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var $lessLink = $(".js-mobile-nav-collapse-trigger"); var $section = $('.js-mobile-nav-expand-section'); $moreLink.click(function(ev){ ev.preventDefault(); $moreLink.hide(); $lessLink.show(); $section.collapse('show'); }); $lessLink.click(function(ev){ ev.preventDefault(); $moreLink.show(); $lessLink.hide(); $section.collapse('hide'); }); })() if ($a.is_logged_in() || false) { new Aedu.NavigationController({ el: '.js-main-nav', showHighlightedNotification: false }); } else { $(".js-header-login-url").attr("href", $a.loginUrlWithRedirect()); } Aedu.autocompleteSearch = new AutocompleteSearch({el: '.js-SiteSearch-form'});</script></div></div> <div id='site' class='fixed'> <div id="content" class="clearfix"> <script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function(){ var $dismissible = $(".dismissible_banner"); $dismissible.click(function(ev) { $dismissible.hide(); }); });</script> <div class="DesignSystem" style="margin-top:-40px"><div class="PageHeader"><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-12 clearfix"><div class="u-floatLeft u-fs24 u-tcGrayDarkest"><span class="PageHeader-title u-m0x u-fw700 u-mr5x u-pr5x u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderRight1"><a href="https://ruhsraj.academia.edu/"><span class="u-linkUnstyled u-tcGrayDarkest">Rajasthan University of Health Sciences, Jaipur</span></a></span><h1 class="u-m0x u-fw300 u-fs24 u-displayInline">Pharmacology</h1></div><div class="u-floatRight u-mt1x"></div></div></div></div></div><div class="TabbedNavigation"><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-12 clearfix"><ul class="nav u-m0x u-p0x list-inline"><li class="u-floatLeft u-pr5x u-mr5x u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderRight1"><a href="https://ruhsraj.academia.edu/"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-left"></i>  All Departments</span></a></li><li class="u-floatLeft active"><a href="https://ruhsraj.academia.edu/Departments/Pharmacology/Documents">26 Papers</a></li><li class="u-floatLeft"><a href="https://ruhsraj.academia.edu/Departments/Pharmacology">14 Researchers</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-12"><div class="u-displayFlex"><div class="u-flexGrow1"><div class="u-ph0x"><div class="works"><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_4537095" data-work_id="4537095" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/4537095/JPR_12_1654">JPR 12 1654</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Parkinsonism is a clinical syndrome consisting of four cardinal features: bradykinesia (slowness and poverty of movement), muscular rigidity, resting tremor (which usually abates during voluntary movement), and an impairment of postural... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_4537095" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Parkinsonism is a clinical syndrome consisting of four cardinal features: bradykinesia (slowness and poverty of movement), muscular rigidity, resting tremor (which usually abates during voluntary movement), and an impairment of postural balance leading to disturbances of gait and falling. The pathological hallmark of Parkinson Disease (PD) is a loss of the pigmented, dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta, with the appearance of intracellular inclusions known as Lewy bodies. Progressive loss of dopamine-containing neurons is a feature of normal aging; however, most people do not lose the 70% to 80% of dopaminergic neurons required to cause symptomatic PD. Without treatment, PD progresses over 5 to 10 years to a rigid, akinetic state in which patients are incapable of caring for themselves. Death frequently results from complications of immobility, including aspiration pneumonia or pulmonary embolism.The availability of effective pharmacological treatment has altered radically the prognosis of PD; in most cases, good functional mobility can be maintained for many years, and the life expectancy of adequately treated patients is increased substantially. It is important to recognize that several disorders other than PD also may produce parkinsonism, including some relatively rare neurodegenerative disorders, stroke, and intoxication with dopamine-receptor antagonists. Drugs in common clinical use that may cause parkinsonism include antipsychotics such as haloperidol and thorazine and antiemetics such as prochloperazine and metoclopramide. In this review, we have also discussed about the Genetic Predispositions of Parkinson's Disease.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/4537095" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="f95c145050c02dcc1f0dd8e373a35a9a" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":31922549,"asset_id":4537095,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/31922549/download_file?st=MTczOTgzMTQ3NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="5654944" href="https://ruhsraj.academia.edu/PrafullaTiwari">Prafulla Tiwari</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="5654944" type="text/json">{"id":5654944,"first_name":"Prafulla","last_name":"Tiwari","domain_name":"ruhsraj","page_name":"PrafullaTiwari","display_name":"Prafulla Tiwari","profile_url":"https://ruhsraj.academia.edu/PrafullaTiwari","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/5654944/130749742/120160355/s65_prafulla.tiwari.jpeg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_4537095 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="4537095"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 4537095, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_4537095", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_4537095 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 4537095; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_4537095"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_4537095 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="4537095"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 4537095; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=4537095]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_4537095").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_4537095").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="4537095"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">3</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="140" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pharmacology">Pharmacology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="140" type="text/json">{"id":140,"name":"Pharmacology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pharmacology","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="623" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurology">Neurology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="623" type="text/json">{"id":623,"name":"Neurology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurology","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="745654" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular_Mechanisms_in_Parkinsons_Disease">Molecular Mechanisms in Parkinson's Disease</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="745654" type="text/json">{"id":745654,"name":"Molecular Mechanisms in Parkinson's Disease","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular_Mechanisms_in_Parkinsons_Disease","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=4537095]'), work: {"id":4537095,"title":"JPR 12 1654","created_at":"2013-09-20T02:25:37.466-07:00","owner_id":5654944,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/4537095/JPR_12_1654","slug":"JPR_12_1654","dom_id":"work_4537095","summary":"Parkinsonism is a clinical syndrome consisting of four cardinal features: bradykinesia (slowness and poverty of movement), muscular rigidity, resting tremor (which usually abates during voluntary movement), and an impairment of postural balance leading to disturbances of gait and falling. The pathological hallmark of Parkinson Disease (PD) is a loss of the pigmented, dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta, with the appearance of intracellular inclusions known as Lewy bodies. Progressive loss of dopamine-containing neurons is a feature of normal aging; however, most people do not lose the 70% to 80% of dopaminergic neurons required to cause symptomatic PD. Without treatment, PD progresses over 5 to 10 years to a rigid, akinetic state in which patients are incapable of caring for themselves. Death frequently results from complications of immobility, including aspiration pneumonia or pulmonary embolism.The availability of effective pharmacological treatment has altered radically the prognosis of PD; in most cases, good functional mobility can be maintained for many years, and the life expectancy of adequately treated patients is increased substantially. It is important to recognize that several disorders other than PD also may produce parkinsonism, including some relatively rare neurodegenerative disorders, stroke, and intoxication with dopamine-receptor antagonists. Drugs in common clinical use that may cause parkinsonism include antipsychotics such as haloperidol and thorazine and antiemetics such as prochloperazine and metoclopramide. In this review, we have also discussed about the Genetic Predispositions of Parkinson's Disease.","publication":null,"publication_with_fallback":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":31922549,"asset_id":4537095,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/31922549/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/31922549/JPR_12_1654-libre.pdf?1392357793=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DJPR_12_1654.pdf\u0026Expires=1739835075\u0026Signature=dQmU1jKHR375sZXIH6yKyTc9lWXzdOeMB7UK5voN3dPND3ZzIg6D45-rYA6jfvOFTmTxjdM3DXN5fopCj~F3AsIb1WuDqVSzhWi17rlPcgC3LD5qFPs5dbavPSwNI5Akry1mGx~eRUmZ7tBi3kKY2pWYnmFa5D84~vVx88VGVDfhQbumjd1lPl4vLnCWhjcRQ-HuOmsrCPRqRit6nbvvoYU09a-ktbNSPb6kJ59cDT2jG8E9VGNvRrTOwCvEtEAI8i-jrW8JNdM5kg4d4iI7-b33bPk9aMg4YEMRItSqqVZzh~v-SCncGUtbmMm-a-JYfCkeijIWT8omKTWIow-0VQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/31922549/download_file?st=MTczOTgzMTQ3NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/31922549/mini_magick20190425-6420-6ho5jy.png?1556251748"}],"downloadable_attachments_with_full_thumbnails":[{"id":31922549,"asset_id":4537095,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/31922549/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/31922549/JPR_12_1654-libre.pdf?1392357793=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DJPR_12_1654.pdf\u0026Expires=1739835075\u0026Signature=dQmU1jKHR375sZXIH6yKyTc9lWXzdOeMB7UK5voN3dPND3ZzIg6D45-rYA6jfvOFTmTxjdM3DXN5fopCj~F3AsIb1WuDqVSzhWi17rlPcgC3LD5qFPs5dbavPSwNI5Akry1mGx~eRUmZ7tBi3kKY2pWYnmFa5D84~vVx88VGVDfhQbumjd1lPl4vLnCWhjcRQ-HuOmsrCPRqRit6nbvvoYU09a-ktbNSPb6kJ59cDT2jG8E9VGNvRrTOwCvEtEAI8i-jrW8JNdM5kg4d4iI7-b33bPk9aMg4YEMRItSqqVZzh~v-SCncGUtbmMm-a-JYfCkeijIWT8omKTWIow-0VQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/31922549/download_file?st=MTczOTgzMTQ3NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/31922549/mini_magick20190425-6420-6ho5jy.png?1556251748"}],"has_pdf":true,"has_fulltext":true,"page_count":6,"ordered_authors":[{"id":5654944,"first_name":"Prafulla","last_name":"Tiwari","domain_name":"ruhsraj","page_name":"PrafullaTiwari","display_name":"Prafulla Tiwari","profile_url":"https://ruhsraj.academia.edu/PrafullaTiwari","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/5654944/130749742/120160355/s65_prafulla.tiwari.jpeg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":140,"name":"Pharmacology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pharmacology","nofollow":true},{"id":623,"name":"Neurology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurology","nofollow":true},{"id":745654,"name":"Molecular Mechanisms in Parkinson's Disease","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular_Mechanisms_in_Parkinsons_Disease","nofollow":true}],"publication_year":null,"publication_year_with_fallback":null,"paper_rank":null,"all_time_views":57,"active_discussion":{}}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_21202709" data-work_id="21202709" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/21202709/Schizophrenia_A_New_Insight_ISBN_No_978_3659_22637_3">Schizophrenia- A New Insight ISBN No.- 978-3659-22637-3</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Schizophrenia symptoms also can be attributed to other mental illnesses, and no one symptom can pinpoint a diagnosis of schizophrenia. In men, schizophrenia symptoms typically start in the teens or 20s. In women, schizophrenia symptoms... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_21202709" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Schizophrenia symptoms also can be attributed to other mental illnesses, and no one symptom can pinpoint a diagnosis of schizophrenia. In men, schizophrenia symptoms typically start in the teens or 20s. In women, schizophrenia symptoms typically begin in the 20s or early 30s. It's uncommon for children to be diagnosed with schizophrenia and rare for those older than 45.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/21202709" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="1c0cb5857d02aa9011539f051aea8691" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":41760534,"asset_id":21202709,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/41760534/download_file?st=MTczOTgzMTQ3NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="5654944" href="https://ruhsraj.academia.edu/PrafullaTiwari">Prafulla Tiwari</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="5654944" type="text/json">{"id":5654944,"first_name":"Prafulla","last_name":"Tiwari","domain_name":"ruhsraj","page_name":"PrafullaTiwari","display_name":"Prafulla Tiwari","profile_url":"https://ruhsraj.academia.edu/PrafullaTiwari","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/5654944/130749742/120160355/s65_prafulla.tiwari.jpeg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_21202709 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="21202709"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 21202709, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_21202709", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_21202709 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 21202709; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_21202709"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_21202709 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="21202709"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 21202709; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=21202709]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_21202709").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_21202709").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_60424680" data-work_id="60424680" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/60424680/Review_on_Schizophrenia_entitled_Schizophrenia_A_New_Insight">Review on Schizophrenia entitled"Schizophrenia- A New Insight</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Schizophrenia is a Psychosocial Disorder characterized by imbalance between excitatory & inhibitory neurotransmitters. Earlier Schizophrenia was thought to be from over activity of Dopamine in Basal Ganglia & Limbic System. Some... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_60424680" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Schizophrenia is a Psychosocial Disorder characterized by imbalance between excitatory & inhibitory neurotransmitters. Earlier Schizophrenia was thought to be from over activity of Dopamine in Basal Ganglia & Limbic System. Some researchers have proposed that obstetric complications & hypoxia in combination with Genetic predispositions could activate Glutamatergic Cascade. The Genetic Predispositions proposed have been identified on chromosome no. 6, 8, 13 & 22. Research over the last several years has provided clues to the impact of dysfunction of both cholinergic and glutamatergic neurotransmitter systems. By tracing the deficits in auditory information processing through families that included patients with schizophrenia and unaffected relatives, Dr. Freedman's group was able to show that a relatively common genetic mutation in nicotinic receptors, found in 10% of the population, caused difficulties in sensory gating and could be a predisposing factor for the impaired cognition and psychosis seen in schizophrenia. His research indicates a deficit in inhibitory interneuronal function, involving the alpha7-nicotinic receptor, as an integral feature of the altered neurocircuitry in schizophrenia. Such impaired nicotinic receptor function could be at the heart of the dramatically increased use of nicotine in patients with schizophrenia. Antipsychotic medications are used to treat schizophrenia and schizophrenia-related disorders. Some of these medications have been available since the mid-1950. They are also called conventional "typical" antipsychotics. Some of the more commonly used medications include:  Chlorpromazine  Haloperidol  Perphenazine  Fluphenazine The newer 'atypical' antipsychotics may be a further refinement, but not a revolution, in the care of those with schizophrenia. They may cause less adverse effects and be more acceptable to those with schizophrenia than other older drugs.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/60424680" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="a52c0ecc0a9e04f8f40c0336613e084b" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":73877657,"asset_id":60424680,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/73877657/download_file?st=MTczOTgzMTQ3Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="5654944" href="https://ruhsraj.academia.edu/PrafullaTiwari">Prafulla Tiwari</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="5654944" type="text/json">{"id":5654944,"first_name":"Prafulla","last_name":"Tiwari","domain_name":"ruhsraj","page_name":"PrafullaTiwari","display_name":"Prafulla Tiwari","profile_url":"https://ruhsraj.academia.edu/PrafullaTiwari","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/5654944/130749742/120160355/s65_prafulla.tiwari.jpeg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_60424680 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="60424680"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 60424680, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_60424680", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_60424680 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 60424680; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_60424680"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_60424680 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="60424680"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 60424680; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=60424680]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_60424680").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_60424680").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_65587551" data-work_id="65587551" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/65587551/Transcription_Factor_as_Therapeutic_Targets_for_Neurodegenerative_Disorders_An_Update">Transcription Factor as Therapeutic Targets for Neurodegenerative Disorders: An Update</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The neurodegeneration is process of the progressive loss of structure and/or functions including death of neurons. Many neurodegenerative disorders such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, and Huntington's... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_65587551" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The neurodegeneration is process of the progressive loss of structure and/or functions including death of neurons. Many neurodegenerative disorders such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, and Huntington's diseases occurred as a result of neurodegenerative processes. These neurodegenerative diseases are constantly on rise worldwide. Various transcription factors involved in the pathogenesis of neuroinflammatory degenerative disorders. The involvement of the latent and active transcription factors are the current focus and target for researchers to work in this area of research. The current review is focused on the regulation of various transcription factors as a therapeutic target for these noncurable diseases.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/65587551" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="75d20d375a80b96020b4185d2747f01f" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":77117368,"asset_id":65587551,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/77117368/download_file?st=MTczOTgzMTQ3Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="5654944" href="https://ruhsraj.academia.edu/PrafullaTiwari">Prafulla Tiwari</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="5654944" type="text/json">{"id":5654944,"first_name":"Prafulla","last_name":"Tiwari","domain_name":"ruhsraj","page_name":"PrafullaTiwari","display_name":"Prafulla Tiwari","profile_url":"https://ruhsraj.academia.edu/PrafullaTiwari","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/5654944/130749742/120160355/s65_prafulla.tiwari.jpeg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_65587551 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="65587551"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 65587551, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_65587551", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_65587551 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 65587551; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_65587551"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_65587551 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="65587551"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 65587551; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=65587551]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_65587551").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_65587551").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_65587618" data-work_id="65587618" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/65587618/Pharmacological_Biochemical_and_Immunological_Studies_on_Protective_Effect_of_Mangiferin_in_6_Hydroxydopamine_6_OHDA_Induced_Parkinson_s_Disease_in_Rats">Pharmacological, Biochemical and Immunological Studies on Protective Effect of Mangiferin in 6-Hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-Induced Parkinson’s Disease in Rats</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Background: Parkinson’s disease is a neurodegenerative disorder and is marked by inflammation and death of neurons in the striatum region of the midbrain. It has been reported that expression of NF-κB increases during Parkinson’s disease,... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_65587618" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Background: Parkinson’s disease is a neurodegenerative disorder and is marked by inflammation and death of neurons in the striatum region of the midbrain. It has been reported that expression of NF-κB increases during Parkinson’s disease, which promotes oxidative stress, stimulates release of proinflammatory cytokines, and induces expression of nitric oxide. Therefore, in this study, we have used mangiferin a specific NF-κB inhibitor. Mangiferin is a polyphenolic compound traditionally used for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Method: The study utilized male Wistar rats weighing 200–250 g (56 rats; n = 8/group). On day “0,” stereotaxic surgery of rats was done to induce 6-hydroxydopamine lesioning in rats. Coordinates for substantia nigra were anteroposterior-2 mm, mediolateral-5 mm and dorsoventral-8.2 mm. After 14 days, those rats which show at least 210 contralateral rotations after administration of apomorphine (0.5 mg/kg S.C.) were selected for the study and we...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/65587618" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="a3acdaf50d43b2cdd1cc971fc411e7c7" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":77117372,"asset_id":65587618,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/77117372/download_file?st=MTczOTgzMTQ3Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="5654944" href="https://ruhsraj.academia.edu/PrafullaTiwari">Prafulla Tiwari</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="5654944" type="text/json">{"id":5654944,"first_name":"Prafulla","last_name":"Tiwari","domain_name":"ruhsraj","page_name":"PrafullaTiwari","display_name":"Prafulla Tiwari","profile_url":"https://ruhsraj.academia.edu/PrafullaTiwari","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/5654944/130749742/120160355/s65_prafulla.tiwari.jpeg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_65587618 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="65587618"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 65587618, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_65587618", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_65587618 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 65587618; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_65587618"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_65587618 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="65587618"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 65587618; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=65587618]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_65587618").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_65587618").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_71308846" data-work_id="71308846" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/71308846/The_potential_role_of_neuroinflammation_and_transcription_factors_in_Parkinson_disease">The potential role of neuroinflammation and transcription factors in Parkinson disease</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Parkinson disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by dopaminergic neurons affected by inflammatory processes. Post-mortem analyses of brain and cerebrospinal fluid from PD patients show the accumulation of... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_71308846" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Parkinson disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by dopaminergic neurons affected by inflammatory processes. Post-mortem analyses of brain and cerebrospinal fluid from PD patients show the accumulation of proinflammatory cytokines, confirming an ongoing neuroinflammation in the affected brain regions. These inflammatory mediators may activate transcription factors-notably nuclear factor κB, Ying-Yang 1 (YY1), fibroblast growth factor 20 (FGF20), and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)-which then regulate downstream signaling pathways that in turn promote death of dopaminergic neurons through death domain-containing receptors. Dopaminergic neurons are vulnerable to oxidative stress and inflammatory attack. An increased level of inducible nitric oxide synthase observed in the substantia nigra and striatum of PD patients suggests that both cytokine-and chemokine-induced toxicity and inflammation lead to oxidative stress that contributes to degeneration of dopaminer...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/71308846" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="b0110278abf0fa4c0a9147d12525c05f" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":80708520,"asset_id":71308846,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/80708520/download_file?st=MTczOTgzMTQ3Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="5654944" href="https://ruhsraj.academia.edu/PrafullaTiwari">Prafulla Tiwari</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="5654944" type="text/json">{"id":5654944,"first_name":"Prafulla","last_name":"Tiwari","domain_name":"ruhsraj","page_name":"PrafullaTiwari","display_name":"Prafulla Tiwari","profile_url":"https://ruhsraj.academia.edu/PrafullaTiwari","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/5654944/130749742/120160355/s65_prafulla.tiwari.jpeg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_71308846 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="71308846"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 71308846, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_71308846", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_71308846 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 71308846; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_71308846"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_71308846 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="71308846"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 71308846; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); 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Post-mortem analyses of brain and cerebrospinal fluid from PD patients show the accumulation of proinflammatory cytokines, confirming an ongoing neuroinflammation in the affected brain regions. These inflammatory mediators may activate transcription factors-notably nuclear factor κB, Ying-Yang 1 (YY1), fibroblast growth factor 20 (FGF20), and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)-which then regulate downstream signaling pathways that in turn promote death of dopaminergic neurons through death domain-containing receptors. Dopaminergic neurons are vulnerable to oxidative stress and inflammatory attack. 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HONEY IN EXCISION WOUND MODEL</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">Background: Soframycin and Honey supposedly increase the wound healing process and reduces the overall time</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/71308922" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="6f29a595090356c1e364270e78eba740" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":80708612,"asset_id":71308922,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/80708612/download_file?st=MTczOTgzMTQ3Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="5654944" href="https://ruhsraj.academia.edu/PrafullaTiwari">Prafulla Tiwari</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="5654944" type="text/json">{"id":5654944,"first_name":"Prafulla","last_name":"Tiwari","domain_name":"ruhsraj","page_name":"PrafullaTiwari","display_name":"Prafulla Tiwari","profile_url":"https://ruhsraj.academia.edu/PrafullaTiwari","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/5654944/130749742/120160355/s65_prafulla.tiwari.jpeg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_71308922 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="71308922"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 71308922, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_71308922", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=71308922]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_71308922").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_71308922").