar">2</a>,<a href="#j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_003" class="link link-bibr" data-bs-target="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_003" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="3 Al-Hawary MM, Francis IR, Chari ST, Fishman EK, Hough DM, Lu DS, et al. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma radiology reporting template: consensus statement of the Society of Abdominal Radiology and the American Pancreatic Association. Radiology 2014;270:248-60.10.1148/radiol.13131184Search in Google Scholar">3</a>]</sup> These pathological characteristics are reflected in radiological images. The spectrum of pancreatic diseases is extensive, including pancreatitis and neoplasm. Chronic pancreatitis (CP) and serous cystic neoplasm (SCN) are characterized by calcification. Pancreatic calcification/ calculi in CP are mostly found in the main ducts, side branches, or parenchyma.<sup>[<a href="#j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_004" class="link link-bibr" data-bs-target="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_004" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="4 Beyer G, Habtezion A, Werner J, Lerch MM, Mayerle J. Chronic pancreatitis. Lancet 2020;396:499-512.10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31318-0Search in Google Scholar">4</a>,<a href="#j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_005" class="link link-bibr" data-bs-target="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_005" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="5 Anaizi A, Hart PA, Conwell DL. Diagnosing Chronic Pancreatitis. Dig Dis Sci 2017;62:1713-20.10.1007/s10620-017-4493-2Search in Google Scholar
 PubMed
 
 PubMed Central
 ">5</a>]</sup> SCN is characterized by the typical central stellate scar that calcium is frequently shown.<sup>[<a href="#j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_006" class="link link-bibr" data-bs-target="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_006" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="6 van Huijgevoort NCM, Del Chiaro M, Wolfgang CL, van Hooft JE, Besselink MG. Diagnosis and management of pancreatic cystic neoplasms: current evidence and guidelines. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019;16:676-89.10.1038/s41575-019-0195-xSearch in Google Scholar
 PubMed
 ">6</a>]</sup> Hemorrhage mainly occurs in solid-pseudopapillary neoplasm (SPN).<sup>[<a href="#j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_007" class="link link-bibr" data-bs-target="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_007" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="7 Anil G, Zhang J, Al Hamar NE, Nga ME. Solid pseudopapillary neoplasm of the pancreas: CT imaging features and radiologic-pathologic correlation. Diagn Interv Radiol 2017;23:94-9.10.5152/dir.2016.16104Search in Google Scholar
 PubMed
 
 PubMed Central
 ">7</a>]</sup> CP and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) are characterized by pancreatic duct alterations.<sup>[<a href="#j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_008" class="link link-bibr" data-bs-target="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_008" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="8 Bowman AW, Bolan CW. MRI evaluation of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: diagnosis, mimics, and staging. Abdom Radiol (NY) 2019;44:936-49.10.1007/s00261-018-1686-xSearch in Google Scholar
 PubMed
 ">8</a>,<a href="#j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_009" class="link link-bibr" data-bs-target="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_009" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="9 Wolske KM, Ponnatapura J, Kolokythas O, Burke LMB, Tappouni R, Lalwani N. Chronic Pancreatitis or Pancreatic Tumor? A Problem-solving Approach. Radiographics 2019;39:1965-82.10.1148/rg.2019190011Search in Google Scholar
 PubMed
 ">9</a>]</sup> “String of pearls” appearance of main duct is found in CP.<sup>[<a href="#j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_010" class="link link-bibr" data-bs-target="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_010" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="10 Nuernberg D, Ignee A, Dietrich CF. Ultrasound in gastroenterology. Biliopancreatic system. Med Klin (Munich) 2007;102:112-26.10.1007/s00063-007-1003-xSearch in Google Scholar
 PubMed
 ">10</a>]</sup> “Double-duct sign” or “cutoff sign” is found in PDAC.<sup>[<a href="#j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_011" class="link link-bibr" data-bs-target="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_011" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="11 Elsherif SB, Virarkar M, Javadi S, Ibarra-Rovira JJ, Tamm EP, Bhosale PR. Pancreatitis and PDAC: association and differentiation. Abdom Radiol (NY) 2020;45:1324-37.10.1007/s00261-019-02292-wSearch in Google Scholar
 PubMed
 ">11</a>]</sup> In pancreatic cystic neoplasms, SCN was mainly multilocular and multiseptal,<sup>[<a href="#j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_012" class="link link-bibr" data-bs-target="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_012" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="12 Antonini F, Fuccio L, Fabbri C, Macarri G, Palazzo L. Management of serous cystic neoplasms of the pancreas. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015;9:115-25.10.1586/17474124.2014.934675Search in Google Scholar
 PubMed
 ">12</a>]</sup> while mucinous cystic neoplasm (MCN) was mainly large and unilocular,<sup>[<a href="#j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_013" class="link link-bibr" data-bs-target="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_013" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="13 Burk KS, Knipp D, Sahani DV. Cystic Pancreatic Tumors. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am 2018;26:405-20.10.1016/j.mric.2018.03.006Search in Google Scholar
 PubMed
 ">13</a>]</sup> and Intraductal papillary mucinous tumors (IPMN) is communicated with the main duct.<sup>[<a href="#j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_014" class="link link-bibr" data-bs-target="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_014" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="14 Yadav RK, Jiang X, Chen J. Differentiating benign from malignant pancreatic cysts on computed tomography. Eur J Radiol Open 2020;7:100278.10.1016/j.ejro.2020.100278Search in Google Scholar
 PubMed
 
 PubMed Central
 ">14</a>]</sup> The blood supply of the lesion is also a key clue to our diagnosis. Most pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (pNETs) are significantly enhanced in late arterial or portal phase,<sup>[<a href="#j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_015" class="link link-bibr" data-bs-target="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_015" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="15 Dromain C, Deandreis D, Scoazec JY, Goere D, Ducreux M, Baudin E, et al. Imaging of neuroendocrine tumors of the pancreas. Diagn Interv Imaging 2016;97:1241-57.10.1016/j.diii.2016.07.012Search in Google Scholar
 PubMed
 ">15</a>]</sup> while most PDAC shows no significant enhancement or the mild progressive enhancement.</p> <p>However, radiologists start to analyzes the imaging findings of various basic pancreatic lesions and then combine these imaging findings with the relevant pathological characteristics to give the final diagnosis. So, it is very important to understand the pathological mechanism and imaging findings of the basic pancreatic lesions for the accurate diagnosis of pancreatic diseases. However, previous literatures have focused on the imaging findings of a pancreatic disease. Therefore, the main purpose of this paper is to comprehensively review the pathologic and radiologic characteristics of the basic pancreatic lesions and improve the understanding of these common pancreatic diseases.</p> </section> <section id="j_jtim-2022-0003_s_002"><h2 class="subheading">Location</h2> <p>The pancreas is divided into the head, neck, body, and tail.<sup>[<a href="#j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_016" class="link link-bibr" data-bs-target="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_016" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="16 Talathi SS, Zimmerman R, Young M. Anatomy, Abdomen and Pelvis, Pancreas. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL) 2021.Search in Google Scholar">16</a>]</sup> The pancreatic head is located at the right margin of the superior mesenteric vein-portal vein (SMV-PV) confluence; the pancreatic body is located between the SMV-PV confluence and the left margin of the abdominal aorta; the pancreatic tail is located between the left margin of the abdominal aorta and splenic hilum.<sup>[<a href="#j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_017" class="link link-bibr" data-bs-target="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_017" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="17 Standring S: Gray’s Anatomy-The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Practice. 41rd ed. London: Elsevier 2016.Search in Google Scholar">17</a>]</sup> PDAC, mass-forming pancreatitis (MFP), and serous SCN occur predominantly in the head of the pancreas. Branch duct-IPMN (BD-IPMN) is commonly found in the uncinate process,<sup>[<a href="#j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_018" class="link link-bibr" data-bs-target="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_018" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="18 Maker AV, Maker VK. Isolated Pancreatic Uncinate Duct IPMN. J Gastrointest Surg 2017;21:744-5.10.1007/s11605-017-3380-7Search in Google Scholar
 PubMed
 ">18</a>]</sup> while SPN and MCN are more frequently found in the body and tail of the pancreas.</p> </section> <section id="j_jtim-2022-0003_s_003"><h2 class="subheading">Size</h2> <p>The size of a mass depends on its location, nature (benign or malignant), and functionality. Masses in the pancreatic head are often smaller at diagnosis than those in the pancreatic body and tail due to narrow growth spaces and their tendency to cause pancreaticobiliary obstruction. Masses with higher degrees of malignancy (such as PDAC) often cause abdominal pain, lower back pain, weight loss, and elevation of tumor markers (such as carbohydrate antigen 19-9); they are also usually smaller at diagnosis than benign or low-grade malignant tumors (such as SCN, SPN, and MCN). Functional pancreatic tumors, such as functional pNET, are often smaller at diagnosis because of their unique clinical symptoms resulting from hormone releases.<sup>[<a href="#j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_019" class="link link-bibr" data-bs-target="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_019" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="19 Lee L, Ito T, Jensen RT. Prognostic and predictive factors on overall survival and surgical outcomes in pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors: recent advances and controversies. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2019;19:1029-50.10.1080/14737140.2019.1693893Search in Google Scholar
 PubMed
 
 PubMed Central
 ">19</a>]</sup></p> </section> <section id="j_jtim-2022-0003_s_004"><h2 class="subheading">Shape and number</h2> <p>Pancreatic masses may be circular, circle-like, or lobulated. Most are unifocal; multifocal masses are relatively rare and mainly develop in cases involving pNET-associated syndromes, BD-IPMN or mixed-IPMN, von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) syndrome,<sup>[<a href="#j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_020" class="link link-bibr" data-bs-target="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_020" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="20 Mikhail MI, Singh AK. Von Hippel Lindau Syndrome In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL) 2021.Search in Google Scholar">20</a>]</sup> SPN, and pancreatic metastases.<sup>[<a href="#j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_021" class="link link-bibr" data-bs-target="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_021" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="21 Sellner F. Isolated Pancreatic Metastases of Renal Cell Carcinoma-A Paradigm of a Seed and Soil Mechanism: A Literature Analysis of 1,034 Observations. Front Oncol 2020;10:709.10.3389/fonc.2020.00709Search in Google Scholar
 PubMed
 
 PubMed Central
 ">21</a>]</sup></p> </section> <section id="j_jtim-2022-0003_s_005"><h2 class="subheading">Capsule</h2> <p>Tumor capsules, a fibrous membrane surrounding the tumor, can be categorized as either true capsules or pseudocapsules. The former is inherent, while the latter are fibroplasia as a result of slow tumor growth and compression of the surrounding tissues. Most true capsules are observed in rare pancreatic tumors such as pancreatic schwannoma, lipoma, leiomyosarcoma, solitary fibrous tumor, hamartoma, and perivascular epithelioid cell tumor. Pseudocapsules, on the other hand, are frequently found in cases of pNET and SPN. The majority of highly invasive masses, such as PDAC and adenosquamous carcinoma, lack capsules. Generally, a tumor with an intact capsule shows a clear separation from the peripheral pancreatic tissues, whereas a tumor without a capsule shows invasive growth and unclear separation from its peripheral pancreatic tissues. Capsular changes also reflect the pathological process of disease progression. For instance, the disruption of an initially intact capsule indicates that the tumor tends to become malignant, as it has penetrated the capsule and shows an invasive growth pattern.</p> <p>Despite differences in the mechanisms of formation, both true capsules and pseudocapsules are fibrous capsules and thus show low attenuation on unenhanced multislice computed tomography (MSCT), hypointense signals on T1WI, and iso-hyperintense signals on T2WI with delayed postcontrast enhancement.</p> </section> <section id="j_jtim-2022-0003_s_006"><h2 class="subheading">Pancreatic calcification/Calculi</h2> <p>Calcification caused by pancreatic diseases is considered dystrophic calcification; it implies the abnormal deposition of calcium salts in degenerated, necrotic tissues or foreign body granulomas.<sup>[<a href="#j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_022" class="link link-bibr" data-bs-target="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_022" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="22 Kumar V, Abbas AK, Aster JC. Robbins Basic Pathology. 9rd ed. Canada: Elsevier 2013.Search in Google Scholar">22</a>]</sup> Pancreatic calcification/calculi are mostly located in the side branches, main ducts, or parenchyma in the cases of CP.<sup>[<a href="#j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_023" class="link link-bibr" data-bs-target="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_023" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="23 Tandan M, Talukdar R, Reddy DN. Management of Pancreatic Calculi: An Update. Gut Liver 2016;10:873-80.10.5009/gnl15555Search in Google Scholar
 PubMed
 
 PubMed Central
 ">23</a>]</sup> Pancreatic stone protein (PSP) plays a vital role in the formation of calcification. Reduced PSP leads to supersaturation of calcium carbonate in the pancreatic juice.<sup>[<a href="#j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_024" class="link link-bibr" data-bs-target="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_024" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="24 Jin CX, Naruse S, Kitagawa M, Ishiguro H, Kondo T, Hayakawa S, et al. Pancreatic stone protein of pancreatic calculi in chronic calcified pancreatitis in man. JOP 2002;3:54-61.Search in Google Scholar">24</a>]</sup> Calcification is also often found in cases of MFP and pancreatic pseudocyst (PPC). Calcification with MFP results from CP. PPC consists mainly of mature granulation and fibrous connective tissues. In contrast, calcification in PPCs is more frequently observed in patients with a longer history of CP and may lead to calcium deposition on cystic walls. In colloid carcinomas, the thick jelly-like mucus inside is prone to calcification. Calcium deposition due to hemorrhage and poor absorption by necrotic tissues may lead to calcification in the SPN. Calcification in pNETs is similar to that in the SPN and may be associated with hormone secretion. Calcification in the MCN is commonly found on cyst walls and in the intercapsular septa, and it is characterized by lamellar calcification.<sup>[<a href="#j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_025" class="link link-bibr" data-bs-target="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_025" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="25 Pederzoli P, Bassi C. Uncommon Pancreatic Neoplasms. Italia: Springer 2013.10.1007/978-88-470-2673-5Search in Google Scholar">25</a>]</sup> Calcification in the SCN is often found in polycystic lesions and is characterized by the typical central stellate scar with calcium deposits (<a href="#j_jtim-2022-0003_fig_001" class="link link-fig" data-bs-target="j_jtim-2022-0003_fig_001">Figure 1</a>).<sup>[<a href="#j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_012" class="link link-bibr" data-bs-target="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_012" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="12 Antonini F, Fuccio L, Fabbri C, Macarri G, Palazzo L. Management of serous cystic neoplasms of the pancreas. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015;9:115-25.10.1586/17474124.2014.934675Search in Google Scholar
 PubMed
 ">12</a>,<a href="#j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_026" class="link link-bibr" data-bs-target="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_026" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="26 Sakorafas GH, Smyrniotis V, Reid-Lombardo KM, Sarr MG. Primary pancreatic cystic neoplasms revisited. Part I: serous cystic neoplasms. Surg Oncol 2011;20:e84-92.10.1016/j.suronc.2010.12.002Search in Google Scholar
 PubMed
 ">26</a>,<a href="#j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_027" class="link link-bibr" data-bs-target="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_027" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="27 Sugawara S, Watanabe T, Hirai I, Fujimoto H, Kimura W. Serous cystic neoplasms. Nihon Rinsho 2015;73:298-304.Search in Google Scholar">27</a>]</sup></p> <div class="figure-wrapper" id="j_jtim-2022-0003_fig_001"><div class="figure w-100"><div class="graphic"><img loading="lazy" src="/document/doi/10.2478/jtim-2022-0003/asset/graphic/j_jtim-2022-0003_fig_001.jpg" alt="Figure 1 Serous cystic neoplasm of the pancreas in a 38-year-old woman. (A) Surgical specimen (distal pancreatectomy): serous cystic neoplasm with typical microcystic appearance and central scar (arrow). (B) Axial nonenhanced computed tomography image shows a cystic mass with central calcification, known as the “sunburst” sign (arrow)."></img></div><div class="figure-description mb-3"><div class="figure-label h3"><span class="label">Figure 1</span></div><div class="figure-caption mb-2"><span class="caption"><p>Serous cystic neoplasm of the pancreas in a 38-year-old woman. (A) Surgical specimen (distal pancreatectomy): serous cystic neoplasm with typical microcystic appearance and central scar (arrow). (B) Axial nonenhanced computed tomography image shows a cystic mass with central calcification, known as the “sunburst” sign (arrow).</p></span></div></div></div></div> <p>Unenhanced CT is the most sensitive imaging modality for detecting calcification/calculi, which are characterized by “hyper attenuation.”</p> </section> <section id="j_jtim-2022-0003_s_007"><h2 class="subheading">Hemorrhage</h2> <p>The disruption of blood vessels by inflammation and tumors and the fragility of blood vessels may lead to hemorrhage. Massive infiltration of inflammatory cells during acute pancreatitis (AP) may result in the rupture of blood vessels and hemorrhage.<sup>[<a href="#j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_028" class="link link-bibr" data-bs-target="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_028" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="28 Tang MY, Chen TW, Bollen TL, Wang YX, Xue HD, Jin ZY, et al. MR imaging of hemorrhage associated with acute pancreatitis. Pancreatology 2018;18:363-9.10.1016/j.pan.2018.03.004Search in Google Scholar
 PubMed
 ">28</a>]</sup> The SPN is most prone to hemorrhage, as it mainly contains fragile blood vessels, which is the stalks of the pseudopapillae.<sup>[<a href="#j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_029" class="link link-bibr" data-bs-target="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_029" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="29 Zhan H, Cheng Y, Wang L, Su P, Zhong N, Zhang Z, et al. Clinicopathological Features and Treatment Outcomes of Solid Pseudopapillary Neoplasms of the Pancreas: A 10-Year Case Series from a Single Center. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A 2019.10.1089/lap.2018.0704Search in Google Scholar
 PubMed
 ">29</a>, <a href="#j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_030" class="link link-bibr" data-bs-target="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_030" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="30 Beltrame V, Pozza G, Dalla Bona E, Fantin A, Valmasoni M, Sperti C. Solid-Pseudopapillary Tumor of the Pancreas: A Single Center Experience. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2016;2016:4289736.10.1155/2016/4289736Search in Google Scholar
 PubMed
 
 PubMed Central
 ">30</a>, <a href="#j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_031" class="link link-bibr" data-bs-target="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_031" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="31 Wright MJ, Javed AA, Saunders T, Zhu Y, Burkhart RA, Yu J, et al. Surgical Resection of 78 Pancreatic Solid Pseudopapillary Tumors: a 30-Year Single Institutional Experience. J Gastrointest Surg 2019.10.1007/s11605-019-04252-7Search in Google Scholar
 PubMed
 ">31</a>]</sup> The fragile, thin-walled blood vessels lack a strong support structure and rupture when tumor cells detach (<a href="#j_jtim-2022-0003_fig_002" class="link link-fig" data-bs-target="j_jtim-2022-0003_fig_002">Figure 2A, B)</a>. The majority of pNETs consist of well-differentiated tumor cells and abundant stromal blood vessels, which form a dense network of capillaries that may lead to intratumoral hemorrhage following rupture of blood vessels destroyed by tumor cells. In the solid mass, there are large of cells, separated by thin stroma and small blood vessels in an acinar cell carcinoma of the pancreas (ACCP).<sup>[<a href="#j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_032" class="link link-bibr" data-bs-target="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_032" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="32 Chaudhary P. Acinar Cell Carcinoma of the Pancreas. A Literature Review and Update. Indian J Surg 2015;77:226-31.10.1007/s12262-014-1049-ySearch in Google Scholar
 PubMed
 
 PubMed Central
 ">32</a>,<a href="#j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_033" class="link link-bibr" data-bs-target="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_033" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="33 La Rosa S, Sessa F, Capella C. Acinar Cell Carcinoma of the Pancreas: Overview of Clinicopathologic Features and Insights into the Molecular Pathology. Front Med (Lausanne) 2015;2:41.10.3389/fmed.2015.00041Search in Google Scholar
 PubMed
 
