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id="auteur"> <span>Author Definition</span> </h2> <div class="section__content"> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-apercu" class="definition-section-title">Definition</h3> <div class="crayon article-chapo-113390 apercu surlignable"><p>A trade secret is information that has commercial value to an organization due to its secrecy, is not known outside of the organization, and the continuing secrecy of which the organization has taken reasonable measures to protect. Trade secrets may include information embodied in documents, electronic records, products and other media, as well as information known to individuals. The EU and some other jurisdictions exclude from the definition of trade secrets trivial information or experience/skills gained by employees during the normal course of their employment and information that is generally known among, or is readily accessible to, persons within the circles that normally deal with the kind of information in question.</p></div> </div> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-texte" class="definition-section-title">Commentary</h3> <div class="crayon article-texte-113390 texte surlignable"><p><i>A Form of Intellectual Property</i></p> <p>Though information, per se, has often been considered to be beyond the reach of property law, trade secrets have, at least in the U.S., been recognized as a form of intellectual property (see <i>Kewanee v. Bicron</i> (U.S. 1974), <i>Rockwell v. DEV</i> (7th Cir. 1991), <i>U.S. v. DuPont</i> (D. Del. 1953)).</p> <p><i>Codification of Trade Secrecy Laws</i></p> <p>Prior to the 1970s, the unauthorized acquisition and use of another’s secret information in the United States and Europe was actionable under a variety of common law and statutory theories including property, contract, bailment, trust, <a href="https://www.concurrences.com/en/dictionary/unfair-competition">unfair competition</a>, and unjust enrichment (Bone, 1998; Graves, 2013). Article 10bis of the 1967 revision of the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property requires member states to provide protection against acts of unfair competition, which include “any act of competition contrary to honest practices in industrial or commercial matters”, but the Convention does not mention secret information specifically.</p> <p>In 1979, after a decade of deliberation, in the U.S. the National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws adopted the text of the Uniform Trade Secrets Act (UTSA), a model statute proposed for adoption in the individual U.S. states. As of May 2023, the UTSA has been adopted, in some form, by all U.S. states except New York (which continues to recognize trade secrets under its common law). At the U.S. federal level, the 1996 Economic Espionage Act (EEA) created criminal liability for the theft of trade secrets, though relatively few prosecutions have been brought. Given perceived inadequacies of the EEA, in 2016 Congress enacted the Defending Trade Secrets Act (DTSA) (18 U.S.C. § 1836 et seq.), a general civil trade secrecy statute modelled on the UTSA.</p> <p>In 2016, the European Union also adopted a trade secrecy directive in order to harmonize inconsistent national regimes (Directive No. 2016/943, Directive on the protection of undisclosed know-how and business information (trade secrets) against their unlawful acquisition, use and disclosure). Trade secrets are also addressed, albeit briefly, in Article 39 of the WTO’s Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS), on which the EU Directive is largely based (Niebel et al. 2018).</p> <p><i>Trade Secrets Distinguished from Other Confidential Information and Know-How</i></p> <p>While all trade secrets are confidential, not all confidential information qualifies for trade secret protection (Graves, 2013). For example, trade secrets must generally have commercial value. Accordingly, private information held by organizations concerning, for example, employee health conditions or retirement savings, or much of the personal information contained in corporate email correspondence, would often fail to qualify as trade secrets. In addition, information that may be accessible from sources outside the organization may still be considered confidential by an organization and thus subject to contractual confidentiality obligations without legal trade secret status.</p> <p><i>Protection Measures</i></p> <p>In most jurisdictions, a condition for trade secrecy protection is that the owner took reasonable measures to ensure the continued secrecy of trade secret information. Yet few statutes offer significant guidance regarding the types of measures that will qualify as reasonable. Among the measures recommended by commentators to preserve the trade secret status of an organization’s information are: establishing a written policy detailing the organization’s means for handling trade secrets, identifying and documenting trade secrets, valuing and classifying trade secrets based on their relative values, appropriately marking documents containing trade secret information, implementing trade secrecy procedures in employee and third party agreements, designating a trade secret protection officer, implementing physical and technical security measures to limit access to secret information, tracking access and use of trade secret information and conducting thorough entry and exit interviews of employees (Nachtrab 2019).</p> <p><i>Duration</i></p> <p>Unlike other forms of intellectual property that have specified durations (e.g., 20 years for patents, and the life of the author plus 70 years for copyrights), trade secrets have no defined expiration. Rather, they retain their protected status for so long as the necessary conditions for trade secrecy are satisfied. It is for this reason that the famous formula for <a href="https://www.coca-cola.co.uk/our-business/faqs/is-the-coca-cola-formula-kept-secret-because-the-company-has-something-to-hide" class="spip_out" rel="external">Coca-Cola has allegedly remained a trade secret for more than 130 years</a>.</p> <p><i>Misappropriation</i></p> <p>Most trade secrecy laws give the owner of a trade secret a civil remedy for the unauthorized acquisition, use or disclosure of a trade secret (often referred to as “misappropriation”). Under the USTA and DTSA, misappropriation may be found if information is acquired by “improper means”, which includes “theft, bribery, misrepresentation, breach or inducement of a breach of a duty to maintain secrecy, or espionage through electronic or other means.” Article 39(1) of the TRIPS Agreement and the EU Directive speak, rather, in terms of the acquisition of information in a manner that is “contrary to honest commercial practices,” which includes “breach of contract, breach of confidence and inducement to breach, and includes the acquisition of undisclosed information by third parties who knew, or were grossly negligent in failing to know, that such practices were involved in the acquisition.”</p> <p><i>Permitted Acquisitions and Disclosures of Trade Secrets</i></p> <p>In general, the following means of acquiring information are not considered to constitute trade secret misappropriation: independent invention; "reverse engineering" (starting with a known product and working backward to find the method by which it was developed); discovery under a license from the owner of the trade secret; observation of an item in public use or on public display; or from published literature. Article 5 of the EU Directive sets out additional exceptions when a trade secret is acquired or disclosed (a) in support of the right to freedom of expression and information, including freedom and pluralism of the media; (b) for revealing misconduct, wrongdoing or illegal activity; (c) by workers to their labor representatives; or (d) for the purpose of protecting a legitimate interest recognised by the EU or national law.</p> <p><i>Compulsory Licensing of Trade Secrets</i></p> <p>Trade secrets are not covered by the compulsory licensing provisions of Article 31 of the TRIPS Agreement, which relates solely to patents. Beginning in 2020, trade secrets attracted significant global attention in the debate over manufacturing technology for COVID-19 vaccines. Commentators observed that, even without patent barriers, the manufacture of advanced biological products would not be feasible without significant transfers of secret manufacturing knowledge by current producers (Levine and Sarnoff, 2023). These observations led to calls for governmental intervention and potential compulsory disclosures of manufacturing know-how (ibid.).</p></div> </div> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-jurisprudence" class="definition-section-title">Case references</h3> <div class="crayon article-reference-113390 reference"><p>Kewanee Oil Co. v. Bicron Corp., 416 U.S. 470, 478 (1974)</p> <p>Rockwell Graphic Sys., Inc. v. DEV Indus., 925 F.2d 174, 180 (7th Cir. 1991)</p> <p>United States v. E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., 118 F. Supp. 41 (D. Del. 1953)</p></div> </div> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-biblio" class="definition-section-title">Bibliography</h3> <div class="crayon article-ps-113390 jurisprudence"><p>Robert G. Bone, ‘A New Look at Trade Secret Law: Doctrine in Search of Justification,’ (1998) 86 <i>California Law Review</i> 241</p> <p>Charles Tait Graves, ‘Trade Secrecy and Common Law Confidentiality: The Problem of Multiple Regimes’ (2013) in Rochelle C. Dreyfuss & Katherine J. Strandburg, <i>The Law and Theory of Trade Secrecy: A Handbook of Contemporary Research</i> 75 (Edward Elgar)</p> <p>David S. Levine, Joshua D. Sarnoff, ‘Compelling Trade Secret Sharing’ (2023) 74 <i>Hastings Law Journal</i> 987</p> <p>Kevin Nachtrab, ‘Protecting Organizational Trade Secrets In View Of The EU Trade Secrets Directive’ (2019) 54(3) <i>Les Nouvelles</i> 232</p> <p>Rembert Niebel, Lorenzo de Martinis, Birgit Clark, ‘The EU Trade Secrets Directive: all change for trade secret protection in Europe?’ (2018) 13 <i>Journal of Intellectual Property Law & Practice</i> 445</p></div> </div> </div> </div> <aside class="section__aside side-col"> <div class="miniplan miniplan_definition sticky-top" id="definition-index"> <ul class="nav nav-list"> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/business-secrets#part-apercu" data-target="#part-apercu">Definition</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/business-secrets#part-texte" data-target="#part-texte">Commentary</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/business-secrets#part-jurisprudence" data-target="#part-jurisprudence">Case references</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/business-secrets#part-biblio" data-target="#part-biblio">Bibliography</a></li> </ul> </div> <h2>Author</h2> <div class="auteurs"> <ul class="liste-items liste-items-well"> <li class="item"><div class="entry auteur" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <strong class="entry-title"> <a href="en/authors/jorge-l-contreras" itemprop="url"> <span class='logo-img-wrapper spip_logo' style="width:50px;"><span class="img" style="display:block;position:relative;height:0;width:100%;padding-bottom:100%;overflow:hidden;background:url(local/cache-vignettes/L100xH100/auton51183-04e08.png?1711359209) no-repeat center;background-size:100%;"> </span></span> <span itemprop="name" class="nom">Jorge L. Contreras</span></a> </strong> <div class="entry-content"> <span class='organisation' itemprop="worksFor" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">University of Utah (Salt Lake City)</span> </div> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="pays">United States</span> <span class="articles"><em>6</em> contributions</span> <span class="visites"><em>4481</em> visits</span> </div> </div></li> </ul> </div> <div class="well citation"> <h2>Quotation</h2> <article class="entry article article-dictionary hentry"> <span class="authors">Jorge L. Contreras, </span> <span class="entry-title">Trade Secrets</span><span class="rubrique"><span class="sep">, </span> Global Dictionary of Competition Law, Concurrences, Art. N° 85884</span> </article> </div> <div class="well stats"> <p><i class="picto picto-eye"></i> <b>Visits</b> <em class="number">2059</em></p> </div> </aside> </div> </section> <section class="section section_primary section_cols section_author scrollable-anchor"> <div class="section__container"> <div class="section__main"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="institution"> <span>Institution Definition</span> </h2> <div class="section__content"> <div class="crayon article-texte-85884 texte surlignable"><p>According to article 2 of the Directive (EU) 2016/943 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 8 June 2016 on the protection of undisclosed know-how and business information (trade secrets) against their unlawful acquisition, use and disclosure : "‘trade secret’ means information which meets all of the following requirements: (a) it is secret in the sense that it is not, as a body or in the precise configuration and assembly of its components, generally known among or readily accessible to persons within the circles that normally deal with the kind of information in question; (b) it has commercial value because it is secret; (c) it has been subject to reasonable steps under the circumstances, by the person lawfully in control of the information, to keep it secret" <strong>©</strong> <a href="IMG/pdf/directive_eu_2016_943_of_the_european_parliament_and_of_the_council_of_8_june_2016.pdf?39150/d429aae2a6e4762a78fbd21cccd7c1988c1a9232ce6d7000c2f0aed1680d1bfa" class="spip_in" type='application/pdf'><strong>European Parliament and Council of the European Union</strong></a></p></div> </div> </div> <aside class="section__aside side-col"></aside> </div> </section> <section class="section section_primary section_cols section_references scrollable-anchor"> <div class="section__container"> <div class="section__main"> <section class="subsection subsection_jurisprudence related-section related-jurisprudence scrollable-anchor"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="related-jurisprudence"> <span id="references">Case Comments</span> </h2> <div class="liste articles articles-related"> <div class="liste-items"> <div class='ajaxbloc' data-ajax-env='1yXvQhWtuyjR679leW1J6LF5ouVc/7Nxyre6GMOC+4Hz7xjBG3sqOzi05LWd1daPvZtpS/YKxN/mWThDMDFELs90JCqLBdDkKQ3c520BfF2vOBlBERsCWu9i0GM12nX75Hc+aaZaD9p1Xh7TDk/HMA6o9oBfv+f/weLi0NLFyrBv/8KRpj5neSYFXGKECjV4eTiR1sALsjjGt4uFKmo93Gm9o1qjYd7J99pEBc8bThfYTmSWn4dORwIe5sRRGUqbWC3s9y8ze/2gUgdK4rPr9+oLTWY7hDn3DgQ8lqL+pJgt3xaoPP2De164h57jTrYhogNoYofNU3xVQGPjxaUcLRkpI2Ng9QuqRA==' data-origin="//en/dictionary/business-secrets"> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/amol-parikh">Amol Parikh</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/a-shane-nichols">A. Shane Nichols</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/jodi-benassi">Jodi Benassi</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/brian-mead">Brian Mead</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/april-2024/the-us-ftc-bans-non-compete-agreements-jeopardising-trade-secret-protections" rel="bookmark">The US FTC bans non-compete agreements jeopardising trade secret protections</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-04-22T22:00:00Z">23 April 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-118844 introduction entry-content"> <p>On April 23, 2024, in a move that will have significant ramifications for employment contracts and intellectual property (IP) rights, the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) issued a rule banning all future noncompete agreements nationwide with limited exceptions. The rule marks a pivotal moment for (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/alain-ronzano">Alain Ronzano</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-3-2024/alertes/business-secret-the-court-of-jurisdictional-conflict-declares-that-the-action" rel="bookmark"><strong>Business Secret</strong> : The Court of Jurisdictional Conflict declares that the action aimed at stopping and preventing an illicit infringement of trade secrets, resulting from the communication by the Authority of elements previously protected under trade secrets, within the framework of contesting the declassification by the instructional services, falls under the jurisdiction of the judicial court <em>(JCDecaux / Clear Channel)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-04-21T22:00:00Z">22 April 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-118895 introduction entry-content"> <p>It will be remembered that a conflict arose between the judicial and administrative courts, as a result of developments in the investigation of a complaint by Clear Channel France against the practices of its competitor JCDecaux, concerning the jurisdiction to hear actions - parallel or (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/christophe-lemaire">Christophe Lemaire</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/guillaume-vatin">Guillaume Vatin</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-3-2024/chroniques/business-secret-the-french-court-of-conflicts-rules-that-an-action-aimed-at" rel="bookmark"><strong>Business Secret</strong> : The French Court of Conflicts rules that an action aimed at halting and preventing an unlawful breach of business secrecy resulting from the communication by the Authority of material declassified by it falls within the jurisdiction of the courts <em>(JCDecaux / Clear Channel)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-04-21T22:00:00Z">22 April 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-120141 introduction entry-content"> <p>In a decision dated April 22, 2024, the Tribunal des conflits ruled that an action to halt and prevent an unlawful infringement of business secrecy resulting from the communication by the Autorité de la concurrence [hereinafter, the "Authority"] of material declassified by it falls within the (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/jean-michel-vertut">Jean-Michel Vertut</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-1-2024/alerts/written-agreement-and-delay-for-signature-the-court-of-appeal-recognizes-it" rel="bookmark"><strong>Written agreement</strong>: The Versailles Court of Appeal recognizes its jurisdiction to rule on an action for damages against a supplier from a retailer fined for delay in signing the agreement and recognizes its standing to bring such an action, but dismisses the action on the grounds of demonstrating the fault of its supplier <em>(Interdis/ Procter et Gamble France)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-12-20T23:00:00Z">21 December 2023</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-118174 introduction entry-content"> <p>Facts. With a view to the 2019 commercial agreements, the "Envergure" central purchasing unit, created as part of a partnership between the Carrefour and Système U groups to negotiate with the groups’ largest suppliers and acting on behalf of SNC Interdis ("the distributor"), itself