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_5407438" data-work_id="5407438" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/5407438/Antilithiatic_activity_of_poly_herbal_formulation_tablets_by_in_vitro_method_ARTICLE_INFO_ABSTRACT">Antilithiatic activity of poly-herbal formulation tablets by in-vitro method ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Hydroalcoholic extracts of Kalanchoe pinnata and Rotula aquatica and its combination were formulated herbal tablets, evaluated for antilithiatic in vitro method. The homogenous precipitation method was used. The study was carried out in... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_5407438" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Hydroalcoholic extracts of Kalanchoe pinnata and Rotula aquatica and its combination were formulated herbal tablets, evaluated for antilithiatic in vitro method. The homogenous precipitation method was used. The study was carried out in glass tubes. The buffer system used was TRIS buffer pH 7.4. The experiment consists of the following tubes for control and test, 25 ml each of 25 mM CaCl2. 2H2O, 25 mM Na2HPO4. 2H2O or 25mM Na2C2O4. To the tubes of each set, tablet formulation or an equal amount of vehicle was added. The tubes were incubated at 37°C for 4 h. The precipitate of calcium phosphate was generated by mixing 1 ml of solution from the tubes having calcium chloride dihydrate and disodium hydrogen phosphate monohydrate and Calcium oxalate precipitate was generated by mixing 1 ml of solutions from the tubes having calcium chloride dihydrate and sodium oxalate solutions. Calcium was estimated using titrimetry and phosphorus was estimated using colorimetric analysis. Appropriate standard curves were done with each set of experiments. The amounts of precipitate of calcium and phosphate were determined in each of the respectively. The percent inhibition of the test was calculated in comparison with the control samples. Herbal tablet formulation showed antilithiatic activity to the marketed formulation in terms of inhibiting the formation of phosphate precipitate but showed a significantly better potential in preventing the formation of the calcium precipitate. The herbal tablet formulation of Kalanchoe pinnata and Rotula aquatica have inhibitory effect on calcium oxalate crystallization thus may be beneficial in the treatment of renal lithiasis. Antilithiatic activity of poly-herbal formulation tablets by in-vitro method. J App Pharm Sci, 2013; 3 (05): 043-048.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/5407438" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="d1f2d38e1f43d5feda5861cf2cba2679" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":32542109,"asset_id":5407438,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/32542109/download_file?st=MTczOTgzMTQ3Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="7550473" href="https://ruhsraj.academia.edu/UmeshGilhotra">Umesh Gilhotra</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="7550473" type="text/json">{"id":7550473,"first_name":"Umesh","last_name":"Gilhotra","domain_name":"ruhsraj","page_name":"UmeshGilhotra","display_name":"Umesh Gilhotra","profile_url":"https://ruhsraj.academia.edu/UmeshGilhotra","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_5407438 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="5407438"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 5407438, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_5407438", }); 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The homogenous precipitation method was used. The study was carried out in glass tubes. The buffer system used was TRIS buffer pH 7.4. The experiment consists of the following tubes for control and test, 25 ml each of 25 mM CaCl2. 2H2O, 25 mM Na2HPO4. 2H2O or 25mM Na2C2O4. To the tubes of each set, tablet formulation or an equal amount of vehicle was added. The tubes were incubated at 37°C for 4 h. The precipitate of calcium phosphate was generated by mixing 1 ml of solution from the tubes having calcium chloride dihydrate and disodium hydrogen phosphate monohydrate and Calcium oxalate precipitate was generated by mixing 1 ml of solutions from the tubes having calcium chloride dihydrate and sodium oxalate solutions. Calcium was estimated using titrimetry and phosphorus was estimated using colorimetric analysis. Appropriate standard curves were done with each set of experiments. The amounts of precipitate of calcium and phosphate were determined in each of the respectively. The percent inhibition of the test was calculated in comparison with the control samples. Herbal tablet formulation showed antilithiatic activity to the marketed formulation in terms of inhibiting the formation of phosphate precipitate but showed a significantly better potential in preventing the formation of the calcium precipitate. The herbal tablet formulation of Kalanchoe pinnata and Rotula aquatica have inhibitory effect on calcium oxalate crystallization thus may be beneficial in the treatment of renal lithiasis. Antilithiatic activity of poly-herbal formulation tablets by in-vitro method. J App Pharm Sci, 2013; 3 (05): 043-048.","publication":null,"publication_with_fallback":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":32542109,"asset_id":5407438,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/32542109/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/32542109/895_pdf-libre.pdf?1391131049=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DAntilithiatic_activity_of_poly_herbal_fo.pdf\u0026Expires=1739835076\u0026Signature=bxxZqp467KasVz3GJX9Z4JTi8G2s6o3MRdjs8m8CXtzynCF51pB2KTNyia3agx~-~hocJQ9THws8-sGiteYb87p28ztf03utVrny9f2Xm1ii9lSscsxL0cXfVu3K6DwM92sH2v-uHJQwfqzdNvWeil2PJpvt4uTIsgjxtyLFGnl9TGqZnx7Gw4jRjmEhlYPg8hgqKSerhXDBol01gFESE2gvxAnGLFQnPhYlR3QnU26cQwVKhvliB3AaomwCL0vp0s6pZGz2GAePAiTQr6XpTxinNF4nNAN-5l-RJDGUg7s9VAEi23UfsiIkpa5XU6SHTbgGd01WrUbAgz7ZzJCBgQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/32542109/download_file?st=MTczOTgzMTQ3Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/32542109/mini_magick20190416-28170-377oyy.png?1555476003"}],"downloadable_attachments_with_full_thumbnails":[{"id":32542109,"asset_id":5407438,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/32542109/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/32542109/895_pdf-libre.pdf?1391131049=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DAntilithiatic_activity_of_poly_herbal_fo.pdf\u0026Expires=1739835076\u0026Signature=bxxZqp467KasVz3GJX9Z4JTi8G2s6o3MRdjs8m8CXtzynCF51pB2KTNyia3agx~-~hocJQ9THws8-sGiteYb87p28ztf03utVrny9f2Xm1ii9lSscsxL0cXfVu3K6DwM92sH2v-uHJQwfqzdNvWeil2PJpvt4uTIsgjxtyLFGnl9TGqZnx7Gw4jRjmEhlYPg8hgqKSerhXDBol01gFESE2gvxAnGLFQnPhYlR3QnU26cQwVKhvliB3AaomwCL0vp0s6pZGz2GAePAiTQr6XpTxinNF4nNAN-5l-RJDGUg7s9VAEi23UfsiIkpa5XU6SHTbgGd01WrUbAgz7ZzJCBgQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/32542109/download_file?st=MTczOTgzMTQ3Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/32542109/mini_magick20190416-28170-377oyy.png?1555476003"}],"has_pdf":true,"has_fulltext":true,"page_count":6,"ordered_authors":[{"id":7550473,"first_name":"Umesh","last_name":"Gilhotra","domain_name":"ruhsraj","page_name":"UmeshGilhotra","display_name":"Umesh Gilhotra","profile_url":"https://ruhsraj.academia.edu/UmeshGilhotra","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":140,"name":"Pharmacology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pharmacology","nofollow":true},{"id":656,"name":"Pharmacy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pharmacy","nofollow":true},{"id":372632,"name":"In-Vitro","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/In-Vitro","nofollow":true},{"id":992327,"name":"Kalanchoe Pinnata","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Kalanchoe_Pinnata","nofollow":true}],"publication_year":null,"publication_year_with_fallback":null,"paper_rank":null,"all_time_views":203,"active_discussion":{}}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_4156402" data-work_id="4156402" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/4156402/prescription_audit_rural_rajasthan">prescription audit rural rajasthan</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">A descriptive study of prescriptions of outdoor patients was conducted to find out the prescribing pattern and rational use of drugs among doctors of primary health care delivery centers of Jhalawar district of Rajasthan. Prescription... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_4156402" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">A descriptive study of prescriptions of outdoor patients was conducted to find out the prescribing pattern and rational use of drugs among doctors of primary health care delivery centers of Jhalawar district of Rajasthan. Prescription audit was conducted for a period of two months. After taking consent of doctors and patients their respective prescriptions were copied and evaluations were done on following heading (1) Legibility of prescription (2)Adherence to well defined format (3)Prescribing indicator by WHO (4)Rational use of drugs in prescriptions. Six hundred prescriptions were analyzed. Legible prescription was 93.5 %. The quality of format of the prescription was unsatisfactory because age or sex of patients was not mentioned in 7% and their addresses were missing in all prescription. Incorrectly written dose or duration of therapy in 21 % of total drugs prescribed. A clear instruction to the pharmacist was not available in 22 % of prescriptions and only verbal instruction to the patient was given. Ninety four percent prescriptions were signed by prescriber, but all prescriptions lack their identity. Polypharmacy was common, with 89 % of prescriptions and average numbers of drugs were 2.83 per encounter. Antimicrobials were prescribed in around two third of the prescriptions and injections were prescribed in 7.33 % of the prescriptions Out of total drugs (1696), Generic medicines were 25.70% were as essential drugs was 80.42%. Among the total drugs used in different categories 86% (1459 out of 1696) were prescribed from major five groups (antimicrobials 28%, NSAIDs 24.88 %, acid secretion reducing agent 11.46 %, and vitamins/hematinics 13.91 %). More than three quarter of prescriptions were not up to the marks of standards guidelines or were irrational. This study concludes that quality of prescription, both in term of format and content of medicines prescribed were inadequate. It arouses the urgent need of intervention by implementing clear and effective legislation and various educational methods.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/4156402" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="d49a728b9af26fa1def5337c4eb1cf49" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":31662905,"asset_id":4156402,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/31662905/download_file?st=MTczOTgzMTQ3Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="4567869" href="https://msubaroda.academia.edu/ManojKumarSaurabh">Manoj Kumar Saurabh</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="4567869" type="text/json">{"id":4567869,"first_name":"Manoj Kumar","last_name":"Saurabh","domain_name":"msubaroda","page_name":"ManojKumarSaurabh","display_name":"Manoj Kumar Saurabh","profile_url":"https://msubaroda.academia.edu/ManojKumarSaurabh","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/4567869/1896999/2249411/s65_manoj_kumar.saurabh.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_4156402 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="4156402"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 4156402, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_4156402", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_4156402 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 4156402; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_4156402"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_4156402 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="4156402"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 4156402; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=4156402]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_4156402").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_4156402").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_34303254" data-work_id="34303254" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/34303254/pricription_audit_of_tertiary_centre_of_rajasthan_pdf">pricription audit of tertiary centre of rajasthan.pdf</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Objective : To analyze the prescribing pattern of clinicians and assessment of rational use of drugs. Methods: Patient based prescription audit was conducted for a period of 3 months on out patient departments (OPDs). Patient consent was... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_34303254" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Objective : To analyze the prescribing pattern of clinicians and assessment of rational use of drugs. Methods: Patient based prescription audit was conducted for a period of 3 months on out patient departments (OPDs). Patient consent was taken and their respective prescription was copied, the data was collected on random basis and evaluation was done under three levels. (a) Whether the prescriptions were clearly written. (b) Whether the format of prescriptions were well defined. (c) Whether drugs prescribed were rational. Results: It was found that superscription of all prescriptions, they were duly dated along with patient name, age and sex, however patient address was found missing. In inscription, dosages form and frequency were 96.1% and 74% respectively of total drugs prescribed. Subscription was not available in 28 % of prescriptions where as only verbal instructions to the patient were given. All prescriptions were signed by prescriber, but it lacks their identity. Legible prescription was 78%. Average drug per prescription was 2.9. Out of total drugs (3757), Generic medicines and essential drugs were 69.8% and 69.7%. Among the total drugs used in different categories 66% (2498) were contributed by major four groups (Antimicrobial 27%, NSAID 19%, GIT 13%, and vitamins/minerals 7 %). Diagnosis was not written in 28% (365) of prescriptions. Irrationality in prescribing was 39%. Conclusion: Prescription auditing should be promoted at all levels of health care system and intervention methods should be chosen to change clinician's prescribing behavior through education of rational drug prescription.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/34303254" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="73cc8565876389058b66d91e483ee80c" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":54206107,"asset_id":34303254,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/54206107/download_file?st=MTczOTgzMTQ3Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="4567869" href="https://msubaroda.academia.edu/ManojKumarSaurabh">Manoj Kumar Saurabh</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="4567869" type="text/json">{"id":4567869,"first_name":"Manoj Kumar","last_name":"Saurabh","domain_name":"msubaroda","page_name":"ManojKumarSaurabh","display_name":"Manoj Kumar Saurabh","profile_url":"https://msubaroda.academia.edu/ManojKumarSaurabh","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/4567869/1896999/2249411/s65_manoj_kumar.saurabh.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_34303254 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="34303254"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 34303254, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_34303254", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=34303254]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_34303254").