 PubMed Central
 ">33</a>]</sup> ACCP is thus prone to hemorrhage.<sup>[<a href="#j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_034" class="link link-bibr" data-bs-target="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_034" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="34 Campbell F, Verbeke CS. Pathology of the Pancreas. London: Springer 2013.10.1007/978-1-4471-2449-8Search in Google Scholar">34</a>]</sup> Inflammation caused by PDAC disrupts surrounding blood vessels and may also lead to intratumoral hemorrhage (<a href="#j_jtim-2022-0003_fig_002" class="link link-fig" data-bs-target="j_jtim-2022-0003_fig_002">Figure 2C, D)</a>. The SCN is characterized by the secretion of a clear, serous fluid, but secretion of blood-stained fluids can also be observed within the cystic cavities. MR T1WI is the most sensitive imaging modality for detecting hemorrhage, which is characterized by a “hyperintense signal.”</p> <div class="figure-wrapper" id="j_jtim-2022-0003_fig_002"><div class="figure w-100"><div class="graphic"><img loading="lazy" src="/document/doi/10.2478/jtim-2022-0003/asset/graphic/j_jtim-2022-0003_fig_002.jpg" alt="Figure 2 (A, B) Hemorrhage caused by solid-pseudopapillary neoplasm of the pancreas in an 18-year-old woman. (A) Microscopically, a large well-demarcated lesion with large hemorrhage. (B) Axial T1-weighted fat-saturated magnetic resonance image shows a large well-demarcated inhomogeneous hyperintense lesion in the pancreatic tail (arrow). (C, D) Hemorrhage caused by pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma in a 66-year-old man. (C) Microscopically, a hemorrhagic area (arrow heads) at the edge of the tumor (black dotted line) (HE×1). (D) Axial T1-weighted fat-saturated magnetic resonance image shows a hypointense (arrow) and inhomogeneous hyperintense (arrowhead) lesion in the pancreatic head."></img></div><div class="figure-description mb-3"><div class="figure-label h3"><span class="label">Figure 2</span></div><div class="figure-caption mb-2"><span class="caption"><p>(A, B) Hemorrhage caused by solid-pseudopapillary neoplasm of the pancreas in an 18-year-old woman. (A) Microscopically, a large well-demarcated lesion with large hemorrhage. (B) Axial T1-weighted fat-saturated magnetic resonance image shows a large well-demarcated inhomogeneous hyperintense lesion in the pancreatic tail (arrow). (C, D) Hemorrhage caused by pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma in a 66-year-old man. (C) Microscopically, a hemorrhagic area (arrow heads) at the edge of the tumor (black dotted line) (HE×1). (D) Axial T1-weighted fat-saturated magnetic resonance image shows a hypointense (arrow) and inhomogeneous hyperintense (arrowhead) lesion in the pancreatic head.</p></span></div></div></div></div> </section> <section id="j_jtim-2022-0003_s_008"><h2 class="subheading">Cystic degeneration/Variants</h2> <p>Cystic degeneration is found in the SPN, pancreatic undifferentiated carcinoma with osteoclast-like giant cells (UC-OGC), and solid pNET, which are associated with hemorrhage. Cystic pNET might occur as the initial manifestation, which is not related to hemorrhage or necrosis and represents an uncommon variant of pNET.<sup>[<a href="#j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_035" class="link link-bibr" data-bs-target="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_035" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="35 Paiella S, Marchegiani G, Miotto M, Malpaga A, Impellizzeri H, Montagnini G, et al. Are Cystic Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors an Indolent Entity Results from a Single-Center Surgical Series. Neuroendocrinology 2018;106:234-41.10.1159/000477849Search in Google Scholar
 PubMed
 ">35</a>, <a href="#j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_036" class="link link-bibr" data-bs-target="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_036" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="36 Singhi AD, Chu LC, Tatsas AD, Shi C, Ellison TA, Fishman EK, et al. Cystic pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors: a clinicopathologic study. Am J Surg Pathol 2012;36:1666-73.10.1097/PAS.0b013e31826a0048Search in Google Scholar
 PubMed
 ">36</a>, <a href="#j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_037" class="link link-bibr" data-bs-target="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_037" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="37 Koh YX, Chok AY, Zheng HL, Tan CS, Goh BK. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the clinicopathologic characteristics of cystic versus solid pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms. Surgery 2014;156:83-96 e82.10.1016/j.surg.2014.03.026Search in Google Scholar">37</a>]</sup></p> <p>Cystic degeneration may also be caused by intratumoral necrosis. Pancreatic adenosquamous carcinoma (PASC), which is a variant of PDAC, shows the central necrosis.<sup>[<a href="#j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_038" class="link link-bibr" data-bs-target="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_038" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="38 Borazanci E, Millis SZ, Korn R, Han H, Whatcott CJ, Gatalica Z, et al. Adenosquamous carcinoma of the pancreas: Molecular characterization of 23 patients along with a literature review. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2015;7:132-40.10.4251/wjgo.v7.i9.132Search in Google Scholar">38</a>,<a href="#j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_039" class="link link-bibr" data-bs-target="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_039" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="39 Schawkat K, Tsai LL, Jaramillo-Cardoso A, Paez SN, Moser JA, Decicco C, et al. Use of ring-enhancement and focal necrosis to differentiate pancreatic adenosquamous carcinoma from pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma on CT and MRI. Clin Imaging 2021;73:134-8.10.1016/j.clinimag.2020.11.041Search in Google Scholar">39</a>]</sup></p> <p>PASC is composed of two distinct components of adenocarcinoma and squamous carcinoma in which the squamous component should be at least 30%<sup>[<a href="#j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_040" class="link link-bibr" data-bs-target="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_040" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="40 The International Agency for Research on Cancer. WHO classification of tumors of the digestive system. Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) 2010.Search in Google Scholar">40</a>]</sup>; its imaging characteristics are determined by the proportions and distributions of both components. Most PASCs consist of cells arranged in solid nests and are prone to degeneration, necrosis, and, consequently, cystic lesions due to the lack of blood supply in the central region of the solid nests.<sup>[<a href="#j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_041" class="link link-bibr" data-bs-target="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_041" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="41 Kosmahl M, Pauser U, Anlauf M, Kloppel G. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas with cystic features: neither rare nor uniform. Mod Pathol 2005;18:1157-64.10.1038/modpathol.3800446Search in Google Scholar">41</a>]</sup> Cystic degeneration exhibits low attenuation on CT scans, hypointense signals on T1WI, and hyperintense signals on T2WI (<a href="#j_jtim-2022-0003_fig_003" class="link link-fig" data-bs-target="j_jtim-2022-0003_fig_003">Figure 3</a>).<sup>[<a href="#j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_042" class="link link-bibr" data-bs-target="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_042" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="42 Imaoka H, Shimizu Y, Mizuno N, Hara K, Hijioka S, Tajika M, et al. Ring-enhancement pattern on contrast-enhanced CT predicts adenosquamous carcinoma of the pancreas: a matched case-control study. Pancreatology 2014;14:221-6.10.1016/j.pan.2014.02.005Search in Google Scholar">42</a>]</sup></p> <div class="figure-wrapper" id="j_jtim-2022-0003_fig_003"><div class="figure w-100"><div class="graphic"><img loading="lazy" src="/document/doi/10.2478/jtim-2022-0003/asset/graphic/j_jtim-2022-0003_fig_003.jpg" alt="Figure 3 Cystic degeneration caused by pancreatic adenosquamous carcinoma. (A) The tumor with central necrosis (arrowheads) (HE×1). (B) Axial T2-weighted magnetic resonance image shows a round, ill-defined, mild, hypointense mass with central hyperintense necrosis (arrow)."></img></div><div class="figure-description mb-3"><div class="figure-label h3"><span class="label">Figure 3</span></div><div class="figure-caption mb-2"><span class="caption"><p>Cystic degeneration caused by pancreatic adenosquamous carcinoma. (A) The tumor with central necrosis (arrowheads) (HE×1). (B) Axial T2-weighted magnetic resonance image shows a round, ill-defined, mild, hypointense mass with central hyperintense necrosis (arrow).</p></span></div></div></div></div> </section> <section id="j_jtim-2022-0003_s_009"><h2 class="subheading">Fibrosis</h2> <p>The formation of fibers is an important step in tissue repair in the human body and is significant in the reconstruction of tissue structures and functions. Any deviation that develops during the physiological process may lead to abnormal or pathological fibrosis that will seriously affect relevant organs and tissues. There are two types of pancreatic lesions, CP and PDAC, with extraordinarily significant fibrosis as their histological characteristic. Pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs) are distributed in pancreatic interlobular spaces, accounting for 4% of pancreatic tissues. When PSCs are activated, collagen deposition occurs, leading to fibrosis of the organ.<sup>[<a href="#j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_043" class="link link-bibr" data-bs-target="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_043" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="43 Li ZS, Liao Z, Chen JM, Férec C. Chronic Pancreatitis-From Basic Research to Clinical Treatment. Shanghai: Springer; 2017.10.1007/978-981-10-4515-8Search in Google Scholar">43</a>]</sup></p> <p>The histopathological components of fibers include fibroblasts and fibrocytes, collagen fibers, and inflammatory cells (mainly lymphocytes and histiocytes). Based on the proportions of the above three components, the fibers can be categorized into cell-rich, intermediate, and fiber-rich stroma.</p> <p>In the early stages of CP, fibrosis is rich in cellular and shows a flaky, mainly interlobular distribution.<sup>[<a href="#j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_034" class="link link-bibr" data-bs-target="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_034" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="34 Campbell F, Verbeke CS. Pathology of the Pancreas. London: Springer 2013.10.1007/978-1-4471-2449-8Search in Google Scholar">34</a>,<a href="#j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_044" class="link link-bibr" data-bs-target="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_044" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="44 Conwell DL, Lee LS, Yadav D, Longnecker DS, Miller FH, Mortele KJ, et al. American Pancreatic Association Practice Guidelines in Chronic Pancreatitis: evidence-based report on diagnostic guidelines. Pancreas 2014;43:1143-62.10.1097/MPA.0000000000000237Search in Google Scholar">44</a>]</sup> As the disease continues to advance, fibrosis extends with and between atrophic lobules and becomes confluent, forming extensive sheets of fibrosis and scar tissue with few cellularities and abundant collagen content.<sup>[<a href="#j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_044" class="link link-bibr" data-bs-target="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_044" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="44 Conwell DL, Lee LS, Yadav D, Longnecker DS, Miller FH, Mortele KJ, et al. American Pancreatic Association Practice Guidelines in Chronic Pancreatitis: evidence-based report on diagnostic guidelines. Pancreas 2014;43:1143-62.10.1097/MPA.0000000000000237Search in Google Scholar">44</a>, <a href="#j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_045" class="link link-bibr" data-bs-target="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_045" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="45 Kleeff J, Whitcomb DC, Shimosegawa T, Esposito I, Lerch MM, Gress T, et al. Chronic pancreatitis. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2017;3:17060.10.1038/nrdp.2017.60Search in Google Scholar">45</a>, <a href="#j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_046" class="link link-bibr" data-bs-target="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_046" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="46 Majumder S, Chari ST. Chronic pancreatitis. Lancet 2016;387:1957-66.10.1016/S0140-6736(16)00097-0Search in Google Scholar">46</a>]</sup></p> <p>PDAC consists of highly infiltrated neoplastic epithelial tumor cells, which are embedded in a remarkable desmoplastic stroma.<sup>[<a href="#j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_047" class="link link-bibr" data-bs-target="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_047" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="47 Ho WJ, Jaffee EM, Zheng L. The tumour microenvironment in pancreatic cancer - clinical challenges and opportunities. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2020;17:527-40.10.1038/s41571-020-0363-5Search in Google Scholar
 PubMed
 
 PubMed Central
 ">47</a>]</sup> The desmoplastic stroma is composed of fibroblasts, collagen fibers, and a scattering of inflammatory cells. The tumor stroma can vary from cellular rich with more densely packed tumor glands to less cellular and abundant collagen.<sup>[<a href="#j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_034" class="link link-bibr" data-bs-target="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_034" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="34 Campbell F, Verbeke CS. Pathology of the Pancreas. London: Springer 2013.10.1007/978-1-4471-2449-8Search in Google Scholar">34</a>]</sup></p> <p>Fibrosis shows low attenuation on CT, hypointense signals on MRI T1WI, and slightly hyperintense or iso-hyperintense signals on T2WI.</p> </section> <section id="j_jtim-2022-0003_s_010"><h2 class="subheading">Pancreatic duct alterations</h2> <p>Pancreatic lesions can be categorized into lesions without ductal communication (pancreatic extraductal lesions) and lesions with ductal communication (partially intraductal pancreatic lesions). Pancreatic lesions can show the different patterns of pancreatic duct dilatation: upstream, downstream, and diffuse. The relationship between most pancreatic masses and pancreatic ducts can be confirmed via magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) or multiplanar reformation (MPR) along the main pancreatic duct.</p> <p>Parenchymal fibrosis and calculi result in pancreatic changes in CP. The spectrum of changes in the pancreatic duct is wide and may include stricture, dilatation, stenosis of intraductal calculi, and occasional side-branch duct dilatation (<a href="#j_jtim-2022-0003_fig_004" class="link link-fig" data-bs-target="j_jtim-2022-0003_fig_004">Figure 4A, B)</a>.<sup>[<a href="#j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_045" class="link link-bibr" data-bs-target="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_045" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="45 Kleeff J, Whitcomb DC, Shimosegawa T, Esposito I, Lerch MM, Gress T, et al. Chronic pancreatitis. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2017;3:17060.10.1038/nrdp.2017.60Search in Google Scholar">45</a>]</sup></p> <div class="figure-wrapper" id="j_jtim-2022-0003_fig_004"><div class="figure w-100"><div class="graphic"><img loading="lazy" src="/document/doi/10.2478/jtim-2022-0003/asset/graphic/j_jtim-2022-0003_fig_004.jpg" alt="Figure 4 (A, B) Pancreatic duct alteration caused by severe chronic pancreatitis in a 58-year-old man. (A) Pancreatic stones from the specimen. (B) Axial unenhanced computed tomography image shows a dilated pancreatic duct, multiple calcifications throughout the pancreas, and parenchymal atrophy. (C, D) Pancreatic duct alteration caused by G2 nonfunctional pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor in a 72-year-old man. (C) Surgical specimen (distal pancreatectomy): a yellowish lesion (red dotted line) of pancreatic body with upstream duct dilation (black arrows). (D) Axial portal vein phase computed tomography image shows a hypervascular mass (arrow) in the pancreatic body with significantly dilated upstream main pancreatic ducts (arrow head). (E, F) Double-duct sign caused by a pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma in a 68-year-old man. (E) Surgical specimen (pancreaticoduodenectomy): a hard, whitish lesion (arrow head) with irregular faint margins presenting infiltrative growth pattern, with involvement of the Wirsung duct and common bile duct, both upstream-dilated (double-duct sign). (F) 2D magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography image shows significant dilation of the biliary tree and Wirsung duct (double-duct sign). (G, H) Pancreatic duct alteration caused by main-duct intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm in a 64-year-old woman. (G) Surgical specimen (total pancreatectomy): main pancreatic duct significantly and diffusely dilated and filled with mucoid material. (H) Axial arterial phase computed tomography image shows the diffuse dilation of the main pancreatic duct (arrow)."></img></div><div class="figure-description mb-3"><div class="figure-label h3"><span class="label">Figure 4</span></div><div class="figure-caption mb-2"><span class="caption"><p>(A, B) Pancreatic duct alteration caused by severe chronic pancreatitis in a 58-year-old man. (A) Pancreatic stones from the specimen. (B) Axial unenhanced computed tomography image shows a dilated pancreatic duct, multiple calcifications throughout the pancreas, and parenchymal atrophy. (C, D) Pancreatic duct alteration caused by G2 nonfunctional pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor in a 72-year-old man. (C) Surgical specimen (distal pancreatectomy): a yellowish lesion (red dotted line) of pancreatic body with upstream duct dilation (black arrows). (D) Axial portal vein phase computed tomography image shows a hypervascular mass (arrow) in the pancreatic body with significantly dilated upstream main pancreatic ducts (arrow head). (E, F) Double-duct sign caused by a pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma in a 68-year-old man. (E) Surgical specimen (pancreaticoduodenectomy): a hard, whitish lesion (arrow head) with irregular faint margins presenting infiltrative growth pattern, with involvement of the Wirsung duct and common bile duct, both upstream-dilated (double-duct sign). (F) 2D magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography image shows significant dilation of the biliary tree and Wirsung duct (double-duct sign). (G, H) Pancreatic duct alteration caused by main-duct intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm in a 64-year-old woman. (G) Surgical specimen (total pancreatectomy): main pancreatic duct significantly and diffusely dilated and filled with mucoid material. (H) Axial arterial phase computed tomography image shows the diffuse dilation of the main pancreatic duct (arrow).</p></span></div></div></div></div> <p>Autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) is characterized by periductal lymphoplasmacytic inflammation, phlebitis, and fibrosis.<sup>[<a href="#j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_048" class="link link-bibr" data-bs-target="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_048" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="48 Deshpande V, Zen Y, Chan JK, Yi EE, Sato Y, Yoshino T, et al. Consensus statement on the pathology of IgG4-related disease. Mod Pathol 2012;25:1181-92.10.1038/modpathol.2012.72Search in Google Scholar
 PubMed
 ">48</a>]</sup> The medium-sized ducts are often involved by the periductal inflammation. Segmental or diffuse stenosis of the main pancreatic duct is the characteristic finding in endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography.<sup>[<a href="#j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_049" class="link link-bibr" data-bs-target="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_049" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="49 Sahani DV, Kalva SP, Farrell J, Maher MM, Saini S, Mueller PR, et al. Autoimmune pancreatitis: imaging features. Radiology 2004;233:345-52.10.1148/radiol.2332031436Search in Google Scholar
 PubMed
 ">49</a>,<a href="#j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_050" class="link link-bibr" data-bs-target="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_050" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="50 Horiuchi A, Kawa S, Hamano H, Hayama M, Ota H, Kiyosawa K. ERCP features in 27 patients with autoimmune pancreatitis. Gastrointest Endosc 2002;55:494-9.10.1067/mge.2002.12265Search in Google Scholar">50</a>]</sup> CT and MRI often detect mild pancreatic ductal dilation and the upstream narrowed segment.<sup>[<a href="#j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_051" class="link link-bibr" data-bs-target="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_051" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="51 Dong Y, D’Onofrio M, Hocke M, Jenssen C, Potthoff A, Atkinson N, et al. Autoimmune pancreatitis: Imaging features. Endosc Ultrasound 2018;7:196-203.10.4103/eus.eus_23_17Search in Google Scholar
 PubMed
 
 PubMed Central
 ">51</a>,<a href="#j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_052" class="link link-bibr" data-bs-target="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_052" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="52 Sureka B, Bansal K. Autoimmune Pancreatitis: Additional Key Imaging Features. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2016;207:W4.10.2214/AJR.16.16164Search in Google Scholar
 PubMed
 ">52</a>]</sup> Low-grade malignant tumors (such as pNET, SPN, or SCN) often compress the lesion areas on pancreatic ducts, resulting in stenosis or abrupt cutoff of pancreatic ducts, followed by upstream pancreatic duct dilation. However, the degree of upstream pancreatic duct dilation is usually milder than that in PDAC due to the relatively soft nature and slow growth of the mass (<a href="#j_jtim-2022-0003_fig_004" class="link link-fig" data-bs-target="j_jtim-2022-0003_fig_004">Figure 4C, D)</a>.</p> <p>PDAC can easily compress or invade the ducts and cause variable degrees of stenosis, ultimately resulting in complete stenosis and upstream pancreatic duct dilation. A minute carcinoma may only manifest with abdominal pain and significant dilatation of the main pancreatic duct (MPD). Therefore, careful observation of minor changes in the pancreatic duct may help detect small pancreatic tumors. The typical “double-duct sign” occurs when a carcinoma located in the pancreatic head compresses or invades the pancreatic duct and the common bile duct, combining “soft-rattan” dilation of the common bile duct (<a href="#j_jtim-2022-0003_fig_004" class="link link-fig" data-bs-target="j_jtim-2022-0003_fig_004">Figure 4E, F)</a>.</p> <p>Lesions with ductal communication mainly include IPMN, pancreatic intraductal tubulopapillary neoplasm (ITPN), and PPC; pNET rarely develops in pancreatic ducts. The communication between the main pancreatic duct and the cystic lesion is a vital feature at diagnosis.</p> <p>Based on IPMN imaging<sup>[<a href="#j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_053" class="link link-bibr" data-bs-target="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_053" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="53 Tanaka M, Fernandez-del Castillo C, Adsay V, Chari S, Falconi M, Jang JY, et al. International consensus guidelines 2012 for the management of IPMN and MCN of the pancreas. Pancreatology 2012;12:183-97.10.1016/j.pan.2012.04.004Search in Google Scholar
 PubMed
 ">53</a>]</sup> and gross pathological findings, the location of ductal involvement can be categorized as in the main duct, branch duct, or a mixture of both; each category accounts for approximately one third of resected IPMNs.<sup>[<a href="#j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_054" class="link link-bibr" data-bs-target="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_054" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="54 Crippa S, Fernandez-Del Castillo C, Salvia R, Finkelstein D, Bassi C, Dominguez I, et al. Mucin-producing neoplasms of the pancreas: an analysis of distinguishing clinical and epidemiologic characteristics. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2010;8:213-9.10.1016/j.cgh.2009.10.001Search in Google Scholar
 PubMed
 