the (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/alain-ronzano">Alain Ronzano</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-1-2024/alerts/business-secret-the-french-supreme-court-requires-the-general-rapporteur-of-the" rel="bookmark"><strong>Business secret</strong>: The French Supreme Court requires the General Rapporteur of the Competition Authority to give specific reasons for declassifying documents protected by business secrecy </em>(X)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-12-19T23:00:00Z">20 December 2023</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-117638 introduction entry-content"> <p>In a highly instructive ruling handed down on December 20, 2023the Commercial Chamber of the French Supreme Court (Cour de cassation) has put an end to certain abuses observed in the declassification by the investigating departments of the French Competition Authority (Autorité de la (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/christophe-lemaire">Christophe Lemaire</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/guillaume-vatin">Guillaume Vatin</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-2-2024/chroniques/118646" rel="bookmark"><strong>Business Secrets</strong>: The French Supreme Court confirms an order by the First President of the Paris Court of Appeal requiring the General Reporter of the Competition Authority to give specific reasons for his decisions to declassify business secrets <em>(JCDecaux / Clear Channel)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-12-19T23:00:00Z">20 December 2023</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-118646 introduction entry-content"> <p>In a ruling dated December 20, 2023, the French Supreme Court (Cour de cassation) reminded the General Rapporteur of the French Competition Authority [hereinafter the "Authority"] that its decisions to declassify documents protected by business secrecy must be accompanied by a detailed statement (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/alain-ronzano">Alain Ronzano</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-1-2024/alerts/legal-privilege-the-french-supreme-court-censures-part-of-the-justice-bill-for" rel="bookmark"><strong>Legal privilege</strong>: The French Supreme Court censures part of the Justice Bill for procedural non-conformity due to the paragraph extending legal privilege to in-house counsel</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-11-15T23:00:00Z">16 November 2023</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-115589 introduction entry-content"> <p>It will be recalled that, by letter dated October 16, 2023, the president of the La France insoumise - Nupes parliamentary group, Mathilde Panot, had referred to the Constitutional Council the Ministry of Justice Orientation and Programming Bill 2023-2027 as adopted by Parliament on October 11, (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/alain-ronzano">Alain Ronzano</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-3-2022/alertes/business-secrets-the-french-competition-authority-publishes-a-redacted-version" rel="bookmark"><strong>Business secrets:</strong> The French Competition Authority publishes a redacted version of Decision N° 19-MC-01 and withdraws the one that disregarded the protection granted to business secrets by the general reporter (<em>Amadeus / Google</em>)</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2022-06-28T22:00:00Z">29 June 2022</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-107291 introduction entry-content"> <p>It took more than twelve days for the Competition Authority to comply... <br class='autobr' /> On June 29, 2022, taking note of the judgment of the Paris Court of Appeal of June 16, 2022 ordering it to withdraw the version of the decision on interim measures published on January 31, 2019 on its website as well as (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/alain-ronzano">Alain Ronzano</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-4-2022/alertes/business-secrets-the-paris-court-of-appeal-orders-the-authority-s-college-to" rel="bookmark"><strong>Business secrets:</strong> The Paris Court of Appeal orders the Authority’s College to respect the protection of business secrecy granted by the Reporter General and enjoins it to republish its decision on interim measures against Google in order to conceal its business secrets (<em>Google</em>)</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2022-06-15T22:00:00Z">16 June 2022</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-107085 introduction entry-content"> <p>On June 16, 2022, after more than three years of proceedings concerning the sole question of the competent jurisdiction to hear a request made by a respondent company to order the Authority to republish a decision in order to conceal business secrets, the Google companies finally obtained a (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/christophe-lemaire">Christophe Lemaire</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/marie-florent">Marie Florent</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-4-2022/chroniques/business-secrecy-the-paris-court-of-appeal-orders-the-french-competition" rel="bookmark"><strong>Business secrecy</strong>: The Paris Court of Appeal orders the French Competition Authority to publish a new version of a decision in order to hide certain information protected as business secrets by decision of the Reporter General <em>(Google)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2022-06-15T22:00:00Z">16 June 2022</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-109575 introduction entry-content"> <p>On June 16, 2022, the Paris Court of Appeal, a court designated as having jurisdiction by the Tribunal des conflits after three years of proceedings (on the procedure for designating the competent court, see Christophe Lemaire, Adèle Azzi, Secret des affaires: The Conseil d’Etat declines (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/alain-ronzano">Alain Ronzano</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-2-2022/alertes/competence-the-french-supreme-court-refers-to-the-court-of-conflicts-after-the" rel="bookmark"><strong>Competence:</strong> The French Supreme Court refers to the Court of Conflicts, after the Court of Paris has declined jurisdiction to hear challenges to the Competition Authority’s communication policy on its contentious decisions, the task of deciding on the competent court order (<em>Roche</em>)</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2022-01-04T23:00:00Z">5 January 2022</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-104646 introduction entry-content"> <p>When the French Competition Authority practices "name and shame",... the Commercial Chamber of the Court of Cassation, hesitating on the order of jurisdiction to deal with a possible challenge of the communication outside the framework of the Authority, decides to refer to the Court of Conflicts (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/toshio-dokei">Toshio Dokei</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/hideo-nakajima">Hideo Nakajima</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/takako-onoki">Takako Onoki</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/december-2021/the-japanese-ftc-and-government-release-guidelines-for-business-collaboration" rel="bookmark">The Japanese FTC and Government release guidelines for business collaboration with and investment in startups</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2021-12-22T23:00:00Z">23 December 2021</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-104707 introduction entry-content"> <p>On December 23, 2021, the Japan Fair Trade Commission ("JFTC") and Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry ("METI") proposed a draft of Guidelines for Business Collaboration with Startups and Investment in Startups ("Guidelines") for the purpose of promoting open innovation and ensuring fair and (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/hanns-peter-nehl">Hanns Peter Nehl</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/november-2021/the-austrian-supreme-court-confirms-that-a-postal-service-abused-its-dominance" rel="bookmark">The Austrian Supreme Court confirms that a postal service abused its dominance by awarding quantity rebates on a discriminatory basis <em>(Österreichische Post)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2021-11-10T23:00:00Z">11 November 2021</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-108199 introduction entry-content"> <p>1. Factual and legal background <br class='autobr' /> By judgment of 11 November 2021 in Case 16 Ok 3/21h, the Austrian Supreme Court acting as appellate court in competition matters (Oberster Gerichtshof als Kartellobergericht) confirmed the Vienna Cartel Court’s first instance judgment holding that (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/jean-michel-vertut">Jean-Michel Vertut</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-1-2022/alertes/investigations-and-confidentiality-the-french-suprem-court-considers-that-the" rel="bookmark">Investigations and confidentiality: The French Suprem Court considers that the confidentiality of contracts accessed during an investigation and used as a support of the request for an authorization to conduct a dawn raid investigation does not allow to cancel the authorization thus given (<em>Autorité de la concurrence / Swarovski France</em>)</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2021-10-18T22:00:00Z">19 October 