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_34303254").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="34303254"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">3</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="140" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pharmacology">Pharmacology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="140" type="text/json">{"id":140,"name":"Pharmacology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pharmacology","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1086" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pharmacoepidemiology">Pharmacoepidemiology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1086" type="text/json">{"id":1086,"name":"Pharmacoepidemiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pharmacoepidemiology","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4455" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medical_Education">Medical Education</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="4455" type="text/json">{"id":4455,"name":"Medical Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medical_Education","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=34303254]'), work: {"id":34303254,"title":"pricription audit of tertiary centre of rajasthan.pdf","created_at":"2017-08-22T04:07:00.111-07:00","owner_id":4567869,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/34303254/pricription_audit_of_tertiary_centre_of_rajasthan_pdf","slug":"pricription_audit_of_tertiary_centre_of_rajasthan_pdf","dom_id":"work_34303254","summary":"Objective : To analyze the prescribing pattern of clinicians and assessment of rational use of drugs. Methods: Patient based prescription audit was conducted for a period of 3 months on out patient departments (OPDs). Patient consent was taken and their respective prescription was copied, the data was collected on random basis and evaluation was done under three levels. (a) Whether the prescriptions were clearly written. (b) Whether the format of prescriptions were well defined. (c) Whether drugs prescribed were rational. Results: It was found that superscription of all prescriptions, they were duly dated along with patient name, age and sex, however patient address was found missing. In inscription, dosages form and frequency were 96.1% and 74% respectively of total drugs prescribed. Subscription was not available in 28 % of prescriptions where as only verbal instructions to the patient were given. All prescriptions were signed by prescriber, but it lacks their identity. Legible prescription was 78%. Average drug per prescription was 2.9. Out of total drugs (3757), Generic medicines and essential drugs were 69.8% and 69.7%. Among the total drugs used in different categories 66% (2498) were contributed by major four groups (Antimicrobial 27%, NSAID 19%, GIT 13%, and vitamins/minerals 7 %). Diagnosis was not written in 28% (365) of prescriptions. Irrationality in prescribing was 39%. Conclusion: Prescription auditing should be promoted at all levels of health care system and intervention methods should be chosen to change clinician's prescribing behavior through education of rational drug prescription.","publication":null,"publication_with_fallback":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":54206107,"asset_id":34303254,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/54206107/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/54206107/pricription_audit_of_tertiary_centre_of_rajasthan-libre.pdf?1503400531=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3Dpricription_audit_of_tertiary_centre_of.pdf\u0026Expires=1739835076\u0026Signature=RHMu7bJQjM-8PpzwmmpXEIH4pm1opATYmb3pvYMhw-06yXDKkUPK1iMvuscIfgG7dwivhoLdtD8e~jfjGggOcXyPMhhXZ16vzcnpiqQhxqAZXAWvQmlTpM8E7LDfPzdqVb7WjVFzNXdhkE9mdWyyzZBPKrgZp4hjXtt9g~w5ymejXIHt1S4MAwhwNjO76CkCMS1bhVHVg2KxECWfZQUtgT5gDFJTfo7~~ioIFiy7KlZ6LP5S9hO7zwfqAoU~9458Hh7JYUimxzcce5Xh7ot~eej8Zn8UhbTnnh2DToInx6MdaHUpgmEuDrS~30q7zY4G9NYah1GhvOAKtWk4BioPuw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/54206107/download_file?st=MTczOTgzMTQ3Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/54206107/mini_magick20190117-25687-1xwh4a5.png?1547794038"}],"downloadable_attachments_with_full_thumbnails":[{"id":54206107,"asset_id":34303254,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/54206107/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/54206107/pricription_audit_of_tertiary_centre_of_rajasthan-libre.pdf?1503400531=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3Dpricription_audit_of_tertiary_centre_of.pdf\u0026Expires=1739835076\u0026Signature=RHMu7bJQjM-8PpzwmmpXEIH4pm1opATYmb3pvYMhw-06yXDKkUPK1iMvuscIfgG7dwivhoLdtD8e~jfjGggOcXyPMhhXZ16vzcnpiqQhxqAZXAWvQmlTpM8E7LDfPzdqVb7WjVFzNXdhkE9mdWyyzZBPKrgZp4hjXtt9g~w5ymejXIHt1S4MAwhwNjO76CkCMS1bhVHVg2KxECWfZQUtgT5gDFJTfo7~~ioIFiy7KlZ6LP5S9hO7zwfqAoU~9458Hh7JYUimxzcce5Xh7ot~eej8Zn8UhbTnnh2DToInx6MdaHUpgmEuDrS~30q7zY4G9NYah1GhvOAKtWk4BioPuw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/54206107/download_file?st=MTczOTgzMTQ3Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/54206107/mini_magick20190117-25687-1xwh4a5.png?1547794038"}],"has_pdf":true,"has_fulltext":true,"page_count":4,"ordered_authors":[{"id":4567869,"first_name":"Manoj Kumar","last_name":"Saurabh","domain_name":"msubaroda","page_name":"ManojKumarSaurabh","display_name":"Manoj Kumar Saurabh","profile_url":"https://msubaroda.academia.edu/ManojKumarSaurabh","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/4567869/1896999/2249411/s65_manoj_kumar.saurabh.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":140,"name":"Pharmacology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pharmacology","nofollow":true},{"id":1086,"name":"Pharmacoepidemiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pharmacoepidemiology","nofollow":true},{"id":4455,"name":"Medical Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medical_Education","nofollow":true}],"publication_year":null,"publication_year_with_fallback":null,"paper_rank":null,"all_time_views":34,"active_discussion":{}}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_34303267" data-work_id="34303267" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/34303267/Subacute_toxicity_study_of_an_aqueous_extract_of_Ficus_racemosa_Linn_bark_in_rats">Subacute toxicity study of an aqueous extract of Ficus racemosa Linn. bark in rats</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Background: Ficus racemosa Linn. is mentioned in Indian traditional system medicine i.e. ayurveda for therapy of diseases like Diabetes, acidity, asthma, dysentery, menorrhagia, glandular enlargement, sore throat etc. However no... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_34303267" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Background: Ficus racemosa Linn. is mentioned in Indian traditional system medicine i.e. ayurveda for therapy of diseases like Diabetes, acidity, asthma, dysentery, menorrhagia, glandular enlargement, sore throat etc. However no references are available regarding the toxicity study of this herb.Aim: We decided to perform the acute toxicity and subacute toxicity studies of aqueous extract of Ficus racemosa Linn. bark in albino mice and Sprague dawley rats respectively. Acute toxicity has been already explained in previous article.Materials and Methods: Animals were divided into three groups randomly. Group – I was fed with normal saline for 3 weeks, Group-II was given aqueous extract of herb in the dose of 30 mg/100 gm for 3 weeks. Group – III were divided into two subgroups. Group – III (a) was given incremental dose of aqueous extract of herb for 15 days and Group – III (b) was administered with extract of herb in incremental form for 15 days and then they were allowed to recover for 7 days. Animals of group – III (a) sacrificed on 16 th day and other groups were sacrificed after 3 weeks. Blood samples were taken to determine hemoglobin, WBC count, blood urea, blood glucose, serum Creatinine, serum cholesterol, S.G.P.T and S.G.O.T. Gross and histological examination of kidney and liver sections was done by veterinary pathologist. Herb was given by force feeding.Statistics: ANOVA followed by a post hoc test were used to analyze the data.Results and Conclusion: Indicated that administration of the aqueous extract of herb for 15 to 21 days (incremental as well as fixed) in subacute toxicity study showed definitive liver damage. Hepatotoxicity is appeared to be reversible. Histopathologicaly renal damage was not marked. Serum creatinine and blood urea were increased significantly.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/34303267" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="e131d43497918c61f7ac82d90438df83" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":54206125,"asset_id":34303267,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/54206125/download_file?st=MTczOTgzMTQ3Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="4567869" href="https://msubaroda.academia.edu/ManojKumarSaurabh">Manoj Kumar Saurabh</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="4567869" type="text/json">{"id":4567869,"first_name":"Manoj Kumar","last_name":"Saurabh","domain_name":"msubaroda","page_name":"ManojKumarSaurabh","display_name":"Manoj Kumar Saurabh","profile_url":"https://msubaroda.academia.edu/ManojKumarSaurabh","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/4567869/1896999/2249411/s65_manoj_kumar.saurabh.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_34303267 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="34303267"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 34303267, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_34303267", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=34303267]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_34303267").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_34303267").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="34303267"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i></div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl6x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="140" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pharmacology">Pharmacology</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="140" type="text/json">{"id":140,"name":"Pharmacology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pharmacology","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (false) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=34303267]'), work: {"id":34303267,"title":"Subacute toxicity study of an aqueous extract of Ficus racemosa Linn. bark in rats","created_at":"2017-08-22T04:10:20.986-07:00","owner_id":4567869,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/34303267/Subacute_toxicity_study_of_an_aqueous_extract_of_Ficus_racemosa_Linn_bark_in_rats","slug":"Subacute_toxicity_study_of_an_aqueous_extract_of_Ficus_racemosa_Linn_bark_in_rats","dom_id":"work_34303267","summary":"Background: Ficus racemosa Linn. is mentioned in Indian traditional system medicine i.e. ayurveda for therapy of diseases like Diabetes, acidity, asthma, dysentery, menorrhagia, glandular enlargement, sore throat etc. However no references are available regarding the toxicity study of this herb.Aim: We decided to perform the acute toxicity and subacute toxicity studies of aqueous extract of Ficus racemosa Linn. bark in albino mice and Sprague dawley rats respectively. Acute toxicity has been already explained in previous article.Materials and Methods: Animals were divided into three groups randomly. Group – I was fed with normal saline for 3 weeks, Group-II was given aqueous extract of herb in the dose of 30 mg/100 gm for 3 weeks. Group – III were divided into two subgroups. Group – III (a) was given incremental dose of aqueous extract of herb for 15 days and Group – III (b) was administered with extract of herb in incremental form for 15 days and then they were allowed to recover for 7 days. Animals of group – III (a) sacrificed on 16 th day and other groups were sacrificed after 3 weeks. Blood samples were taken to determine hemoglobin, WBC count, blood urea, blood glucose, serum Creatinine, serum cholesterol, S.G.P.T and S.G.O.T. Gross and histological examination of kidney and liver sections was done by veterinary pathologist. Herb was given by force feeding.Statistics: ANOVA followed by a post hoc test were used to analyze the data.Results and Conclusion: Indicated that administration of the aqueous extract of herb for 15 to 21 days (incremental as well as fixed) in subacute toxicity study showed definitive liver damage. Hepatotoxicity is appeared to be reversible. Histopathologicaly renal damage was not marked. Serum creatinine and blood urea were increased significantly.","publication":null,"publication_with_fallback":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":54206125,"asset_id":34303267,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/54206125/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/54206125/sub_acute_toxicity_ficus-libre.pdf?1503400529=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DSubacute_toxicity_study_of_an_aqueous_ex.pdf\u0026Expires=1739835076\u0026Signature=FPmV8siDO9p46sCmR4X74pFO70RubYM3j03~QOq4qY36Shqj5h2NYOKBKEnCbhphJnDr5KUunBlxpdJpCyJ2bu0pRTrDTafjXbaUaj6NZtRJTNxw4I6sDXKSWs8laZaR5DM6hXA9PDyOzh842rDp55SLB0LDCY~jkBDFmAAKrpH6SFZnqghrfpRGZxqJm24V6263Xs1Nz3j6UZ7Ihdqnaq87T~oIQQ18FbrHHfMKQJE0hruXJMqLAoUIb3f1084vmr-ZNVEfT8yD8xFdNynDJ7Nnl3q38wLlyY8GKYRXtTa21xLdn9q3dnSKxO3T6eUVxf0PQAq7W0IrzT5BjR1nzg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/54206125/download_file?st=MTczOTgzMTQ3Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/54206125/mini_magick20190117-9780-1maphib.png?1547794049"}],"downloadable_attachments_with_full_thumbnails":[{"id":54206125,"asset_id":34303267,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/54206125/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/54206125/sub_acute_toxicity_ficus-libre.pdf?1503400529=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DSubacute_toxicity_study_of_an_aqueous_ex.pdf\u0026Expires=1739835077\u0026Signature=cGehxIob4U4VKmmjic1BuOhxO93Mk-KTaot1XGpZKK1YGBOxacP1Iz7CUM~iMGaooq~oZVFk54J2264VondX9qZwjwp7z2HJu30F5gcB6GFIol3Fc50FTSwA3ozThkh7wHe-tdJaBjW2uqSSoapzLiD4dXytZU40SErGc3E5smIWrvex~OdbTmMeTzaRANUHK~mhKM8cLmB7KbANHNRH6DXZKN3mGbfOtBog9sPdT19QY~d2WrVGo-3N6pPPDMxc2XxII4-G5gBFQunXOPmSEBPZSw1joKsmpLVxUgIvuGSu7gngzQWvM6kJDRfYn76sf0wmwbWhLwBjIXasdiO9DQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/54206125/download_file?st=MTczOTgzMTQ3Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/54206125/mini_magick20190117-9780-1maphib.png?1547794049"}],"has_pdf":true,"has_fulltext":true,"page_count":4,"ordered_authors":[{"id":4567869,"first_name":"Manoj Kumar","last_name":"Saurabh","domain_name":"msubaroda","page_name":"ManojKumarSaurabh","display_name":"Manoj Kumar Saurabh","profile_url":"https://msubaroda.academia.edu/ManojKumarSaurabh","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/4567869/1896999/2249411/s65_manoj_kumar.saurabh.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":140,"name":"Pharmacology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pharmacology","nofollow":true}],"publication_year":null,"publication_year_with_fallback":null,"paper_rank":null,"all_time_views":200,"active_discussion":{}}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_34303284" data-work_id="34303284" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/34303284/Misuse_of_standard_error_of_mean_SEM_when_reporting_variability_of_a_sample_A_critical_appraisal_of_four_Indian_journals">Misuse of standard error of mean (SEM) when reporting variability of a sample: A critical appraisal of four Indian journals</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Background:Use of descriptive statistics is very common in medical articles. Most commonly used descriptive statistical methods are mean±SD for data following the normal distribution and Median for data not following the normal... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_34303284" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Background:Use of descriptive statistics is very common in medical articles. Most commonly used descriptive statistical methods are mean±SD for data following the normal distribution and Median for data not following the normal distribution.Aim: It is observed that sometime SEM is used to show the variability of sample around the mean. So we decided to survey four medical journals published in India for this error.Materials and Methods :Each of us analyzed all the original articles, short communications and research letters published four Indian journals (Indian Pediatrics (IP), Indian Journal of Dermatology, Vanereology and Laprology (IJDVL), Indian Journal of Pharmacology (IJP)and Journal of Post graduate Medicine (JPGM) for identification of frequency of this statistical error. Results:We observed that in most of the articles of IJP (72.1%) (95% CI 65.3%-78%) SEM is used to show variability within the sample. In other journals this error was negligible.Discussion: There is need of spreading awareness regarding the correct use of SD in showing the variability within the sample.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/34303284" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="ab5117880e2f1fdc3ee4ec03256f4045" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":54206142,"asset_id":34303284,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/54206142/download_file?st=MTczOTgzMTQ3Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="4567869" href="https://msubaroda.academia.edu/ManojKumarSaurabh">Manoj Kumar Saurabh</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="4567869" type="text/json">{"id":4567869,"first_name":"Manoj Kumar","last_name":"Saurabh","domain_name":"msubaroda","page_name":"ManojKumarSaurabh","display_name":"Manoj Kumar Saurabh","profile_url":"https://msubaroda.academia.edu/ManojKumarSaurabh","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/4567869/1896999/2249411/s65_manoj_kumar.saurabh.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_34303284 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="34303284"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 34303284, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_34303284", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=34303284]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_34303284").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_34303284").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="34303284"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">5</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="140" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pharmacology">Pharmacology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="140" type="text/json">{"id":140,"name":"Pharmacology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pharmacology","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="586" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Health_Sciences">Health Sciences</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="586" type="text/json">{"id":586,"name":"Health Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Health_Sciences","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="656" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pharmacy">Pharmacy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="656" type="text/json">{"id":656,"name":"Pharmacy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pharmacy","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1085" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Epidemiology">Epidemiology</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="1085" type="text/json">{"id":1085,"name":"Epidemiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Epidemiology","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=34303284]'), work: {"id":34303284,"title":"Misuse of standard error of mean (SEM) when reporting variability of a sample: A critical appraisal of four Indian journals","created_at":"2017-08-22T04:12:32.577-07:00","owner_id":4567869,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/34303284/Misuse_of_standard_error_of_mean_SEM_when_reporting_variability_of_a_sample_A_critical_appraisal_of_four_Indian_journals","slug":"Misuse_of_standard_error_of_mean_SEM_when_reporting_variability_of_a_sample_A_critical_appraisal_of_four_Indian_journals","dom_id":"work_34303284","summary":"Background:Use of descriptive statistics is very common in medical articles. Most commonly used descriptive statistical methods are mean±SD for data following the normal distribution and Median for data not following the normal distribution.Aim: It is observed that sometime SEM is used to show the variability of sample around the mean. So we decided to survey four medical journals published in India for this error.Materials and Methods :Each of us analyzed all the original articles, short communications and research letters published four Indian journals (Indian Pediatrics (IP), Indian Journal of Dermatology, Vanereology and Laprology (IJDVL), Indian Journal of Pharmacology (IJP)and Journal of Post graduate Medicine (JPGM) for identification of frequency of this statistical error. Results:We observed that in most of the articles of IJP (72.1%) (95% CI 65.3%-78%) SEM is used to show variability within the sample. In other journals this error was negligible.Discussion: There is need of spreading awareness regarding the correct use of SD in showing the variability within the sample.","publication":null,"publication_with_fallback":"BJA: British Journal of Anaesthesia","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":54206142,"asset_id":34303284,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/54206142/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/54206142/SEM-libre.pdf?1503400814=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DMisuse_of_standard_error_of_mean_SEM_whe.pdf\u0026Expires=1739835077\u0026Signature=JQajvF~I8PtojXxt8yxkfy0znfUm57m94-cgXAKoN1gb5JSgoOqIbXScaW5ZoC2-2OANInc2pz4XvNdEB9IjbuOTLtWaUdQNELnnYQhfgFAj5RwQKLtiSVIAsioQqdPUzEJl3rLn6TJiK5t9wevFFW33KE-pks5qr-Bfe~wXNSfss7kl7yF9BKJUElC7d8xki0OgQ4AJkVUdBNPdrhlfRMc-8GxaXs2dzyic1jJuf7rRP2BrZ3Br0TjQ5fg12hwMlhIJGjZjKi2FbcqKWWY6P72BDgMnkSag95FVatIOqjsI-7MHzw3pgZYyPnRgQjzmSvvelOH8YKpFIo5cSZCnuQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/54206142/download_file?st=MTczOTgzMTQ3Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/54206142/mini_magick20190117-22586-u3w0b6.png?1547794044"}],"downloadable_attachments_with_full_thumbnails":[{"id":54206142,"asset_id":34303284,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/54206142/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/54206142/SEM-libre.pdf?1503400814=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DMisuse_of_standard_error_of_mean_SEM_whe.pdf\u0026Expires=1739835077\u0026Signature=JQajvF~I8PtojXxt8yxkfy0znfUm57m94-cgXAKoN1gb5JSgoOqIbXScaW5ZoC2-2OANInc2pz4XvNdEB9IjbuOTLtWaUdQNELnnYQhfgFAj5RwQKLtiSVIAsioQqdPUzEJl3rLn6TJiK5t9wevFFW33KE-pks5qr-Bfe~wXNSfss7kl7yF9BKJUElC7d8xki0OgQ4AJkVUdBNPdrhlfRMc-8GxaXs2dzyic1jJuf7rRP2BrZ3Br0TjQ5fg12hwMlhIJGjZjKi2FbcqKWWY6P72BDgMnkSag95FVatIOqjsI-7MHzw3pgZYyPnRgQjzmSvvelOH8YKpFIo5cSZCnuQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/54206142/download_file?st=MTczOTgzMTQ3Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/54206142/mini_magick20190117-22586-u3w0b6.png?1547794044"}],"has_pdf":true,"has_fulltext":true,"page_count":2,"ordered_authors":[{"id":4567869,"first_name":"Manoj Kumar","last_name":"Saurabh","domain_name":"msubaroda","page_name":"ManojKumarSaurabh","display_name":"Manoj Kumar Saurabh","profile_url":"https://msubaroda.academia.edu/ManojKumarSaurabh","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/4567869/1896999/2249411/s65_manoj_kumar.saurabh.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":140,"name":"Pharmacology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pharmacology","nofollow":true},{"id":586,"name":"Health Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Health_Sciences","nofollow":true},{"id":656,"name":"Pharmacy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pharmacy","nofollow":true},{"id":1085,"name":"Epidemiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Epidemiology","nofollow":true},{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine"}],"publication_year":null,"publication_year_with_fallback":2003,"paper_rank":null,"all_time_views":54,"active_discussion":{}}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_34303297" data-work_id="34303297" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/34303297/missing_data_pdf">missing data.pdf</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Background and Aim:Drop out of participants and missing data are common in clinical trials. If not dealt properly it may lead to the bias of results obtained in clinical trials. We appraised the clinical trials published in four Indian... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_34303297" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Background and Aim:Drop out of participants and missing data are common in clinical trials. If not dealt properly it may lead to the bias of results obtained in clinical trials. We appraised the clinical trials published in four Indian medical journals for reporting of missing data, intention to treat and reasons for missing data. Material and Methods:We appraised four Indian journals (Indian Journal of Pharmacology (IJP), Journal of Postgraduate Medicine (JPGM), Indian pediatrics (IP) and Indian Journal of Dermatology, Vanereology and Leprology (IJDVL)) on the basis of checklist for handling of missing data, intention to treat and reasons for drop out from clinical trials.Statistics: Outcomes were noted as frequency, percentage and 95% confidence interval around the percentage.Results:43 (65.15%) (53.1% to 75.5%) articles reported missing data. 39 (59%) (47% to 70.1%) articles mentioned that data were analysed as randomized. In 3 (4.5%) (1.5% to 12.5%) trials it was observed that data were not analysed as randomized. In 24 (36.3%) (25.8% to 48.4%) trials missing outcome were more than 10%. In 42 (97.6%) (87.9% to 99.5%) data were excluded falsely. In 5 (7.5%) (3.2% to 16.5%) clinical trials intention to treat analysis was mentioned but principles were not used completely. Most common reason for drop out was loss to follow up 25 (67.5%) (51.4% to 80.3%)). Conclusion:We observed that missing data was not adequately dealt in clinical trials published in Indian medical journals. This may lead to a threat to the validity of results reported in these trials.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/34303297" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="6df3a108ef294e5ff90b20bd3603412c" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":54206162,"asset_id":34303297,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/54206162/download_file?st=MTczOTgzMTQ3Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="4567869" href="https://msubaroda.academia.edu/ManojKumarSaurabh">Manoj Kumar Saurabh</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="4567869" type="text/json">{"id":4567869,"first_name":"Manoj Kumar","last_name":"Saurabh","domain_name":"msubaroda","page_name":"ManojKumarSaurabh","display_name":"Manoj Kumar Saurabh","profile_url":"https://msubaroda.academia.edu/ManojKumarSaurabh","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/4567869/1896999/2249411/s65_manoj_kumar.saurabh.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_34303297 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="34303297"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 34303297, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_34303297", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_34303297 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 34303297; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_34303297"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_34303297 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="34303297"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 34303297; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=34303297]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_34303297").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_34303297").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="34303297"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i></div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl6x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="140" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pharmacology">Pharmacology</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="140" type="text/json">{"id":140,"name":"Pharmacology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pharmacology","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (false) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=34303297]'), work: {"id":34303297,"title":"missing data.pdf","created_at":"2017-08-22T04:13:44.515-07:00","owner_id":4567869,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/34303297/missing_data_pdf","slug":"missing_data_pdf","dom_id":"work_34303297","summary":"Background and Aim:Drop out of participants and missing data are common in clinical trials. If not dealt properly it may lead to the bias of results obtained in clinical trials. We appraised the clinical trials published in four Indian medical journals for reporting of missing data, intention to treat and reasons for missing data. Material and Methods:We appraised four Indian journals (Indian Journal of Pharmacology (IJP), Journal of Postgraduate Medicine (JPGM), Indian pediatrics (IP) and Indian Journal of Dermatology, Vanereology and Leprology (IJDVL)) on the basis of checklist for handling of missing data, intention to treat and reasons for drop out from clinical trials.Statistics: Outcomes were noted as frequency, percentage and 95% confidence interval around the percentage.Results:43 (65.15%) (53.1% to 75.5%) articles reported missing data. 39 (59%) (47% to 70.1%) articles mentioned that data were analysed as randomized. In 3 (4.5%) (1.5% to 12.5%) trials it was observed that data were not analysed as randomized. In 24 (36.3%) (25.8% to 48.4%) trials missing outcome were more than 10%. In 42 (97.6%) (87.9% to 99.5%) data were excluded falsely. In 5 (7.5%) (3.2% to 16.5%) clinical trials intention to treat analysis was mentioned but principles were not used completely. Most common reason for drop out was loss to follow up 25 (67.5%) (51.4% to 80.3%)). Conclusion:We observed that missing data was not adequately dealt in clinical trials published in Indian medical journals. 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Methods: Memory was evaluated using the P.G.I. (Postgraduate institute) memory scale and psychomotor functions were evaluated using six letter cancellation test. Subjects were evaluated at baseline (before starting of drug treatment), after 15 days and at the end of one month.