 PubMed Central
 ">54</a>,<a href="#j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_055" class="link link-bibr" data-bs-target="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_055" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="55 Nara S, Onaya H, Hiraoka N, Shimada K, Sano T, Sakamoto Y, et al. Preoperative evaluation of invasive and noninvasive intraductal papillary-mucinous neoplasms of the pancreas: clinical, radiological, and pathological analysis of 123 cases. Pancreas 2009;38:8-16.10.1097/MPA.0b013e318181b90dSearch in Google Scholar
 PubMed
 ">55</a>]</sup> The imaging characteristics of IPMN lie on the location of the tumors. The main-duct type appears as diffuse or segmental duct dilation (<a href="#j_jtim-2022-0003_fig_004" class="link link-fig" data-bs-target="j_jtim-2022-0003_fig_004">Figure 4G, H)</a>.<sup>[<a href="#j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_056" class="link link-bibr" data-bs-target="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_056" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="56 Lim JH, Lee G, Oh YL. Radiologic spectrum of intraductal papillary mucinous tumor of the pancreas. Radiographics 2001;21:323-37; discussion 337-40.10.1148/radiographics.21.2.g01mr01323Search in Google Scholar
 PubMed
 ">56</a>,<a href="#j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_057" class="link link-bibr" data-bs-target="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_057" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="57 Sakorafas GH, Smyrniotis V, Reid-Lombardo KM, Sarr MG. Primary pancreatic cystic neoplasms revisited. Part III. Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms. Surg Oncol 2011;20:e109-18.10.1016/j.suronc.2011.01.004Search in Google Scholar
 PubMed
 ">57</a>]</sup> The branch-duct type appears as clustered pleomorphic cysts or a unilocular cystic lesion and is often located in the uncinate process.<sup>[<a href="#j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_057" class="link link-bibr" data-bs-target="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_057" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="57 Sakorafas GH, Smyrniotis V, Reid-Lombardo KM, Sarr MG. Primary pancreatic cystic neoplasms revisited. Part III. Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms. Surg Oncol 2011;20:e109-18.10.1016/j.suronc.2011.01.004Search in Google Scholar
 PubMed
 ">57</a>]</sup> ITPN is an extremely rare pancreatic intraductal tumor that produces relatively less mucus. PPCs represent collections of pancreatic juice secondary to duct rupture due to increased pancreatic duct pressure, stenosis, calculi, and occlusion caused by protein plugs.<sup>[<a href="#j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_034" class="link link-bibr" data-bs-target="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_034" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="34 Campbell F, Verbeke CS. Pathology of the Pancreas. London: Springer 2013.10.1007/978-1-4471-2449-8Search in Google Scholar">34</a>]</sup></p> </section> <section id="j_jtim-2022-0003_s_011"><h2 class="subheading">Microvessel</h2> <p>The arterial supply to the pancreas is derived from branches of superior mesenteric artery and the celiac trunk.<sup>[<a href="#j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_058" class="link link-bibr" data-bs-target="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_058" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="58 Casillas J, Levi JU, Quiroz AO, Ruiz-Cordero R, Garcia-Buitrago MT, Sleeman D. Multidisciplinary Teaching Atlas of the Pancreas. Berlin: Springer 2016.10.1007/978-3-662-46745-9Search in Google Scholar">58</a>]</sup> Lobular branches emanating from these arterial branches along interlobular connective tissues enter pancreatic lobules and give rise to intralobular arteries that provide blood to exocrine glands. Owing to the highly vascular nature of the pancreas, the normal pancreatic parenchyma demonstrates a homogeneous blush shortly after the arrival of a contrast agent in the abdominal aorta. However, the contrast agent can also wash out in the delayed phase owing to the abundant pancreatic venous drainage network.</p> <p>In mild AP, the edematous pancreas shows that the collections of fibrin and neutrophils may be present in the widened interlobular septa.<sup>[<a href="#j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_034" class="link link-bibr" data-bs-target="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_034" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="34 Campbell F, Verbeke CS. Pathology of the Pancreas. London: Springer 2013.10.1007/978-1-4471-2449-8Search in Google Scholar">34</a>]</sup> Blood-vessel dilation and congestion are found by microscope. Therefore, edematous pancreatic parenchyma often shows a normal or mildly uneven “slow-in and slow-out” pattern of enhancement postcontrast. In severe AP, any of the tissues and the constituent cells of the pancreas can be involved. Necrosis of the pancreatic parenchyma is the important feature. The necrotic area shows nonenhancement due to the lack of blood supply. Therefore, contrast-enhanced examinations are effective for the detection of necrotic areas.</p> <p>Microscopic examination shows that acinar atrophy, fibrosis, and pancreatic duct changes represent the essential triad of CP.<sup>[<a href="#j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_044" class="link link-bibr" data-bs-target="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_044" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="44 Conwell DL, Lee LS, Yadav D, Longnecker DS, Miller FH, Mortele KJ, et al. American Pancreatic Association Practice Guidelines in Chronic Pancreatitis: evidence-based report on diagnostic guidelines. Pancreas 2014;43:1143-62.10.1097/MPA.0000000000000237Search in Google Scholar">44</a>, <a href="#j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_045" class="link link-bibr" data-bs-target="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_045" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="45 Kleeff J, Whitcomb DC, Shimosegawa T, Esposito I, Lerch MM, Gress T, et al. Chronic pancreatitis. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2017;3:17060.10.1038/nrdp.2017.60Search in Google Scholar">45</a>, <a href="#j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_046" class="link link-bibr" data-bs-target="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_046" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="46 Majumder S, Chari ST. Chronic pancreatitis. Lancet 2016;387:1957-66.10.1016/S0140-6736(16)00097-0Search in Google Scholar">46</a>]</sup> The enhancement characteristics for CP are determined by the proportion and distribution of residual normal pancreatic tissues and fibrosis. The sensitivity of MRI seems to be superior to that of CT, especially for the diagnosis of early-stage CP.<sup>[<a href="#j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_044" class="link link-bibr" data-bs-target="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_044" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="44 Conwell DL, Lee LS, Yadav D, Longnecker DS, Miller FH, Mortele KJ, et al. American Pancreatic Association Practice Guidelines in Chronic Pancreatitis: evidence-based report on diagnostic guidelines. Pancreas 2014;43:1143-62.10.1097/MPA.0000000000000237Search in Google Scholar">44</a>]</sup> Early-stage CP is characterized by the presence of abundant normal pancreatic tissues and mild fibrosis. It is difficult to detect in unenhanced imaging and only shows minimal delayed postcontrast enhancement. As the disease progresses, CP is characterized by significant fibrosis and atrophic lobules. The pancreatic parenchyma shows significant hypointensity on T1WI and slightly hyperintense or isointense signals on T2WI with significant delayed postcontrast enhancement.</p> <p>The stroma in pNET typically consists of a delicate fibrovascular network. Most pNETs are more significantly enhanced than normal pancreatic tissues (<a href="#j_jtim-2022-0003_fig_005" class="link link-fig" data-bs-target="j_jtim-2022-0003_fig_005">Figure 5A, B)</a> in the arterial phase or in the portal venous phase. With a small number of poorly differentiated tumor cells, abundant stroma, and reduced fibrovascular network, pNET can be easily misdiagnosed as PC, as it may also show hypoenhancement or delayed minimal enhancement on imaging.</p> <div class="figure-wrapper" id="j_jtim-2022-0003_fig_005"><div class="figure w-100"><div class="graphic"><img loading="lazy" src="/document/doi/10.2478/jtim-2022-0003/asset/graphic/j_jtim-2022-0003_fig_005.jpg" alt="Figure 5 (A, B) Hypervascular G2 nonfunctional pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor in a 58-year-old woman. (A) High intralesional vascular network is shown with CD34 immunohistochemical staining (IHC×100). (B) Axial arterial phase computed tomography image shows inhomogeneous hypervascularity (arrows). (C–E) Enhancement feature of the pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma in a 58-year-old man. (C) The mass (black arrowhead) with a few residual normal pancreatic tissues at its periphery (green lines) is shown with CD34 immunohistochemical staining (IHC×1). (D) Axial unenhanced computed tomography image shows a solid, round, and distinct border and a low-attenuation mass in the pancreatic head. (E) Axial computed tomography image in delayed phase shows the mass with mild progressive enhancement, especially at its periphery."></img></div><div class="figure-description mb-3"><div class="figure-label h3"><span class="label">Figure 5</span></div><div class="figure-caption mb-2"><span class="caption"><p>(A, B) Hypervascular G2 nonfunctional pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor in a 58-year-old woman. (A) High intralesional vascular network is shown with CD34 immunohistochemical staining (IHC×100). (B) Axial arterial phase computed tomography image shows inhomogeneous hypervascularity (arrows). (C–E) Enhancement feature of the pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma in a 58-year-old man. (C) The mass (black arrowhead) with a few residual normal pancreatic tissues at its periphery (green lines) is shown with CD34 immunohistochemical staining (IHC×1). (D) Axial unenhanced computed tomography image shows a solid, round, and distinct border and a low-attenuation mass in the pancreatic head. (E) Axial computed tomography image in delayed phase shows the mass with mild progressive enhancement, especially at its periphery.</p></span></div></div></div></div> <p>Despite the presence of abundant thin-walled blood vessels in the stroma of the SPN that usually exhibit hyaline degeneration and collagenation, the contrast agent can only enter the tumor tissues slowly via thick-walled blood vessels. The mass shows hypoenhancement in the arterial phase and delayed progressive enhancement; the degree of enhancement is lower than that of its surrounding normal pancreatic parenchyma.</p> <p>Previous research has shown that prognostic significance is better assessed by quantification of the total vascular area (TVA) and the branching pattern of microvessels than the microussel density (MVD) for colorectal carcinoma patients.<sup>[<a href="#j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_059" class="link link-bibr" data-bs-target="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_059" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="59 Pavlopoulos PM, Konstantinidou AE, Agapitos E, Kavantzas N, Nikolopoulou P, Davaris P. A morphometric study of neovascularization in colorectal carcinoma. Cancer 1998;83:2067-75.10.1002/(SICI)1097-0142(19981115)83:10<2067::AID-CNCR4>3.0.CO;2-QSearch in Google Scholar">59</a>]</sup> PDAC is microscopically composed of tumor cells, stoma, and residual atrophic acinus. The degree of enhancement of PDAC is determined by the MVD and TVA in the tumor.<sup>[<a href="#j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_060" class="link link-bibr" data-bs-target="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_060" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="60 Giannopoulos G, Kavantzas N, Parasi A, Tiniakos D, Peros G, Tzanakis N, et al. Morphometric microvascular characteristics in the prognosis of pancreatic and ampullary carcinoma. Pancreas 2007;35:47-52.10.1097/mpa.0b013e31804bfbabSearch in Google Scholar">60</a>]</sup> PDACs have varying proportions of tumor cells and stroma, as well as varying degrees of inflammation. Moreover, there may or may not be residual normal pancreatic tissues in the tumors with varying extents and distributions. These differential microscopic observations determine the enhancement pattern of the tumor (<a href="#j_jtim-2022-0003_fig_005" class="link link-fig" data-bs-target="j_jtim-2022-0003_fig_005">Figure 5C–E)</a>.</p> <p>The pathological basis of enhanced SCN and MCN is the network of small capillary-sized vessels immediately beneath the epithelium. After contrast administration, the vascularization of internal septa is clear, and when extremely microcystic, the SCN may even mimic a solid hypervascular lesion.<sup>[<a href="#j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_061" class="link link-bibr" data-bs-target="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_061" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="61 Kim SY, Park SH, Hong N, Kim JH, Hong SM. Primary solid pancreatic tumors: recent imaging findings updates with pathology correlation. Abdom Imaging 2013;38:1091-105.10.1007/s00261-013-0004-xSearch in Google Scholar">61</a>]</sup> Currently, MRI T2WI and MRCP help diagnose the hyperintense cyst fluid (<a href="#j_jtim-2022-0003_fig_006" class="link link-fig" data-bs-target="j_jtim-2022-0003_fig_006">Figure 6</a>). Additionally, the enhanced solid components of pancreatic cystic masses, such as mural nodules in the IPMN and MCN, reveal the mass’s relationship with the tumor microvessel.</p> <div class="figure-wrapper" id="j_jtim-2022-0003_fig_006"><div class="figure w-100"><div class="graphic"><img loading="lazy" src="/document/doi/10.2478/jtim-2022-0003/asset/graphic/j_jtim-2022-0003_fig_006.jpg" alt="Figure 6 Enhancement feature of the serous cystic neoplasm of the pancreas in a 45-year-old woman. (A) Microscopic examination of the tumor shows the network of small capillary-sized vessels beneath the epithelium with CD34 immunohistochemical staining (IHC×40). (B) Axial T2-weighted image shows lobulated, distinct borders and a hyperintense mass (arrow). (C) T1-weighted magnetic resonance image in the arterial phase shows the mass is hypervascular (arrowhead)."></img></div><div class="figure-description mb-3"><div class="figure-label h3"><span class="label">Figure 6</span></div><div class="figure-caption mb-2"><span class="caption"><p>Enhancement feature of the serous cystic neoplasm of the pancreas in a 45-year-old woman. (A) Microscopic examination of the tumor shows the network of small capillary-sized vessels beneath the epithelium with CD34 immunohistochemical staining (IHC×40). (B) Axial T2-weighted image shows lobulated, distinct borders and a hyperintense mass (arrow). (C) T1-weighted magnetic resonance image in the arterial phase shows the mass is hypervascular (arrowhead).</p></span></div></div></div></div> </section> <section id="j_jtim-2022-0003_s_012"><h2 class="subheading">Conclusion</h2> <p>Although pancreatic diseases are a widely known and easily recognizable condition in its typical presentation, there are some less well-known forms that may be challenging and/or demand special attention on imaging. However, diagnosis of pancreatic diseases can be challenging due to numerous pitfalls associated with image acquisition and interpretation, including technical factors, imaging features, and cognitive errors. Accurate diagnosis requires familiarity with these pitfalls and deep understanding of pathology, as these can be minimized using systematic strategies.</p> <p>To overcome the current limitations of imaging, researchers have developed radiomics. Radiomics is an emerging field that converts imaging data into a high-dimensional mineable feature space using many automatically extracted data-characterization algorithms.<sup>[<a href="#j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_062" class="link link-bibr" data-bs-target="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_062" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="62 Lambin P, Rios-Velazquez E, Leijenaar R, Carvalho S, van Stiphout RG, Granton P, et al. Radiomics: extracting more information from medical images using advanced feature analysis. Eur J Cancer 2012;48:441-6.10.1016/j.ejca.2011.11.036Search in Google Scholar">62</a>,<a href="#j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_063" class="link link-bibr" data-bs-target="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_063" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="63 Kumar V, Gu Y, Basu S, Berglund A, Eschrich SA, Schabath MB, et al. Radiomics: the process and the challenges. Magn Reson Imaging 2012;30:1234-48.10.1016/j.mri.2012.06.010Search in Google Scholar">63</a>]</sup> The concept behind radiomics is that medical images contain much more information than is visible to the eyes of radiologists, which is called “hidden” information.<sup>[<a href="#j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_064" class="link link-bibr" data-bs-target="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_064" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="64 Bartoli M, Barat M, Dohan A, Gaujoux S, Coriat R, Hoeffel C, et al. CT and MRI of pancreatic tumors: an update in the era of radiomics. Jpn J Radiol 2020;38:1111-24.10.1007/s11604-020-01057-6Search in Google Scholar">64</a>]</sup> Radiomics combined artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms, particularly deep learning, has demonstrated remarkable progress in pancreatic image-recognition tasks including tumor classification,<sup>[<a href="#j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_065" class="link link-bibr" data-bs-target="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_065" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="65 Li J, Lu J, Liang P, Li A, Hu Y, Shen Y, et al. Differentiation of atypical pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors from pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas: Using whole-tumor CT texture analysis as quantitative biomarkers. Cancer Med 2018;7:4924-31.10.1002/cam4.1746Search in Google Scholar">65</a>, <a href="#j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_066" class="link link-bibr" data-bs-target="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_066" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="66 Guo C, Zhuge X, Wang Q, Xiao W, Wang Z, Wang Z, et al. The differentiation of pancreatic neuroendocrine carcinoma from pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: the values of CT imaging features and texture analysis. Cancer Imaging 2018;18:37.10.1186/s40644-018-0170-8Search in Google Scholar">66</a>, <a href="#j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_067" class="link link-bibr" data-bs-target="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_067" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="67 Dalal V, Carmicheal J, Dhaliwal A, Jain M, Kaur S, Batra SK. Radiomics in stratification of pancreatic cystic lesions: Machine learning in action. Cancer Lett 2020;469:228-37.10.1016/j.canlet.2019.10.023Search in Google Scholar">67</a>]</sup> grade,<sup>[<a href="#j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_068" class="link link-bibr" data-bs-target="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_068" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="68 Bian Y, Jiang H, Ma C, Wang L, Zheng J, Jin G, et al. CT-based Radiomics for Distinguishing G1 and G2 Non-functioning Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors. Am J Roentgenol 2020;215: 1-12.10.2214/AJR.19.22123Search in Google Scholar
 PubMed
 ">68</a>, <a href="#j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_069" class="link link-bibr" data-bs-target="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_069" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="69 Bian Y, Li J, Cao K, Fang X, Jiang H, Ma C, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging radiomic analysis can preoperatively predict G1 and G2/3 grades in patients with NF-pNETs. Abdom Radiol (NY) 2021;46:667-80.10.1007/s00261-020-02706-0Search in Google Scholar
 PubMed
 ">69</a>, <a href="#j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_070" class="link link-bibr" data-bs-target="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_070" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="70 Liang W, Yang P, Huang R, Xu L, Wang J, Liu W, et al. A Combined Nomogram Model to Preoperatively Predict Histologic Grade in Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors. Clin Cancer Res 2019;25:584-94.10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-18-1305Search in Google Scholar
 PubMed
 ">70</a>]</sup> survival,<sup>[<a href="#j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_071" class="link link-bibr" data-bs-target="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_071" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="71 Cassinotto C, Chong J, Zogopoulos G, Reinhold C, Chiche L, Lafourcade JP, et al. Resectable pancreatic adenocarcinoma: Role of CT quantitative imaging biomarkers for predicting pathology and patient outcomes. Eur J Radiol 2017;90:152-8.10.1016/j.ejrad.2017.02.033Search in Google Scholar
 PubMed
 ">71</a>,<a href="#j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_072" class="link link-bibr" data-bs-target="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_072" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="72 Zhu L, Shi X, Xue H, Wu H, Chen G, Sun H, et al. CT Imaging Biomarkers Predict Clinical Outcomes After Pancreatic Cancer Surgery. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016;95:e2664.10.1097/MD.0000000000002664Search in Google Scholar
 PubMed
 
 PubMed Central
 ">72</a>]</sup> treatment respond prediction,<sup>[<a href="#j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_073" class="link link-bibr" data-bs-target="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_073" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="73 Chen X, Oshima K, Schott D, Wu H, Hall W, Song Y, et al. Assessment of treatment response during chemoradiation therapy for pancreatic cancer based on quantitative radiomic analysis of daily CTs: An exploratory study. PLoS One 2017;12:e0178961.10.1371/journal.pone.0178961Search in Google Scholar
 PubMed
 
 PubMed Central
 ">73</a>, <a href="#j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_074" class="link link-bibr" data-bs-target="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_074" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="74 Noda Y, Goshima S, Miyoshi T, Kawada H, Kawai N, Tanahashi Y, et al. Assessing Chemotherapeutic Response in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma: Histogram Analysis of Iodine Concentration and CT Number in Single-Source Dual-Energy CT. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2018;211:1221-6.10.2214/AJR.18.19791Search in Google Scholar
 PubMed
 ">74</a>, <a href="#j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_075" class="link link-bibr" data-bs-target="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_075" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="75 Chaddad A, Sargos P, Desrosiers C. Modeling Texture in Deep 3D CNN for Survival Analysis. IEEE J Biomed Health Inform 2021;25:2454-62.10.1109/JBHI.2020.3025901Search in Google Scholar
 PubMed
 ">75</a>, <a href="#j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_076" class="link link-bibr" data-bs-target="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_076" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="76 Zhang Y, Huang ZX, Song B. Role of imaging in evaluating the response after neoadjuvant treatment for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2021;27:3037-49.10.3748/wjg.v27.i22.3037Search in Google Scholar
 PubMed
 
 PubMed Central
 ">76</a>]</sup> lymphatic metastasis,<sup>[<a href="#j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_077" class="link link-bibr" data-bs-target="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_077" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="77 Bian Y, Guo S, Jiang H, Gao S, Shao C, Cao K, et al. Relationship Between Radiomics and Risk of Lymph Node Metastasis in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma. Pancreas 2019;48:1195-203.10.1097/MPA.0000000000001404Search in Google Scholar
 PubMed
 
 PubMed Central
 ">77</a>, <a href="#j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_078" class="link link-bibr" data-bs-target="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_078" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="78 Li K, Yao Q, Xiao J, Li M, Yang J, Hou W, et al. Contrast-enhanced CT radiomics for predicting lymph node metastasis in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: a pilot study. Cancer Imaging 2020;20:12.10.1186/s40644-020-0288-3Search in Google Scholar
 PubMed
 
 PubMed Central
 ">78</a>, <a href="#j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_079" class="link link-bibr" data-bs-target="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_079" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="79 Liu P, Gu Q, Hu X, Tan X, Liu J, Xie A, et al. Applying a radiomics-based strategy to preoperatively predict lymph node metastasis in the resectable pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. J Xray Sci Technol 2020;28:1113-21.10.3233/XST-200730Search in Google Scholar
 PubMed
 ">79</a>]</sup> tumor microenvironment,<sup>[<a href="#j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_080" class="link link-bibr" data-bs-target="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_080" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="80 Bian Y, Liu C, Li Q, Meng Y, Liu F, Zhang H, et al. Preoperative Radiomics Approach to Evaluating Tumor-Infiltrating CD8(+) T Cells in Patients With Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma Using Noncontrast Magnetic Resonance Imaging. J Magn Reson Imaging 2021.[Ahead of print]10.1002/jmri.27871Search in Google Scholar
 PubMed
 ">80</a>, <a href="#j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_081" class="link link-bibr" data-bs-target="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_081" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="81 Meng Y, Zhang H, Li Q, Liu F, Fang X, Li J, et al. CT Radiomics and Machine-Learning Models for Predicting Tumor-Stroma Ratio in Patients With Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma. Front Oncol 2021;11:707288.10.3389/fonc.2021.707288Search in Google Scholar
 PubMed
 