2021</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-104559 introduction entry-content"> <p>Cet article a fait l’objet d’une première publication dans la Lettre de la distribution publiée par le Centre du Droit de l’Entreprise de l’Université de Montpellier. <br class='autobr' /> Faits et procédure. Aux fins d’établir si la société Swarovski France et des sociétés du même groupe se livraient à des (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/jean-louis-fourgoux">Jean-Louis Fourgoux</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-3-2021/chroniques/transposition-the-french-government-adopts-the-ordinance-transposing-directive-en" rel="bookmark"><strong> Transposition :</strong> The French Government adopts the ordinance transposing Directive (EU) 2019/633 of 17 April 2019 on unfair commercial practices in business-to-business relations within the agricultural and food supply chain, so that it is applicable to relations between suppliers and purchasers in this chain, without a turnover requirement</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2021-06-29T22:00:00Z">30 June 2021</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-101916 introduction entry-content"> <p>The ordinance amends the Commercial Code on the form of agency contracts known as NIPs (Art. L. 441-4, VII and L. 443-2, I. para. 2 C. com.), on payment periods for perishable agricultural and food products which may not exceed 30 days after the date of delivery or, in the case of periodic (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="pagination more"><a id='pagination_articles_related' class='pagination_ancre'></a> <ul class="pager"> <li class="next"><a href='//en/dictionary/business-secrets?debut_articles_related=15#pagination_articles_related' class='lien_pagination more' rel='next'>More…</a></li> </ul></div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="subsection subsection_articles related-section related-articles scrollable-anchor"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="related-articles"> <span>Articles</span> </h2> <div class="liste articles articles-related"> <div class="liste-items"> <div class='ajaxbloc' data-ajax-env='1yX1QhWtpyjR6PNYp2rlidJmX05gy+SDy6ijHMJCZ55CIKtWtOwxTdmDyKO/JtvTxq+fSutD/dTfHGvd8lUxPfzUDf7Po7pcUo8tFbI2yt74cUmBPpbDupMvEdxh7F5UbZo9LGdt2aV3UzRgNhcxlA6pkTNjjbY/cN66X2+tVtSdYlzVrXh6foPovcmW8BacR3bcrTo11gxLhgRCULZ3p5F0MfYbdPa7FwQfTjhSBKdGty16//HwyhTZ0wnOyYRIrH9m/g1oCfpthvjBL8KiCvz4ulOT4n3D9Z/LEFaEeQ/di3p93lhWaPgIoGzRNb7ogh8eEYu+3nIhKWmHqlHj6u+c6SM=' data-origin="//en/dictionary/business-secrets"> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/genevieve-rigolot">Geneviève Rigolot</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/pascal-wilhelm">Pascal Wilhelm</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-3-2019/conferences/disclosure-and-business-secrecy-3rd-private-enforcement-conference-the-current" rel="bookmark">Disclosure and business secrecy (3rd Private Enforcement Conference: The current state of private enforcement in the EU and France - Paris Court of Appeal, March 28th, 2019)</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2019-08-31T22:00:00Z">September 2019</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-90915 introduction entry-content"> <p>Practices of the Commercial Court of Paris with regard to the search for evidence <br class='autobr' /> Geneviève Rigolot President, Chamber of Competition, Paris Commercial Court <br class='autobr' /> For a long time, the Paris Commercial Court has endeavored to improve the procedures by which a litigant can search for the (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/wouter-wils">Wouter Wils</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-1-2019/articles/legal-professional-privilege-in-eu-antitrust-enforcement-law-policy-procedure-90634" rel="bookmark">Legal professional privilege in EU antitrust enforcement: Law, policy & procedure</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2019-01-31T23:00:00Z">February 2019</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-90634 introduction entry-content"> <p>This paper discusses the law, policy and procedure of legal professional privilege in EU antitrust enforcement. 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This is an area in which common law jurisdictions and (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/gary-zanfagna">Gary Zanfagna</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/richard-g-parker">Richard Parker</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-3-2017/interview/gary-zanfagna-honeywell-antitrust-compliance-from-the-inside-84400-en" rel="bookmark">Gary Zanfagna (Honeywell): Antitrust compliance from the inside</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2017-08-31T22:00:00Z">September 2017</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-84400 introduction entry-content"> <p>In this interview, Gary Zanfagna talks about his experience as Chief Antitrust Counsel and Associate General Counsel of Honeywell International, and notably about the antitrust issues of a global acting company. <br class='autobr' /> Interview conducted by Richard G. 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Increased coordination among competition authorities around the world creates new considerations for parties to multinational deals, requiring them to balance the need to (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/paul-nihoul">Paul Nihoul</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/tadeusz-skoczny">Tadeusz Skoczny</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-1-2016/livres/procedural-fairness-in-competition-proceedings-paul-nihoul" rel="bookmark">Procedural Fairness in Competition Proceedings, Paul NIHOUL and Tadeusz SKOCZNY</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2016-01-31T23:00:00Z">February 2016</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-104404 introduction entry-content"> <p>This section selects books on themes related to competition laws and economics. 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The survey usually covers publication over the last three months after publication of the latest issue of (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Alexander-Italianer">Alexander Italianer</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/bruno-lasserre">Bruno Lasserre</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/louis-vogel">Louis Vogel</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Marc-Jaeger">Marc Jaeger</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-4-2014/conferences/exchange-of-confidential-information-in-private-competition-law-enforcement-10" rel="bookmark">Exchange of confidential information in private competition law enforcement <em>(10 ans d’application du règlement 1/2003 et de la loi luxembourgeoise relative à la concurrence, Luxembourg-Kirchberg, 6 juin 2014)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2014-11-30T23:00:00Z">December 2014</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-69497 introduction entry-content"> <p>This collection of articles broaches the sensitive topic regarding exchange of confidential information in private competition law enforcement. Issues deriving from this subject were tackled at the roundtable moderated by the President of the EU General Court, M. Marc Jaeger, on the occasion of (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/frank-gentin">Frank Gentin</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/muriel-chagny">Muriel Chagny</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-4-2014/interview/frank-gentin-french-commercial-court-commercial-judge-natural-judge-of-the-en" rel="bookmark">Frank Gentin (French Commercial Court) : Commercial judge, natural judge of the competition litigation</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2014-11-30T23:00:00Z">December 2014</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-69391 introduction entry-content"> <p>Interview conducted by Muriel Chagny, University Versailles-Saint-Quentin en Yvelines. <br class='autobr' /> 1. The court over which you preside has just held its first Competition Forum on 12 September 2014. What were the objectives? What were the lessons learned? <br class='autobr' /> Over the last 10 years, the decisions of the (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/thomas-sely">Thomas Sely</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-1-2014/pratiques/internal-investigations-keeping-data-and-risk-under-control" rel="bookmark">Internal investigations : Keeping data and risk under control</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2014-01-31T23:00:00Z">February 2014</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-62212 introduction entry-content"> <p>Internal investigations may include an electronic documents review component to better detect corporate wrongdoings such as anti-competitive behavior. However, in France and other European countries, handling corporate electronic data may raise many issues related to labor law, privacy and data (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/alain-ronzano">Alain Ronzano</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-2-2006/revues/review-of-competition-journals-european-competition-law-review-world" rel="bookmark">Competition journals: Nov. 2005 - Oct. 2006</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2006-04-30T22:00:00Z">May 2006</time></p> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Elie-Raimond">Elie Raimond</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/philippe-emmanuel-partsch">Philippe-Emmanuel