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/34303345" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="564ddf97383767c97a93019f8d494c75" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":54206206,"asset_id":34303345,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/54206206/download_file?st=MTczOTgzMTQ3Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="4567869" href="https://msubaroda.academia.edu/ManojKumarSaurabh">Manoj Kumar Saurabh</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="4567869" type="text/json">{"id":4567869,"first_name":"Manoj Kumar","last_name":"Saurabh","domain_name":"msubaroda","page_name":"ManojKumarSaurabh","display_name":"Manoj Kumar Saurabh","profile_url":"https://msubaroda.academia.edu/ManojKumarSaurabh","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/4567869/1896999/2249411/s65_manoj_kumar.saurabh.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_34303345 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="34303345"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 34303345, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_34303345", }); 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Methods: Memory was evaluated using the P.G.I. (Postgraduate institute) memory scale and psychomotor functions were evaluated using six letter cancellation test. Subjects were evaluated at baseline (before starting of drug treatment), after 15 days and at the end of one month.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/34303350" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="8f562a4f082ac02b7e88f18419e3c594" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":54206211,"asset_id":34303350,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/54206211/download_file?st=MTczOTgzMTQ3Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="4567869" href="https://msubaroda.academia.edu/ManojKumarSaurabh">Manoj Kumar Saurabh</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="4567869" type="text/json">{"id":4567869,"first_name":"Manoj Kumar","last_name":"Saurabh","domain_name":"msubaroda","page_name":"ManojKumarSaurabh","display_name":"Manoj Kumar Saurabh","profile_url":"https://msubaroda.academia.edu/ManojKumarSaurabh","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/4567869/1896999/2249411/s65_manoj_kumar.saurabh.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_34303350 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="34303350"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 34303350, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_34303350", }); 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Subjects were evaluated at baseline (before starting of drug treatment), after 15 days and at the end of one month.","publication":null,"publication_with_fallback":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":54206211,"asset_id":34303350,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/54206211/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/54206211/research_amitryptline-libre.pdf?1503401114=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3Dresearch_amitryptline_pdf.pdf\u0026Expires=1738962877\u0026Signature=SHLzNIKWswdas1t2LPiIAd2v2HxhN2iOc73VBx1NJNlSmhQoocd~x6E63Te7dVe7f0Olc28BlhxPs-mc3imqrA-i1CQAK9Mo0-p~OPSCS2NCFyVW623QGB6PLyMFJOWdPuf8Ni6X2B8SUWUh1g-EqOXKRX-9FgUaIjiuWkPKo1qIlHVr5dmHnEzTlROdLuUhD2NCq8P~Cyc7GTkOVUZhCh6jn0QqudteshXYwrW8blgRlhxfosW2MC7nNHZsGKX482qNdHsd1T-QDWurwoZcV-F6VK-UkLIIBx7Cd6JC4h~v-fpInyepeJTAxT~NkUBpRj8kp9ESQ~UYNonGi8ocBw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/54206211/download_file?st=MTczOTgzMTQ3Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/54206211/mini_magick20190117-5465-1eeyyqm.png?1547794031"}],"downloadable_attachments_with_full_thumbnails":[{"id":54206211,"asset_id":34303350,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/54206211/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/54206211/research_amitryptline-libre.pdf?1503401114=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3Dresearch_amitryptline_pdf.pdf\u0026Expires=1738962877\u0026Signature=SHLzNIKWswdas1t2LPiIAd2v2HxhN2iOc73VBx1NJNlSmhQoocd~x6E63Te7dVe7f0Olc28BlhxPs-mc3imqrA-i1CQAK9Mo0-p~OPSCS2NCFyVW623QGB6PLyMFJOWdPuf8Ni6X2B8SUWUh1g-EqOXKRX-9FgUaIjiuWkPKo1qIlHVr5dmHnEzTlROdLuUhD2NCq8P~Cyc7GTkOVUZhCh6jn0QqudteshXYwrW8blgRlhxfosW2MC7nNHZsGKX482qNdHsd1T-QDWurwoZcV-F6VK-UkLIIBx7Cd6JC4h~v-fpInyepeJTAxT~NkUBpRj8kp9ESQ~UYNonGi8ocBw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/54206211/download_file?st=MTczOTgzMTQ3Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/54206211/mini_magick20190117-5465-1eeyyqm.png?1547794031"}],"has_pdf":true,"has_fulltext":true,"page_count":5,"ordered_authors":[{"id":4567869,"first_name":"Manoj Kumar","last_name":"Saurabh","domain_name":"msubaroda","page_name":"ManojKumarSaurabh","display_name":"Manoj Kumar Saurabh","profile_url":"https://msubaroda.academia.edu/ManojKumarSaurabh","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/4567869/1896999/2249411/s65_manoj_kumar.saurabh.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":140,"name":"Pharmacology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pharmacology","nofollow":true}],"publication_year":null,"publication_year_with_fallback":null,"paper_rank":null,"all_time_views":5,"active_discussion":{}}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_34303398" data-work_id="34303398" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/34303398/Reporting_of_the_methodological_quality_and_ethical_aspects_in_clinical_trials_published_in_Indian_journals_a_survey">Reporting of the methodological quality and ethical aspects in clinical trials published in Indian journals: a survey.</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Clinical trials published in various medical journals are poor in methodological aspects and ethical reporting. This study was designed to survey the clinical trials published in four Indian medical journals (Indian Journal of... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_34303398" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Clinical trials published in various medical journals are poor in methodological aspects and ethical reporting. This study was designed to survey the clinical trials published in four Indian medical journals (Indian Journal of Pharmacology, Indian Pediatrics, Journal of Postgraduate Medicine and Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology) for their reporting of methodological and ethical aspects. Materials and Methods:Each author surveyed all the clinical trials published in these journals since two years (2007 and 2008) on the basis of CONSORT statement. Ethical reporting surveyed on the basis of reporting of permission of institution ethics committee, informed consent from participants and assent from children more than seven year of age. Observation points were reported as frequency and percentages and 95% confidence interval around the percentages.Results: It was observed that primary and secondary endpoints were reported in 11 (36.6%, 95% CI 21.8% to 54.4% ) trials. Minimum difference between the outcome seen in 14 (46.6%, 95% CI 30.2% to 63.8%) trials. Sample size was calculated in 14 (46.6%, 95% CI 30.2% to 63.8%) trials. Rational and methods of statistics reported in 29 (96.6%, 95% CI 83.3% to 99.4%) trials. Intention to treat and stopping rules was not mentioned in any trial. Unit of randomization was mentioned in 28 (93.3%, 95% CI 78.6% to 98.1%) trials. Method used to generate allocation schedule reported in 21 (70%, 95% CI 52.1% to 83.3%) trials. Method of allocation concealment and timing of assignment reported in 8 (26.6% , 95% CI 14.1% to 44.4%) trials. Method to separate generator from executor reported in 3 (10%, 95% CI 3.4% to 25.6%) trials. 26 trials were blinded trials. Out of these 26 mechanism of blinding (Cap/tablet) was reported in 26 (100%, 95% CI 87.1% to 100%) trials. Similarity of treatment in blinding (appearance/taste) was reported in 26 (100%, 95% CI 87.1% to 100%) trials. Allocation of schedule control (code location during trial and when broken) was reported in 2 (7.6%, 95% CI 2.1% to 24.1%) trials. Evidence of successful blinding was reported in 1 (3.8%, 95% CI 0.6% to 18.8%) trial. Twenty-seven (90%, 95% CI 74.3% to 96.5%) trials reported permission of the ethics committee. Written informed consent from participants was reported in 29 trials (96.6%, 95% CI 83.3% to 99.4%).Conclusion:clinical trials published in Indian medical journals are not devoid of methodological problems and results of these trials should be generalized cautiously.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/34303398" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="edefbfc89f6d45e644485e7f929cd84e" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":54206259,"asset_id":34303398,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/54206259/download_file?st=MTczOTgzMTQ3Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="4567869" href="https://msubaroda.academia.edu/ManojKumarSaurabh">Manoj Kumar Saurabh</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="4567869" type="text/json">{"id":4567869,"first_name":"Manoj Kumar","last_name":"Saurabh","domain_name":"msubaroda","page_name":"ManojKumarSaurabh","display_name":"Manoj Kumar Saurabh","profile_url":"https://msubaroda.academia.edu/ManojKumarSaurabh","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/4567869/1896999/2249411/s65_manoj_kumar.saurabh.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_34303398 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="34303398"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 34303398, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_34303398", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=34303398]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_34303398").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_34303398").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="34303398"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">3</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="140" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pharmacology">Pharmacology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="140" type="text/json">{"id":140,"name":"Pharmacology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pharmacology","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="656" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pharmacy">Pharmacy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="656" type="text/json">{"id":656,"name":"Pharmacy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pharmacy","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="814" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethics">Ethics</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="814" type="text/json">{"id":814,"name":"Ethics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethics","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=34303398]'), work: {"id":34303398,"title":"Reporting of the methodological quality and ethical aspects in clinical trials published in Indian journals: a survey.","created_at":"2017-08-22T04:26:58.366-07:00","owner_id":4567869,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/34303398/Reporting_of_the_methodological_quality_and_ethical_aspects_in_clinical_trials_published_in_Indian_journals_a_survey","slug":"Reporting_of_the_methodological_quality_and_ethical_aspects_in_clinical_trials_published_in_Indian_journals_a_survey","dom_id":"work_34303398","summary":"Clinical trials published in various medical journals are poor in methodological aspects and ethical reporting. This study was designed to survey the clinical trials published in four Indian medical journals (Indian Journal of Pharmacology, Indian Pediatrics, Journal of Postgraduate Medicine and Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology) for their reporting of methodological and ethical aspects. Materials and Methods:Each author surveyed all the clinical trials published in these journals since two years (2007 and 2008) on the basis of CONSORT statement. Ethical reporting surveyed on the basis of reporting of permission of institution ethics committee, informed consent from participants and assent from children more than seven year of age. Observation points were reported as frequency and percentages and 95% confidence interval around the percentages.Results: It was observed that primary and secondary endpoints were reported in 11 (36.6%, 95% CI 21.8% to 54.4% ) trials. Minimum difference between the outcome seen in 14 (46.6%, 95% CI 30.2% to 63.8%) trials. Sample size was calculated in 14 (46.6%, 95% CI 30.2% to 63.8%) trials. Rational and methods of statistics reported in 29 (96.6%, 95% CI 83.3% to 99.4%) trials. Intention to treat and stopping rules was not mentioned in any trial. Unit of randomization was mentioned in 28 (93.3%, 95% CI 78.6% to 98.1%) trials. Method used to generate allocation schedule reported in 21 (70%, 95% CI 52.1% to 83.3%) trials. Method of allocation concealment and timing of assignment reported in 8 (26.6% , 95% CI 14.1% to 44.4%) trials. Method to separate generator from executor reported in 3 (10%, 95% CI 3.4% to 25.6%) trials. 26 trials were blinded trials. Out of these 26 mechanism of blinding (Cap/tablet) was reported in 26 (100%, 95% CI 87.1% to 100%) trials. Similarity of treatment in blinding (appearance/taste) was reported in 26 (100%, 95% CI 87.1% to 100%) trials. Allocation of schedule control (code location during trial and when broken) was reported in 2 (7.6%, 95% CI 2.1% to 24.1%) trials. Evidence of successful blinding was reported in 1 (3.8%, 95% CI 0.6% to 18.8%) trial. Twenty-seven (90%, 95% CI 74.3% to 96.5%) trials reported permission of the ethics committee. Written informed consent from participants was reported in 29 trials (96.6%, 95% CI 83.3% to 99.4%).Conclusion:clinical trials published in Indian medical journals are not devoid of methodological problems and results of these trials should be generalized cautiously.","publication":null,"publication_with_fallback":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":54206259,"asset_id":34303398,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/54206259/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/54206259/ethical_aspect-libre.pdf?1503401684=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DReporting_of_the_methodological_quality.pdf\u0026Expires=1739835077\u0026Signature=LcN~Yv~AKyuG2eYZbvshoF31Uo~sglhJ8QgHUJXlAU6zMpi2irGV~g2UsiiTf6mftmHQT-hSA7jG5FitGZ~P2yjT~f-jsqmCXvvXK1tmMgvwYd9ZeY3xgPxGm8TIQulhk~OiCt2Pyf7mpYKVYrgefo8VsDYr1pDf4OcsIq4qzEbti21Ndhm8EEQNJpuWvaL1OhIImW54CWODJix3RokNY7clE4cZmf7gVkx~B3k~VVaUkJNFBNoPSbS3-59ZA3FBeBPSzhJd5nNzUGKAIgUhdfGg8bX7SGDBpXP69THfgYkLdci87VoZJy0E26SfxqqLv7yua87yGKOiUdNdanq6EA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/54206259/download_file?st=MTczOTgzMTQ3Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/54206259/mini_magick20190117-4603-1g2zuyw.png?1547794023"}],"downloadable_attachments_with_full_thumbnails":[{"id":54206259,"asset_id":34303398,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/54206259/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/54206259/ethical_aspect-libre.pdf?1503401684=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DReporting_of_the_methodological_quality.pdf\u0026Expires=1739835077\u0026Signature=LcN~Yv~AKyuG2eYZbvshoF31Uo~sglhJ8QgHUJXlAU6zMpi2irGV~g2UsiiTf6mftmHQT-hSA7jG5FitGZ~P2yjT~f-jsqmCXvvXK1tmMgvwYd9ZeY3xgPxGm8TIQulhk~OiCt2Pyf7mpYKVYrgefo8VsDYr1pDf4OcsIq4qzEbti21Ndhm8EEQNJpuWvaL1OhIImW54CWODJix3RokNY7clE4cZmf7gVkx~B3k~VVaUkJNFBNoPSbS3-59ZA3FBeBPSzhJd5nNzUGKAIgUhdfGg8bX7SGDBpXP69THfgYkLdci87VoZJy0E26SfxqqLv7yua87yGKOiUdNdanq6EA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/54206259/download_file?st=MTczOTgzMTQ3Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/54206259/mini_magick20190117-4603-1g2zuyw.png?1547794023"}],"has_pdf":true,"has_fulltext":true,"page_count":3,"ordered_authors":[{"id":4567869,"first_name":"Manoj Kumar","last_name":"Saurabh","domain_name":"msubaroda","page_name":"ManojKumarSaurabh","display_name":"Manoj Kumar Saurabh","profile_url":"https://msubaroda.academia.edu/ManojKumarSaurabh","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/4567869/1896999/2249411/s65_manoj_kumar.saurabh.