 PubMed Central
 ">81</a>, <a href="#j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_082" class="link link-bibr" data-bs-target="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_082" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" title="82 Meng Y, Zhang H, Li Q, Xing P, Liu F, Cao K, et al. Noncontrast Magnetic Resonance Radiomics and Multilayer Perceptron Network Classifier: An approach for Predicting Fibroblast Activation Protein Expression in Patients With Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma. J Magn Reson Imaging 2021;54:1432-43.10.1002/jmri.27648Search in Google Scholar
 PubMed
 ">82</a>]</sup> and so on. In the future, the diagnosis of pancreatic diseases will enter an era of precision and individuation.</p> </section> </div><section class="authorNotes"><hr></hr> <div class="correspondingAuthor">Prof. Jianping Lu, MD, PhD, Department of Radiology, Changhai Hospital, The Navy Military Medical University, 168 Changhai Road, Shanghai 200433, China</div> <hr></hr></section><div class="contrib-group"></div><div class="back"> <ol class="footnote-group" id=""> <li class="footnote footnote-noLabel" id="j_jtim-2022-0003_fn_001" fn-type="conflict"> <p><strong>Conflict of Interest</strong></p> <p>The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose.</p> </li> <li class="footnote footnote-noLabel" id="j_jtim-2022-0003_fn_101" fn-type="other"> <p><strong>Source of Funding</strong></p> <p>This work was supported in part by the National Science Foundation for Scientists of China (No. 81871352, 82171915, and 82171930), Clinical Research Plan of SHDC (No. SHDC2020CR4073), 234 Platform Discipline Consolidation Foundation Project (No. 2019YPT001, 2020YPT001), and The Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai Science and Technology Innovation Action Plan (No. 21ZR1478500, 21Y11910300).</p> </li> <li class="footnote footnote-noLabel" id="j_jtim-2022-0003_fn_111" fn-type="other"> <p><strong>Permissions</strong></p> <p>All figures in this article are reprinted with permission from the authors' own publication (Jianping Lu. Pancreatic pathological imaging. Shanghai: Shanghai Science and Technology Press, 2019).</p> </li> </ol> <span class="ref-list"> <h2 class="subheading">References</h2> <p class="reference" id="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_001"><span class="reference-label d-inlineblock me-4">1 </span><span class="reference-mixed-citation">Leung PS. Overview of the pancreas. Adv Exp Med Biol 2010;690:3-12.</span><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9060-7_1" class="link link-external doi" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">10.1007/978-90-481-9060-7_1</a><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Leung%20PS.%20Overview%20of%20the%20pancreas.%20Adv%20Exp%20Med%20Biol%202010%3B690%3A3-12." class="link link-external googleScholar" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">Search in Google Scholar</a></p> <p class="reference" id="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_002"><span class="reference-label d-inlineblock me-4">2 </span><span class="reference-mixed-citation">Al-Hawary MM, Francis IR, Chari ST, Fishman EK, Hough DM, Lu DS, <em>et al</em>. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma radiology reporting template: consensus statement of the Society of Abdominal Radiology and the American Pancreatic Association. Gastroenterology 2014;146:291-304. e1.</span><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2013.11.004" class="link link-external doi" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">10.1053/j.gastro.2013.11.004</a><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Al-Hawary%20MM%2C%20Francis%20IR%2C%20Chari%20ST%2C%20Fishman%20EK%2C%20Hough%20DM%2C%20Lu%20DS%2C%20et%20al%20.%20Pancreatic%20ductal%20adenocarcinoma%20radiology%20reporting%20template%3A%20consensus%20statement%20of%20the%20Society%20of%20Abdominal%20Radiology%20and%20the%20American%20Pancreatic%20Association.%20Gastroenterology%202014%3B146%3A291-304.%20e1." class="link link-external googleScholar" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">Search in Google Scholar</a></p> <p class="reference" id="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_003"><span class="reference-label d-inlineblock me-4">3 </span><span class="reference-mixed-citation">Al-Hawary MM, Francis IR, Chari ST, Fishman EK, Hough DM, Lu DS, <em>et al</em>. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma radiology reporting template: consensus statement of the Society of Abdominal Radiology and the American Pancreatic Association. Radiology 2014;270:248-60.</span><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.13131184" class="link link-external doi" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">10.1148/radiol.13131184</a><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Al-Hawary%20MM%2C%20Francis%20IR%2C%20Chari%20ST%2C%20Fishman%20EK%2C%20Hough%20DM%2C%20Lu%20DS%2C%20et%20al%20.%20Pancreatic%20ductal%20adenocarcinoma%20radiology%20reporting%20template%3A%20consensus%20statement%20of%20the%20Society%20of%20Abdominal%20Radiology%20and%20the%20American%20Pancreatic%20Association.%20Radiology%202014%3B270%3A248-60." class="link link-external googleScholar" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">Search in Google Scholar</a></p> <p class="reference" id="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_004"><span class="reference-label d-inlineblock me-4">4 </span><span class="reference-mixed-citation">Beyer G, Habtezion A, Werner J, Lerch MM, Mayerle J. Chronic pancreatitis. Lancet 2020;396:499-512.</span><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31318-0" class="link link-external doi" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31318-0</a><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Beyer%20G%2C%20Habtezion%20A%2C%20Werner%20J%2C%20Lerch%20MM%2C%20Mayerle%20J.%20Chronic%20pancreatitis.%20Lancet%202020%3B396%3A499-512." class="link link-external googleScholar" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">Search in Google Scholar</a></p> <p class="reference" id="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_005"><span class="reference-label d-inlineblock me-4">5 </span><span class="reference-mixed-citation">Anaizi A, Hart PA, Conwell DL. Diagnosing Chronic Pancreatitis. Dig Dis Sci 2017;62:1713-20.</span><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10620-017-4493-2" class="link link-external doi" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">10.1007/s10620-017-4493-2</a><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Anaizi%20A%2C%20Hart%20PA%2C%20Conwell%20DL.%20Diagnosing%20Chronic%20Pancreatitis.%20Dig%20Dis%20Sci%202017%3B62%3A1713-20." class="link link-external googleScholar" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">Search in Google Scholar</a><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28315036/" class="link link-external pubmed" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank"> PubMed </a><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5478450/" class="link link-external pubmedcentral" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank"> PubMed Central </a></p> <p class="reference" id="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_006"><span class="reference-label d-inlineblock me-4">6 </span><span class="reference-mixed-citation">van Huijgevoort NCM, Del Chiaro M, Wolfgang CL, van Hooft JE, Besselink MG. Diagnosis and management of pancreatic cystic neoplasms: current evidence and guidelines. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019;16:676-89.</span><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41575-019-0195-x" class="link link-external doi" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">10.1038/s41575-019-0195-x</a><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=van%20Huijgevoort%20NCM%2C%20Del%20Chiaro%20M%2C%20Wolfgang%20CL%2C%20van%20Hooft%20JE%2C%20Besselink%20MG.%20Diagnosis%20and%20management%20of%20pancreatic%20cystic%20neoplasms%3A%20current%20evidence%20and%20guidelines.%20Nat%20Rev%20Gastroenterol%20Hepatol%202019%3B16%3A676-89." class="link link-external googleScholar" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">Search in Google Scholar</a><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31527862/" class="link link-external pubmed" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank"> PubMed </a></p> <p class="reference" id="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_007"><span class="reference-label d-inlineblock me-4">7 </span><span class="reference-mixed-citation">Anil G, Zhang J, Al Hamar NE, Nga ME. Solid pseudopapillary neoplasm of the pancreas: CT imaging features and radiologic-pathologic correlation. Diagn Interv Radiol 2017;23:94-9.</span><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://doi.org/10.5152/dir.2016.16104" class="link link-external doi" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">10.5152/dir.2016.16104</a><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Anil%20G%2C%20Zhang%20J%2C%20Al%20Hamar%20NE%2C%20Nga%20ME.%20Solid%20pseudopapillary%20neoplasm%20of%20the%20pancreas%3A%20CT%20imaging%20features%20and%20radiologic-pathologic%20correlation.%20Diagn%20Interv%20Radiol%202017%3B23%3A94-9." class="link link-external googleScholar" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">Search in Google Scholar</a><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28089954/" class="link link-external pubmed" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank"> PubMed </a><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5338587/" class="link link-external pubmedcentral" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank"> PubMed Central </a></p> <p class="reference" id="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_008"><span class="reference-label d-inlineblock me-4">8 </span><span class="reference-mixed-citation">Bowman AW, Bolan CW. MRI evaluation of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: diagnosis, mimics, and staging. Abdom Radiol (NY) 2019;44:936-49.</span><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00261-018-1686-x" class="link link-external doi" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">10.1007/s00261-018-1686-x</a><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Bowman%20AW%2C%20Bolan%20CW.%20MRI%20evaluation%20of%20pancreatic%20ductal%20adenocarcinoma%3A%20diagnosis%2C%20mimics%2C%20and%20staging.%20Abdom%20Radiol%20%28NY%29%202019%3B44%3A936-49." class="link link-external googleScholar" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">Search in Google Scholar</a><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29967986/" class="link link-external pubmed" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank"> PubMed </a></p> <p class="reference" id="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_009"><span class="reference-label d-inlineblock me-4">9 </span><span class="reference-mixed-citation">Wolske KM, Ponnatapura J, Kolokythas O, Burke LMB, Tappouni R, Lalwani N. Chronic Pancreatitis or Pancreatic Tumor? A Problem-solving Approach. Radiographics 2019;39:1965-82.</span><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://doi.org/10.1148/rg.2019190011" class="link link-external doi" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">10.1148/rg.2019190011</a><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Wolske%20KM%2C%20Ponnatapura%20J%2C%20Kolokythas%20O%2C%20Burke%20LMB%2C%20Tappouni%20R%2C%20Lalwani%20N.%20Chronic%20Pancreatitis%20or%20Pancreatic%20Tumor%3F%20A%20Problem-solving%20Approach.%20Radiographics%202019%3B39%3A1965-82." class="link link-external googleScholar" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">Search in Google Scholar</a><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31584860/" class="link link-external pubmed" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank"> PubMed </a></p> <p class="reference" id="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_010"><span class="reference-label d-inlineblock me-4">10 </span><span class="reference-mixed-citation">Nuernberg D, Ignee A, Dietrich CF. Ultrasound in gastroenterology. Biliopancreatic system. Med Klin (Munich) 2007;102:112-26.</span><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00063-007-1003-x" class="link link-external doi" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">10.1007/s00063-007-1003-x</a><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Nuernberg%20D%2C%20Ignee%20A%2C%20Dietrich%20CF.%20Ultrasound%20in%20gastroenterology.%20Biliopancreatic%20system.%20Med%20Klin%20%28Munich%29%202007%3B102%3A112-26." class="link link-external googleScholar" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">Search in Google Scholar</a><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17323018/" class="link link-external pubmed" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank"> PubMed </a></p> <p class="reference" id="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_011"><span class="reference-label d-inlineblock me-4">11 </span><span class="reference-mixed-citation">Elsherif SB, Virarkar M, Javadi S, Ibarra-Rovira JJ, Tamm EP, Bhosale PR. Pancreatitis and PDAC: association and differentiation. Abdom Radiol (NY) 2020;45:1324-37.</span><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00261-019-02292-w" class="link link-external doi" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">10.1007/s00261-019-02292-w</a><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Elsherif%20SB%2C%20Virarkar%20M%2C%20Javadi%20S%2C%20Ibarra-Rovira%20JJ%2C%20Tamm%20EP%2C%20Bhosale%20PR.%20Pancreatitis%20and%20PDAC%3A%20association%20and%20differentiation.%20Abdom%20Radiol%20%28NY%29%202020%3B45%3A1324-37." class="link link-external googleScholar" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">Search in Google Scholar</a><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31705251/" class="link link-external pubmed" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank"> PubMed </a></p> <p class="reference" id="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_012"><span class="reference-label d-inlineblock me-4">12 </span><span class="reference-mixed-citation">Antonini F, Fuccio L, Fabbri C, Macarri G, Palazzo L. Management of serous cystic neoplasms of the pancreas. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015;9:115-25.</span><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://doi.org/10.1586/17474124.2014.934675" class="link link-external doi" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">10.1586/17474124.2014.934675</a><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Antonini%20F%2C%20Fuccio%20L%2C%20Fabbri%20C%2C%20Macarri%20G%2C%20Palazzo%20L.%20Management%20of%20serous%20cystic%20neoplasms%20of%20the%20pancreas.%20Expert%20Rev%20Gastroenterol%20Hepatol%202015%3B9%3A115-25." class="link link-external googleScholar" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">Search in Google Scholar</a><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24981593/" class="link link-external pubmed" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank"> PubMed </a></p> <p class="reference" id="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_013"><span class="reference-label d-inlineblock me-4">13 </span><span class="reference-mixed-citation">Burk KS, Knipp D, Sahani DV. Cystic Pancreatic Tumors. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am 2018;26:405-20.</span><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mric.2018.03.006" class="link link-external doi" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">10.1016/j.mric.2018.03.006</a><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Burk%20KS%2C%20Knipp%20D%2C%20Sahani%20DV.%20Cystic%20Pancreatic%20Tumors.%20Magn%20Reson%20Imaging%20Clin%20N%20Am%202018%3B26%3A405-20." class="link link-external googleScholar" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">Search in Google Scholar</a><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30376978/" class="link link-external pubmed" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank"> PubMed </a></p> <p class="reference" id="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_014"><span class="reference-label d-inlineblock me-4">14 </span><span class="reference-mixed-citation">Yadav RK, Jiang X, Chen J. Differentiating benign from malignant pancreatic cysts on computed tomography. Eur J Radiol Open 2020;7:100278.</span><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejro.2020.100278" class="link link-external doi" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">10.1016/j.ejro.2020.100278</a><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Yadav%20RK%2C%20Jiang%20X%2C%20Chen%20J.%20Differentiating%20benign%20from%20malignant%20pancreatic%20cysts%20on%20computed%20tomography.%20Eur%20J%20Radiol%20Open%202020%3B7%3A100278." class="link link-external googleScholar" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">Search in Google Scholar</a><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33163586/" class="link link-external pubmed" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank"> PubMed </a><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7607418/" class="link link-external pubmedcentral" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank"> PubMed Central </a></p> <p class="reference" id="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_015"><span class="reference-label d-inlineblock me-4">15 </span><span class="reference-mixed-citation">Dromain C, Deandreis D, Scoazec JY, Goere D, Ducreux M, Baudin E, <em>et al</em>. Imaging of neuroendocrine tumors of the pancreas. Diagn Interv Imaging 2016;97:1241-57.</span><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diii.2016.07.012" class="link link-external doi" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">10.1016/j.diii.2016.07.012</a><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Dromain%20C%2C%20Deandreis%20D%2C%20Scoazec%20JY%2C%20Goere%20D%2C%20Ducreux%20M%2C%20Baudin%20E%2C%20et%20al%20.%20Imaging%20of%20neuroendocrine%20tumors%20of%20the%20pancreas.%20Diagn%20Interv%20Imaging%202016%3B97%3A1241-57." class="link link-external googleScholar" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">Search in Google Scholar</a><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27876341/" class="link link-external pubmed" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank"> PubMed </a></p> <p class="reference" id="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_016"><span class="reference-label d-inlineblock me-4">16 </span><span class="reference-mixed-citation">Talathi SS, Zimmerman R, Young M. Anatomy, Abdomen and Pelvis, Pancreas. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL) 2021.</span><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Talathi%20SS%2C%20Zimmerman%20R%2C%20Young%20M.%20Anatomy%2C%20Abdomen%20and%20Pelvis%2C%20Pancreas.%20In%3A%20StatPearls.%20Treasure%20Island%20%28FL%29%202021." class="link link-external googleScholar" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">Search in Google Scholar</a></p> <p class="reference" id="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_017"><span class="reference-label d-inlineblock me-4">17 </span><span class="reference-mixed-citation">Standring S: Gray’s Anatomy-The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Practice. 41rd ed. London: Elsevier 2016.</span><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Standring%20S%3A%20Gray%E2%80%99s%20Anatomy-The%20Anatomical%20Basis%20of%20Clinical%20Practice.%2041rd%20ed.%20London%3A%20Elsevier%202016." class="link link-external googleScholar" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">Search in Google Scholar</a></p> <p class="reference" id="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_018"><span class="reference-label d-inlineblock me-4">18 </span><span class="reference-mixed-citation">Maker AV, Maker VK. Isolated Pancreatic Uncinate Duct IPMN. J Gastrointest Surg 2017;21:744-5.</span><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s11605-017-3380-7" class="link link-external doi" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">10.1007/s11605-017-3380-7</a><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Maker%20AV%2C%20Maker%20VK.%20Isolated%20Pancreatic%20Uncinate%20Duct%20IPMN.%20J%20Gastrointest%20Surg%202017%3B21%3A744-5." class="link link-external googleScholar" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">Search in Google Scholar</a><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28205123/" class="link link-external pubmed" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank"> PubMed </a></p> <p class="reference" id="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_019"><span class="reference-label d-inlineblock me-4">19 </span><span class="reference-mixed-citation">Lee L, Ito T, Jensen RT. Prognostic and predictive factors on overall survival and surgical outcomes in pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors: recent advances and controversies. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2019;19:1029-50.</span><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/14737140.2019.1693893" class="link link-external doi" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">10.1080/14737140.2019.1693893</a><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Lee%20L%2C%20Ito%20T%2C%20Jensen%20RT.%20Prognostic%20and%20predictive%20factors%20on%20overall%20survival%20and%20surgical%20outcomes%20in%20pancreatic%20neuroendocrine%20tumors%3A%20recent%20advances%20and%20controversies.%20Expert%20Rev%20Anticancer%20Ther%202019%3B19%3A1029-50." class="link link-external googleScholar" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">Search in Google Scholar</a><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31738624/" class="link link-external pubmed" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank"> PubMed </a><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6923565/" class="link link-external pubmedcentral" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank"> PubMed Central </a></p> <p class="reference" id="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_020"><span class="reference-label d-inlineblock me-4">20 </span><span class="reference-mixed-citation">Mikhail MI, Singh AK. Von Hippel Lindau Syndrome In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL) 2021.</span><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Mikhail%20MI%2C%20Singh%20AK.%20Von%20Hippel%20Lindau%20Syndrome%20In%3A%20StatPearls.%20Treasure%20Island%20%28FL%29%202021." class="link link-external googleScholar" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">Search in Google Scholar</a></p> <p class="reference" id="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_021"><span class="reference-label d-inlineblock me-4">21 </span><span class="reference-mixed-citation">Sellner F. Isolated Pancreatic Metastases of Renal Cell Carcinoma-A Paradigm of a Seed and Soil Mechanism: A Literature Analysis of 1,034 Observations. Front Oncol 2020;10:709.</span><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2020.00709" class="link link-external doi" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">10.3389/fonc.2020.00709</a><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Sellner%20F.%20Isolated%20Pancreatic%20Metastases%20of%20Renal%20Cell%20Carcinoma-A%20Paradigm%20of%20a%20Seed%20and%20Soil%20Mechanism%3A%20A%20Literature%20Analysis%20of%201%2C034%20Observations.%20Front%20Oncol%202020%3B10%3A709." class="link link-external googleScholar" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">Search in Google Scholar</a><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32547940/" class="link link-external pubmed" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank"> PubMed </a><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7273884/" class="link link-external pubmedcentral" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank"> PubMed Central </a></p> <p class="reference" id="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_022"><span class="reference-label d-inlineblock me-4">22 </span><span class="reference-mixed-citation">Kumar V, Abbas AK, Aster JC. Robbins Basic Pathology. 9rd ed. Canada: Elsevier 2013.</span><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Kumar%20V%2C%20Abbas%20AK%2C%20Aster%20JC.%20Robbins%20Basic%20Pathology.%209rd%20ed.%20Canada%3A%20Elsevier%202013." class="link link-external googleScholar" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">Search in Google Scholar</a></p> <p class="reference" id="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_023"><span class="reference-label d-inlineblock me-4">23 </span><span class="reference-mixed-citation">Tandan M, Talukdar R, Reddy DN. Management of Pancreatic Calculi: An Update. Gut Liver 2016;10:873-80.</span><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://doi.org/10.5009/gnl15555" class="link link-external doi" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">10.5009/gnl15555</a><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Tandan%20M%2C%20Talukdar%20R%2C%20Reddy%20DN.%20Management%20of%20Pancreatic%20Calculi%3A%20An%20Update.%20Gut%20Liver%202016%3B10%3A873-80." class="link link-external googleScholar" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">Search in Google Scholar</a><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27784844/" class="link link-external pubmed" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank"> PubMed </a><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5087925/" class="link link-external pubmedcentral" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank"> PubMed Central </a></p> <p class="reference" id="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_024"><span class="reference-label d-inlineblock me-4">24 </span><span class="reference-mixed-citation">Jin CX, Naruse S, Kitagawa M, Ishiguro H, Kondo T, Hayakawa S, <em>et al</em>. Pancreatic stone protein of pancreatic calculi in chronic calcified pancreatitis in man. JOP 2002;3:54-61.</span><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Jin%20CX%2C%20Naruse%20S%2C%20Kitagawa%20M%2C%20Ishiguro%20H%2C%20Kondo%20T%2C%20Hayakawa%20S%2C%20et%20al%20.%20Pancreatic%20stone%20protein%20of%20pancreatic%20calculi%20in%20chronic%20calcified%20pancreatitis%20in%20man.%20JOP%202002%3B3%3A54-61." class="link link-external googleScholar" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">Search in Google Scholar</a></p> <p class="reference" id="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_025"><span class="reference-label d-inlineblock me-4">25 </span><span class="reference-mixed-citation">Pederzoli P, Bassi C. Uncommon Pancreatic Neoplasms. Italia: Springer 2013.