Partsch</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-4-2013/international/state-of-competition-law-in-luxembourg-further-to-the-2011-reform" rel="bookmark">State of competition law in Luxembourg further to the 2011 reform</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2013-11-30T23:00:00Z">December 2013</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-57661 introduction entry-content"> <p>Le développement d’une culture de la concurrence est récent au Grand-Duché de Luxembourg et remonte pour ainsi dire au règlement (CE) 1/2003. Il a dans un premier temps été freiné par des conflits entre les deux entités instituées pour appliquer le droit de la concurrence, l’Inspection et le (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/alain-ronzano">Alain Ronzano</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/bastien-thomas">Bastien Thomas</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/christelle-adjemian">Christelle Adjémian</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/emmanuel-frot">Emmanuel Frot</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/mathilde-brabant">Mathilde Brabant</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-3-2013/revues/revue-des-revues-european-competition-law-review-world-competition-european" rel="bookmark">Competition journals: April - June 2013</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2013-08-31T22:00:00Z">September 2013</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-53045 introduction entry-content"> <p>1. General - Scope of application <br class='autobr' /> The ambivalence of the aims and technical instruments of competition law > J.-P. CHAZAL, T. PICOT and D. WAKED (Cah. dr. entr., May 2013, n° 3, Interview, p. 0) <br class='autobr' /> Focusing on the ambivalence of the aims and technical instruments of competition law, this (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/american-bar-association-128763">American Bar Association Antitrust Law Section</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-2-2013/livres/business-torts-and-unfair-competition-handbook-ed-3-american-bar-association" rel="bookmark">Business Torts and Unfair Competition Handbook (ed.3), American Bar Association</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2013-04-30T22:00:00Z">May 2013</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-104809 introduction entry-content"> <p>This section selects books on themes related to competition laws and economics. This compilation does not attempt to be exhaustive but rather a survey of themes important in the area. The survey usually covers publication over the last three months after publication of the latest issue of (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/bernard-amory">Bernard Amory</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/david-tayar">David Tayar</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Nadine-Mouy">Nadine Mouy</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/nathalie-jalabert-doury">Nathalie Jalabert-Doury</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/serge-clerckx-1799">Serge Clerckx</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-4-2012/dossier/the-pre-notification-phase" rel="bookmark">The pre-notification phase</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2012-11-30T23:00:00Z">December 2012</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-49237 introduction entry-content"> <p>The pre-notification phase has proved to be a useful mean to address “upfront” many of the issues that a concentration may raise, without being bound by the strict timetable of the formal review process. It works well but there is arguably still some room for improvement. <br class='autobr' /> The pre-notification (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/alain-ronzano">Alain Ronzano</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/bastien-thomas">Bastien Thomas</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/christelle-adjemian">Christelle Adjémian</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/emmanuel-frot">Emmanuel Frot</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-4-2012/revues/revue-des-revues-european-competition-law-review-world-competition-european" rel="bookmark">Competition journals: July - Sept. 2012</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2012-11-30T23:00:00Z">December 2012</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-49310 introduction entry-content"> <p>1. General - Scope of application <br class='autobr' /> Moody’s note: the agricultural sector in the face of competition law, a topic for the campaign? , L. Givry and P. Guibert (RLDA May 2012, 71, No. 4044, p. 80) <br class='autobr' /> The advisory function of the Competition Authority, a new regulatory instrument? M. BAZEX (D. Adm., (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="pagination more"><ul class="pager"> <li class="next"><a href='//en/dictionary/business-secrets?debut_articles_related=15#pagination_articles_related' class='lien_pagination more' rel='next'>More…</a></li> </ul></div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="subsection related-section related-articles scrollable-anchor"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="related-events"> <span>Events</span> </h2> <div class="liste articles articles-related"> <div class="liste-items"> <div class='ajaxbloc' data-ajax-env='1yX1RhK9uyjRgDNl7LBaB1UbEJa9mBdvJiym28KEYkLV0CpWRbkUzcl2+58wa7TRDxv7vtF879TX6VUoEeInbs8G1nTY126YqxgkgSIc6GA8C9v/MMujHvgHFFM1to8XRnUakKsJCtu6Aa9unPhTRqRyjFXyvQCRKwFyG2Y03NvDPWE3gRau35LzMGwuW7gChwuoNDAAhmyTN5cAbu3hayqnILpLVBDwql+J6BSOUv231IhU2b04nDkDPg7ewoNvyqYxx2ogZvP7TB+nOTKwZJC+eF7EZChhhG9BcAEqmJo2I87pN+cJnyzVZrvQDESZae50UiU7kkCB3CzHA4ae/MVhzf7Z' data-origin="//en/dictionary/business-secrets"> <div class="item short"> <article 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article-intro-95054 introduction entry-content"><p>3rd Webinar of the « 5th Private Enforcement Conference » organised by Concurrences, in partnership with Dechert and Deloitte, with <a href="en/authors/anne-sophie-chone-grimaldi" class="spip_in">Anne-Sophie Choné</a> (Professor, University Paris Nanterre), <a href="en/auteurs/dominique-gilles" class="spip_in">Dominique Gilles</a> (Counsellor, Paris Court of Appeal), <a href="en/authors/gildas-de-muizon" class="spip_in">Gildas de Muizon</a> (Partner, Head of the Economic Advisory practice, Deloitte), <a href="en/authors/nathalie-dostert" class="spip_in">Nathalie Dostert</a> (Vice President, Paris Commercial Court) and <a href="en/authors/melanie-thill-tayara" class="spip_in">Mélanie Thill-Tayara</a> (Partner, Dechert).</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/etienne-pfister">Etienne Pfister</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/nathalie-dostert">Nathalie Dostert</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/pascale-dechamps">Pascale Déchamps</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Vincent-Jaunet">Vincent Jaunet</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/private-enforcement-versus-public-enforcement-how-to-assess-the-damage" rel="bookmark">Private enforcement versus public enforcement: How to assess the damage?</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2015-12-01T11:00:00Z">1 December 2015</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-82996 introduction entry-content"><p>Law & Economics Workshop organized by Concurrences Review in partnership with Magenta and Oxera.</p></div> </article></div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="subsection subsections_books related-section related-articles scrollable-anchor"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="related-books"> <span>Books</span> </h2> <div class="liste articles articles-related"> <div class="liste-items"> <h3 class="">Chapters</h3> <div class='ajaxbloc' data-ajax-env='1yXvQhWtuyjR679liUnaJZGMqWUCEbNxysds58EEd4wRQHP2TWCMC71u2zM9XLkdDUE2V4CdTcmDQQbp/Ze6aY8VxGVH6BLvk1mVxklu4EmppArVdGeVEl8KEOYE2Htxbpq7uP4xDBCJJjfSMHemeEoKsF0gyeXOfd9aCp2E0rAM6m7IeRgsQep3U1z0WFjJDXbQ3O6JBVLv51Y2v+nqJ2pp3oyLkfhgwU6GC627ap6NESl6/7HQyhTZ0wleZAbu7Xeo2KA0Gp+2u2f+e73mfIe7FHCO+Onn3SmxqFHw8IijSms4qvjP4ptXvLmExklEdcrIYwGixpOEGqVeBWtMOEGJWUUdS7g=' data-origin="//en/dictionary/business-secrets"> <div class='item short'>  <article class="entry article article-doc-livre hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/nathalie-jalabert-doury">Nathalie Jalabert-Doury</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/livre/competition-inspections-under-eu-law-a-practitioner-s-guide-629#id=63958" rel="bookmark">Competition Inspections under EU Law - A Practitioner’s Guide <small>VII. The Search, Review and Copy of Relevant Information</small></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2020-11-09T23:00:00Z"><span class="dm"><span class="d">10 </span><span class="m">Nov</span></span><span class="y"> 2020</span></time></p> <div class="introduction entry-content">Inspections Upon Decision (Regulation 1/2003, Article 20(4)) Competition Inspections under EU Law – N. Jalabert-Doury109 VII. The Search, Review and Copy of Relevant Information The search, review and copy of relevant information is the task that absorbs most of the inspection team's resources (…)</div> </article> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> </div> <aside class="section__aside side-col"> <div class="miniplan miniplan_related sticky-top" id="related-index"> <ul class="nav