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":140,"name":"Pharmacology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pharmacology","nofollow":true},{"id":656,"name":"Pharmacy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pharmacy","nofollow":true},{"id":814,"name":"Ethics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethics","nofollow":true}],"publication_year":null,"publication_year_with_fallback":null,"paper_rank":null,"all_time_views":11,"active_discussion":{}}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_34303411" data-work_id="34303411" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/34303411/False_positive_clinical_trials_published_in_four_Indian_medical_journals_a_survey">False positive clinical trials published in four Indian medical journals: a survey</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Objective: One of the major problems associated with the reporting of clinical trials is false positivity or type 1 error. One important reason for this error is use of multiple statistical tests. The aim of our study is to critically... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_34303411" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Objective: One of the major problems associated with the reporting of clinical trials is false positivity or type 1 error. One important reason for this error is use of multiple statistical tests. The aim of our study is to critically appraise randomized clinical trials published in four medical journals (Indian Journal of Pharmacology (IJP), Indian Pediatrics (IP), Indian Journal of Dermatology, Vanereology and Leprology (IJDVL) and Journal of Postgraduate Medicine (JPGM)) published in India for the reporting of endpoints, significant results after correction the results for multiple endpoints and methods reported to adjust these multiple end points in clinical trials. Material and Methods: Each author critically appraises these clinical trials for reporting of end points and methods for adjustment of multiple endpoints. Calculation of new P value on the basis of Bonferroni adjustment was done by first author. All values are expressed in frequencies, percentages and 95% Confidence interval around percentages. Results: In 12 (17.9%, 95% CI 10.5% to 28.7%) clinical trials division between primary and secondary endpoint was mentioned. Median number of endpoints in rest of the clinical trials were 5 (range 2 to 12). Three or more than three treatment groups were mentioned in 6 (8.9%, 95% CI 4.1% to 18.1%) clinical trials. Out of remaining 49 clinical trials positive significant test after the Bonferroni adjustment for multiple endpoints was seen in only 22 (44.9%, 95% CI 31.8% to 58.6%) clinical trials. Not a single clinical trial reported use of some statistical methods to adjust the type 1 error because of multiple endpoints. Conclusion: Clinical trials published in Indian medical journals are not devoid of false positivity or type 1 error. Editors need to generate awareness regarding use of some methods which can adjust the results of clinical trials.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/34303411" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="e505d5d2829ac0c2e0fc731b64439ff8" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":54206268,"asset_id":34303411,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/54206268/download_file?st=MTczOTgzMTQ3Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="4567869" href="https://msubaroda.academia.edu/ManojKumarSaurabh">Manoj Kumar Saurabh</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="4567869" type="text/json">{"id":4567869,"first_name":"Manoj Kumar","last_name":"Saurabh","domain_name":"msubaroda","page_name":"ManojKumarSaurabh","display_name":"Manoj Kumar Saurabh","profile_url":"https://msubaroda.academia.edu/ManojKumarSaurabh","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/4567869/1896999/2249411/s65_manoj_kumar.saurabh.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_34303411 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="34303411"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 34303411, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_34303411", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=34303411]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_34303411").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_34303411").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="34303411"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">2</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="140" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pharmacology">Pharmacology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="140" type="text/json">{"id":140,"name":"Pharmacology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pharmacology","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="656" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pharmacy">Pharmacy</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="656" type="text/json">{"id":656,"name":"Pharmacy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pharmacy","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=34303411]'), work: {"id":34303411,"title":"False positive clinical trials published in four Indian medical journals: a survey","created_at":"2017-08-22T04:28:40.944-07:00","owner_id":4567869,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/34303411/False_positive_clinical_trials_published_in_four_Indian_medical_journals_a_survey","slug":"False_positive_clinical_trials_published_in_four_Indian_medical_journals_a_survey","dom_id":"work_34303411","summary":"Objective: One of the major problems associated with the reporting of clinical trials is false positivity or type 1 error. One important reason for this error is use of multiple statistical tests. The aim of our study is to critically appraise randomized clinical trials published in four medical journals (Indian Journal of Pharmacology (IJP), Indian Pediatrics (IP), Indian Journal of Dermatology, Vanereology and Leprology (IJDVL) and Journal of Postgraduate Medicine (JPGM)) published in India for the reporting of endpoints, significant results after correction the results for multiple endpoints and methods reported to adjust these multiple end points in clinical trials. Material and Methods: Each author critically appraises these clinical trials for reporting of end points and methods for adjustment of multiple endpoints. Calculation of new P value on the basis of Bonferroni adjustment was done by first author. All values are expressed in frequencies, percentages and 95% Confidence interval around percentages. Results: In 12 (17.9%, 95% CI 10.5% to 28.7%) clinical trials division between primary and secondary endpoint was mentioned. Median number of endpoints in rest of the clinical trials were 5 (range 2 to 12). Three or more than three treatment groups were mentioned in 6 (8.9%, 95% CI 4.1% to 18.1%) clinical trials. Out of remaining 49 clinical trials positive significant test after the Bonferroni adjustment for multiple endpoints was seen in only 22 (44.9%, 95% CI 31.8% to 58.6%) clinical trials. Not a single clinical trial reported use of some statistical methods to adjust the type 1 error because of multiple endpoints. Conclusion: Clinical trials published in Indian medical journals are not devoid of false positivity or type 1 error. Editors need to generate awareness regarding use of some methods which can adjust the results of clinical trials.","publication":null,"publication_with_fallback":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":54206268,"asset_id":34303411,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/54206268/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/54206268/false_positive_clinical_trial-libre.pdf?1503401683=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DFalse_positive_clinical_trials_published.pdf\u0026Expires=1739835077\u0026Signature=PMETVNMQX5XNsobbloQQHx94J~bMObJaH1fOUVhPSyMfZMmgHPEuUCQHraSvoK22e6YThor4RtOn2OvpM5Gzcg~n89Sk1lq4IQCuQl3I3OLlTd1zjobLZPLXM1cizfxTIb5I958TwOKT7itlGlfiEnqZW5HxO-4RlL~pXfvRAc~oqEvF29KBImgVAEXUbiqhZIiUfLof4hmfU5n-MpEDHLgLw93T3QbbNoyfWfbUeON9KU2LE6k4DnE7QimBLXHZDI8RwOhoh8DUzOyeNwW~Z382xpWh-IG5NBi-8CuKKXZ3IuH2bO4XuB3GDocVy7AIIQWrxcaefzHBK8pqXAOFyA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/54206268/download_file?st=MTczOTgzMTQ3Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/54206268/mini_magick20190117-22582-1765c5r.png?1547794019"}],"downloadable_attachments_with_full_thumbnails":[{"id":54206268,"asset_id":34303411,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/54206268/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/54206268/false_positive_clinical_trial-libre.pdf?1503401683=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DFalse_positive_clinical_trials_published.pdf\u0026Expires=1739835077\u0026Signature=PMETVNMQX5XNsobbloQQHx94J~bMObJaH1fOUVhPSyMfZMmgHPEuUCQHraSvoK22e6YThor4RtOn2OvpM5Gzcg~n89Sk1lq4IQCuQl3I3OLlTd1zjobLZPLXM1cizfxTIb5I958TwOKT7itlGlfiEnqZW5HxO-4RlL~pXfvRAc~oqEvF29KBImgVAEXUbiqhZIiUfLof4hmfU5n-MpEDHLgLw93T3QbbNoyfWfbUeON9KU2LE6k4DnE7QimBLXHZDI8RwOhoh8DUzOyeNwW~Z382xpWh-IG5NBi-8CuKKXZ3IuH2bO4XuB3GDocVy7AIIQWrxcaefzHBK8pqXAOFyA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/54206268/download_file?st=MTczOTgzMTQ3Nyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/54206268/mini_magick20190117-22582-1765c5r.png?1547794019"}],"has_pdf":true,"has_fulltext":true,"page_count":2,"ordered_authors":[{"id":4567869,"first_name":"Manoj Kumar","last_name":"Saurabh","domain_name":"msubaroda","page_name":"ManojKumarSaurabh","display_name":"Manoj Kumar Saurabh","profile_url":"https://msubaroda.academia.edu/ManojKumarSaurabh","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/4567869/1896999/2249411/s65_manoj_kumar.saurabh.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":140,"name":"Pharmacology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pharmacology","nofollow":true},{"id":656,"name":"Pharmacy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pharmacy","nofollow":true}],"publication_year":null,"publication_year_with_fallback":null,"paper_rank":null,"all_time_views":8,"active_discussion":{}}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_34320019" data-work_id="34320019" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest 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href="https://msubaroda.academia.edu/ManojKumarSaurabh">Manoj Kumar Saurabh</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="4567869" type="text/json">{"id":4567869,"first_name":"Manoj Kumar","last_name":"Saurabh","domain_name":"msubaroda","page_name":"ManojKumarSaurabh","display_name":"Manoj Kumar Saurabh","profile_url":"https://msubaroda.academia.edu/ManojKumarSaurabh","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/4567869/1896999/2249411/s65_manoj_kumar.saurabh.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_34320019 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="34320019"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 34320019, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_34320019", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_34320019 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span 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href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pharmacognosy">Pharmacognosy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="14080" type="text/json">{"id":14080,"name":"Pharmacognosy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pharmacognosy","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="88229" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Drug_Safety_Medicine_Pharmacovigilance">Drug Safety, Medicine, Pharmacovigilance</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="88229" type="text/json">{"id":88229,"name":"Drug Safety, Medicine, Pharmacovigilance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Drug_Safety_Medicine_Pharmacovigilance","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=34320019]'), work: {"id":34320019,"title":"Hepatoprotective potential of aqueous extract of Zingiber officinale leaves using CCl4 induced model MANOJ SAURABH¹*, SARANG JAIN² and ASHISH SINGHAI³ ¹Department of Pharmacology, Jhalawar Medical College, Jhalawar (India).","created_at":"2017-08-23T03:49:33.171-07:00","owner_id":4567869,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/34320019/Hepatoprotective_potential_of_aqueous_extract_of_Zingiber_officinale_leaves_using_CCl4_induced_model_MANOJ_SAURABH_SARANG_JAIN_and_ASHISH_SINGHAI_Department_of_Pharmacology_Jhalawar_Medical_College_Jhalawar_India_","slug":"Hepatoprotective_potential_of_aqueous_extract_of_Zingiber_officinale_leaves_using_CCl4_induced_model_MANOJ_SAURABH_SARANG_JAIN_and_ASHISH_SINGHAI_Department_of_Pharmacology_Jhalawar_Medical_College_Jhalawar_India_","dom_id":"work_34320019","summary":null,"publication":null,"publication_with_fallback":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":54219110,"asset_id":34320019,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/54219110/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/54219110/CCL4_induced_model-libre.pdf?1503485671=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DHepatoprotective_potential_of_aqueous_ex.pdf\u0026Expires=1738865679\u0026Signature=cZAzELId8vY-uP-S4stbhcTVGubYCX3f9P~TTHP27sPE01LXmGKIt7QuRVo6I4QjwrNsA2sqXbcOGgzo39JAOhBnGVHi2QcRdU2Pe6gCj-XWiVdUSqUSAT8rS-tTdnWOf~dovEzJiFGQ5zLnLxtHN28mql8Lc-llyR0cbmweTeWI3Kc71S-RnuX~uz56o5Oxo3B4nemJI2PLbakMo8XOUY77PxugD4AKGWYscaOlb8Y-ZXJl5dlRnnmmKg14C5WqXWKsdESNKsBzvayaGqTJuP9y1LDuFjVevD92-AtU6m5tu-mUOY4uLQ7qX01CKncCtD22XMILhLGVEudUjytvzg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/54219110/download_file?st=MTczOTgzMTQ3OCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/54219110/mini_magick20190117-25689-1rziqwr.png?1547789271"}],"downloadable_attachments_with_full_thumbnails":[{"id":54219110,"asset_id":34320019,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/54219110/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/54219110/CCL4_induced_model-libre.pdf?1503485671=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DHepatoprotective_potential_of_aqueous_ex.pdf\u0026Expires=1738865679\u0026Signature=cZAzELId8vY-uP-S4stbhcTVGubYCX3f9P~TTHP27sPE01LXmGKIt7QuRVo6I4QjwrNsA2sqXbcOGgzo39JAOhBnGVHi2QcRdU2Pe6gCj-XWiVdUSqUSAT8rS-tTdnWOf~dovEzJiFGQ5zLnLxtHN28mql8Lc-llyR0cbmweTeWI3Kc71S-RnuX~uz56o5Oxo3B4nemJI2PLbakMo8XOUY77PxugD4AKGWYscaOlb8Y-ZXJl5dlRnnmmKg14C5WqXWKsdESNKsBzvayaGqTJuP9y1LDuFjVevD92-AtU6m5tu-mUOY4uLQ7qX01CKncCtD22XMILhLGVEudUjytvzg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/54219110/download_file?st=MTczOTgzMTQ3OCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/54219110/mini_magick20190117-25689-1rziqwr.png?1547789271"}],"has_pdf":true,"has_fulltext":true,"page_count":4,"ordered_authors":[{"id":4567869,"first_name":"Manoj Kumar","last_name":"Saurabh","domain_name":"msubaroda","page_name":"ManojKumarSaurabh","display_name":"Manoj Kumar Saurabh","profile_url":"https://msubaroda.academia.edu/ManojKumarSaurabh","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/4567869/1896999/2249411/s65_manoj_kumar.saurabh.