</span><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-2673-5" class="link link-external doi" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">10.1007/978-88-470-2673-5</a><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Pederzoli%20P%2C%20Bassi%20C.%20Uncommon%20Pancreatic%20Neoplasms.%20Italia%3A%20Springer%202013." class="link link-external googleScholar" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">Search in Google Scholar</a></p> <p class="reference" id="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_026"><span class="reference-label d-inlineblock me-4">26 </span><span class="reference-mixed-citation">Sakorafas GH, Smyrniotis V, Reid-Lombardo KM, Sarr MG. Primary pancreatic cystic neoplasms revisited. Part I: serous cystic neoplasms. Surg Oncol 2011;20:e84-92.</span><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.suronc.2010.12.002" class="link link-external doi" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">10.1016/j.suronc.2010.12.002</a><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Sakorafas%20GH%2C%20Smyrniotis%20V%2C%20Reid-Lombardo%20KM%2C%20Sarr%20MG.%20Primary%20pancreatic%20cystic%20neoplasms%20revisited.%20Part%20I%3A%20serous%20cystic%20neoplasms.%20Surg%20Oncol%202011%3B20%3Ae84-92." class="link link-external googleScholar" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">Search in Google Scholar</a><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21237638/" class="link link-external pubmed" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank"> PubMed </a></p> <p class="reference" id="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_027"><span class="reference-label d-inlineblock me-4">27 </span><span class="reference-mixed-citation">Sugawara S, Watanabe T, Hirai I, Fujimoto H, Kimura W. Serous cystic neoplasms. Nihon Rinsho 2015;73:298-304.</span><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Sugawara%20S%2C%20Watanabe%20T%2C%20Hirai%20I%2C%20Fujimoto%20H%2C%20Kimura%20W.%20Serous%20cystic%20neoplasms.%20Nihon%20Rinsho%202015%3B73%3A298-304." class="link link-external googleScholar" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">Search in Google Scholar</a></p> <p class="reference" id="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_028"><span class="reference-label d-inlineblock me-4">28 </span><span class="reference-mixed-citation">Tang MY, Chen TW, Bollen TL, Wang YX, Xue HD, Jin ZY, <em>et al</em>. MR imaging of hemorrhage associated with acute pancreatitis. Pancreatology 2018;18:363-9.</span><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pan.2018.03.004" class="link link-external doi" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">10.1016/j.pan.2018.03.004</a><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Tang%20MY%2C%20Chen%20TW%2C%20Bollen%20TL%2C%20Wang%20YX%2C%20Xue%20HD%2C%20Jin%20ZY%2C%20et%20al%20.%20MR%20imaging%20of%20hemorrhage%20associated%20with%20acute%20pancreatitis.%20Pancreatology%202018%3B18%3A363-9." class="link link-external googleScholar" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">Search in Google Scholar</a><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29615311/" class="link link-external pubmed" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank"> PubMed </a></p> <p class="reference" id="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_029"><span class="reference-label d-inlineblock me-4">29 </span><span class="reference-mixed-citation">Zhan H, Cheng Y, Wang L, Su P, Zhong N, Zhang Z, et al. Clinicopathological Features and Treatment Outcomes of Solid Pseudopapillary Neoplasms of the Pancreas: A 10-Year Case Series from a Single Center. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A 2019.</span><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://doi.org/10.1089/lap.2018.0704" class="link link-external doi" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">10.1089/lap.2018.0704</a><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Zhan%20H%2C%20Cheng%20Y%2C%20Wang%20L%2C%20Su%20P%2C%20Zhong%20N%2C%20Zhang%20Z%2C%20et%20al.%20Clinicopathological%20Features%20and%20Treatment%20Outcomes%20of%20Solid%20Pseudopapillary%20Neoplasms%20of%20the%20Pancreas%3A%20A%2010-Year%20Case%20Series%20from%20a%20Single%20Center.%20J%20Laparoendosc%20Adv%20Surg%20Tech%20A%202019." class="link link-external googleScholar" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">Search in Google Scholar</a><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30741591/" class="link link-external pubmed" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank"> PubMed </a></p> <p class="reference" id="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_030"><span class="reference-label d-inlineblock me-4">30 </span><span class="reference-mixed-citation">Beltrame V, Pozza G, Dalla Bona E, Fantin A, Valmasoni M, Sperti C. Solid-Pseudopapillary Tumor of the Pancreas: A Single Center Experience. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2016;2016:4289736.</span><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/4289736" class="link link-external doi" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">10.1155/2016/4289736</a><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Beltrame%20V%2C%20Pozza%20G%2C%20Dalla%20Bona%20E%2C%20Fantin%20A%2C%20Valmasoni%20M%2C%20Sperti%20C.%20Solid-Pseudopapillary%20Tumor%20of%20the%20Pancreas%3A%20A%20Single%20Center%20Experience.%20Gastroenterol%20Res%20Pract%202016%3B2016%3A4289736." class="link link-external googleScholar" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">Search in Google Scholar</a><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28119738/" class="link link-external pubmed" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank"> PubMed </a><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5227167/" class="link link-external pubmedcentral" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank"> PubMed Central </a></p> <p class="reference" id="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_031"><span class="reference-label d-inlineblock me-4">31 </span><span class="reference-mixed-citation">Wright MJ, Javed AA, Saunders T, Zhu Y, Burkhart RA, Yu J, et al. Surgical Resection of 78 Pancreatic Solid Pseudopapillary Tumors: a 30-Year Single Institutional Experience. J Gastrointest Surg 2019.</span><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s11605-019-04252-7" class="link link-external doi" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">10.1007/s11605-019-04252-7</a><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Wright%20MJ%2C%20Javed%20AA%2C%20Saunders%20T%2C%20Zhu%20Y%2C%20Burkhart%20RA%2C%20Yu%20J%2C%20et%20al.%20Surgical%20Resection%20of%2078%20Pancreatic%20Solid%20Pseudopapillary%20Tumors%3A%20a%2030-Year%20Single%20Institutional%20Experience.%20J%20Gastrointest%20Surg%202019." class="link link-external googleScholar" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">Search in Google Scholar</a><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31073801/" class="link link-external pubmed" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank"> PubMed </a></p> <p class="reference" id="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_032"><span class="reference-label d-inlineblock me-4">32 </span><span class="reference-mixed-citation">Chaudhary P. Acinar Cell Carcinoma of the Pancreas. A Literature Review and Update. Indian J Surg 2015;77:226-31.</span><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s12262-014-1049-y" class="link link-external doi" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">10.1007/s12262-014-1049-y</a><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Chaudhary%20P.%20Acinar%20Cell%20Carcinoma%20of%20the%20Pancreas.%20A%20Literature%20Review%20and%20Update.%20Indian%20J%20Surg%202015%3B77%3A226-31." class="link link-external googleScholar" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">Search in Google Scholar</a><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26246707/" class="link link-external pubmed" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank"> PubMed </a><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4522262/" class="link link-external pubmedcentral" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank"> PubMed Central </a></p> <p class="reference" id="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_033"><span class="reference-label d-inlineblock me-4">33 </span><span class="reference-mixed-citation">La Rosa S, Sessa F, Capella C. Acinar Cell Carcinoma of the Pancreas: Overview of Clinicopathologic Features and Insights into the Molecular Pathology. Front Med (Lausanne) 2015;2:41.</span><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2015.00041" class="link link-external doi" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">10.3389/fmed.2015.00041</a><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=La%20Rosa%20S%2C%20Sessa%20F%2C%20Capella%20C.%20Acinar%20Cell%20Carcinoma%20of%20the%20Pancreas%3A%20Overview%20of%20Clinicopathologic%20Features%20and%20Insights%20into%20the%20Molecular%20Pathology.%20Front%20Med%20%28Lausanne%29%202015%3B2%3A41." class="link link-external googleScholar" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">Search in Google Scholar</a><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26137463/" class="link link-external pubmed" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank"> PubMed </a><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4469112/" class="link link-external pubmedcentral" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank"> PubMed Central </a></p> <p class="reference" id="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_034"><span class="reference-label d-inlineblock me-4">34 </span><span class="reference-mixed-citation">Campbell F, Verbeke CS. Pathology of the Pancreas. London: Springer 2013.</span><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-2449-8" class="link link-external doi" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">10.1007/978-1-4471-2449-8</a><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Campbell%20F%2C%20Verbeke%20CS.%20Pathology%20of%20the%20Pancreas.%20London%3A%20Springer%202013." class="link link-external googleScholar" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">Search in Google Scholar</a></p> <p class="reference" id="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_035"><span class="reference-label d-inlineblock me-4">35 </span><span class="reference-mixed-citation">Paiella S, Marchegiani G, Miotto M, Malpaga A, Impellizzeri H, Montagnini G, <em>et al</em>. Are Cystic Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors an Indolent Entity Results from a Single-Center Surgical Series. Neuroendocrinology 2018;106:234-41.</span><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://doi.org/10.1159/000477849" class="link link-external doi" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">10.1159/000477849</a><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Paiella%20S%2C%20Marchegiani%20G%2C%20Miotto%20M%2C%20Malpaga%20A%2C%20Impellizzeri%20H%2C%20Montagnini%20G%2C%20et%20al%20.%20Are%20Cystic%20Pancreatic%20Neuroendocrine%20Tumors%20an%20Indolent%20Entity%20Results%20from%20a%20Single-Center%20Surgical%20Series.%20Neuroendocrinology%202018%3B106%3A234-41." class="link link-external googleScholar" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">Search in Google Scholar</a><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28586782/" class="link link-external pubmed" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank"> PubMed </a></p> <p class="reference" id="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_036"><span class="reference-label d-inlineblock me-4">36 </span><span class="reference-mixed-citation">Singhi AD, Chu LC, Tatsas AD, Shi C, Ellison TA, Fishman EK, <em>et al</em>. Cystic pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors: a clinicopathologic study. Am J Surg Pathol 2012;36:1666-73.</span><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://doi.org/10.1097/PAS.0b013e31826a0048" class="link link-external doi" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">10.1097/PAS.0b013e31826a0048</a><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Singhi%20AD%2C%20Chu%20LC%2C%20Tatsas%20AD%2C%20Shi%20C%2C%20Ellison%20TA%2C%20Fishman%20EK%2C%20et%20al%20.%20Cystic%20pancreatic%20neuroendocrine%20tumors%3A%20a%20clinicopathologic%20study.%20Am%20J%20Surg%20Pathol%202012%3B36%3A1666-73." class="link link-external googleScholar" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">Search in Google Scholar</a><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23073325/" class="link link-external pubmed" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank"> PubMed </a></p> <p class="reference" id="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_037"><span class="reference-label d-inlineblock me-4">37 </span><span class="reference-mixed-citation">Koh YX, Chok AY, Zheng HL, Tan CS, Goh BK. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the clinicopathologic characteristics of cystic versus solid pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms. Surgery 2014;156:83-96 e82.</span><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surg.2014.03.026" class="link link-external doi" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">10.1016/j.surg.2014.03.026</a><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Koh%20YX%2C%20Chok%20AY%2C%20Zheng%20HL%2C%20Tan%20CS%2C%20Goh%20BK.%20A%20systematic%20review%20and%20meta-analysis%20of%20the%20clinicopathologic%20characteristics%20of%20cystic%20versus%20solid%20pancreatic%20neuroendocrine%20neoplasms.%20Surgery%202014%3B156%3A83-96%20e82." class="link link-external googleScholar" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">Search in Google Scholar</a></p> <p class="reference" id="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_038"><span class="reference-label d-inlineblock me-4">38 </span><span class="reference-mixed-citation">Borazanci E, Millis SZ, Korn R, Han H, Whatcott CJ, Gatalica Z, <em>et al</em>. Adenosquamous carcinoma of the pancreas: Molecular characterization of 23 patients along with a literature review. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2015;7:132-40.</span><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://doi.org/10.4251/wjgo.v7.i9.132" class="link link-external doi" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">10.4251/wjgo.v7.i9.132</a><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Borazanci%20E%2C%20Millis%20SZ%2C%20Korn%20R%2C%20Han%20H%2C%20Whatcott%20CJ%2C%20Gatalica%20Z%2C%20et%20al%20.%20Adenosquamous%20carcinoma%20of%20the%20pancreas%3A%20Molecular%20characterization%20of%2023%20patients%20along%20with%20a%20literature%20review.%20World%20J%20Gastrointest%20Oncol%202015%3B7%3A132-40." class="link link-external googleScholar" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">Search in Google Scholar</a></p> <p class="reference" id="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_039"><span class="reference-label d-inlineblock me-4">39 </span><span class="reference-mixed-citation">Schawkat K, Tsai LL, Jaramillo-Cardoso A, Paez SN, Moser JA, Decicco C, et al. Use of ring-enhancement and focal necrosis to differentiate pancreatic adenosquamous carcinoma from pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma on CT and MRI. Clin Imaging 2021;73:134-8.</span><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinimag.2020.11.041" class="link link-external doi" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">10.1016/j.clinimag.2020.11.041</a><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Schawkat%20K%2C%20Tsai%20LL%2C%20Jaramillo-Cardoso%20A%2C%20Paez%20SN%2C%20Moser%20JA%2C%20Decicco%20C%2C%20et%20al.%20Use%20of%20ring-enhancement%20and%20focal%20necrosis%20to%20differentiate%20pancreatic%20adenosquamous%20carcinoma%20from%20pancreatic%20ductal%20adenocarcinoma%20on%20CT%20and%20MRI.%20Clin%20Imaging%202021%3B73%3A134-8." class="link link-external googleScholar" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">Search in Google Scholar</a></p> <p class="reference" id="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_040"><span class="reference-label d-inlineblock me-4">40 </span><span class="reference-mixed-citation">The International Agency for Research on Cancer. WHO classification of tumors of the digestive system. Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) 2010.</span><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=The%20International%20Agency%20for%20Research%20on%20Cancer.%20WHO%20classification%20of%20tumors%20of%20the%20digestive%20system.%20Lyon%3A%20International%20Agency%20for%20Research%20on%20Cancer%20%28IARC%29%202010." class="link link-external googleScholar" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">Search in Google Scholar</a></p> <p class="reference" id="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_041"><span class="reference-label d-inlineblock me-4">41 </span><span class="reference-mixed-citation">Kosmahl M, Pauser U, Anlauf M, Kloppel G. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas with cystic features: neither rare nor uniform. Mod Pathol 2005;18:1157-64.</span><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/modpathol.3800446" class="link link-external doi" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">10.1038/modpathol.3800446</a><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Kosmahl%20M%2C%20Pauser%20U%2C%20Anlauf%20M%2C%20Kloppel%20G.%20Pancreatic%20ductal%20adenocarcinomas%20with%20cystic%20features%3A%20neither%20rare%20nor%20uniform.%20Mod%20Pathol%202005%3B18%3A1157-64." class="link link-external googleScholar" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">Search in Google Scholar</a></p> <p class="reference" id="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_042"><span class="reference-label d-inlineblock me-4">42 </span><span class="reference-mixed-citation">Imaoka H, Shimizu Y, Mizuno N, Hara K, Hijioka S, Tajika M, <em>et al</em>. Ring-enhancement pattern on contrast-enhanced CT predicts adenosquamous carcinoma of the pancreas: a matched case-control study. Pancreatology 2014;14:221-6.</span><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pan.2014.02.005" class="link link-external doi" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">10.1016/j.pan.2014.02.005</a><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Imaoka%20H%2C%20Shimizu%20Y%2C%20Mizuno%20N%2C%20Hara%20K%2C%20Hijioka%20S%2C%20Tajika%20M%2C%20et%20al%20.%20Ring-enhancement%20pattern%20on%20contrast-enhanced%20CT%20predicts%20adenosquamous%20carcinoma%20of%20the%20pancreas%3A%20a%20matched%20case-control%20study.%20Pancreatology%202014%3B14%3A221-6." class="link link-external googleScholar" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">Search in Google Scholar</a></p> <p class="reference" id="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_043"><span class="reference-label d-inlineblock me-4">43 </span><span class="reference-mixed-citation">Li ZS, Liao Z, Chen JM, Férec C. Chronic Pancreatitis-From Basic Research to Clinical Treatment. Shanghai: Springer; 2017.</span><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-4515-8" class="link link-external doi" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">10.1007/978-981-10-4515-8</a><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Li%20ZS%2C%20Liao%20Z%2C%20Chen%20JM%2C%20F%C3%A9rec%20C.%20Chronic%20Pancreatitis-From%20Basic%20Research%20to%20Clinical%20Treatment.%20Shanghai%3A%20Springer%3B%202017." class="link link-external googleScholar" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">Search in Google Scholar</a></p> <p class="reference" id="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_044"><span class="reference-label d-inlineblock me-4">44 </span><span class="reference-mixed-citation">Conwell DL, Lee LS, Yadav D, Longnecker DS, Miller FH, Mortele KJ, <em>et al</em>. American Pancreatic Association Practice Guidelines in Chronic Pancreatitis: evidence-based report on diagnostic guidelines. Pancreas 2014;43:1143-62.</span><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://doi.org/10.1097/MPA.0000000000000237" class="link link-external doi" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">10.1097/MPA.0000000000000237</a><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Conwell%20DL%2C%20Lee%20LS%2C%20Yadav%20D%2C%20Longnecker%20DS%2C%20Miller%20FH%2C%20Mortele%20KJ%2C%20et%20al%20.%20American%20Pancreatic%20Association%20Practice%20Guidelines%20in%20Chronic%20Pancreatitis%3A%20evidence-based%20report%20on%20diagnostic%20guidelines.%20Pancreas%202014%3B43%3A1143-62." class="link link-external googleScholar" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">Search in Google Scholar</a></p> <p class="reference" id="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_045"><span class="reference-label d-inlineblock me-4">45 </span><span class="reference-mixed-citation">Kleeff J, Whitcomb DC, Shimosegawa T, Esposito I, Lerch MM, Gress T, <em>et al</em>. Chronic pancreatitis. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2017;3:17060.</span><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/nrdp.2017.60" class="link link-external doi" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">10.1038/nrdp.2017.60</a><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Kleeff%20J%2C%20Whitcomb%20DC%2C%20Shimosegawa%20T%2C%20Esposito%20I%2C%20Lerch%20MM%2C%20Gress%20T%2C%20et%20al%20.%20Chronic%20pancreatitis.%20Nat%20Rev%20Dis%20Primers%202017%3B3%3A17060." class="link link-external googleScholar" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">Search in Google Scholar</a></p> <p class="reference" id="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_046"><span class="reference-label d-inlineblock me-4">46 </span><span class="reference-mixed-citation">Majumder S, Chari ST. Chronic pancreatitis. Lancet 2016;387:1957-66.</span><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)00097-0" class="link link-external doi" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">10.1016/S0140-6736(16)00097-0</a><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Majumder%20S%2C%20Chari%20ST.%20Chronic%20pancreatitis.%20Lancet%202016%3B387%3A1957-66." class="link link-external googleScholar" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">Search in Google Scholar</a></p> <p class="reference" id="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_047"><span class="reference-label d-inlineblock me-4">47 </span><span class="reference-mixed-citation">Ho WJ, Jaffee EM, Zheng L. The tumour microenvironment in pancreatic cancer - clinical challenges and opportunities. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2020;17:527-40.</span><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41571-020-0363-5" class="link link-external doi" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">10.1038/s41571-020-0363-5</a><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Ho%20WJ%2C%20Jaffee%20EM%2C%20Zheng%20L.%20The%20tumour%20microenvironment%20in%20pancreatic%20cancer%20-%20clinical%20challenges%20and%20opportunities.%20Nat%20Rev%20Clin%20Oncol%202020%3B17%3A527-40." class="link link-external googleScholar" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">Search in Google Scholar</a><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32398706/" class="link link-external pubmed" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank"> PubMed </a><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7442729/" class="link link-external pubmedcentral" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank"> PubMed Central </a></p> <p class="reference" id="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_048"><span class="reference-label d-inlineblock me-4">48 </span><span class="reference-mixed-citation">Deshpande V, Zen Y, Chan JK, Yi EE, Sato Y, Yoshino T, <em>et al</em>. Consensus statement on the pathology of IgG4-related disease. Mod Pathol 2012;25:1181-92.</span><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/modpathol.2012.72" class="link link-external doi" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">10.1038/modpathol.2012.72</a><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Deshpande%20V%2C%20Zen%20Y%2C%20Chan%20JK%2C%20Yi%20EE%2C%20Sato%20Y%2C%20Yoshino%20T%2C%20et%20al%20.%20Consensus%20statement%20on%20the%20pathology%20of%20IgG4-related%20disease.%20Mod%20Pathol%202012%3B25%3A1181-92." class="link link-external googleScholar" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">Search in Google Scholar</a><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22596100/" class="link link-external pubmed" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank"> PubMed </a></p> <p class="reference" id="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_049"><span class="reference-label d-inlineblock me-4">49 </span><span class="reference-mixed-citation">Sahani DV, Kalva SP, Farrell J, Maher MM, Saini S, Mueller PR, et al. Autoimmune pancreatitis: imaging features. Radiology 2004;233:345-52.</span><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2332031436" class="link link-external doi" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">10.1148/radiol.2332031436</a><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Sahani%20DV%2C%20Kalva%20SP%2C%20Farrell%20J%2C%20Maher%20MM%2C%20Saini%20S%2C%20Mueller%20PR%2C%20et%20al.%20Autoimmune%20pancreatitis%3A%20imaging%20features.%20Radiology%202004%3B233%3A345-52." class="link link-external googleScholar" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">Search in Google Scholar</a><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15459324/" class="link link-external pubmed" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank"> PubMed </a></p> <p class="reference" id="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_050"><span class="reference-label d-inlineblock me-4">50 </span><span class="reference-mixed-citation">Horiuchi A, Kawa S, Hamano H, Hayama M, Ota H, Kiyosawa K. ERCP features in 27 patients with autoimmune pancreatitis. Gastrointest Endosc 2002;55:494-9.</span><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://doi.org/10.1067/mge.2002.12265" class="link link-external doi" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">10.1067/mge.2002.12265</a><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Horiuchi%20A%2C%20Kawa%20S%2C%20Hamano%20H%2C%20Hayama%20M%2C%20Ota%20H%2C%20Kiyosawa%20K.%20ERCP%20features%20in%2027%20patients%20with%20autoimmune%20pancreatitis.