nav-list"> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/business-secrets#related-jurisprudence" data-target="#related-jurisprudence">Case Comments</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/business-secrets#related-articles" data-target="#related-articles">Articles</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/business-secrets#related-events" data-target="#related-events">Events</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/business-secrets#related-books" data-target="#related-books">Books</a></li> </ul> </div> </aside> </div> </section> <div class="index-overlay collapse" id="index"> <span class="arrow-top"></span> <button class="close">×</button> <div class="glossaire-index"> <div class="main"> <div class="index"> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/business-secrets#a" data-anchor="#a">a</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/business-secrets#b" data-anchor="#b">b</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/business-secrets#c" data-anchor="#c">c</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/business-secrets#d" data-anchor="#d">d</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/business-secrets#e" data-anchor="#e">e</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/business-secrets#f" data-anchor="#f">f</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/business-secrets#g" data-anchor="#g">g</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/business-secrets#h" data-anchor="#h">h</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/business-secrets#i" data-anchor="#i">i</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/business-secrets#j" data-anchor="#j">j</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/business-secrets#k" data-anchor="#k">k</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/business-secrets#l" data-anchor="#l">l</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/business-secrets#m" data-anchor="#m">m</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/business-secrets#n" data-anchor="#n">n</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/business-secrets#o" data-anchor="#o">o</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/business-secrets#p" data-anchor="#p">p</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/business-secrets#r" data-anchor="#r">r</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/business-secrets#s" data-anchor="#s">s</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/business-secrets#t" data-anchor="#t">t</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/business-secrets#u" data-anchor="#u">u</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/business-secrets#v" data-anchor="#v">v</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/business-secrets#w" data-anchor="#w">w</a> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="a"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">a</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/absolute-territorial-protection">Absolute territorial protection </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/abuse-of-dominant-position-en">Abuse of dominant position</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/abuse-of-economic-dependence">Abuse of economic dependence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/access-to-the-file-en">Access to the file</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/actual-competitor">Actual competitor </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/administered-prices">Administered prices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/advisory-committee-118302">Advisory committee</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/agent-en">Agent</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/agreement-notion-en">Agreement (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/ai-collusion-algorithm">AI Collusion (Algorithm)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/AKZO-Procedure">AKZO Procedure </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/amicus-curiae">Amicus curiae</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/ancillary-restraints">Ancillary restraints </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/annulment">Annulment</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/anticompetitive-market-distortions">Anticompetitive Market Distortions</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/anticompetitive-object-or-effect-en">Anticompetitive object or effect</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/anticompetitive-practices">Anticompetitive practices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Antitrust">Antitrust</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/applicable-law">Applicable law</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/arbitration">Arbitration</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/article-11-letter">Article 11 letter </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/artificial-intelligence">Artificial Intelligence </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/aec-as-efficient-competitor-principle-and-test">As-Efficient Competitor (AEC)</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="b"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">b</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/barriers-to-entry-en">Barriers to entry</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/bertrand-nash-equilibrium">Bertrand (Nash) equilibrium</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/bid-rigging">Bid rigging</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/block-exemption-regulation">Block exemption (Regulation) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/boycott">Boycott</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/brand-competition-en">Brand competition</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/bundling">Bundling</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/burden-of-proof">Burden of proof</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/buyer-power">Buyer power </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="c"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">c</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/cartel">Cartel </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/clearance-phase-ii-merger">Clearance phase II (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/collecting-society">Collecting society </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/collective-dominance">Collective dominance</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/collective-redress-class-action">Collective redress (class action)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/comity">Comity </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/commission-communication">Commission communication</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/competence">Competence </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/competition-policy-89181">Competition policy</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/complaint">Complaint </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Compliance-programme">Compliance programme </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/compulsory-license">Compulsory license</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concentration-indexes-en">Concentration indexes</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concerted-practices-en">Concerted practices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concession-86056">Concession</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concurrent-jurisdiction">Concurrent jurisdiction</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Consortium-12192">Consortium </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/consumer-protection">Consumer protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/consumers-associations-en">Consumers’ associations</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/control-change">Control (change)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/control-notion">Control (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cooperation-between-competition-authorities-en">Cooperation between competition authorities</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/coordinated-effects">Coordinated effects</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/copyright">Copyright</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/corruption">Corruption</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cost-based-access">Cost-based access</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cournot-nash-equilibrium">Cournot (Nash) equilibrium</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/criminal-sanctions">Criminal sanctions</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cross-subsidisation">Cross subsidisation </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="d"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">d</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/damages">Damages</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/de-minimis-notice">De minimis notice</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/digital-markets-act">Digital Markets Act</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/direct-effect">Direct effect</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/discriminatory-practices">Discriminatory practices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/distribution-agreement">Distribution agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/divestiture">Divestiture</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/dominance-notion">Dominance (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/downstream-market-117440">Downstream market</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="e"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">e</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/echr">ECHR</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/economic-analysis">Economic analysis</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/economic-efficiency">Economic efficiency</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/economies-of-scale">Economies of scale </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/ecosystem-failures">Ecosystem Failures</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/effect-on-trade-between-member-states">Effect on trade between Member States</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/effective-judicial-protection">Effective judicial protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/effects-doctrine-118100">Effects doctrine</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/efta-surveillance-authority-esa-court">EFTA Surveillance Authority (ESA) & Court </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/environmental-protection-en">Environmental protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/error-costs-108946">Error costs</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/essential-facility">Essential facility</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/european-competition-network-ecn-en">European Competition Network (ECN)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/excessive-prices-en">Excessive prices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exchange-of-information">Exchanges of information</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusionary-practice">Exclusionary practice </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Exclusive-distribution-12218">Exclusive distribution </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusive-purchasing-en">Exclusive purchasing agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusive-right-art-106-tfeu">Exclusive right (Art. 106 TFEU)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusivity-clause">Exclusivity clause</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Exhaustion">Exhaustion </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Extra-territoriality">Extra-territoriality</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="f"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">f</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/Failing-firm-defence">Failing firm defence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/fidelity-rebates">Fidelity rebates</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Fine">Fine</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/fintech">Fintech</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/foreclosure-117887">Foreclosure</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/foreign-direct-investment-fdi">Foreign direct investment (FDI)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/foreign-subsidies">Foreign Subsidies</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/form-co">Form CO (EU) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/frand">FRAND</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Free-riding">Free riding </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="g"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">g</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/geographic-market">Geographic market</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/corporate-group">Group of undertakings</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/group-purchasing-organization">Group purchasing organization</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/guidelines-119080">Guidelines</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/gun-jumping">Gun jumping</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="h"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">h</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/hard-core-restrictions">Hard core restrictions</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Hearing-officer">Hearing officer </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/horizontal-agreement">Horizontal cooperation agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/hsr-filing-us-108854">HSR Filing (US)</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="i"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">i</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/independence-and-impartiality">Independence and impartiality</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/individual-exemption-86377">Individual exemption</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/industrial-policy">Industrial policy</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/intellectual-property-right-en">Intellectual property right</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/inter-brand-competition">Inter-brand competition </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Interim-measures">Interim measures </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/international-co-operation">International co-operation </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/international-competition-network-icn">International competition network (ICN) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/investigations-inquiries-en">Investigations / inquiries</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="j"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">j</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/judicial-review">Judicial review</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="k"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">k</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/Know-how">Know-how </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="l"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">l</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/legal-privilege">Legal privilege</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Leniency-programme">Leniency</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/lerner-index">Lerner index</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/letter-of-formal-notice-118055">Letter of formal notice </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/licensing">Licensing</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/limitation-period-119083">Limitation Period </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="m"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">m</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/margin-squeeze">Margin squeeze</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/marginal-costs">Marginal costs </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/market-economy-investor">Market economy investor</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/market-power">Market power</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/market-share">Market share </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/media-pluralism">Media pluralism</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-notion-12318-en">Merger (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-prohibition">Merger (prohibition)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-withdrawal-118046">Merger (withdrawal)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Merger-control-procedure">Merger control procedure </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-remedies-100323">Merger remedies</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/minority-shareholdings-89176">Minority shareholdings</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/misinformation">Misinformation</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/mobility-barriers-117741">Mobility Barriers</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Monopoly">Monopoly </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="n"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">n</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/ne-bis-in-idem-86490">Ne bis in idem</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/negative-clearance-118047">Negative clearance</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Network-effect">Network effect </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/non-compete-obligation-12156-en">Non-compete obligation </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/non-horizontal-mergers">Non-Horizontal Mergers </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/notification-12310">Notification</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/nullity">Nullity </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="o"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">o</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/oligopoly">Oligopoly </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/online-platforms">Online Platforms</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="p"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">p</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/parallel-imports-parallel-trade-en">Parallel imports (parallel trade)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/passing-on-en">Passing-on</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Passive-sales">Passive sales </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/patents">Patents</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/pay-for-delay">Pay-for-delay</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/periodic-penalty-payment">Periodic penalty payment</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/potential-competition">Potential competition </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/predatory-pricing">Predatory pricing</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/preliminary-rulings-art-267-tfue">Preliminary ruling (Art. 267 TFUE) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-discrimination-en">Price discrimination </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-leadership">Price leadership</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-signaling">Price signalling</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-fixing-agreement">Price-fixing agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/prices-en">Prices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/principle-of-equal-treatment">Principle of equal treatment</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/principle-of-equivalence">Principle of equivalence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/principle-of-proportionality">Principle of proportionality</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/privacy-and-data-protection">Privacy and data protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/private-enforcement">Private enforcement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/privatization-en">Privatization</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/procedural-autonomy">Procedural autonomy</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/professional-association-86373-en">Professional association</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/public-procurement">Public procurement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Public-undertaking">Public undertaking</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="r"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">r</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/r-d-agreement">R&D agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/case-referral-system-mergers">Referral (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/refusal-to-deal">Refusal to deal</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/the-registry-of-the-general-court-of-the-european-union">Registry of the General Court of the European Union</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Relevant-market">Relevant market</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/remedies-antitrust-en">Remedies (antitrust)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/request-for-information">Request for information</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/resale-below-cost-en">Resale below cost </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/resale-price-maintenance-rpm">Resale price maintenance (RPM)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/restriction-on-exportation">Restriction on exportation </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/rule-of-reason">Rule of reason</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="s"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">s</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/sunk-costs-117836"> Sunk Costs </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/sector-inquiry">Sector inquiry</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/selective-distribution">Selective distribution </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/self-preference-111802">Self-Preference</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Services-of-general-economic">Services of general economic interest </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Single-branding">Single branding </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/sole-control">Sole control</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/specialization-agreements">Specialization agreements </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Spill-over-effects">Spill-over effects </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/standard-essential-patent-sep">Standard-Essential Patent (SEP)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-action-defense">State action defence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-compatibility">State aid (compatibility)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-existing-aid">State aid (existing aid) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-notification-en">State aid (notification)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid">State aid (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-recovery">State aid (recovery) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-unlawful-aid">State aid (unlawful aid) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/State-measure">State measure </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Statement-of-objections-SO">Statement of objections (SO) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Substitutability">Substitutability </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/sustainability">Sustainability</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/switching-costs">Switching Costs</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="t"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">t</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/technology-transfer">Technology transfer</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/test-siec-merger-en">Test SIEC (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-slc-src-sdc-tests">Test SLC (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/tipping">Tipping</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/business-secrets">Trade Secrets</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/trademark">Trademark</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/trustee-mergers-en">Trustee (mergers)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/turnover-threshold-merger">Turnover threshold (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/two-sided-market">Two-sided market</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="u"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">u</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/undertaking-notion">Undertaking (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/unfair-competition">Unfair competition</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/universal-service-118054">Universal Service</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/upstream-market">Upstream market </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="v"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">v</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/variable-costs">Variable costs </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Vertical-agreement">Vertical agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/vertical-restraints-or-restrictions">Vertical restraints (or restrictions)</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="w"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">w</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/White-clause">White clause</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/withdrawal-of-the-benefit-of-a-block-exemption">Withdrawal (of the benefit of a block exemption)</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </article> <script type="text/javascript"> jQuery(function(){ // hack on appelle 1 scrollspy sur body et 1 sur window pour pas les melanger jQuery(window).scrollspy({ target: '#menu-definition', offset: 130 }); jQuery('body').scrollspy({ target: '#definition-index', offset: 130 }); jQuery(document).scrollspy({ target: '#related-index', offset: 130 }); // Affichage de l'index var $btn_index = jQuery('[data-target="#index"]'); var $index = jQuery('#index'); $btn_index.on('click', function(e) { e.stopPropagation(); var me = jQuery(this); if (me.is('.collapsed')) { $btn_index.removeClass('in'); me.addClass('in'); var $container = $index.closest('.relative-content'); var y = me.offset().top - $container.offset().top + me.outerHeight(); var picto = 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srcset="local/adapt-img/320/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732269721 320w, local/adapt-img/640/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732270930 640w, local/adapt-img/960/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732266627 960w, local/adapt-img/1440/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732266747 1440w, local/adapt-img/3000/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732266189 3000w" sizes="(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw" type="image/webp"> <img src='local/adapt-img/3000/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732266629' alt='Présentation Filigranes Les 5 Travaux d'Europe' width='3000' height='160' class='adapt-img' srcset='local/adapt-img/320/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732272327 320w, local/adapt-img/640/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732266627 640w, local/adapt-img/960/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732274538 960w, local/adapt-img/1440/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732269360 1440w, local/adapt-img/3000/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732266629 3000w' sizes='(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw' /></picture></a> </div> <div class="item "> <a 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