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":140,"name":"Pharmacology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pharmacology","nofollow":true},{"id":14080,"name":"Pharmacognosy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pharmacognosy","nofollow":true},{"id":88229,"name":"Drug Safety, Medicine, Pharmacovigilance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Drug_Safety_Medicine_Pharmacovigilance","nofollow":true}],"publication_year":null,"publication_year_with_fallback":null,"paper_rank":null,"all_time_views":33,"active_discussion":{}}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_34320097" data-work_id="34320097" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/34320097/STUDY_OF_FORMULATION_CHARACTERISATION_AND_WOUND_HEALING_POTENTIAL_OF_TRANSDERMAL_PATCHES_OF_CURCUMIN">STUDY OF FORMULATION, CHARACTERISATION AND WOUND HEALING POTENTIAL OF TRANSDERMAL PATCHES OF CURCUMIN</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The aim of this study was to investigate the feasibility of Curcumin patches formulation (CPF) as a transdermal therapeutic system for wound healing potential. A combination of Poly Vinyl Pyrrolidone (PVP) and Ethyl Cellulose (EC) most... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_34320097" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The aim of this study was to investigate the feasibility of Curcumin patches formulation (CPF) as a transdermal therapeutic system for wound healing potential. A combination of Poly Vinyl Pyrrolidone (PVP) and Ethyl Cellulose (EC) most strongly enhanced the permeation of Curcumin patch which permeated through the skin could effectively pass into the systemic circulation and attend therapeutic concentration. All formulation showed good physicochemical properties like thickness, weight variation, drug content, folding endurance, moisture content .The drug release through the transdermal patches of Curcumin follows first order kinetics with diffusion controlled mechanism. The results showed wound healing and repair is accelerated by applying CPF-1 formulation of the wound area by an organized epidermis. Study on animal models showed enhanced rate of wound contraction and drastic reduction in healing time than control, which might be due to enhanced epithelialization. The animals treated with Vicco-turmeric Cream and CPF-1 Formulation showed significant (* p< 0.01) wound healing results when compared with control groups. The treated wound after nine days itself exhibit marked dryness of wound margins with tissue regeneration. Group treated with CPF-1 formulation showed better wound closure compared to control group. Histopathological studies of Curcumin patches showed well-organized collagen fibers, increased in fibroblast cells and new blood vessels formation as compared to control group.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/34320097" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="a72e2484ccfa00fb4603d0e5d97ec74b" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":54219186,"asset_id":34320097,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/54219186/download_file?st=MTczOTgzMTQ3OCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="4567869" href="https://msubaroda.academia.edu/ManojKumarSaurabh">Manoj Kumar Saurabh</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="4567869" type="text/json">{"id":4567869,"first_name":"Manoj Kumar","last_name":"Saurabh","domain_name":"msubaroda","page_name":"ManojKumarSaurabh","display_name":"Manoj Kumar Saurabh","profile_url":"https://msubaroda.academia.edu/ManojKumarSaurabh","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/4567869/1896999/2249411/s65_manoj_kumar.saurabh.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_34320097 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="34320097"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 34320097, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_34320097", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=34320097]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_34320097").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_34320097").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="34320097"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">2</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="140" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pharmacology">Pharmacology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="140" type="text/json">{"id":140,"name":"Pharmacology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pharmacology","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12571" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clinical_Pharmacology">Clinical Pharmacology</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="12571" type="text/json">{"id":12571,"name":"Clinical Pharmacology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clinical_Pharmacology","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=34320097]'), work: {"id":34320097,"title":"STUDY OF FORMULATION, CHARACTERISATION AND WOUND HEALING POTENTIAL OF TRANSDERMAL PATCHES OF CURCUMIN","created_at":"2017-08-23T03:59:12.166-07:00","owner_id":4567869,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/34320097/STUDY_OF_FORMULATION_CHARACTERISATION_AND_WOUND_HEALING_POTENTIAL_OF_TRANSDERMAL_PATCHES_OF_CURCUMIN","slug":"STUDY_OF_FORMULATION_CHARACTERISATION_AND_WOUND_HEALING_POTENTIAL_OF_TRANSDERMAL_PATCHES_OF_CURCUMIN","dom_id":"work_34320097","summary":"The aim of this study was to investigate the feasibility of Curcumin patches formulation (CPF) as a transdermal therapeutic system for wound healing potential. A combination of Poly Vinyl Pyrrolidone (PVP) and Ethyl Cellulose (EC) most strongly enhanced the permeation of Curcumin patch which permeated through the skin could effectively pass into the systemic circulation and attend therapeutic concentration. All formulation showed good physicochemical properties like thickness, weight variation, drug content, folding endurance, moisture content .The drug release through the transdermal patches of Curcumin follows first order kinetics with diffusion controlled mechanism. The results showed wound healing and repair is accelerated by applying CPF-1 formulation of the wound area by an organized epidermis. Study on animal models showed enhanced rate of wound contraction and drastic reduction in healing time than control, which might be due to enhanced epithelialization. The animals treated with Vicco-turmeric Cream and CPF-1 Formulation showed significant (* p\u003c 0.01) wound healing results when compared with control groups. The treated wound after nine days itself exhibit marked dryness of wound margins with tissue regeneration. Group treated with CPF-1 formulation showed better wound closure compared to control group. Histopathological studies of Curcumin patches showed well-organized collagen fibers, increased in fibroblast cells and new blood vessels formation as compared to control group.","publication":null,"publication_with_fallback":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":54219186,"asset_id":34320097,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/54219186/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/54219186/Wound_healing-libre.pdf?1503486263=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DSTUDY_OF_FORMULATION_CHARACTERISATION_AN.pdf\u0026Expires=1739835078\u0026Signature=QpIuIZLQy2sU1qZL11GyMeugJ8Y6PvyhHJyYMmsjYVKhswLvA-YBs8YrJkz7qNBKT9KcUG88kBKzCzN42hQFxY5wvc0P~y9ooD8VVj9RqE5nfovbGwAqmM89N8Yq9zfe60Toe1NUSuNgKvM3n51Oxf~ZAX7~fAI8M3L-WNJ9c6Mps8QXPWBNJkPTcsXj1TJDeugqrzSi6wYZ3nDu7gIgKLZZtAjbNqbZfSLMemVFMyaD8JgzrpEezTgYWCqwCyMXJrrCKilBXJeosv3o4vwUy3bIpGbjyhHAG4HLT7SBLyGsozYW-IYfrV0zWZN5NVQgPz7Swjhvq-yGgeJHbmsKhw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/54219186/download_file?st=MTczOTgzMTQ3OCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/54219186/mini_magick20190117-12413-10qy3ab.png?1547789327"}],"downloadable_attachments_with_full_thumbnails":[{"id":54219186,"asset_id":34320097,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/54219186/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/54219186/Wound_healing-libre.pdf?1503486263=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DSTUDY_OF_FORMULATION_CHARACTERISATION_AN.pdf\u0026Expires=1739835078\u0026Signature=QpIuIZLQy2sU1qZL11GyMeugJ8Y6PvyhHJyYMmsjYVKhswLvA-YBs8YrJkz7qNBKT9KcUG88kBKzCzN42hQFxY5wvc0P~y9ooD8VVj9RqE5nfovbGwAqmM89N8Yq9zfe60Toe1NUSuNgKvM3n51Oxf~ZAX7~fAI8M3L-WNJ9c6Mps8QXPWBNJkPTcsXj1TJDeugqrzSi6wYZ3nDu7gIgKLZZtAjbNqbZfSLMemVFMyaD8JgzrpEezTgYWCqwCyMXJrrCKilBXJeosv3o4vwUy3bIpGbjyhHAG4HLT7SBLyGsozYW-IYfrV0zWZN5NVQgPz7Swjhvq-yGgeJHbmsKhw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/54219186/download_file?st=MTczOTgzMTQ3OCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/54219186/mini_magick20190117-12413-10qy3ab.png?1547789327"}],"has_pdf":true,"has_fulltext":true,"page_count":6,"ordered_authors":[{"id":4567869,"first_name":"Manoj Kumar","last_name":"Saurabh","domain_name":"msubaroda","page_name":"ManojKumarSaurabh","display_name":"Manoj Kumar Saurabh","profile_url":"https://msubaroda.academia.edu/ManojKumarSaurabh","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/4567869/1896999/2249411/s65_manoj_kumar.saurabh.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":140,"name":"Pharmacology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pharmacology","nofollow":true},{"id":12571,"name":"Clinical Pharmacology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clinical_Pharmacology","nofollow":true}],"publication_year":null,"publication_year_with_fallback":null,"paper_rank":null,"all_time_views":2520,"active_discussion":{}}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_34320162" data-work_id="34320162" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/34320162/STUDY_OF_PRESCRIBING_HABITS_AND_ASSESSMENT_OF_RATIONAL_USE_OF_DRUGS_AMONG_DOCTORS_OF_PRIMARY_HEALTH_CARE_FACILITIES">STUDY OF PRESCRIBING HABITS AND ASSESSMENT OF RATIONAL USE OF DRUGS AMONG DOCTORS OF PRIMARY HEALTH CARE FACILITIES</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">A descriptive study of prescriptions of outdoor patients was conducted to find out the prescribing pattern and rational use of drugs among doctors of primary health care delivery centers of Jhalawar district of Rajasthan. Prescription... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_34320162" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">A descriptive study of prescriptions of outdoor patients was conducted to find out the prescribing pattern and rational use of drugs among doctors of primary health care delivery centers of Jhalawar district of Rajasthan. Prescription audit was conducted for a period of two months. After taking consent of doctors and patients their respective prescriptions were copied and evaluations were done on following heading (1) Legibility of prescription (2)Adherence to well defined format (3)Prescribing indicator by WHO (4)Rational use of drugs in prescriptions. Six hundred prescriptions were analyzed. Legible prescription was 93.5 %. The quality of format of the prescription was unsatisfactory because age or sex of patients was not mentioned in 7% and their addresses were missing in all prescription. Incorrectly written dose or duration of therapy in 21 % of total drugs prescribed. A clear instruction to the pharmacist was not available in 22 % of prescriptions and only verbal instruction to the patient was given. Ninety four percent prescriptions were signed by prescriber, but all prescriptions lack their identity. Polypharmacy was common, with 89 % of prescriptions and average numbers of drugs were 2.83 per encounter. Antimicrobials were prescribed in around two third of the prescriptions and injections were prescribed in 7.33 % of the prescriptions Out of total drugs (1696), Generic medicines were 25.70% were as essential drugs was 80.42%. Among the total drugs used in different categories 86% (1459 out of 1696) were prescribed from major five groups (antimicrobials 28%, NSAIDs 24.88 %, acid secretion reducing agent 11.46 %, and vitamins/hematinics 13.91 %). More than three quarter of prescriptions were not up to the marks of standards guidelines or were irrational. This study concludes that quality of prescription, both in term of format and content of medicines prescribed were inadequate. It arouses the urgent need of intervention by implementing clear and effective legislation and various educational methods.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/34320162" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="12f10b85d78f47a6621679ac9f0e361f" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":54219240,"asset_id":34320162,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/54219240/download_file?st=MTczOTgzMTQ3OCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="4567869" href="https://msubaroda.academia.edu/ManojKumarSaurabh">Manoj Kumar Saurabh</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="4567869" type="text/json">{"id":4567869,"first_name":"Manoj Kumar","last_name":"Saurabh","domain_name":"msubaroda","page_name":"ManojKumarSaurabh","display_name":"Manoj Kumar Saurabh","profile_url":"https://msubaroda.academia.edu/ManojKumarSaurabh","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/4567869/1896999/2249411/s65_manoj_kumar.saurabh.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_34320162 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="34320162"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 34320162, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_34320162", }); 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Prescription audit was conducted for a period of two months. After taking consent of doctors and patients their respective prescriptions were copied and evaluations were done on following heading (1) Legibility of prescription (2)Adherence to well defined format (3)Prescribing indicator by WHO (4)Rational use of drugs in prescriptions. Six hundred prescriptions were analyzed. Legible prescription was 93.5 %. The quality of format of the prescription was unsatisfactory because age or sex of patients was not mentioned in 7% and their addresses were missing in all prescription. Incorrectly written dose or duration of therapy in 21 % of total drugs prescribed. A clear instruction to the pharmacist was not available in 22 % of prescriptions and only verbal instruction to the patient was given. Ninety four percent prescriptions were signed by prescriber, but all prescriptions lack their identity. Polypharmacy was common, with 89 % of prescriptions and average numbers of drugs were 2.83 per encounter. Antimicrobials were prescribed in around two third of the prescriptions and injections were prescribed in 7.33 % of the prescriptions Out of total drugs (1696), Generic medicines were 25.70% were as essential drugs was 80.42%. Among the total drugs used in different categories 86% (1459 out of 1696) were prescribed from major five groups (antimicrobials 28%, NSAIDs 24.88 %, acid secretion reducing agent 11.46 %, and vitamins/hematinics 13.91 %). More than three quarter of prescriptions were not up to the marks of standards guidelines or were irrational. This study concludes that quality of prescription, both in term of format and content of medicines prescribed were inadequate. 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