%20Gastrointest%20Endosc%202002%3B55%3A494-9." class="link link-external googleScholar" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">Search in Google Scholar</a></p> <p class="reference" id="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_051"><span class="reference-label d-inlineblock me-4">51 </span><span class="reference-mixed-citation">Dong Y, D’Onofrio M, Hocke M, Jenssen C, Potthoff A, Atkinson N, <em>et al</em>. Autoimmune pancreatitis: Imaging features. Endosc Ultrasound 2018;7:196-203.</span><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://doi.org/10.4103/eus.eus_23_17" class="link link-external doi" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">10.4103/eus.eus_23_17</a><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Dong%20Y%2C%20D%E2%80%99Onofrio%20M%2C%20Hocke%20M%2C%20Jenssen%20C%2C%20Potthoff%20A%2C%20Atkinson%20N%2C%20et%20al%20.%20Autoimmune%20pancreatitis%3A%20Imaging%20features.%20Endosc%20Ultrasound%202018%3B7%3A196-203." class="link link-external googleScholar" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">Search in Google Scholar</a><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28836516/" class="link link-external pubmed" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank"> PubMed </a><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6032703/" class="link link-external pubmedcentral" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank"> PubMed Central </a></p> <p class="reference" id="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_052"><span class="reference-label d-inlineblock me-4">52 </span><span class="reference-mixed-citation">Sureka B, Bansal K. Autoimmune Pancreatitis: Additional Key Imaging Features. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2016;207:W4.</span><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://doi.org/10.2214/AJR.16.16164" class="link link-external doi" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">10.2214/AJR.16.16164</a><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Sureka%20B%2C%20Bansal%20K.%20Autoimmune%20Pancreatitis%3A%20Additional%20Key%20Imaging%20Features.%20AJR%20Am%20J%20Roentgenol%202016%3B207%3AW4." class="link link-external googleScholar" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">Search in Google Scholar</a><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27337374/" class="link link-external pubmed" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank"> PubMed </a></p> <p class="reference" id="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_053"><span class="reference-label d-inlineblock me-4">53 </span><span class="reference-mixed-citation">Tanaka M, Fernandez-del Castillo C, Adsay V, Chari S, Falconi M, Jang JY, et al. International consensus guidelines 2012 for the management of IPMN and MCN of the pancreas. Pancreatology 2012;12:183-97.</span><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pan.2012.04.004" class="link link-external doi" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">10.1016/j.pan.2012.04.004</a><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Tanaka%20M%2C%20Fernandez-del%20Castillo%20C%2C%20Adsay%20V%2C%20Chari%20S%2C%20Falconi%20M%2C%20Jang%20JY%2C%20et%20al.%20International%20consensus%20guidelines%202012%20for%20the%20management%20of%20IPMN%20and%20MCN%20of%20the%20pancreas.%20Pancreatology%202012%3B12%3A183-97." class="link link-external googleScholar" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">Search in Google Scholar</a><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22687371/" class="link link-external pubmed" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank"> PubMed </a></p> <p class="reference" id="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_054"><span class="reference-label d-inlineblock me-4">54 </span><span class="reference-mixed-citation">Crippa S, Fernandez-Del Castillo C, Salvia R, Finkelstein D, Bassi C, Dominguez I, et al. Mucin-producing neoplasms of the pancreas: an analysis of distinguishing clinical and epidemiologic characteristics. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2010;8:213-9.</span><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cgh.2009.10.001" class="link link-external doi" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">10.1016/j.cgh.2009.10.001</a><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Crippa%20S%2C%20Fernandez-Del%20Castillo%20C%2C%20Salvia%20R%2C%20Finkelstein%20D%2C%20Bassi%20C%2C%20Dominguez%20I%2C%20et%20al.%20Mucin-producing%20neoplasms%20of%20the%20pancreas%3A%20an%20analysis%20of%20distinguishing%20clinical%20and%20epidemiologic%20characteristics.%20Clin%20Gastroenterol%20Hepatol%202010%3B8%3A213-9." class="link link-external googleScholar" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">Search in Google Scholar</a><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19835989/" class="link link-external pubmed" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank"> PubMed </a><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3135334/" class="link link-external pubmedcentral" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank"> PubMed Central </a></p> <p class="reference" id="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_055"><span class="reference-label d-inlineblock me-4">55 </span><span class="reference-mixed-citation">Nara S, Onaya H, Hiraoka N, Shimada K, Sano T, Sakamoto Y, <em>et al</em>. Preoperative evaluation of invasive and noninvasive intraductal papillary-mucinous neoplasms of the pancreas: clinical, radiological, and pathological analysis of 123 cases. Pancreas 2009;38:8-16.</span><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://doi.org/10.1097/MPA.0b013e318181b90d" class="link link-external doi" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">10.1097/MPA.0b013e318181b90d</a><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Nara%20S%2C%20Onaya%20H%2C%20Hiraoka%20N%2C%20Shimada%20K%2C%20Sano%20T%2C%20Sakamoto%20Y%2C%20et%20al%20.%20Preoperative%20evaluation%20of%20invasive%20and%20noninvasive%20intraductal%20papillary-mucinous%20neoplasms%20of%20the%20pancreas%3A%20clinical%2C%20radiological%2C%20and%20pathological%20analysis%20of%20123%20cases.%20Pancreas%202009%3B38%3A8-16." class="link link-external googleScholar" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">Search in Google Scholar</a><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18665010/" class="link link-external pubmed" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank"> PubMed </a></p> <p class="reference" id="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_056"><span class="reference-label d-inlineblock me-4">56 </span><span class="reference-mixed-citation">Lim JH, Lee G, Oh YL. Radiologic spectrum of intraductal papillary mucinous tumor of the pancreas. Radiographics 2001;21:323-37; discussion 337-40.</span><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://doi.org/10.1148/radiographics.21.2.g01mr01323" class="link link-external doi" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">10.1148/radiographics.21.2.g01mr01323</a><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Lim%20JH%2C%20Lee%20G%2C%20Oh%20YL.%20Radiologic%20spectrum%20of%20intraductal%20papillary%20mucinous%20tumor%20of%20the%20pancreas.%20Radiographics%202001%3B21%3A323-37%3B%20discussion%20337-40." class="link link-external googleScholar" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">Search in Google Scholar</a><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11259696/" class="link link-external pubmed" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank"> PubMed </a></p> <p class="reference" id="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_057"><span class="reference-label d-inlineblock me-4">57 </span><span class="reference-mixed-citation">Sakorafas GH, Smyrniotis V, Reid-Lombardo KM, Sarr MG. Primary pancreatic cystic neoplasms revisited. Part III. Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms. Surg Oncol 2011;20:e109-18.</span><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.suronc.2011.01.004" class="link link-external doi" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">10.1016/j.suronc.2011.01.004</a><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Sakorafas%20GH%2C%20Smyrniotis%20V%2C%20Reid-Lombardo%20KM%2C%20Sarr%20MG.%20Primary%20pancreatic%20cystic%20neoplasms%20revisited.%20Part%20III.%20Intraductal%20papillary%20mucinous%20neoplasms.%20Surg%20Oncol%202011%3B20%3Ae109-18." class="link link-external googleScholar" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">Search in Google Scholar</a><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21396811/" class="link link-external pubmed" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank"> PubMed </a></p> <p class="reference" id="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_058"><span class="reference-label d-inlineblock me-4">58 </span><span class="reference-mixed-citation">Casillas J, Levi JU, Quiroz AO, Ruiz-Cordero R, Garcia-Buitrago MT, Sleeman D. Multidisciplinary Teaching Atlas of the Pancreas. Berlin: Springer 2016.</span><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-46745-9" class="link link-external doi" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">10.1007/978-3-662-46745-9</a><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Casillas%20J%2C%20Levi%20JU%2C%20Quiroz%20AO%2C%20Ruiz-Cordero%20R%2C%20Garcia-Buitrago%20MT%2C%20Sleeman%20D.%20Multidisciplinary%20Teaching%20Atlas%20of%20the%20Pancreas.%20Berlin%3A%20Springer%202016." class="link link-external googleScholar" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">Search in Google Scholar</a></p> <p class="reference" id="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_059"><span class="reference-label d-inlineblock me-4">59 </span><span class="reference-mixed-citation">Pavlopoulos PM, Konstantinidou AE, Agapitos E, Kavantzas N, Nikolopoulou P, Davaris P. A morphometric study of neovascularization in colorectal carcinoma. Cancer 1998;83:2067-75.</span><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0142(19981115)83:10<2067::AID-CNCR4>3.0.CO;2-Q" class="link link-external doi" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">10.1002/(SICI)1097-0142(19981115)83:10<2067::AID-CNCR4>3.0.CO;2-Q</a><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Pavlopoulos%20PM%2C%20Konstantinidou%20AE%2C%20Agapitos%20E%2C%20Kavantzas%20N%2C%20Nikolopoulou%20P%2C%20Davaris%20P.%20A%20morphometric%20study%20of%20neovascularization%20in%20colorectal%20carcinoma.%20Cancer%201998%3B83%3A2067-75." class="link link-external googleScholar" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">Search in Google Scholar</a></p> <p class="reference" id="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_060"><span class="reference-label d-inlineblock me-4">60 </span><span class="reference-mixed-citation">Giannopoulos G, Kavantzas N, Parasi A, Tiniakos D, Peros G, Tzanakis N, et al. Morphometric microvascular characteristics in the prognosis of pancreatic and ampullary carcinoma. Pancreas 2007;35:47-52.</span><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://doi.org/10.1097/mpa.0b013e31804bfbab" class="link link-external doi" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">10.1097/mpa.0b013e31804bfbab</a><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Giannopoulos%20G%2C%20Kavantzas%20N%2C%20Parasi%20A%2C%20Tiniakos%20D%2C%20Peros%20G%2C%20Tzanakis%20N%2C%20et%20al.%20Morphometric%20microvascular%20characteristics%20in%20the%20prognosis%20of%20pancreatic%20and%20ampullary%20carcinoma.%20Pancreas%202007%3B35%3A47-52." class="link link-external googleScholar" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">Search in Google Scholar</a></p> <p class="reference" id="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_061"><span class="reference-label d-inlineblock me-4">61 </span><span class="reference-mixed-citation">Kim SY, Park SH, Hong N, Kim JH, Hong SM. Primary solid pancreatic tumors: recent imaging findings updates with pathology correlation. Abdom Imaging 2013;38:1091-105.</span><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00261-013-0004-x" class="link link-external doi" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">10.1007/s00261-013-0004-x</a><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Kim%20SY%2C%20Park%20SH%2C%20Hong%20N%2C%20Kim%20JH%2C%20Hong%20SM.%20Primary%20solid%20pancreatic%20tumors%3A%20recent%20imaging%20findings%20updates%20with%20pathology%20correlation.%20Abdom%20Imaging%202013%3B38%3A1091-105." class="link link-external googleScholar" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">Search in Google Scholar</a></p> <p class="reference" id="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_062"><span class="reference-label d-inlineblock me-4">62 </span><span class="reference-mixed-citation">Lambin P, Rios-Velazquez E, Leijenaar R, Carvalho S, van Stiphout RG, Granton P, et al. Radiomics: extracting more information from medical images using advanced feature analysis. Eur J Cancer 2012;48:441-6.</span><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejca.2011.11.036" class="link link-external doi" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">10.1016/j.ejca.2011.11.036</a><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Lambin%20P%2C%20Rios-Velazquez%20E%2C%20Leijenaar%20R%2C%20Carvalho%20S%2C%20van%20Stiphout%20RG%2C%20Granton%20P%2C%20et%20al.%20Radiomics%3A%20extracting%20more%20information%20from%20medical%20images%20using%20advanced%20feature%20analysis.%20Eur%20J%20Cancer%202012%3B48%3A441-6." class="link link-external googleScholar" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">Search in Google Scholar</a></p> <p class="reference" id="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_063"><span class="reference-label d-inlineblock me-4">63 </span><span class="reference-mixed-citation">Kumar V, Gu Y, Basu S, Berglund A, Eschrich SA, Schabath MB, et al. Radiomics: the process and the challenges. Magn Reson Imaging 2012;30:1234-48.</span><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mri.2012.06.010" class="link link-external doi" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">10.1016/j.mri.2012.06.010</a><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Kumar%20V%2C%20Gu%20Y%2C%20Basu%20S%2C%20Berglund%20A%2C%20Eschrich%20SA%2C%20Schabath%20MB%2C%20et%20al.%20Radiomics%3A%20the%20process%20and%20the%20challenges.%20Magn%20Reson%20Imaging%202012%3B30%3A1234-48." class="link link-external googleScholar" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">Search in Google Scholar</a></p> <p class="reference" id="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_064"><span class="reference-label d-inlineblock me-4">64 </span><span class="reference-mixed-citation">Bartoli M, Barat M, Dohan A, Gaujoux S, Coriat R, Hoeffel C, et al. CT and MRI of pancreatic tumors: an update in the era of radiomics. Jpn J Radiol 2020;38:1111-24.</span><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s11604-020-01057-6" class="link link-external doi" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">10.1007/s11604-020-01057-6</a><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Bartoli%20M%2C%20Barat%20M%2C%20Dohan%20A%2C%20Gaujoux%20S%2C%20Coriat%20R%2C%20Hoeffel%20C%2C%20et%20al.%20CT%20and%20MRI%20of%20pancreatic%20tumors%3A%20an%20update%20in%20the%20era%20of%20radiomics.%20Jpn%20J%20Radiol%202020%3B38%3A1111-24." class="link link-external googleScholar" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">Search in Google Scholar</a></p> <p class="reference" id="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_065"><span class="reference-label d-inlineblock me-4">65 </span><span class="reference-mixed-citation">Li J, Lu J, Liang P, Li A, Hu Y, Shen Y, et al. Differentiation of atypical pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors from pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas: Using whole-tumor CT texture analysis as quantitative biomarkers. Cancer Med 2018;7:4924-31.</span><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/cam4.1746" class="link link-external doi" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">10.1002/cam4.1746</a><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Li%20J%2C%20Lu%20J%2C%20Liang%20P%2C%20Li%20A%2C%20Hu%20Y%2C%20Shen%20Y%2C%20et%20al.%20Differentiation%20of%20atypical%20pancreatic%20neuroendocrine%20tumors%20from%20pancreatic%20ductal%20adenocarcinomas%3A%20Using%20whole-tumor%20CT%20texture%20analysis%20as%20quantitative%20biomarkers.%20Cancer%20Med%202018%3B7%3A4924-31." class="link link-external googleScholar" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">Search in Google Scholar</a></p> <p class="reference" id="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_066"><span class="reference-label d-inlineblock me-4">66 </span><span class="reference-mixed-citation">Guo C, Zhuge X, Wang Q, Xiao W, Wang Z, Wang Z, et al. The differentiation of pancreatic neuroendocrine carcinoma from pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: the values of CT imaging features and texture analysis. Cancer Imaging 2018;18:37.</span><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://doi.org/10.1186/s40644-018-0170-8" class="link link-external doi" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">10.1186/s40644-018-0170-8</a><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Guo%20C%2C%20Zhuge%20X%2C%20Wang%20Q%2C%20Xiao%20W%2C%20Wang%20Z%2C%20Wang%20Z%2C%20et%20al.%20The%20differentiation%20of%20pancreatic%20neuroendocrine%20carcinoma%20from%20pancreatic%20ductal%20adenocarcinoma%3A%20the%20values%20of%20CT%20imaging%20features%20and%20texture%20analysis.%20Cancer%20Imaging%202018%3B18%3A37." class="link link-external googleScholar" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">Search in Google Scholar</a></p> <p class="reference" id="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_067"><span class="reference-label d-inlineblock me-4">67 </span><span class="reference-mixed-citation">Dalal V, Carmicheal J, Dhaliwal A, Jain M, Kaur S, Batra SK. Radiomics in stratification of pancreatic cystic lesions: Machine learning in action. Cancer Lett 2020;469:228-37.</span><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.canlet.2019.10.023" class="link link-external doi" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">10.1016/j.canlet.2019.10.023</a><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Dalal%20V%2C%20Carmicheal%20J%2C%20Dhaliwal%20A%2C%20Jain%20M%2C%20Kaur%20S%2C%20Batra%20SK.%20Radiomics%20in%20stratification%20of%20pancreatic%20cystic%20lesions%3A%20Machine%20learning%20in%20action.%20Cancer%20Lett%202020%3B469%3A228-37." class="link link-external googleScholar" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">Search in Google Scholar</a></p> <p class="reference" id="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_068"><span class="reference-label d-inlineblock me-4">68 </span><span class="reference-mixed-citation">Bian Y, Jiang H, Ma C, Wang L, Zheng J, Jin G, <em>et al</em>. CT-based Radiomics for Distinguishing G1 and G2 Non-functioning Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors. Am J Roentgenol 2020;215: 1-12.</span><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://doi.org/10.2214/AJR.19.22123" class="link link-external doi" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">10.2214/AJR.19.22123</a><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Bian%20Y%2C%20Jiang%20H%2C%20Ma%20C%2C%20Wang%20L%2C%20Zheng%20J%2C%20Jin%20G%2C%20et%20al%20.%20CT-based%20Radiomics%20for%20Distinguishing%20G1%20and%20G2%20Non-functioning%20Pancreatic%20Neuroendocrine%20Tumors.%20Am%20J%20Roentgenol%202020%3B215%3A%201-12." class="link link-external googleScholar" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">Search in Google Scholar</a><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32755201/" class="link link-external pubmed" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank"> PubMed </a></p> <p class="reference" id="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_069"><span class="reference-label d-inlineblock me-4">69 </span><span class="reference-mixed-citation">Bian Y, Li J, Cao K, Fang X, Jiang H, Ma C, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging radiomic analysis can preoperatively predict G1 and G2/3 grades in patients with NF-pNETs. Abdom Radiol (NY) 2021;46:667-80.</span><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00261-020-02706-0" class="link link-external doi" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">10.1007/s00261-020-02706-0</a><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Bian%20Y%2C%20Li%20J%2C%20Cao%20K%2C%20Fang%20X%2C%20Jiang%20H%2C%20Ma%20C%2C%20et%20al.%20Magnetic%20resonance%20imaging%20radiomic%20analysis%20can%20preoperatively%20predict%20G1%20and%20G2%2F3%20grades%20in%20patients%20with%20NF-pNETs.%20Abdom%20Radiol%20%28NY%29%202021%3B46%3A667-80." class="link link-external googleScholar" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">Search in Google Scholar</a><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32808056/" class="link link-external pubmed" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank"> PubMed </a></p> <p class="reference" id="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_070"><span class="reference-label d-inlineblock me-4">70 </span><span class="reference-mixed-citation">Liang W, Yang P, Huang R, Xu L, Wang J, Liu W, et al. A Combined Nomogram Model to Preoperatively Predict Histologic Grade in Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors. Clin Cancer Res 2019;25:584-94.</span><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-18-1305" class="link link-external doi" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-18-1305</a><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Liang%20W%2C%20Yang%20P%2C%20Huang%20R%2C%20Xu%20L%2C%20Wang%20J%2C%20Liu%20W%2C%20et%20al.%20A%20Combined%20Nomogram%20Model%20to%20Preoperatively%20Predict%20Histologic%20Grade%20in%20Pancreatic%20Neuroendocrine%20Tumors.%20Clin%20Cancer%20Res%202019%3B25%3A584-94." class="link link-external googleScholar" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">Search in Google Scholar</a><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30397175/" class="link link-external pubmed" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank"> PubMed </a></p> <p class="reference" id="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_071"><span class="reference-label d-inlineblock me-4">71 </span><span class="reference-mixed-citation">Cassinotto C, Chong J, Zogopoulos G, Reinhold C, Chiche L, Lafourcade JP, et al. Resectable pancreatic adenocarcinoma: Role of CT quantitative imaging biomarkers for predicting pathology and patient outcomes. Eur J Radiol 2017;90:152-8.</span><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrad.2017.02.033" class="link link-external doi" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">10.1016/j.ejrad.2017.02.033</a><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Cassinotto%20C%2C%20Chong%20J%2C%20Zogopoulos%20G%2C%20Reinhold%20C%2C%20Chiche%20L%2C%20Lafourcade%20JP%2C%20et%20al.%20Resectable%20pancreatic%20adenocarcinoma%3A%20Role%20of%20CT%20quantitative%20imaging%20biomarkers%20for%20predicting%20pathology%20and%20patient%20outcomes.%20Eur%20J%20Radiol%202017%3B90%3A152-8." class="link link-external googleScholar" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">Search in Google Scholar</a><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28583627/" class="link link-external pubmed" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank"> PubMed </a></p> <p class="reference" id="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_072"><span class="reference-label d-inlineblock me-4">72 </span><span class="reference-mixed-citation">Zhu L, Shi X, Xue H, Wu H, Chen G, Sun H, et al. CT Imaging Biomarkers Predict Clinical Outcomes After Pancreatic Cancer Surgery. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016;95:e2664.</span><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000002664" class="link link-external doi" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">10.1097/MD.0000000000002664</a><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Zhu%20L%2C%20Shi%20X%2C%20Xue%20H%2C%20Wu%20H%2C%20Chen%20G%2C%20Sun%20H%2C%20et%20al.%20CT%20Imaging%20Biomarkers%20Predict%20Clinical%20Outcomes%20After%20Pancreatic%20Cancer%20Surgery.%20Medicine%20%28Baltimore%29%202016%3B95%3Ae2664." class="link link-external googleScholar" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">Search in Google Scholar</a><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26844495/" class="link link-external pubmed" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank"> PubMed </a><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4748912/" class="link link-external pubmedcentral" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank"> PubMed Central </a></p> <p class="reference" id="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_073"><span class="reference-label d-inlineblock me-4">73 </span><span class="reference-mixed-citation">Chen X, Oshima K, Schott D, Wu H, Hall W, Song Y, et al. Assessment of treatment response during chemoradiation therapy for pancreatic cancer based on quantitative radiomic analysis of daily CTs: An exploratory study. PLoS One 2017;12:e0178961.</span><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0178961" class="link link-external doi" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">10.1371/journal.pone.0178961</a><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Chen%20X%2C%20Oshima%20K%2C%20Schott%20D%2C%20Wu%20H%2C%20Hall%20W%2C%20Song%20Y%2C%20et%20al.%20Assessment%20of%20treatment%20response%20during%20chemoradiation%20therapy%20for%20pancreatic%20cancer%20based%20on%20quantitative%20radiomic%20analysis%20of%20daily%20CTs%3A%20An%20exploratory%20study.%20PLoS%20One%202017%3B12%3Ae0178961." class="link link-external googleScholar" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">Search in Google Scholar</a><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28575105/" class="link link-external pubmed" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank"> PubMed </a><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5456365/" class="link link-external pubmedcentral" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank"> PubMed Central </a></p> <p class="reference" id="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_074"><span class="reference-label d-inlineblock me-4">74 </span><span class="reference-mixed-citation">Noda Y, Goshima S, Miyoshi T, Kawada H, Kawai N, Tanahashi Y, et al. Assessing Chemotherapeutic Response in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma: Histogram Analysis of Iodine Concentration and CT Number in Single-Source Dual-Energy CT. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2018;211:1221-6.</span><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://doi.org/10.2214/AJR.18.19791" class="link link-external doi" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">10.2214/AJR.18.19791</a><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Noda%20Y%2C%20Goshima%20S%2C%20Miyoshi%20T%2C%20Kawada%20H%2C%20Kawai%20N%2C%20Tanahashi%20Y%2C%20et%20al.%20Assessing%20Chemotherapeutic%20Response%20in%20Pancreatic%20Ductal%20Adenocarcinoma%3A%20Histogram%20Analysis%20of%20Iodine%20Concentration%20and%20CT%20Number%20in%20Single-Source%20Dual-Energy%20CT.%20AJR%20Am%20J%20Roentgenol%202018%3B211%3A1221-6." class="link link-external googleScholar" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">Search in Google Scholar</a><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30332288/" class="link link-external pubmed" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank"> PubMed </a></p> <p class="reference" id="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_075"><span class="reference-label d-inlineblock me-4">75 </span><span class="reference-mixed-citation">Chaddad A, Sargos P, Desrosiers C. Modeling Texture in Deep 3D CNN for Survival Analysis. IEEE J Biomed Health Inform 2021;25:2454-62.</span><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/JBHI.2020.3025901" class="link link-external doi" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">10.1109/JBHI.2020.3025901</a><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Chaddad%20A%2C%20Sargos%20P%2C%20Desrosiers%20C.%20Modeling%20Texture%20in%20Deep%203D%20CNN%20for%20Survival%20Analysis.%20IEEE%20J%20Biomed%20Health%20Inform%202021%3B25%3A2454-62." class="link link-external googleScholar" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">Search in Google Scholar</a><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32960772/" class="link link-external pubmed" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank"> PubMed </a></p> <p class="reference" id="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_076"><span class="reference-label d-inlineblock me-4">76 </span><span class="reference-mixed-citation">Zhang Y, Huang ZX, Song B. Role of imaging in evaluating the response after neoadjuvant treatment for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2021;27:3037-49.</span><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v27.i22.3037" class="link link-external doi" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">10.3748/wjg.v27.i22.3037</a><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Zhang%20Y%2C%20Huang%20ZX%2C%20Song%20B.%20Role%20of%20imaging%20in%20evaluating%20the%20response%20after%20neoadjuvant%20treatment%20for%20pancreatic%20ductal%20adenocarcinoma.%20World%20J%20Gastroenterol%202021%3B27%3A3037-49." class="link link-external googleScholar" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">Search in Google Scholar</a><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34168406/" class="link link-external pubmed" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank"> PubMed </a><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8192284/" class="link link-external pubmedcentral" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank"> PubMed Central </a></p> <p class="reference" id="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_077"><span class="reference-label d-inlineblock me-4">77 </span><span class="reference-mixed-citation">Bian Y, Guo S, Jiang H, Gao S, Shao C, Cao K, et al. Relationship Between Radiomics and Risk of Lymph Node Metastasis in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma. Pancreas 2019;48:1195-203.</span><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://doi.org/10.1097/MPA.0000000000001404" class="link link-external doi" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">10.1097/MPA.0000000000001404</a><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Bian%20Y%2C%20Guo%20S%2C%20Jiang%20H%2C%20Gao%20S%2C%20Shao%20C%2C%20Cao%20K%2C%20et%20al.%20Relationship%20Between%20Radiomics%20and%20Risk%20of%20Lymph%20Node%20Metastasis%20in%20Pancreatic%20Ductal%20Adenocarcinoma.%20Pancreas%202019%3B48%3A1195-203." class="link link-external googleScholar" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">Search in Google Scholar</a><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31593021/" class="link link-external pubmed" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank"> PubMed </a><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6830946/" class="link link-external pubmedcentral" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank"> PubMed Central </a></p> <p class="reference" id="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_078"><span class="reference-label d-inlineblock me-4">78 </span><span class="reference-mixed-citation">Li K, Yao Q, Xiao J, Li M, Yang J, Hou W, et al. Contrast-enhanced CT radiomics for predicting lymph node metastasis in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: a pilot study. Cancer Imaging 2020;20:12.</span><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://doi.org/10.1186/s40644-020-0288-3" class="link link-external doi" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">10.1186/s40644-020-0288-3</a><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Li%20K%2C%20Yao%20Q%2C%20Xiao%20J%2C%20Li%20M%2C%20Yang%20J%2C%20Hou%20W%2C%20et%20al.%20Contrast-enhanced%20CT%20radiomics%20for%20predicting%20lymph%20node%20metastasis%20in%20pancreatic%20ductal%20adenocarcinoma%3A%20a%20pilot%20study.%20Cancer%20Imaging%202020%3B20%3A12." class="link link-external googleScholar" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">Search in Google Scholar</a><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32000852/" class="link link-external pubmed" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank"> PubMed </a><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6993448/" class="link link-external pubmedcentral" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank"> PubMed Central </a></p> <p class="reference" id="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_079"><span class="reference-label d-inlineblock me-4">79 </span><span class="reference-mixed-citation">Liu P, Gu Q, Hu X, Tan X, Liu J, Xie A, et al. Applying a radiomics-based strategy to preoperatively predict lymph node metastasis in the resectable pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. J Xray Sci Technol 2020;28:1113-21.</span><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://doi.org/10.3233/XST-200730" class="link link-external doi" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">10.3233/XST-200730</a><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Liu%20P%2C%20Gu%20Q%2C%20Hu%20X%2C%20Tan%20X%2C%20Liu%20J%2C%20Xie%20A%2C%20et%20al.%20Applying%20a%20radiomics-based%20strategy%20to%20preoperatively%20predict%20lymph%20node%20metastasis%20in%20the%20resectable%20pancreatic%20ductal%20adenocarcinoma.%20J%20Xray%20Sci%20Technol%202020%3B28%3A1113-21." class="link link-external googleScholar" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">Search in Google Scholar</a><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33074215/" class="link link-external pubmed" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank"> PubMed </a></p> <p class="reference" id="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_080"><span class="reference-label d-inlineblock me-4">80 </span><span class="reference-mixed-citation">Bian Y, Liu C, Li Q, Meng Y, Liu F, Zhang H, et al. Preoperative Radiomics Approach to Evaluating Tumor-Infiltrating CD8(+) T Cells in Patients With Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma Using Noncontrast Magnetic Resonance Imaging. J Magn Reson Imaging 2021.[Ahead of print]</span><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/jmri.27871" class="link link-external doi" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">10.1002/jmri.27871</a><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Bian%20Y%2C%20Liu%20C%2C%20Li%20Q%2C%20Meng%20Y%2C%20Liu%20F%2C%20Zhang%20H%2C%20et%20al.%20Preoperative%20Radiomics%20Approach%20to%20Evaluating%20Tumor-Infiltrating%20CD8%28%2B%29%20T%20Cells%20in%20Patients%20With%20Pancreatic%20Ductal%20Adenocarcinoma%20Using%20Noncontrast%20Magnetic%20Resonance%20Imaging.%20J%20Magn%20Reson%20Imaging%202021.%5BAhead%20of%20print%5D" class="link link-external googleScholar" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">Search in Google Scholar</a><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34355834/" class="link link-external pubmed" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank"> PubMed </a></p> <p class="reference" id="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_081"><span class="reference-label d-inlineblock me-4">81 </span><span class="reference-mixed-citation">Meng Y, Zhang H, Li Q, Liu F, Fang X, Li J, et al. CT Radiomics and Machine-Learning Models for Predicting Tumor-Stroma Ratio in Patients With Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma. Front Oncol 2021;11:707288.</span><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2021.707288" class="link link-external doi" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">10.3389/fonc.2021.707288</a><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Meng%20Y%2C%20Zhang%20H%2C%20Li%20Q%2C%20Liu%20F%2C%20Fang%20X%2C%20Li%20J%2C%20et%20al.%20CT%20Radiomics%20and%20Machine-Learning%20Models%20for%20Predicting%20Tumor-Stroma%20Ratio%20in%20Patients%20With%20Pancreatic%20Ductal%20Adenocarcinoma.%20Front%20Oncol%202021%3B11%3A707288." class="link link-external googleScholar" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">Search in Google Scholar</a><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34820324/" class="link link-external pubmed" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank"> PubMed </a><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8606777/" class="link link-external pubmedcentral" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank"> PubMed Central </a></p> <p class="reference" id="j_jtim-2022-0003_ref_082"><span class="reference-label d-inlineblock me-4">82 </span><span class="reference-mixed-citation">Meng Y, Zhang H, Li Q, Xing P, Liu F, Cao K, et al. Noncontrast Magnetic Resonance Radiomics and Multilayer Perceptron Network Classifier: An approach for Predicting Fibroblast Activation Protein Expression in Patients With Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma. J Magn Reson Imaging 2021;54:1432-43.</span><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/jmri.27648" class="link link-external doi" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">10.1002/jmri.27648</a><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Meng%20Y%2C%20Zhang%20H%2C%20Li%20Q%2C%20Xing%20P%2C%20Liu%20F%2C%20Cao%20K%2C%20et%20al.%20Noncontrast%20Magnetic%20Resonance%20Radiomics%20and%20Multilayer%20Perceptron%20Network%20Classifier%3A%20An%20approach%20for%20Predicting%20Fibroblast%20Activation%20Protein%20Expression%20in%20Patients%20With%20Pancreatic%20Ductal%20Adenocarcinoma.%20J%20Magn%20Reson%20Imaging%202021%3B54%3A1432-43." class="link link-external googleScholar" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank">Search in Google Scholar</a><span class="newline"></span><a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33890347/" class="link link-external pubmed" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank"> PubMed </a></p> </span> </div><div class="publicationDates mb-3"><div class="publishedOnlineDate"><span class="label-publishedOnline"><span><strong>Published Online: </strong></span></span>2022-04-02</div></div><div class="copyrightStatement"><p>© 2022 Yun Bian, Hui Jiang, Jianming Zheng, Chengwei Shao, Jianping Lu, published by Sciendo</p></div><div class="licenseStatement"><p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.</p></div></div></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="modal" id="citationsModal" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-label='Cite this' aria-hidden="true"> <div class="modal-dialog modal-dialog-centered modal-lg" role="document"> <div class="modal-content bg-white"> <div class="modal-body"> <button type="button" class="btn-close float-end btn-modal-close" data-bs-dismiss="modal" aria-label='Close'></button> <div id="citations"> <div class="row pb-2"> <div class="col"> <div class="text-dark fw-bold">Cite this article</div> </div> </div> <div class="row p-2"> <div class="col-lg-auto ps-4 mb-3 mb-lg-0"> <ul class="nav d-flex flex-lg-column" id="citationSelector" role="tablist"> <li class="nav-item py-1" role="presentation"> <a class="nav-link citations py-0 font-size-14 active" id="MLA-tab" data-bs-toggle="tab" href="#MLA" role="tab" aria-controls="MLA" aria-selected="true"> <span class="text-primary fa fas fa-ok me-2"></span> <span class="font-family-standard text-dark">MLA</span> </a> </li> <li class="nav-item py-1" role="presentation"> <a class="nav-link citations py-0 font-size-14 " id="APA-tab" data-bs-toggle="tab" href="#APA" role="tab" aria-controls="APA" aria-selected="true"> <span class="text-primary fa fas fa-ok me-2"></span> <span class="font-family-standard text-dark">APA</span> </a> </li> <li class="nav-item py-1" role="presentation"> <a class="nav-link citations py-0 font-size-14 " id="Harvard-tab" data-bs-toggle="tab" href="#Harvard" role="tab" aria-controls="Harvard" aria-selected="true"> <span class="text-primary fa fas fa-ok me-2"></span> <span class="font-family-standard text-dark">Harvard</span> </a> </li> <li class="nav-item py-1" role="presentation"> <a class="nav-link citations py-0 font-size-14 " id="Chicago-tab" data-bs-toggle="tab" href="#Chicago" role="tab" aria-controls="Chicago" aria-selected="true"> <span class="text-primary fa fas fa-ok me-2"></span> <span class="font-family-standard text-dark">Chicago</span> </a> </li> <li class="nav-item py-1" role="presentation"> <a class="nav-link citations py-0 font-size-14 " id="Vancouver-tab" data-bs-toggle="tab" href="#Vancouver" role="tab" aria-controls="Vancouver" aria-selected="true"> <span class="text-primary fa fas fa-ok me-2"></span> <span class="font-family-standard text-dark">Vancouver</span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="col"> <div class="tab-content border pt-4 px-4" id="citationContent"> <div class="tab-pane fade show active" id="MLA" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="MLA-tab">Bian, Yun, Jiang, Hui, Zheng, Jianming, Shao, Chengwei and Lu, Jianping. "Basic pancreatic lesions: Radiologic-pathologic correlation" <i>Journal of Translational Internal Medicine</i>, vol. 10, no. 1, 2022, pp. 18-27. <a href='https://doi.org/10.2478/jtim-2022-0003'>https://doi.org/10.2478/jtim-2022-0003</a></div> <div class="tab-pane fade " id="APA" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="APA-tab">Bian, Y., Jiang, H., Zheng, J., Shao, C. & Lu, J. (2022). Basic pancreatic lesions: Radiologic-pathologic correlation. <i>Journal of Translational Internal Medicine</i>, <i>10</i>(1), 18-27. <a href='https://doi.org/10.2478/jtim-2022-0003'>https://doi.org/10.2478/jtim-2022-0003</a></div> <div class="tab-pane fade " id="Harvard" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="Harvard-tab">Bian, Y., Jiang, H., Zheng, J., Shao, C. and Lu, J. (2022) Basic pancreatic lesions: Radiologic-pathologic correlation. Journal of Translational Internal Medicine, Vol. 10 (Issue 1), pp. 18-27. <a href='https://doi.org/10.2478/jtim-2022-0003'>https://doi.org/10.2478/jtim-2022-0003</a></div> <div class="tab-pane fade " id="Chicago" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="Chicago-tab">Bian, Yun, Jiang, Hui, Zheng, Jianming, Shao, Chengwei and Lu, Jianping. "Basic pancreatic lesions: Radiologic-pathologic correlation" <i>Journal of Translational Internal Medicine</i> 10, no. 1 (2022): 18-27. <a href='https://doi.org/10.2478/jtim-2022-0003'>https://doi.org/10.2478/jtim-2022-0003</a></div> <div class="tab-pane fade " id="Vancouver" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="Vancouver-tab">Bian Y, Jiang H, Zheng J, Shao C, Lu J. Basic pancreatic lesions: Radiologic-pathologic correlation. <i>Journal of Translational Internal Medicine</i>. 2022;10(1): 18-27. <a href='https://doi.org/10.2478/jtim-2022-0003'>https://doi.org/10.2478/jtim-2022-0003</a></div> <div class="d-flex justify-content-center"><span id="citationCopied" aria-hidden="true">Copied to clipboard</span></div> </div> <div class="d-flex justify-content-between mt-2"> <div><a href="#" id="citationCopy" class="font-size-14">Copy to clipboard</a></div> <div> <span class="font-size-14">Download:</span> <a title='Download in BibTeX format' aria-label='Download in BibTeX format' class="ms-1 font-size-14" href="/document/doi/10.2478/jtim-2022-0003/machineReadableCitation/BibTeX">BibTeX</a> <a title='Download in EndNote format' aria-label='Download in EndNote format' class="ms-1 font-size-14" href="/document/doi/10.2478/jtim-2022-0003/machineReadableCitation/EndNote">EndNote</a> <a title='Download in RIS format' aria-label='Download in RIS format' class="ms-1 font-size-14" href="/document/doi/10.2478/jtim-2022-0003/machineReadableCitation/RIS">RIS</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="modal" id="socialModal" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-label='Share this' aria-hidden="true"> <div class="modal-dialog modal-dialog-centered modal-sm" role="document"> <div class="modal-content bg-white"> <div class="modal-body"> <button type="button" class="btn-close float-end btn-modal-close" data-bs-dismiss="modal" aria-label='Close'></button> <div id="share-this"> <div class="row bg-white"> <div class="text-dark fw-bold pb-2"> Share this article </div> <ul class="list-unstyled m-0"> <li> <a href="http://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.2478/jtim-2022-0003/html" class="btn btn-default linkToShare facebookColor ga_share_this_facebook" target="_blank"> <svg width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="d-inline-flex"> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M13.5655 22V12.877H16.6612L17.1247 9.32165H13.5655V7.05176C13.5655 6.0224 13.8544 5.32092 15.3467 5.32092L17.25 5.32009V2.14013C16.9208 2.0968 15.791 2 14.4765 2C11.7324 2 9.85365 3.65689 9.85365 6.69965V9.32165H6.75V12.877H9.85365V22H13.5655Z" fill="#555558" /> </svg> <span class="ms-2">Facebook</span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="http://twitter.com/intent/tweet?text=Basic+pancreatic+lesions%3A+Radiologic-pathologic+correlation+-+Read+on+https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.2478%2Fjtim-2022-0003%2Fhtml+%40degruyter_brill" class="btn btn-default linkToShare twitterColor ga_share_this_twitter" target="_blank"> <svg width="24px" height="24px" viewBox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="d-inline-flex"> <path d="M13.941 10.441 21.524 1.815H19.727L13.141 9.302 7.882 1.815H1.815L9.768 13.14 1.815 22.185H3.612L10.565 14.274 16.12 22.185H22.185L13.941 10.441ZM11.479 13.24 10.673 12.113 4.26 3.142H7.02L12.195 10.386 12.998 11.513 19.724 20.925H16.965L11.479 13.24Z" fill="#555558"/> </svg> <span class="ms-2">X / Twitter</span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="http://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.2478/jtim-2022-0003/html" class="btn btn-default linkToShare linkedinColor ga_share_this_Linkedin" target="_blank"> <svg width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="d-inline-flex"> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M3.47796 2C2.66169 2 2 2.64164 2 3.43268V20.5673C2 21.3586 2.66169 22 3.47796 22H20.522C21.3383 22 22 21.3586 22 20.5673V3.43268C22 2.64164 21.3383 2 20.522 2H3.47796ZM8.48683 6.90621C8.48683 7.76646 7.85538 8.45482 6.84087 8.45482L6.75734 8.45381C5.81786 8.42414 5.21429 7.74734 5.21429 6.90621C5.21429 6.0266 5.86495 5.35734 6.86012 5.35734C7.85538 5.35734 8.46792 6.0266 8.48683 6.90621ZM8.29551 9.67875V18.6431H5.38626V9.67875H8.29551ZM9.90536 18.6431H12.8145V13.637C12.8145 13.3691 12.8334 13.1014 12.9102 12.9099C13.1205 12.3746 13.5992 11.8202 14.4029 11.8202C15.4556 11.8202 15.8767 12.6423 15.8767 13.8474V18.6431H18.7857V13.503C18.7857 10.7496 17.3505 9.46839 15.4364 9.46839C13.8931 9.46839 13.2012 10.3371 12.8146 10.9479V9.67874H9.90536C9.94354 10.5199 9.90536 18.6431 9.90536 18.6431Z" fill="#555558"/> </svg> <span class="ms-2">LinkedIn</span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="modal" id="supplementaryModal" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-label='Supplementary Materials' aria-hidden="true"> <div class="modal-dialog modal-dialog-centered modal-l" role="document"> <div class="modal-content bg-white"> <div class="modal-body"> <button type="button" class="btn-close float-end btn-modal-close" data-bs-dismiss="modal" aria-label='Close'></button> <h3>Supplementary Materials</h3> <ul class="list-unstyled"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="modal" id="loginToPurchase" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-label='Please login or register with De Gruyter to order this product.' aria-hidden="true"> <div class="modal-dialog modal-dialog-centered modal-md" role="document"> <div class="modal-content bg-white"> <div class="modal-body"> <button type="button" class="btn-close float-end btn-modal-close" data-bs-dismiss="modal" aria-label='Close'></button> <div class="text-center"> <p>Please login or register with De Gruyter to order this product.</p> <a id="registerButtonSubmit" href="/register" class="btn btn-outline-primary">Register</a> <a id="loginButtonSubmit" href="/login" class="btn btn-primary">Log in</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-lg-3 bg-light"> <div class="sidebar py-5 px-4"> <div class="d-none d-sm-block mb-4"> <div class="alternateForms d-none"> <a href="/document/doi/10.2478/jtim-2022-0003/pdf?licenseType=open-access" data-doi="10.2478/jtim-2022-0003" class="ga_download_button_pdf_article downloadCompletePdfArticle downloadPdf btn btn-primary fw-bold py-2 w-100 vgwort-click"> <span>Download article (PDF)</span> <span class="fa fas fa-download-button"></span> </a> </div> </div> <div class="mb-3 subTitleGraySidebar">From the journal</div> <div class="d-flex pb-4"> <div class="d-inline-flex"> <a href="/journal/key/jtim/html" title="Journal of Translational Internal Medicine"><img class="coverImage ga_cover_image_product" alt="Journal of Translational Internal Medicine" src="/document/cover/journal_key/JTIM/thumbnail" srcset="/document/cover/journal_key/JTIM/product 2x" width="100" height="auto" loading="lazy"/></a> </div> <div class="flex-wrap px-2"> <div class="parentJournal"> <a class="fw-bold standardLinkProduct ga_product ga_parent ga_parent_journal" href="/journal/key/jtim/html">Journal of Translational Internal Medicine</a> </div> <div class="parentJournalIssue"> <a href="/journal/key/jtim/10/1/html" class="standardLinkProduct ga_parent"> Volume 10 Issue 1 </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="pb-4"> <a href="http://www.editorialmanager.com/jtim" class="btn btn-outline-primary fw-bold w-100 ga_submit">Submit manuscript</a> </div> <h2 class="subTitleProductPage"> Journal and Issue </h2> <div class="searchJournal"> <form class="pt-2 font-family-standard" action='/search/series/jtim?query='> <div class="input-group"> <input class="form-control rounded-start placeholderSmallText font-size-14 py-1" type="text" name="query" aria-label='Search journal' placeholder='Search journal'> <div class="input-group-append"> <button class="btn btn-primary rounded-end analyticsButton" aria-label='Search journal' type="submit"> <span class="fa fas fa-search ga_parent_search_button"></span> </button> </div> </div> <div class="form-check ps-0 pt-3 d-flex font-size-14"> <div class="custom-control custom-radio me-3"> <input class="custom-control-input" autocomplete="off" type="radio" aria-label='This issue' name="volumeIssue" id="searchThisJournalIssue" value="10|1" checked="checked"> <label class="custom-control-label" for="searchThisJournalIssue"> This issue </label> </div> <div class="custom-control custom-radio me-3"> <input class="custom-control-input" autocomplete="off" type="radio" aria-label='All issues' name="volumeIssue" id="searchAllJournalIssues" value=""> <label class="custom-control-label" for="searchAllJournalIssues"> All issues </label> </div> </div> <label><input hidden="hidden" name="documentVisibility" value="all"></label> </form> </div> <div class="listTocItems"> <h2 class="subTitleProductPage">Articles in the same Issue</h2> <div class="mt-3 tocItems border-bottom"> <div class='item '> <div class="tocItemContent w-100"> <span class="tocSectionHeader fw-bold two-line-ellipsis linkRegularSidebar my-2">Editorial</span> </div> </div> <div class='item border-top'> <div class="tocItemContent w-100"> <a class="ga_same_issue_article two-line-ellipsis linkRegularSidebar my-2 linkAnimation" href="/document/doi/10.2478/jtim-2022-0002/html">Single-nucleotide polymorphisms in medical nutritional weight loss: Challenges and future directions</a> </div> </div> <div class='item border-top'> <div class="tocItemContent w-100"> <span class="tocSectionHeader fw-bold two-line-ellipsis linkRegularSidebar my-2">Perspective</span> </div> </div> <div class='item border-top'> <div class="tocItemContent w-100"> <a class="ga_same_issue_article two-line-ellipsis linkRegularSidebar my-2 linkAnimation" href="/document/doi/10.2478/jtim-2022-0007/html">Current development of a nonpharmacological intervention approach for mild cognitive impairment patients and a clinical trial in China</a> </div> </div> <div class='item border-top'> <div class="tocItemContent w-100"> <a class="ga_same_issue_article two-line-ellipsis linkRegularSidebar my-2 linkAnimation" href="/document/doi/10.2478/jtim-2022-0009/html">Immune checkpoint inhibitor-related endocrinopathies</a> </div> </div> <div class='item border-top'> <div class="tocItemContent w-100"> <span class="tocSectionHeader fw-bold two-line-ellipsis linkRegularSidebar my-2">Commentary</span> </div> </div> <div class='item border-top'> <div class="tocItemContent w-100"> <a class="ga_same_issue_article two-line-ellipsis linkRegularSidebar my-2 linkAnimation" href="/document/doi/10.2478/jtim-2022-0008/html">10.2478/jtim-2022-0008</a> </div> </div> <div class='item border-top'> <div class="tocItemContent w-100"> <span class="tocSectionHeader fw-bold two-line-ellipsis linkRegularSidebar my-2">Review Article</span> </div> </div> <div class='item border-top'> <div class="tocItemContent w-100"> <span class="fw-bold two-line-ellipsis linkRegularSidebar my-2">Basic pancreatic lesions: Radiologic-pathologic correlation</span> </div> </div> <div class='item border-top'> <div class="tocItemContent w-100"> <a class="ga_same_issue_article two-line-ellipsis linkRegularSidebar my-2 linkAnimation" href="/document/doi/10.2478/jtim-2022-0011/html">Advances in the application of regenerative medicine in prevention of post-endoscopic submucosal dissection for esophageal stenosis</a> </div> </div> <div class='item border-top'> <div class="tocItemContent w-100"> <a class="ga_same_issue_article two-line-ellipsis linkRegularSidebar my-2 linkAnimation" href="/document/doi/10.2478/jtim-2022-0012/html">Inflammatory factors driving atherosclerotic plaque progression new insights</a> </div> </div> <div class='item border-top'> <div class="tocItemContent w-100"> <span class="tocSectionHeader fw-bold two-line-ellipsis linkRegularSidebar my-2">Original Article</span> </div> </div> <div class='item border-top'> <div class="tocItemContent w-100"> <a class="ga_same_issue_article two-line-ellipsis linkRegularSidebar my-2 linkAnimation" href="/document/doi/10.2478/jtim-2022-0032/html">Prevalence of left atrial septal pouch among patients with embolic stroke of undetermined source or stroke of known etiology: A retrospective study</a> </div> </div> <div class='item border-top'> <div class="tocItemContent w-100"> <a class="ga_same_issue_article two-line-ellipsis linkRegularSidebar my-2 linkAnimation" href="/document/doi/10.2478/jtim-2022-0004/html">Predicting survival for hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy of unresectable colorectal liver metastases: Radiomics analysis of pretreatment computed tomography</a> </div> </div> <div class='item border-top'> <div class="tocItemContent w-100"> <a class="ga_same_issue_article two-line-ellipsis linkRegularSidebar my-2 linkAnimation" href="/document/doi/10.2478/jtim-2021-0043/html">Dysregulation of miR-144-5p/RNF187 axis contributes to the progression of colorectal cancer</a> </div> </div> <div class='item border-top'> <div class="tocItemContent w-100"> <span class="tocSectionHeader fw-bold two-line-ellipsis linkRegularSidebar my-2">Letter to Editor</span> </div> </div> <div class='item border-top'> <div class="tocItemContent w-100"> <a class="ga_same_issue_article two-line-ellipsis linkRegularSidebar my-2 linkAnimation" href="/document/doi/10.2478/jtim-2022-0006/html">The first patient with sporadic Huntington’s disease due to a <em>de novo</em> (CAG)n expansion in China</a> </div> </div> <div class='item border-top'> <div class="tocItemContent w-100"> <a class="ga_same_issue_article two-line-ellipsis linkRegularSidebar my-2 linkAnimation" href="/document/doi/10.2478/jtim-2022-0010/html">Hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis post hysteroscopy: A place for balanced solutions?</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <img class="vgwort" src="https://degruyter.met.vgwort.de/na/vgzm.139533-10.2478-jtim-2022-0003" height="1" width="1" border="0" alt=""/> <script nonce="UqdhW8mFEkTMtbscWyW7Dw==" src='/assets/lib/pdfjs-dist/build/b48eed8da5b6208c90435ec6e9e1a295-pdf.min.js'></script> </main> <footer class="bg-dark" role="contentinfo"> <nav class="content-wrapper" aria-label="Static pages"> <div class="footerContainer"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12 col-lg-6 pb-3"> <div class="border-bottom pb-3 mb-3"><a class="ga_footer text-white footerLevel1Font linkAnimation" href="/publishing/subjects">Subjects</a></div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12 col-sm-4"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> <li><a class="ga_footer text-white footerLevel2Font linkAnimation" href="/search?query=*&subjectFacet=AD">Architecture and Design</a></li> <li><a class="ga_footer text-white footerLevel2Font linkAnimation" href="/search?query=*&subjectFacet=AR">Arts</a></li> <li><a class="ga_footer text-white footerLevel2Font linkAnimation" href="/search?query=*&subjectFacet=AS">Asian and Pacific Studies</a></li> <li><a class="ga_footer text-white footerLevel2Font linkAnimation" href="/search?query=*&subjectFacet=EC">Business and Economics</a></li> <li><a class="ga_footer text-white footerLevel2Font linkAnimation" href="/search?query=*&subjectFacet=CH">Chemistry</a></li> <li><a class="ga_footer text-white footerLevel2Font linkAnimation" href="/search?query=*&subjectFacet=CL">Classical and Ancient Near Eastern Studies</a></li> <li><a class="ga_footer text-white footerLevel2Font linkAnimation" href="/search?query=*&subjectFacet=CO">Computer Sciences</a></li> <li><a class="ga_footer text-white footerLevel2Font linkAnimation" href="/search?query=*&subjectFacet=CS">Cultural Studies</a></li> <li><a class="ga_footer text-white footerLevel2Font linkAnimation" href="/search?query=*&subjectFacet=EN">Engineering</a></li> <li><a class="ga_footer text-white footerLevel2Font linkAnimation" href="/search?query=*&subjectFacet=GL">General Interest</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-12 col-sm-4"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> <li><a class="ga_footer text-white footerLevel2Font linkAnimation" href="/search?query=*&subjectFacet=GS">Geosciences</a></li> <li><a class="ga_footer text-white footerLevel2Font linkAnimation" href="/search?query=*&subjectFacet=HI">History</a></li> <li><a class="ga_footer text-white footerLevel2Font linkAnimation" href="/search?query=*&subjectFacet=IC">Industrial Chemistry</a></li> <li><a class="ga_footer text-white footerLevel2Font linkAnimation" href="/search?query=*&subjectFacet=IS">Islamic and Middle Eastern Studies</a></li> <li><a class="ga_footer text-white footerLevel2Font linkAnimation" href="/search?query=*&subjectFacet=JS">Jewish Studies</a></li> <li><a class="ga_footer text-white footerLevel2Font linkAnimation" href="/search?query=*&subjectFacet=LA">Law</a></li> <li><a class="ga_footer text-white footerLevel2Font linkAnimation" href="/search?query=*&subjectFacet=LB">Library and Information Science, Book Studies</a></li> <li><a class="ga_footer text-white footerLevel2Font linkAnimation" href="/search?query=*&subjectFacet=LF">Life Sciences</a></li> <li><a class="ga_footer text-white footerLevel2Font linkAnimation" href="/search?query=*&subjectFacet=LS">Linguistics and Semiotics</a></li> <li><a class="ga_footer text-white footerLevel2Font linkAnimation" href="/search?query=*&subjectFacet=LT">Literary Studies</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-12 col-sm-4"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> <li><a class="ga_footer text-white footerLevel2Font linkAnimation" href="/search?query=*&subjectFacet=MS">Materials Sciences</a></li> <li><a class="ga_footer text-white footerLevel2Font linkAnimation" href="/search?query=*&subjectFacet=MT">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a class="ga_footer text-white footerLevel2Font linkAnimation" href="/search?query=*&subjectFacet=MD">Medicine</a></li> <li><a class="ga_footer text-white footerLevel2Font linkAnimation" href="/search?query=*&subjectFacet=MU">Music</a></li> <li><a class="ga_footer text-white footerLevel2Font linkAnimation" href="/search?query=*&subjectFacet=PM">Pharmacy</a></li> <li><a class="ga_footer text-white footerLevel2Font linkAnimation" href="/search?query=*&subjectFacet=PL">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a class="ga_footer text-white footerLevel2Font linkAnimation" href="/search?query=*&subjectFacet=PY">Physics</a></li> <li><a class="ga_footer text-white footerLevel2Font linkAnimation" href="/search?query=*&subjectFacet=SN">Social Sciences</a></li> <li><a class="ga_footer text-white footerLevel2Font linkAnimation" href="/search?query=*&subjectFacet=SR">Sports and Recreation</a></li> <li><a class="ga_footer text-white footerLevel2Font linkAnimation" href="/search?query=*&subjectFacet=TL">Theology and Religion</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-12 col-lg-6 pb-3"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12 col-sm-4 pb-3"> <div class="border-bottom pb-3 mb-3"><a class="ga_footer text-white footerLevel1Font linkAnimation" href="/publishing/services">Services</a></div> <ul class="list-unstyled"> <li><a class="ga_footer text-white footerLevel2Font linkAnimation" href="/publishing/for-authors/for-journal-authors">For Journal Authors</a></li> <li><a class="ga_footer text-white footerLevel2Font linkAnimation" href="/publishing/for-authors/for-book-authors">For Book Authors</a></li> <li><a class="ga_footer text-white footerLevel2Font linkAnimation" href="/publishing/services/for-librarians">For Librarians</a></li> <li><a class="ga_footer text-white footerLevel2Font linkAnimation" href="/publishing/services/rights-and-permissions">Rights & Permissions</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-12 col-sm-4 pb-3"> <div class="border-bottom pb-3 mb-3"><a class="ga_footer text-white footerLevel1Font linkAnimation" href="/publishing/publications">Publications</a></div> <ul class="list-unstyled"> <li><a class="ga_footer text-white footerLevel2Font linkAnimation" href="/publishing/publications/publicationtypes">Publication types</a></li> <li><a class="ga_footer text-white footerLevel2Font linkAnimation" href="/publishing/publications/openaccess">Open Access</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-12 col-sm-4 pb-3"> <div class="border-bottom pb-3 mb-3"><a class="ga_footer text-white footerLevel1Font linkAnimation" href="/publishing/about-us">About</a></div> <ul class="list-unstyled"> <li><a class="ga_footer text-white footerLevel2Font linkAnimation" href="/publishing/about-us/contact">Contact</a></li> <li><a class="ga_footer text-white footerLevel2Font linkAnimation" href="/publishing/about-us/careers">Career</a></li> <li><a class="ga_footer text-white footerLevel2Font linkAnimation" href="/publishing/about-us/about-dg">About De Gruyter</a></li> <li><a class="ga_footer text-white footerLevel2Font linkAnimation" href="/publishing/about-us/publisher-partners">Partnerships</a></li> <li><a class="ga_footer text-white footerLevel2Font linkAnimation" href="/publishing/about-us/press">Press</a></li> <li><a class="ga_footer text-white footerLevel2Font linkAnimation" href="/publishing/about-us/faqs">FAQs</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="row d-none d-sm-flex"> <div class="col-6"> <div class="border-bottom pb-3 mb-3 text-white footerLevel1Font">Social</div> <ul class="list-unstyled" style="columns: 2;"> <li> <a class="ga_footer iconLinkAnimation text-nowrap" href="https://www.facebook.com/degruyter.publishers" target="_blank" aria-label='Link to Facebook'> <svg width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="d-inline-flex" aria-hidden="true" alt='Link to Facebook'> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M13.5655 22V12.877H16.6612L17.1247 9.32165H13.5655V7.05176C13.5655 6.0224 13.8544 5.32092 15.3467 5.32092L17.25 5.32009V2.14013C16.9208 2.0968 15.791 2 14.4765 2C11.7324 2 9.85365 3.65689 9.85365 6.69965V9.32165H6.75V12.877H9.85365V22H13.5655Z" fill="#555558"/> </svg> <span class="text-white footerLevel2Font ms-2 linkAnimation d-none d-sm-inline-flex">Facebook</span> </a> </li> <li> <a class="ga_footer iconLinkAnimation text-nowrap" href="https://www.instagram.com/degruyter_brill/" target="_blank" aria-label='Link to Instagram'> <svg width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="d-inline-flex" aria-hidden="true" alt='Link to Instagram'> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M7.87709 2.05993C8.94354 2.01127 9.28421 1.99976 12 1.99976C14.7159 1.99976 15.0566 2.01127 16.1231 2.06013C17.1875 2.10852 17.9144 2.27755 18.5505 2.52458C19.2179 2.77573 19.8224 3.16945 20.3219 3.67826C20.8306 4.17776 21.2242 4.78223 21.4753 5.44949C21.7225 6.08558 21.8915 6.81249 21.9401 7.87694C21.9888 8.94341 22.0003 9.28412 22.0003 12C22.0003 14.7159 21.9888 15.0564 21.9401 16.1231C21.8915 17.1875 21.7225 17.9144 21.4753 18.5505C20.9558 19.8938 19.8939 20.9557 18.5506 21.4752C17.9146 21.7224 17.1877 21.8914 16.1232 21.94C15.0568 21.9887 14.7161 22.0002 12.0002 22.0002C9.28434 22.0002 8.94379 21.9887 7.87717 21.94C6.81277 21.8914 6.08587 21.7224 5.44974 21.4752C4.78248 21.2241 4.17803 20.8304 3.67853 20.3217C3.16982 19.8222 2.77619 19.2178 2.52509 18.5505C2.27787 17.9144 2.10884 17.1875 2.06025 16.1231C2.01139 15.0566 1.99988 14.7159 1.99988 12C1.99988 9.28408 2.01139 8.94341 2.06025 7.87694C2.10864 6.81249 2.27767 6.08558 2.52469 5.44945C2.77589 4.78216 3.16962 4.17769 3.67845 3.67822C4.17795 3.16951 4.78241 2.77588 5.44967 2.52477C6.08575 2.27755 6.81265 2.10852 7.87709 2.05993ZM6.99685 11.9968C6.99685 9.23536 9.23548 6.99673 11.997 6.99673C14.7584 6.99673 16.9971 9.23536 16.9971 11.9968C16.9971 14.7583 14.7584 16.9969 11.997 16.9969C9.23548 16.9969 6.99685 14.7583 6.99685 11.9968ZM12 15.2499C10.2051 15.2499 8.75 13.7948 8.75001 11.9999C8.75002 10.2049 10.2051 8.74988 12 8.74989C13.7949 8.7499 15.25 10.205 15.25 11.9999C15.25 13.7948 13.7949 15.2499 12 15.2499ZM17 6.99989C17.5523 6.99989 18 6.55217 18 5.99989C18 5.4476 17.5523 4.99989 17 4.99989C16.4477 4.99989 16 5.4476 16 5.99989C16 6.55217 16.4477 6.99989 17 6.99989Z" fill="#555558"/> </svg> <span class="text-white footerLevel2Font ms-2 linkAnimation d-none d-sm-inline-flex">Instagram</span> </a> </li> <li> <a class="ga_footer iconLinkAnimation text-nowrap" href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/de-gruyter" target="_blank" aria-label='Link to Linkedin'> <svg width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="d-inline-flex" aria-hidden="true" alt='Link to LinkedIn'> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M3.47796 2C2.66169 2 2 2.64164 2 3.43268V20.5673C2 21.3586 2.66169 22 3.47796 22H20.522C21.3383 22 22 21.3586 22 20.5673V3.43268C22 2.64164 21.3383 2 20.522 2H3.47796ZM8.48683 6.90621C8.48683 7.76646 7.85538 8.45482 6.84087 8.45482L6.75734 8.45381C5.81786 8.42414 5.21429 7.74734 5.21429 6.90621C5.21429 6.0266 5.86495 5.35734 6.86012 5.35734C7.85538 5.35734 8.46792 6.0266 8.48683 6.90621ZM8.29551 9.67875V18.6431H5.38626V9.67875H8.29551ZM9.90536 18.6431H12.8145V13.637C12.8145 13.3691 12.8334 13.1014 12.9102 12.9099C13.1205 12.3746 13.5992 11.8202 14.4029 11.8202C15.4556 11.8202 15.8767 12.6423 15.8767 13.8474V18.6431H18.7857V13.503C18.7857 10.7496 17.3505 9.46839 15.4364 9.46839C13.8931 9.46839 13.2012 10.3371 12.8146 10.9479V9.67874H9.90536C9.94354 10.5199 9.90536 18.6431 9.90536 18.6431Z" fill="#555558"/> </svg> <span class="text-white footerLevel2Font ms-2 linkAnimation d-none d-sm-inline-flex">LinkedIn</span> </a> </li> <li> <a class="ga_footer iconLinkAnimation text-nowrap" href="https://twitter.com/degruyter_brill" target="_blank" aria-label='Link to Twitter'> <svg width="24px" height="24px" viewBox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" class="d-inline-flex" alt='Link to X / Twitter'> <path d="M13.941 10.441 21.524 1.815H19.727L13.141 9.302 7.882 1.815H1.815L9.768 13.14 1.815 22.185H3.612L10.565 14.274 16.12 22.185H22.185L13.941 10.441ZM11.479 13.24 10.673 12.113 4.26 3.142H7.02L12.195 10.386 12.998 11.513 19.724 20.925H16.965L11.479 13.24Z" fill="#555558"/> </svg> <span class="text-white footerLevel2Font ms-2 linkAnimation d-none d-sm-inline-flex">X / Twitter</span> </a> </li> <li> <a class="ga_footer iconLinkAnimation text-nowrap" href="https://www.youtube.com/c/DegruyterPublishers" target="_blank" aria-label='Link to Youtube'> <svg width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="d-inline-flex" aria-hidden="true" alt='Link to YouTube'> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M19.7885 5.42336C20.6513 5.65671 21.3252 6.33037 21.5586 7.19274C22.2192 9.85067 22.0666 14.0485 21.5715 16.809C21.338 17.6713 20.6641 18.345 19.8014 18.5784C18.2493 19.0015 12.0027 19.0015 12.0027 19.0015C12.0027 19.0015 5.75609 19.0015 4.20405 18.5784C3.34133 18.345 2.66741 17.6713 2.43396 16.809C1.76954 14.1626 1.95168 9.96222 2.42113 7.20557C2.65458 6.34319 3.3285 5.66954 4.19123 5.43618C5.74326 5.01307 11.9899 5.00024 11.9899 5.00024C11.9899 5.00024 18.2365 5.00024 19.7885 5.42336ZM15.5714 12.0009L9.85714 15.1512V8.85068L15.5714 12.0009Z" fill="#555558"/> </svg> <span class="text-white footerLevel2Font ms-2 linkAnimation d-none d-sm-inline-flex">YouTube</span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-6"> <div><img src='/assets/images/0f0f306f30d5f2d2f68caab6976dc637-dg-logo-footer.svg' height="100%" width="auto" alt="De Gruyter" /></div> <div class="my-4"> <a class="d-flex" target="_blank" href="https://blog.degruyter.com/de-gruyter-wins-the-best-publisher-ux-award/" style="text-decoration: none;"> <img class="oa_award" src='/assets/images/80cca219a7e93410593d2bf03850db70-Open-Athens-Logo_Icon-White.svg' height="100%" width="100%" alt="Open-Athens" /> <span class="footerCopyright text-start ms-3"> <span class="linkAnimation lh-base"><b>Winner</b> of the OpenAthens<br>Best Publisher UX Award 2022</span> </span> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row d-sm-none"> <div class="col-12"> <div class="border-bottom mb-5"></div> <ul class="list-unstyled d-flex justify-content-center mb-4"> <li> <a class="ga_footer iconLinkAnimation text-nowrap" href="https://www.facebook.com/degruyter.publishers" target="_blank" aria-label='Link to Facebook'> <svg width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="d-inline-flex" aria-hidden="true" alt='Link to Facebook'> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M13.5655 22V12.877H16.6612L17.1247 9.32165H13.5655V7.05176C13.5655 6.0224 13.8544 5.32092 15.3467 5.32092L17.25 5.32009V2.14013C16.9208 2.0968 15.791 2 14.4765 2C11.7324 2 9.85365 3.65689 9.85365 6.69965V9.32165H6.75V12.877H9.85365V22H13.5655Z" fill="#555558"/> </svg> <span class="text-white footerLevel2Font ms-2 linkAnimation d-none d-sm-inline-flex">Facebook</span> </a> </li> <li> <a class="ga_footer iconLinkAnimation text-nowrap" href="https://www.instagram.com/degruyter_brill/" target="_blank" aria-label='Link to Instagram'> <svg width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="d-inline-flex" aria-hidden="true" alt='Link to Instagram'> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M7.87709 2.05993C8.94354 2.01127 9.28421 1.99976 12 1.99976C14.7159 1.99976 15.0566 2.01127 16.1231 2.06013C17.1875 2.10852 17.9144 2.27755 18.5505 2.52458C19.2179 2.77573 19.8224 3.16945 20.3219 3.67826C20.8306 4.17776 21.2242 4.78223 21.4753 5.44949C21.7225 6.08558 21.8915 6.81249 21.9401 7.87694C21.9888 8.94341 22.0003 9.28412 22.0003 12C22.0003 14.7159 21.9888 15.0564 21.9401 16.1231C21.8915 17.1875 21.7225 17.9144 21.4753 18.5505C20.9558 19.8938 19.8939 20.9557 18.5506 21.4752C17.9146 21.7224 17.1877 21.8914 16.1232 21.94C15.0568 21.9887 14.7161 22.0002 12.0002 22.0002C9.28434 22.0002 8.94379 21.9887 7.87717 21.94C6.81277 21.8914 6.08587 21.7224 5.44974 21.4752C4.78248 21.2241 4.17803 20.8304 3.67853 20.3217C3.16982 19.8222 2.77619 19.2178 2.52509 18.5505C2.27787 17.9144 2.10884 17.1875 2.06025 16.1231C2.01139 15.0566 1.99988 14.7159 1.99988 12C1.99988 9.28408 2.01139 8.94341 2.06025 7.87694C2.10864 6.81249 2.27767 6.08558 2.52469 5.44945C2.77589 4.78216 3.16962 4.17769 3.67845 3.67822C4.17795 3.16951 4.78241 2.77588 5.44967 2.52477C6.08575 2.27755 6.81265 2.10852 7.87709 2.05993ZM6.99685 11.9968C6.99685 9.23536 9.23548 6.99673 11.997 6.99673C14.7584 6.99673 16.9971 9.23536 16.9971 11.9968C16.9971 14.7583 14.7584 16.9969 11.997 16.9969C9.23548 16.9969 6.99685 14.7583 6.99685 11.9968ZM12 15.2499C10.2051 15.2499 8.75 13.7948 8.75001 11.9999C8.75002 10.2049 10.2051 8.74988 12 8.74989C13.7949 8.7499 15.25 10.205 15.25 11.9999C15.25 13.7948 13.7949 15.2499 12 15.2499ZM17 6.99989C17.5523 6.99989 18 6.55217 18 5.99989C18 5.4476 17.5523 4.99989 17 4.99989C16.4477 4.99989 16 5.4476 16 5.99989C16 6.55217 16.4477 6.99989 17 6.99989Z" fill="#555558"/> </svg> <span class="text-white footerLevel2Font ms-2 linkAnimation d-none d-sm-inline-flex">Instagram</span> </a> </li> <li> <a class="ga_footer iconLinkAnimation text-nowrap" href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/de-gruyter" target="_blank" aria-label='Link to Linkedin'> <svg width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="d-inline-flex" aria-hidden="true" alt='Link to LinkedIn'> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M3.47796 2C2.66169 2 2 2.64164 2 3.43268V20.5673C2 21.3586 2.66169 22 3.47796 22H20.522C21.3383 22 22 21.3586 22 20.5673V3.43268C22 2.64164 21.3383 2 20.522 2H3.47796ZM8.48683 6.90621C8.48683 7.76646 7.85538 8.45482 6.84087 8.45482L6.75734 8.45381C5.81786 8.42414 5.21429 7.74734 5.21429 6.90621C5.21429 6.0266 5.86495 5.35734 6.86012 5.35734C7.85538 5.35734 8.46792 6.0266 8.48683 6.90621ZM8.29551 9.67875V18.6431H5.38626V9.67875H8.29551ZM9.90536 18.6431H12.8145V13.637C12.8145 13.3691 12.8334 13.1014 12.9102 12.9099C13.1205 12.3746 13.5992 11.8202 14.4029 11.8202C15.4556 11.8202 15.8767 12.6423 15.8767 13.8474V18.6431H18.7857V13.503C18.7857 10.7496 17.3505 9.46839 15.4364 9.46839C13.8931 9.46839 13.2012 10.3371 12.8146 10.9479V9.67874H9.90536C9.94354 10.5199 9.90536 18.6431 9.90536 18.6431Z" fill="#555558"/> </svg> <span class="text-white footerLevel2Font ms-2 linkAnimation d-none d-sm-inline-flex">LinkedIn</span> </a> </li> <li> <a class="ga_footer iconLinkAnimation text-nowrap" href="https://twitter.com/degruyter_brill" target="_blank" aria-label='Link to Twitter'> <svg width="24px" height="24px" viewBox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" class="d-inline-flex" alt='Link to X / Twitter'> <path d="M13.941 10.441 21.524 1.815H19.727L13.141 9.302 7.882 1.815H1.815L9.768 13.14 1.815 22.185H3.612L10.565 14.274 16.12 22.185H22.185L13.941 10.441ZM11.479 13.24 10.673 12.113 4.26 3.142H7.02L12.195 10.386 12.998 11.513 19.724 20.925H16.965L11.479 13.24Z" fill="#555558"/> </svg> <span class="text-white footerLevel2Font ms-2 linkAnimation d-none d-sm-inline-flex">X / Twitter</span> </a> </li> <li> <a class="ga_footer iconLinkAnimation text-nowrap" href="https://www.youtube.com/c/DegruyterPublishers" target="_blank" aria-label='Link to Youtube'> <svg width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="d-inline-flex" aria-hidden="true" alt='Link to YouTube'> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M19.7885 5.42336C20.6513 5.65671 21.3252 6.33037 21.5586 7.19274C22.2192 9.85067 22.0666 14.0485 21.5715 16.809C21.338 17.6713 20.6641 18.345 19.8014 18.5784C18.2493 19.0015 12.0027 19.0015 12.0027 19.0015C12.0027 19.0015 5.75609 19.0015 4.20405 18.5784C3.34133 18.345 2.66741 17.6713 2.43396 16.809C1.76954 14.1626 1.95168 9.96222 2.42113 7.20557C2.65458 6.34319 3.3285 5.66954 4.19123 5.43618C5.74326 5.01307 11.9899 5.00024 11.9899 5.00024C11.9899 5.00024 18.2365 5.00024 19.7885 5.42336ZM15.5714 12.0009L9.85714 15.1512V8.85068L15.5714 12.0009Z" fill="#555558"/> </svg> <span class="text-white footerLevel2Font ms-2 linkAnimation d-none d-sm-inline-flex">YouTube</span> </a> </li> </ul> <div class="mx-5 mb-2"> <a class="d-flex justify-content-center" target="_blank" href="https://www.openathens.net/news/winner-best-publisher-ux-award-2022/" style="text-decoration: none;"> <img class="oa_award" src='/assets/images/80cca219a7e93410593d2bf03850db70-Open-Athens-Logo_Icon-White.svg' height="100%" width="100%" alt="Open-Athens" /> <span class="footerCopyright text-start ms-3"> <span class="linkAnimation lh-base"><b>Winner</b> of the OpenAthens<br>Best Publisher UX Award 2022</span> </span> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-12"> <div class="border-bottom mb-4"></div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12 col-lg-8"> <ul class="list-unstyled d-flex flex-wrap justify-content-around justify-content-lg-start paddLiRight"> <li><a class="ga_footer text-white footerLevel2Font linkAnimation" href="/publishing/about-us/new-website-faqs">Help/FAQ</a></li> <li><a class="ga_footer text-white footerLevel2Font linkAnimation" href="/publishing/our-privacy-policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li><a class="ga_footer text-white footerLevel2Font linkAnimation" href="/publishing/our-cookie-policy">Cookie Policy</a></li> <li><a class="ga_footer text-white footerLevel2Font linkAnimation" href="/publishing/accessibility">Accessibility</a></li> <li><a class="ga_footer text-white footerLevel2Font linkAnimation" href="/publishing/terms-conditions">Terms & Conditions</a></li> <li><a class="ga_footer text-white footerLevel2Font linkAnimation" href="/publishing/imprints">Legal Notice</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-12 col-lg-4 d-flex justify-content-center justify-content-lg-end"> <div class="footerCopyright pt-1">© Walter de Gruyter GmbH 2024</div> </div> <div class="col-12 text-center d-sm-none"> <div class="mt-5"><img src='/assets/images/dcb5aecb586bd5336d1428d326e8dccf-dg-logo-footer-mobile.svg' height="100%" width="auto" alt="De Gruyter" /></div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </footer> <div class="printFooter"> <span>Downloaded on 3.12.2024 from https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.2478/jtim-2022-0003/html</span> </div>  <a class="scroll-up-button d-sm-none" id="scrollUpButton" href="#mainHeader"> <img alt='Scroll to top button' src='/assets/images/2a1093d067525528af2f87c7296d39e1-scroll-arrow.svg'> </a> <script nonce="UqdhW8mFEkTMtbscWyW7Dw==" src='/assets/javascripts/02f217ac44f30e20572ec9be327266f9-clipboard-polyfill.js' defer="defer" crossorigin="use-credentials"></script> <script nonce="UqdhW8mFEkTMtbscWyW7Dw==" src='/assets/javascripts/f4a7cebacca43a770afd837b68a7eed8-autoComplete.min.js' defer="defer" crossorigin="use-credentials"></script> <script nonce="UqdhW8mFEkTMtbscWyW7Dw==" src='/assets/javascripts/f62fc03e44df2f5efad9611016f07366-custom-elements.min.js' defer="defer" crossorigin="use-credentials"></script> <script nonce="UqdhW8mFEkTMtbscWyW7Dw==" src='/assets/javascripts/7ccd9d390d31af98110f74f842ea9b32-bootstrap.js' type="module" crossorigin="use-credentials"></script> <div id="lang-code" data-code="en"></div> <script nonce="UqdhW8mFEkTMtbscWyW7Dw==" src='/assets/javascripts/99bb3afb087e75c3dca1083e14a397a0-cookie-control.js' type="module" defer="defer" crossorigin="use-credentials"></script> <script nonce="UqdhW8mFEkTMtbscWyW7Dw==" src='/assets/javascripts/6acc668691121f867b851f59f7c39e66-main-immediate.js' crossorigin="use-credentials"></script> <script nonce="UqdhW8mFEkTMtbscWyW7Dw==" src='/assets/javascripts/29ddfbae4f53ec4977b4a9bcc806c99b-main.js' type="module" crossorigin="use-credentials"></script> <script nonce="UqdhW8mFEkTMtbscWyW7Dw==" src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id=GTM-PMNKTQ5&gtm_auth=JraP3pn8iVUkqNIGYl03AA&gtm_preview=env-2' defer="defer" async="async"></script>  <script nonce="UqdhW8mFEkTMtbscWyW7Dw==" src='https://connect.liblynx.com/log/js/counter5.js' async="async" defer="defer"></script>  <script nonce="UqdhW8mFEkTMtbscWyW7Dw==" src="https://badge.dimensions.ai/badge.js" async="async" defer="defer" charset="utf-8"></script>  <script nonce="UqdhW8mFEkTMtbscWyW7Dw==" src="https://d1bxh8uas1mnw7.cloudfront.net/assets/embed.js" async="async" defer="defer" charset="utf-8"></script> </body> </html>

CINXE.COM

Basic pancreatic lesions: Radiologic-pathologic correlation